942:
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855:
3720:
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922:
1832:
4097:
2945:
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2477:
2102:
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1753:
1701:
147:
1938:
1387:
1774:, a popular facility for public bathing, exercising and socializing. Exercise might include wrestling and weightlifting, as well as swimming. Bathing was an important part of the Roman day, where some hours might be spent, at a very low cost subsidized by the government. Wealthier Romans were often accompanied by one or more slaves, who performed any required tasks such as fetching refreshment, guarding valuables, providing towels, and at the end of the session, applying olive oil to their masters' bodies, which was then scraped off with a
603:
2192:
764:
1469:
1028:
252:
3763:
2012:
2773:
1441:
3845:
2374:
1138:
415:
292:
1686:. Common Roman apartments were mainly masses of smaller and larger structures, many with narrow balconies that present mysteries as to their use, having no doors to access them, and they lacked the excessive decoration and display of wealth that aristocrats' houses contained. Luxury in houses was not common, as the life of the average person did not consist of being in their houses, as they instead would go to public baths, and engage in other communal activities.
1233:
11523:
3539:
3276:
74:
3834:
3782:, preserve the remains of these schemes, which show the very logical way the Romans designed their cities. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid. All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which were slightly wider than the others. One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and they intersected in the middle to form the center of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted
46:
2833:
4210:
4182:
1557:
4196:
4168:
3110:
3605:, Rome. The timber truss roof had a width of 31.67 m, slightly surpassing the postulated limit of 30 m for Roman roof constructions. Tie-beam trusses allowed for much larger spans than the older prop-and-lintel system and even concrete vaulting. Nine out of the ten largest rectangular spaces in Roman architecture were bridged this way, the only exception being the groin vaulted
1542:
could serve as cache's for large amounts of products. These storehouses were also used to keep large sums of money and were used much like personal storage units today are. "These horrea were divided and subdivided, so that one could hire only so much space as one wanted, a whole room (cella), a closet (armarium), or only a chest or strong box (arca, arcula, locus, loculus)."
2985:). A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle. The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it, which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones (
2891:, sustaining a population of over a million people in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many public baths. Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire."
2695:– a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits.
1278:, a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city, used in the same way as the late medieval covered market houses of northern Europe, where the meeting room, for lack of urban space, was set above the arcades. Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior
833:, and other government buildings. All across the US the seats of regional government were normally built in the grand traditions of Rome, with vast flights of stone steps sweeping up to towering pillared porticoes, with huge domes gilded or decorated inside with the same or similar themes that were popular in Rome.
1522:), but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored, or even to a library. Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks, where valuables could be stored, but the most important class of horrea were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state.
3759:, and wrapped in a wall for defense. To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid, passing through the central square. A river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage disposal. Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their Empire.
139:. Few substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called
972:. Roman brick was almost invariably of a lesser height than modern brick, but was made in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Shapes included square, rectangular, triangular and round, and the largest bricks found have measured over three feet in length. Ancient Roman bricks had a general size of 1½
2871:
Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick or concrete. Most were buried beneath the ground, and followed its contours; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunnelled through. Where valleys or lowlands
2659:
decreed that only emperors would be granted triumphs. The triumphal arch changed from being a personal monument to being an essentially propagandistic one, serving to announce and promote the presence of the ruler and the laws of the state. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike
2389:
is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock. Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings. They were either: quarried without being moved; or quarried and moved; or quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (e.g.,
1397:
During the years of the
Republic, Augustus claimed he "found the city in brick and left it in marble". While chances are high that this was an exaggeration, there is something to be said for the influx of marble use in Roman Forum from 63 BC onwards. During Augustus' reign, the Forum was described to
906:
The Romans were fond of luxury imported coloured marbles with fancy veining, and the interiors of the most important buildings were often faced with slabs of these, which have usually now been removed even where the building survives. Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC.
3820:
The development of Greek and Roman urbanization is well-known, as there are relatively many written sources, and there has been much attention to the subject, since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern
Western culture. It should not be forgotten, though, that
2807:
above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 ft (1.1 m) and more than 23 ft (7.0 m). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was much closer
1541:
does indeed make a distinction between the two words. He describes the horreum as a structure made of brick, the walls of which were not less than three feet thick; it had no windows or openings for ventilation". Furthermore, the storehouses would also host oil and wine and also use large jars that
1111:
or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called a "revetment". Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing
2737:
Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for
2431:
is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. These were originally called "tekhenu" by the builders, the ancient
Egyptians. The Greeks who saw them used the Greek 'obeliskos' to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and then English. The
1981:
as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the sides and rear of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the
941:
1306:. Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii (late 2nd century BC). After Christianity became the official religion, the basilica shape was found appropriate for the first large public churches, with the attraction of avoiding reminiscences of the Greco-Roman temple form.
1508:. By the end of the Imperial period, the city of Rome had nearly 300 horrea to supply its demands. The biggest were enormous, even by modern standards; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (20,900 square metres).
1647:
was a word used to describe apartment buildings, or the apartments themselves, meaning apartment, or inhabitable room, demonstrating just how small apartments for plebeians were. Urban divisions were originally street blocks, and later began to divide into smaller divisions, the word
1104:, and was stronger than previously used concretes. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where they hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. The aggregates used were often much larger than in modern concrete, amounting to rubble.
1417:
of varying size. In addition to its standard function as a marketplace, a forum was a gathering place of great social significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including political discussions and debates, rendezvous, meetings, etc. The best known example is the
3036:
featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long
2152:
was originally not part of the building itself, constructed only to provide sufficient background for the actors. Eventually, it became a part of the edifice itself, made out of concrete. The theatre itself was divided into the stage (orchestra) and the seating section
1005:, introduced bricks to many parts of the Empire; bricks are often stamped with the mark of the legion that supervised their production. The use of bricks in southern and western Germany, for example, can be traced to traditions already described by the Roman architect
573:
The Romans first adopted the arch from the
Etruscans and implemented it in their own building. The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development, seen from the 1st century AD, that was very widely adopted in medieval Western,
836:
In
Britain, a similar enthusiasm has seen the construction of thousands of neoclassical buildings over the last five centuries, both civic and domestic, and many of the grandest country houses and mansions are purely Classical in style, an obvious example being
2004:, emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology) the wall. The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Roman examples than Greek, with up ten or twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the
1356:, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the
226:
The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the
996:
The Romans perfected brick-making during the first century of their empire and used it ubiquitously, in public and private construction alike. They took their brickmaking skills everywhere they went, introducing the craft to the local populations. The
1211:
period (27 BC–14 AD) onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman Empire; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators, and the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with
349:
Especially under the empire, architecture often served a political function, demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general, and of specific individuals responsible for building. Roman architecture perhaps reached its peak in the reign of
1224:
in the 6th, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair, and their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited.
2802:
goods. At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the Late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great road links. Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see
2027:
in all their details were closely followed in the façades of temples, as in other prestigious buildings. However, the idealized proportions between the different elements set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive,
3298:, and in the struggle for control of Italy under the early Republic many more were built, using different techniques. These included tightly fitting massive irregular polygonal blocks, shaped to fit exactly in a way reminiscent of later
1228:
Architecturally, they are typically an example of the Roman use of the classical orders to decorate large concrete walls pierced at intervals, where the columns have nothing to support. Aesthetically, however, the formula is successful.
1573:
catered to a range of residential needs. The cheapest rooms were at the top owing to the inability to escape in the event of a fire and the lack of piped water. Windows were mostly small, facing the street, with iron security bars.
2610:, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a
1402:, who drew out extensive plans for the market hub. While Caesar's death came prematurely, his ideas, as well as Augustus' in regards to the Forum proved to be the most influential for years to come. According to Walter Dennison's
3503:. Many remains of Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. The hypocaust was an invention which improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern
3310:
around Rome was an ambitious project of the early 4th century BC. The wall was up to 10 metres (33 feet) in height in places, 3.6 metres (12 feet) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8 mi) long, and is believed to have had
3573:
truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period, which saw trussed roofs over 30 meters wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as
1286:
at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. The central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles, so that light could penetrate through the
3739:
The ancient Romans employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and
Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the
1269:
was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. They were normally where the magistrates held court, and used for other official ceremonies, having many of the functions of the modern
346:, now northern Spain. The administrative structure and wealth of the Empire made possible very large projects even in locations remote from the main centers, as did the use of slave labor, both skilled and unskilled.
3812:
The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city limits. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers. A
263:
Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were reluctant to abandon the
1609:
To lighten up the small dark rooms, some tenants able to afford a degree of painted colourful murals on the walls. Examples have been found of jungle scenes with wild animals and exotic plants. Imitation windows
2617:
2353:
as well as the horizontal water wheel. Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, crushing ore, sawing stones and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces.
3416:, a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement. This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well-known
1172:, the only major new type of building developed by the Romans. Some of the most impressive secular buildings are the amphitheatres, over 200 being known and many of which are well preserved, such as that at
976:
by 1 Roman foot, but common variations up to 15 inches existed. Other brick sizes in ancient Rome included 24" x 12" x 4", and 15" x 8" x 10". Ancient Roman bricks found in France measured 8" x 8" x 3". The
2606:, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey. Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches.
1885:
Remains of many Roman temples survive, above all in Rome itself, but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to
Christian churches, usually a considerable time after the initial
279:
as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone and brick. More daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the
2574:
with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. The origins of the Roman triumphal arch are unclear, other than in the temporary structures, whose appearance is unknown, erected for
2525:
show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman. Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in
985:
is constructed from Roman bricks 15" square by 1½" thick. There is often little obvious difference (particularly when only fragments survive) between Roman bricks used for walls on the one hand, and
1850:
Roman temples were among the most important and richest buildings in Roman culture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Their construction and maintenance was a major part of
441:. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities. These included
2872:
intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks,
314:, together with a sound knowledge of building materials, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing infrastructure for public use. Examples include the
3461:, using larger tesserae, which were laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.
1629:, or single-family residence, was only for the well-off in Rome, with most having a layout of the closed unit, consisting of one or two rooms. Between 312 and 315 AD Rome had 1781
3447:, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels, which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny
2602:
The innovation of the Romans was to use these elements in a single free-standing structure. The columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of the arch, while the
2271:
in
Central Italy. It is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power (maybe even palaces) of regional strongmen or heads of important families (
3189:(54–68 AD) for recreational purposes, are attested. These dams are noteworthy, though, for their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the
2122:
These buildings were semi-circular and possessed certain inherent architectural structures, with minor differences depending on the region in which they were constructed. The
2119:, from Spain to the Middle East. Because of the Romans' ability to influence local architecture, numerous theatres were built around the world with uniquely Roman attributes.
801:
Roman influences may be found around us today, in banks, government buildings, great houses, and even small houses, perhaps in the form of a porch with Doric columns and a
3635:
structure, was introduced relatively late into architecture. Although the oldest example dates to the 5th century BC, it was only in the wake of the influential design of
2868:
and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens.
2349:. In the subsequent Roman era, the use of water-power was diversified and different types of watermills were introduced. These include all three variants of the vertical
2267:, known for its frescos. These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the
1422:, the earliest of several in Rome. In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at, or just off, the intersection of the main north–south and east–west streets (the
128:
to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today.
2652:
or honorific arches bearing statues to commemorate their victories. Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the
Imperial period, when the first
9725:
5960:: "In fact, many sites where the Romans created towns, such as Paris, Vienna and Bratislava, had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character."
4123:– Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments, although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas, concepts and inventions.
1107:
When the framework was removed, the new wall was very strong, with a rough surface of bricks or stones. This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive
3817:
covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built outside the city walls.
3212:, river diversion, soil-retention, or a combination of these functions. The impermeability of Roman dams was increased by the introduction of waterproof hydraulic
2675:
Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the
Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the
1440:
131:
Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as
7881:
3330:
The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable, and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defensive fortifications, as at
1534:
1434:; a public weights and measures table, so customers at the market could ensure they were not being sold short measures; and would often have the baths nearby.
3028:
features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium.
1578:
were often dangerous, unhealthy, and prone to fires because of overcrowding and haphazard cooking arrangements. There are examples in the Roman port town of
2134:
was a wall that supported the front edge of the stage with ornately decorated niches to the sides. The Hellenistic influence is seen through the use of the
334:. These were reproduced at a smaller scale in the most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the
2687:(312). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the
3520:, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete, then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the
306:
Factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own. The use of
2595:. The two key elements of the triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in
2346:
1084:
and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of
2916:
on the problems, uses and abuses of Imperial Rome's public water supply. Notable examples of aqueduct architecture include the supporting piers of the
6894:
Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications",
876:, who famously boasted that he had found Rome made of brick and left it made of marble, though this was mainly as a facing for brick or concrete. The
406:
as a place and manner of dining. Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire.
9951:
7505:
3786:
and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were constructed where needed. Each square marked off by four roads was called an
3751:
The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central
1200:) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller stadia, which were primarily designed for
903:
is mainly built of this stone, which has good load-bearing capacity, with a brick core. Other more or less local stones were used around the Empire.
6645:
Lechtman, Heather; Hobbs, Linn (1986), "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution. Ceramics and Civilization", in Kingery, W. D. (ed.),
11461:
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were vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 500 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the
1511:
The first horrea were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC, with the first known public horreum being constructed by the ill-fated
3499:, used to heat buildings with hot air. The Roman architect Vitruvius, writing about the end of the 1st century BC, attributes their invention to
1732:, England also exists as a ruin about half the height of the original. The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure.
470:
429:, also known as the "concrete revolution", was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the
9718:
7724:
6378:
2224:. In the provinces, any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars. Some, like
7768:
7714:
2587:
used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities. Surviving examples of Etruscan arches can still be seen at
6921:
Ros, Karen E. (1996). "The Roman Theater at Carthage (the theater's substructures, plan and the identification of architectural elements)".
5234:
854:
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2319:, built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city, a form of residential castle emerges, that anticipates the Middle Ages.
1518:
in 123 BC. The word came to be applied to any place designated for the preservation of goods; thus, it was often used to refer to cellars (
8352:
8340:
3821:
the Etruscans had many considerable towns and there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe, primarily of
2644:
The first recorded Roman triumphal arches were set up in the time of the Roman Republic. Generals who were granted a triumph were termed
1398:
have been "a larger, freer space than was the Forum of Imperial times." The Forum began to take on even more changes upon the arrival of
1063:
screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the
884:
were extensively developed for the capital, and other sources around the empire exploited, especially the prestigious Greek marbles like
284:
screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the
268:
in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek
192:, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in
2059:
There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its
11482:
8399:
2457:
2036:
writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following a
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1586:, but they seem to have been found mainly in Rome and a few other places. Elsewhere writers report them as something remarkable, but
4766:
3719:
2083:. It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the
1345:, and performances that commemorated important events of the Empire were performed there. For events that involved re-enactments of
717:
developed new styles of churches, but most other buildings remained very close to Late Roman forms. The same can be said in turn of
10567:
8315:
5011:
3524:
would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room.
2722:. The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with
9687:
8325:
6992:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a), "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),
1207:
The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the
6261:
5936:, pp. 375–392: "The Etruscans were, in their turn, probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic culture."
3582:, and later churches. Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop-and-lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest
1619:
Ancient Rome had elaborate and luxurious houses owned by the elite. The average house, or in cities apartment, of a commoner or
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1887:
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for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as
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9944:
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1188:, the tradition of which still survives in Spain and Portugal. Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from
489:
51:
2255:
Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the
1112:
builders to work quickly and efficiently. Concrete is arguably the Roman contribution most relevant to modern architecture.
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9864:
9692:
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8720:
6188:
Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002), "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology",
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2216:
was a wealthy family's house in a town. The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with
1381:
690:
591:
10126:
7358:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. Part III: East and West: Economy and Society.
6251:
Döring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder",
5970:
5260:
3455:
were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique, however, was
2401:
Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as
11547:
11441:
10138:
8273:
5776:
3805:
would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most
1352:
The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of
1043:
Concrete quickly supplanted brick as the primary building material, and more daring buildings soon followed, with great
172:
with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from
10669:
10458:
10133:
7944:
6751:
3468:(Greek "unswept floor"). It represented an optical illusion of the leftovers from a feast on the floor of rich houses.
2660:
many modern triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not round.
1911:
930:
17:
7698:
3005:
in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing. Roman engineers were the first and until the
1894:
was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor
1013:, the introduction of Roman brick by the ancient Romans was followed by a 600–700 year gap in major brick production.
398:
examples in the Greek world. The influence is evident in many ways; for example, in the introduction and use of the
9849:
9783:
9612:
8372:
7939:
7934:
7910:
7761:
3156:
1891:
462:
6967:
4776:
1430:). All forums would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end, and would also contain other temples, as well as the
11552:
11209:
10540:
10520:
10387:
10301:
9971:
9937:
9627:
8300:
7949:
7876:
3516:), houses and other buildings, whether public or private. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called
3080:
2795:
2342:
1146:
7688:
3476:
2232:, were pleasure palaces such as those that were situated in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or, like the
10409:
9900:
9895:
7893:
7826:
7674:
6599:
6129:
2186:
2182:
2008:
was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that.
745:
11557:
10939:
10637:
10595:
10421:
10347:
10166:
10089:
9818:
8647:
8572:
8330:
7544:
7296:
6394:
3985:
3122:
2638:
2561:
1530:
1447:
973:
682:
426:
3327:
replaced it, enclosing an expanded city, and using more sophisticated designs, with small forts at intervals.
3245:, which they integrated into their dam designs. Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include
921:
11415:
10982:
10902:
10525:
10443:
10438:
10296:
10211:
10196:
10004:
9905:
9808:
9143:
3618:
3286:
The Romans generally fortified cities rather than fortresses, but there are some fortified camps such as the
3270:
2751:
1826:
880:
of the late 2nd century BC is the earliest surviving exception in Rome. From Augustus' reign the quarries at
9773:
7010:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),
3732:
1643:
have been the subject of debate for historians of Roman culture, defining the various meanings of the word.
500:), which led to the liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone and brick.
458:
390:, the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and indirectly from Greek influence on the Etruscans, but after the
10730:
10674:
10530:
10490:
10473:
10463:
10367:
10362:
9890:
9734:
8983:
8587:
8039:
7754:
7452:
7028:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),
2049:
1854:, and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room
11456:
11431:
11345:
11312:
10632:
10500:
10448:
10357:
10094:
9999:
9748:
9682:
9607:
9366:
8422:
8305:
7851:
7708:
7331:
6245:
5990:
4253:
4238:
3971:
3809:
were given to the first settlers of a Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct his own house.
3162:
2663:
2583:, and later. There were precursors to the permanent triumphal arch within the Roman world; in Italy, the
1132:
989:
used for roofing or flooring on the other, so archaeologists sometimes prefer to employ the generic term
946:
220:
6862:
Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",
3312:
11410:
11224:
10786:
10610:
10590:
10545:
10508:
10453:
10342:
10337:
10034:
9828:
9798:
9642:
9306:
9198:
8968:
8740:
8562:
8335:
8278:
7740:
7456:, vol. 92, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32,
4233:
3675:
3315:, though many of these are mentioned only from writings, with no other known remains. Some of it had a
2865:
2328:
1747:
1067:
from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment. Most of these developments are described by
757:
379:
116:, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly
93:
10012:
5361:
3900:– in ancient Rome, these were the grandest of the public baths (thermae), built by successive emperors
1670:, storage rooms under the stairs, and lower floor shops. Another type of housing unit for plebs was a
523:. The same concepts produced numerous bridges, some of which are still in daily use, for example, the
11446:
11388:
11307:
11247:
11062:
10977:
10844:
10827:
10791:
10647:
10483:
10416:
10231:
10206:
10191:
9859:
9793:
9662:
8755:
8710:
8637:
8557:
8505:
8495:
8447:
7794:
6168:(1990), "Structural Experimentation: The Lintel Arch, Corbel and Tie in Western Roman Architecture",
4096:
4015:
3177:. The relative abundance of Spanish dams below is due partly to more intensive field work there; for
2680:
2622:
2112:
2096:
1942:
1899:
1330:
1189:
990:
877:
753:
478:
164:
The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the
7720:
7552:
Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for Italian Renaissance rulers
6780:
3484:
3331:
3165:. For the most part, it concentrated on the semi-arid fringe of the empire, namely the provinces of
2898:
era, and a few are still partly in use. Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by
2698:
The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and
2410:
2248:
of England, the visible seat of power of a local magnate, such as the famous palace rediscovered at
2105:
1831:
638:
and later also churches. Half-domes also became a favored architectural element and were adopted as
10895:
10265:
10143:
9869:
9263:
9173:
8682:
8662:
8657:
8642:
8595:
8535:
8490:
8292:
6535:
5164:
3451:
allowed very fine detail and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called
3357:(from 142, abandoned only 8 years after completion) are the most significant examples, both on the
2944:
2688:
2422:
2338:
391:
2962:, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the
2948:
1961:
model, but using Greek styles. Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed
219:. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the
11219:
10861:
10735:
10404:
10161:
10056:
9976:
9960:
9854:
9758:
9672:
9652:
9592:
9582:
9572:
8978:
8667:
8567:
8547:
8462:
8452:
8157:
8097:
8077:
7789:
7693:
6833:
5828:
5238:
4243:
4228:
4223:
3521:
3384:
2527:
2386:
2249:
2084:
1946:
1700:
1142:
709:, and spread across Christian Europe well beyond the old frontiers of the empire, to Ireland and
706:
615:
327:
140:
10964:
10017:
7173:
Storey, Glenn R. (2002). "Regionaries-Type Insulae 2: Architectural/Residential Units at Rome".
6813:
Patrich, Joseph (1996). "Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima". In Raban, Avner (ed.).
5378:
F. B. Sear and Richard John. "Triumphal arch." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 30 July 2010
3858:
3020:
The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long
2476:
1329:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with
11317:
11194:
11118:
11009:
11004:
10822:
10745:
10725:
10662:
10291:
10081:
10029:
9994:
9813:
9778:
9677:
9667:
9617:
9597:
9411:
9386:
9351:
9233:
8958:
8605:
8367:
7898:
3995:
3767:
3683:
3104:
2316:
2264:
2195:
1851:
1752:
775:
732:
saw a conscious revival of correct classical styles, initially purely based on Roman examples.
714:
575:
378:
and the construction of arches, Roman prestige architecture remained firmly under the spell of
343:
136:
105:
7335:
7057:
6687:
Métreaux, Guy P.R. (1998). "Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria". In Frazer, Alfred (ed.).
6514:
6305:
6082:
3801:
was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land within it divided. As the city developed, each
2989:) of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch
2510:, every garden should be close to the house and should have flower beds and ornamental trees.
2101:
11400:
11143:
10834:
10817:
10812:
10679:
10171:
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10024:
9763:
9647:
9577:
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9153:
8953:
8948:
8745:
8652:
8577:
8540:
8525:
8500:
8480:
8382:
7432:
Wikander, Örjan (2000b), "Industrial Applications of Water-Power", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),
4032:
4001:
3991:
3666:
and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways. Their notable absence in the towers of the
3624:
3606:
3295:
3006:
3001:. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the
2939:
2278:
A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large farming estates called
1958:
1931:
1867:
1093:
822:
779:
371:
169:
146:
2718:, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the
2691:(c. AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the
1937:
1080:
Although concrete had been used on a minor scale in Mesopotamia, Roman architects perfected
756:
of the 18th century revived purer versions of classical style, and for the first time added
11436:
11337:
11332:
11292:
11204:
11067:
10871:
10866:
10807:
10755:
10684:
10652:
10327:
10226:
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10186:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
9885:
9768:
9657:
9622:
9311:
9178:
9078:
9003:
8868:
8831:
8207:
7871:
7353:
7346:
4526:
Henig, p. 22; Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques, which lists major quarries
3694:
3303:
3054:
2715:
2072:
787:
783:
749:
721:, where Roman forms long continued, especially in private buildings such as houses and the
718:
662:
579:
434:
307:
30:
9301:
7503:
Wirsching, Armin (2000), "How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships",
6707:
2702:. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative
1337:, circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time. Circuses were venues for
8:
11383:
11302:
11072:
11014:
10876:
10839:
10709:
10694:
10600:
10478:
10377:
10306:
10243:
10216:
10176:
9788:
9587:
9436:
9238:
9108:
9058:
8377:
7974:
4215:
4173:
3897:
3788:
3690:
3583:
3559:
3279:
3223:
2917:
2684:
2406:
2259:, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of
2233:
2060:
2033:
1987:
1927:
1653:
859:
791:
729:
643:
597:
563:
512:
466:
319:
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10699:
10642:
10260:
9637:
9361:
9168:
9023:
8963:
8883:
8826:
8690:
7926:
7905:
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7473:
7465:
7243:
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7144:
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6954:
6946:
6873:
6795:
6730:
6676:
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6616:
6557:
6425:
6209:
6201:
6154:
6146:
6051:
4844:
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3913:
3903:
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3724:
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3335:
3166:
3084:
3029:
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2225:
2016:
2005:
1977:
above, which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in
1903:
1895:
1757:
1455:
1173:
1126:
567:
442:
323:
223:
and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central governments.
9276:
6498:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs"
4632:"A Page from Latin Notes Supplement XV, Entitled SOME STORIES ABOUT THE ROMAN FORUM".
1882:
was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings.
1612:
1410:
erected in the vicinity resulted in leaving the general design of the Forum Romanum".
1406:, the author writes that "the diverting of public business to the larger and splendid
1282:
that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an
11526:
11282:
11277:
11252:
11234:
11148:
11128:
10949:
10856:
10849:
10657:
10397:
10382:
10311:
10255:
9271:
9123:
8878:
8838:
8816:
8024:
7555:
7540:
7526:
7489:
7477:
7437:
7419:
7375:
7307:
7292:
7285:
7262:
7256:
7235:
7218:
Storey, Glenn R. (2004). "The Meaning of "Insula" in Roman Residential Terminology".
7210:
7190:
7160:
7148:
7105:
7098:
7093:
7033:
7015:
6997:
6958:
6938:
6908:
6880:
6848:
6818:
6799:
6766:
6747:
6722:
6692:
6628:
6583:
6564:
6541:
6520:
6482:
6464:
6442:
6417:
6390:
6372:
6359:
6332:
6313:
6286:
6267:
6241:
6227:
6213:
6158:
6113:
6090:
6067:
6034:
Beckmann, Martin (2002), "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius",
6020:
5823:
5768:
4748:
4408:
4388:
4148:
4120:
4100:
4063:
4005:
3952:
3937:
3710:
3437:
3350:
3287:
3218:
2853:
2841:
2540:
1836:
1721:
1705:
1569:
1551:
986:
838:
658:
536:
520:
504:
359:
315:
11405:
7402:
6456:
5356:
3017:. The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge.
2856:
in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying
2191:
2071:, where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The
2019:, god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports. Rome, built between 120 and 80 BC
11378:
11287:
11153:
11113:
10992:
10954:
10776:
10392:
9336:
9296:
9228:
9163:
9088:
9083:
8855:
8778:
8725:
8520:
8515:
8404:
8263:
8212:
8172:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8122:
8044:
7991:
7984:
7969:
7964:
7888:
7816:
7514:
7457:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7227:
7182:
7128:
7072:
7045:
6930:
6791:
6668:
6608:
6409:
6193:
6177:
6138:
6043:
4911:
4836:
4798:
4380:
4248:
4153:
4108:
3957:
3682:, separate stair towers were constructed adjacent to the main buildings, as in the
3643:
3457:
3246:
3213:
3190:
3114:
3068:
2998:
2978:
2041:
1915:
1728:
in northern Spain, a structure which survives to this day. A smaller lighthouse at
1695:
1596:
830:
686:
482:
383:
358:
in its current form and leaving his mark on the landscape of northern Britain with
212:
204:
7436:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 401–410,
7418:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400,
6463:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–339,
6181:
3042:
2952:
2798:, officials and civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and
1992:
1488:
was a type of public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period. Although the
763:
528:
152:
11322:
11173:
11077:
10987:
10372:
10352:
9431:
9243:
9223:
9183:
9118:
9068:
9063:
8938:
8888:
8796:
8630:
8610:
8530:
7979:
7804:
7728:
7275:
6663:
Mark, Robert; Hutchinson, Paul (1986), "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon",
6497:
6221:
4126:
4009:
3878:
3671:
3504:
3346:
2990:
2904:
2894:
Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable, and durable; some were maintained into the
2607:
2495:
2402:
2045:
2024:
1923:
1807:
1793:. They were normally supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or by
1538:
1295:
1073:
1027:
741:
666:
547:
265:
201:
1720:
were built around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the empire, including the
11395:
11327:
11168:
11087:
11057:
11052:
10944:
10605:
10332:
10068:
9823:
9486:
9128:
8863:
8811:
8783:
8730:
8715:
8695:
8510:
8485:
8442:
8432:
8258:
8232:
8162:
8147:
8112:
8072:
7833:
7532:
7063:
Semple, Ellen Churchill (July 1929). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".
6634:
6345:
Harris, W. (1989). "Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization".
6301:
5264:
4201:
3947:
3925:
3919:
3679:
3651:
3639:
that this space-saving new type permanently caught hold in Roman architecture.
3594:
3563:
3555:
3197:
3130:
3118:
3010:
3002:
2967:
2959:
2921:
2817:
2799:
2787:
2596:
2580:
2567:
2507:
2293:
2256:
2076:
2001:
1983:
1794:
1761:
1515:
1468:
1451:
1338:
1323:
1299:
1249:
1245:
1165:
1150:
1081:
1022:
702:
678:
654:
607:
602:
559:
493:
446:
419:
355:
276:
256:
117:
109:
97:
64:
11044:
7734:
7717:– A look at various aspects of housing in ancient Rome, apartments and villas.
7363:
3258:
11541:
11368:
11267:
11257:
11163:
10562:
10495:
10468:
10238:
9018:
8988:
8903:
8437:
8414:
8227:
8082:
8067:
8014:
7821:
7239:
7194:
6942:
6726:
6421:
6165:
4574:
Henig, p. 26. Blagg also mentions baths, granaries, insulae and large villas.
4392:
4143:
4104:
4073:
3866:
3752:
3667:
3602:
3570:
3500:
3393:
3362:
3354:
3324:
3291:
3227:
3209:
3134:
3072:
3038:
3021:
2913:
2884:
2676:
2668:
2653:
2576:
2535:
2515:
2499:
2491:
2437:
2432:
Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2178:
2124:
2080:
1919:
1907:
1602:
1497:
1496:, Roman horrea were used to store many other types of consumables; the giant
1414:
1407:
1399:
1371:
1253:
1237:
1010:
978:
896:
885:
872:
is not found especially close to Rome, and was only rarely used there before
767:
736:
was respectfully reinterpreted by a series of architectural writers, and the
524:
387:
101:
7405:(1985), "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report",
6580:
Christians at Rome in the first two centuries : from Paul to Valentinus
6002:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)"
2710:, the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The
1220:
and statuary. After the end of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of
485:, Roman architecture was "the idea of world domination expressed in stone".
11272:
11158:
11133:
10926:
10760:
10740:
10615:
9703:
9496:
9356:
8801:
8750:
8705:
8700:
8552:
8362:
8248:
8192:
8187:
7959:
7843:
7777:
7622:, edited by John P. Oleson, 256–284. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008.
7601:, edited by John P. Oleson, 121–135. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
6537:
The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States
4187:
3962:
3848:
3762:
3706:
3655:
3575:
3517:
3409:
3397:
3379:
3307:
3254:
3226:. These materials also allowed for bigger structures to be built, like the
3182:
3088:
2994:
2974:
2933:
2895:
2849:
2837:
2791:
2634:
2116:
2053:
2011:
1962:
1820:
1579:
1561:
1477:
1346:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1193:
1161:
998:
737:
685:. Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of
623:
551:
516:
508:
474:
454:
236:
197:
165:
132:
113:
29:"Roman architecture" redirects here. For the architecture of the city, see
11082:
9929:
2772:
251:
11373:
11092:
11029:
10704:
10552:
10270:
10248:
9291:
8913:
8735:
8625:
8019:
5476:
4085:
4068:
3931:
3844:
3547:
3231:
3201:
3178:
2603:
2549:
2373:
2350:
2237:
2207:
2172:
2037:
1950:
1782:
1717:
1419:
1391:
1377:
1274:. The first basilicas had no religious function. As early as the time of
1137:
1089:
965:
926:
916:
826:
814:
795:
710:
550:
without crossbeams and made possible large covered public spaces such as
532:
414:
403:
395:
291:
216:
208:
7620:
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
7599:
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
4645:
2706:. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the
2048:
were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like
1725:
1232:
677:. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of
275:
Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of
11477:
11262:
11242:
11034:
10572:
10557:
9516:
9456:
9421:
9213:
9148:
9138:
9033:
8918:
8806:
8389:
8357:
8102:
8029:
7861:
7856:
7469:
7247:
7202:
7140:
6680:
6429:
6283:
The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations
6205:
6055:
5064:
4848:
4810:
4675:
4048:
3814:
3794:
3745:
3590:
3551:
3538:
3349:(from 70s AD). Strategic walls across open country were far rarer, and
3275:
3205:
3144:
3076:
3060:
2880:
2864:, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex
2783:
2777:
2767:
2739:
2545:
2531:
2481:
2461:
2391:
2301:
2280:
2159:
2154:
2130:
1978:
1863:
1709:
1353:
1342:
1326:
1288:
1197:
1064:
1056:
1036:
889:
674:
399:
375:
285:
211:
and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the
7746:
7613:
Concrete Vaulted Construction In Imperial Rome: Innovations In Context
7084:
6950:
6734:
6620:
6240:
Favro, Diane, et al. "Rome, ancient, Architecture." Grove Art Online.
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5733:
4827:
Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".
4789:
Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".
4400:
3888:, built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the
73:
11508:
10781:
10286:
9546:
9541:
9501:
9426:
9396:
9376:
9253:
9193:
9103:
9053:
9048:
8973:
8933:
8821:
8791:
8600:
8475:
8268:
8152:
8127:
8006:
7414:
Wikander, Örjan (2000a), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),
6109:
4044:
4026:
3908:
3833:
3783:
3756:
3741:
3728:
3492:
3480:
3429:
3425:
3170:
2909:
2899:
2738:
restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of
2671:
in Rome, an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway
2584:
2447:
2334:
2068:
2029:
1802:
1620:
1591:
1501:
1493:
1427:
1279:
1271:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1154:
1097:
1068:
1060:
1006:
900:
892:
818:
733:
555:
335:
331:
281:
269:
228:
193:
173:
78:
7648:
Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine age
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7231:
7186:
7132:
6781:"Introduction: A historical overview of the development of the road"
6672:
6413:
6197:
6047:
5028:
4840:
4802:
2521:
Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy. Excavations in
968:
from about the beginning of the Empire, replacing earlier sun-dried
45:
11492:
11487:
11123:
10918:
10750:
10689:
10622:
9506:
9491:
9481:
9466:
9381:
9371:
9341:
9331:
9326:
9316:
9218:
9133:
9013:
8998:
8928:
8908:
8898:
8893:
8873:
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8253:
8217:
8107:
8034:
7866:
7352:. In Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael (eds.).
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3628:
3598:
3579:
3443:
3320:
3319:
or ditch in front, and an agger behind, and it was enough to deter
3250:
3242:
3237:
Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of
3174:
3064:
3059:
Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for
2986:
2731:
2711:
2656:
2630:
2611:
2592:
2485:
2128:
was a high back wall of the stage floor, supported by columns. The
1974:
1875:
1666:
1525:
The word itself is thought to have linguist roots tied to the word
1431:
1358:
1275:
1266:
1208:
1169:
969:
958:
873:
802:
635:
7450:
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4055:, France, one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world
3408:
brought back what is probably the best-known element of the early
1926:
in 260 BC, still stand as a component of the exterior wall of the
157:
11451:
11019:
10627:
9526:
9521:
9511:
9476:
9471:
9461:
9406:
9391:
9208:
9203:
9188:
9158:
9113:
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7014:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 57–74,
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4558:
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4080:
4019:
3975:
3890:
3882:
3774:, Bulgaria) in the Roman period created by architect Matey Mateev
3771:
3659:
3512:
3139:
2861:
2857:
2832:
2703:
2588:
2522:
2428:
2260:
2199:
1970:
1966:
1844:
1840:
1775:
1770:
1741:
1512:
1485:
1318:
was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient
1221:
950:
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810:
627:
450:
351:
299:
240:
6996:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 9–20,
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Surfaces: Visual Research for Artists, Architects, and Designers
2887:
in the fourth century BC. By the third century AD, the city had
2394:); or quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (e.g.,
2284:; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century,
11178:
11138:
10972:
9536:
9416:
9346:
9286:
9281:
9248:
9008:
8993:
8943:
8923:
8345:
8222:
8117:
7629:. Rev. ed. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1982.
6691:. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
5891:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5535:
5337:
5335:
3966:
3852:
3421:
3413:
3033:
3025:
2873:
2723:
2626:
2511:
2503:
2453:
2395:
2289:
2221:
2217:
2140:
1790:
1616:) were sometimes painted to make the rooms seem less confined.
1583:
1556:
1505:
1217:
1213:
1108:
1101:
1088:
sometime after 273 BC. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of
1044:
869:
806:
722:
670:
631:
181:
177:
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Hermansen, G. (1970). "The Medianum and the Roman Apartment".
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4058:
4052:
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3779:
3714:
3632:
3543:
3417:
3405:
3358:
3129:
Freshwater reservoirs were commonly set up at the termini of
3109:
2970:
as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.
2794:. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of
2212:
2064:
1871:
1857:
1786:
1729:
1625:
1489:
1423:
1241:
1201:
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5332:
5203:
5052:
4454:
4442:
2544:(apartment buildings), these urban gardens were replaced by
2308:, without an inference that there were any dwellings there (
2163:
or entrances and exits were made available to the audience.
725:, and civil engineering such as fortifications and bridges.
10887:
9531:
9098:
9038:
8620:
7996:
6389:, Chapter 2 "Architecture" by Thomas Blagg, Phaidon, 1983,
5852:
5850:
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5432:
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3647:
3299:
3238:
3230:, possibly the largest water barrier today, and the sturdy
3186:
2963:
2730:, a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a
2571:
1587:
1283:
1085:
1048:
1002:
817:. The mighty pillars, domes and arches of Rome echo in the
650:
639:
619:
543:
438:
430:
339:
311:
288:
from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment.
272:
concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom.
232:
189:
185:
125:
121:
7325:. Morris H. Morgan (translator). Harvard University Press.
5661:
5136:
5016:
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where feasible. Some navigational canals were recorded by
1965:
models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a
649:
Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in
160:(France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, c. 2 AD
9986:
8092:
7056:(1860-62), Getty Research Institute, ISBN 9780892365975,
5792:
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with city services, surrounded by a compact, rectilinear
2876:
and distribution tanks to regulate the supply as needed.
2726:. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a
1996:
and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the
1957:
The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the
1898:
in 415. Some of the oldest surviving temples include the
1192:, which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the
207:; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the
100:, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new
5971:"Pomorie tomb remains an unsolved mystery for 100 years"
5903:
5847:
5721:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5215:
5191:
5112:
5088:
4969:
4956:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press. pp. 202–204.
4601:
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1945:, Rome, built in the mid-2nd century BC, most likely by
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5835:
5649:
5564:
5562:
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4420:
4418:
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The most frequent dam types were earth- or rock-filled
2210:
was a country house built for the upper class, while a
1606:, which would then be plastered and sometimes painted.
809:
shower floor derived from a Roman original, often from
104:
style. The two styles are often considered one body of
7657:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2007.
7337:
History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman
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Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome
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5525:
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5521:
5408:
5070:
5034:
4718:
4529:
3435:
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic.
2742:
remains of fundamental importance to the present day.
168:, after they had combined aspects of their originally
6597:
Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",
5862:
5598:
5574:
5420:
5396:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5179:
5040:
4864:
4541:
4322:
4298:
2467:
Rome – there are five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome.
2288:
could simply mean an agricultural estate or holding:
1674:, an apartment, divided into three individual rooms:
7054:
Der Stil in der technischen und tektonischen Künsten
6744:
History of Urban Form: Prehistory to the Renaissance
6582:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
5989:
Abbott, Frank Frost; Johnson, Allan Chester (1926).
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3689:
The construction of spiral stairs passed on both to
3404:
On his return from campaigns in Greece, the general
3133:
and their branch lines, supplying urban households,
701:
Roman architecture supplied the basic vocabulary of
54:. The building's northern aisle is all that remains.
7643:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
7597:Fant, J. Clayton. "Quarrying and Stoneworking." In
7389:Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1956). "Nero's Golden House".
7119:Smith, Norman (1970), "The Roman Dams of Subiaco",
6455:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000), "Reservoirs and Dams", in
6244:. Oxford University Press, accessed 26 March 2016,
6006:1st International Congress on Construction History
5804:
5622:
5610:
5547:
5518:
4694:
4310:
3464:A specific genre of Roman mosaic obtained the name
3306:; at this date great height was not necessary. The
3294:in England. City walls were already significant in
1500:in Rome were used not only to store grain but also
1055:rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat
774:Numerous local classical styles developed, such as
7587:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
7355:Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600
7097:
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6312:. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.
6310:The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome
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2075:was a simple style for small temples found in the
696:
7506:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
5999:
5751:
4517:Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques
3302:work. The Romans called a simple rampart wall an
3204:. These served a wide array of purposes, such as
1781:Roman bath-houses were also provided for private
899:, and was used from the end of the Republic; the
409:
354:, whose many achievements include rebuilding the
143:to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms.
11539:
11462:International Federation for Structural Concrete
2883:– supplied a water-fountain sited at the city's
2506:, a garden was part of every farm. According to
1039:in Rome. The original covering has been removed.
488:A crucial factor in this development, which saw
7711:– Technical investigation of Roman public works
6842:
6708:"A Mosaic Floor from a Roman Villa at Anaploga"
6647:High Technology Ceramics: Past, Present, Future
4981:
4712:
3161:Roman dam construction began in earnest in the
2144:, which sometimes supported the columns of the
1184:contests, public displays, public meetings and
9919:Architectural records of the Greco-Roman World
7736:Virtual Rome: What Did Ancient Rome Look Like?
7615:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
7580:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
6875:A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome
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6662:
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6280:
5450:
5438:
5341:
5154:
4460:
4448:
2409:were employed since c. 515 BC, such as in the
1594:refer to them in Rome. External walls were in
1071:, writing in the first century BC in his work
10903:
9945:
9719:
7762:
7618:--. "Roman Engineering and Construction." In
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5390:
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5350:
4954:Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
4436:
4016:Roman city walls of Diocletianopolis (Thrace)
2570:is a monumental structure in the shape of an
239:), and piped hot and cold water (examples in
184:to one based on massive walls, punctuated by
9733:
7660:Ulrich, Roger B., and Caroline K Quenemoen.
7483:
7388:
7344:
7329:
6760:
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6658:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–44
6495:
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5992:Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire
5643:
5500:
5462:
5374:
5372:
5370:
4999:
4975:
4562:
4349:
3510:Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths (
3234:, both of which consist of a concrete core.
1472:The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, a
1362:, thereby creating a circuit for the races.
1059:. The freedom of concrete also inspired the
9959:
6972:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
6847:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4657:
4655:
4370:
3388:The Centaur mosaic (2nd century), found at
3087:. Channels which served the needs of urban
92:adopted the external language of classical
10910:
10896:
9952:
9938:
9726:
9712:
7769:
7755:
7488:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
7347:"Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement"
7027:
7009:
6991:
6870:
6377:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6103:
6012:
5739:
5715:
5691:
5679:
5347:
5221:
5157:"Glossary and Index of (mostly) Asian Art"
4688:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
3338:(earth and wood in the 70s AD, stone from
933:, Norfolk, showing alternating courses of
665:, they gradually replaced the traditional
614:The Romans were the first builders in the
44:
7608:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.
7594:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
7502:
7431:
7413:
7320:
6978:
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6502:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions
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6281:Fürst, Ulrich; Grundmann, Stefan (1998).
6016:Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids
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5727:
5667:
5541:
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5185:
5142:
5118:
5094:
5058:
5022:
4870:
3674:, they did not yet figure prominently in
3368:
2369:List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths
1888:triumph of Christianity under Constantine
1874:, and often a small altar for incense or
821:too, where in Washington, D.C. stand the
7650:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
7578:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques
7539:, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books,
7401:
7254:
7159:, London: Peter Davies, pp. 25–49,
6843:Potter, D. S.; Mattingly, D. J. (1999).
6686:
6649:, vol. 3, American Ceramics Society
6496:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002),
6066:. Frankfurt/Main New York: Campus-Verl.
6061:
6033:
5995:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5921:
5885:
5868:
5326:
5161:Old Stones: The Monuments of Art History
5082:
4736:
4661:
4652:
4289:
4095:
3857:
3843:
3832:
3761:
3718:
3562:in the world before the building of the
3537:
3475:
3383:
3274:
3108:
3009:the only ones to construct bridges with
2943:
2831:
2771:
2662:
2616:
2475:
2372:
2357:
2190:
2100:
2010:
1936:
1830:
1751:
1699:
1555:
1467:
1385:
1231:
1136:
1026:
940:
920:
853:
762:
601:
413:
370:While borrowing much from the preceding
290:
250:
145:
112:and to an even greater extent under the
72:
7776:
7636:. London: Society of Antiquaries, 1987.
7220:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
6965:
6812:
6641:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
6512:
6326:
6219:
6164:
6126:
5957:
5197:
4826:
4788:
4772:
4724:
4535:
4328:
4304:
4132:
4038:
2804:
2538:. As town houses were replaced by tall
2444:, a 4th-century obelisk of Roman origin
2240:, on picturesque sites overlooking the
925:Close-up view of the wall of the Roman
744:formalized for the first time, to give
503:These enabled the building of the many
108:. Roman architecture flourished in the
14:
11540:
7449:
7301:
7281:The Classical Language of Architecture
7217:
7172:
7062:
6741:
6705:
6354:Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996),
6344:
6259:
6250:
6104:Bomgardner, David Lee (October 2000).
6080:
5933:
5897:
5856:
5810:
5512:
5426:
5402:
5297:
5285:
5106:
5046:
4951:
4894:
4882:
2456:– obelisk of Titus Sextius Africanus,
1906:(120–80 BC), both standing within the
1529:, which in Latin means barley. In the
1504:, wine, foodstuffs, clothing and even
1298:, was built in Rome in 184 BC by
681:, a process which has been termed the
490:a trend toward monumental architecture
196:. Stylistic developments included the
10891:
9933:
9707:
7750:
7634:Roman architecture in the Greek world
7632:Macready, Sarah, and F. H. Thompson.
7592:Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture
7154:
7118:
7091:
6907:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 18–19,
6861:
6653:
6577:
6454:
6436:
6331:, Wadsworth Publishing, p. 170,
5841:
5798:
5786:
5703:
5655:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5553:
5529:
5474:
4822:
4820:
4700:
4424:
3534:List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs
3093:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
2828:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
2824:List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
2079:, and by far the most common type in
1349:, the circus was flooded with water.
770:, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1552
689:frames in the late 19th century (see
394:directly from the best classical and
120:, and newer technologies such as the
52:Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
11025:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
7627:The Architecture of the Roman Empire
7549:
7434:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
7416:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
6902:
6831:
6554:
6477:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005).
6461:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
6356:Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen
5909:
5314:
5071:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002
5035:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002
4547:
4316:
4114:
3593:by span of ancient Rome covered the
2879:Ancient Rome's first aqueduct – the
2458:Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst
1990:), inaccessible by steps (as in the
1567:Multi-story apartment blocks called
1382:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
669:construction which makes use of the
592:History of Roman and Byzantine domes
11442:Institution of Structural Engineers
7323:The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I
6920:
6689:The Roman villa : villa urbana
6106:The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre
4987:
3872:
3654:, other types of buildings such as
2920:, and the aqueduct-fed cisterns of
2555:
1623:did not contain many luxuries. The
1322:. The circuses were similar to the
1153:79 AD, once hosted spectacles with
1145:, built around 70 BC and buried by
24:
7570:
7519:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x
6439:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply
4817:
3542:Inside the "Temple of Mercury" at
3264:
2966:as the basic structure. Most used
2745:
2347:Hellenistic science and technology
2063:. This was especially the case in
1778:, a scraper made of wood or bone.
1768:All Roman cities had at least one
25:
11569:
7668:
7662:A Companion to Roman Architecture
7606:The Genesis of Roman Architecture
6746:. London: George Godwin Limited.
3793:the Roman equivalent of a modern
3420:in decorating floors, walls, and
3157:List of Roman dams and reservoirs
2756:
2502:gardening techniques. In Ancient
2244:. Some villas were more like the
1910:. Original marble columns of the
1176:, as well as its progenitor, the
1115:
1016:
748:orders. After the flamboyance of
691:List of the world's largest domes
374:architecture, such as the use of
11522:
11521:
7486:Principles of Roman architecture
7409:, vol. 10, pp. 151–179
6898:, vol. 20, pp. 138–163
6866:, vol. 15, pp. 117–139
6796:10.1016/B978-075065090-8/50002-8
6087:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
5963:
5951:
5927:
5816:
5757:
5131:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
4208:
4194:
4180:
4166:
3670:indicates that although used in
3612:
3597:(throne room) built for emperor
2973:Roman arch bridges were usually
2471:
2343:conquests of Alexander the Great
2339:Hellenized eastern Mediterranean
2337:appears to have occurred in the
2300:, describing the olive grove of
1439:
1404:The Roman Forum As Cicero Saw It
790:in the United States, and later
7175:American Journal of Archaeology
6923:American Journal of Archaeology
6817:. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill.
6600:American Journal of Archaeology
6130:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
5468:
5253:
5227:
5148:
5012:La Villa Romana dell'Auditorium
5005:
4960:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4900:
4855:
4782:
4754:
4742:
4625:
4568:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4373:American Journal of Archaeology
4364:
3886:, a bathing and leisure complex
3829:Significant buildings and areas
3731:(model of Imperial Rome at the
3495:was an ancient Roman system of
2637:in 27 BC, the oldest surviving
2411:construction of Trajan's Column
2187:List of Roman villas in Belgium
2183:List of Roman villas in England
2138:. The Roman theatre also had a
2115:were built in all areas of the
2000:, columns at the side might be
1922:after his naval victory at the
1492:term is often used to refer to
1294:The oldest known basilica, the
1120:
786:in the English-speaking world,
697:Influence on later architecture
10940:Roman architectural revolution
7715:Housing and apartments in Rome
7585:Roman Architecture and Society
6832:Peet, Stephen Denison (1911).
6765:, Cambridge University Press,
6706:Miller, Stella Grobel (1972).
6540:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
5981:
5477:"Designing the segmental arch"
4355:
4334:
4280:
4271:
3986:Roman theatre of Philippopolis
3700:
3527:
2908:(1st century BC). The general
2562:List of Roman triumphal arches
2518:became a national indulgence.
2450:, Italy – three Roman obelisks
1689:
1531:Johns Hopkins University Press
910:
895:was found much closer, around
683:Roman architectural revolution
546:permitted the construction of
427:Roman architectural revolution
410:Roman architectural revolution
13:
1:
10212:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
6871:Richardson, Lawrence (1992).
6263:Studies in ancient technology
6260:Forbes, Robert James (1993).
6182:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116
5752:Arenillas & Castillo 2003
5261:"Three Obelisks in Benevento"
4259:
3778:Many European towns, such as
3619:List of ancient spiral stairs
3339:
3271:Ancient Roman defensive walls
2752:List of Roman victory columns
2494:were influenced by Egyptian,
2464:, 1st century AD, 5.80 m
2333:The initial invention of the
2322:
1827:List of Ancient Roman temples
1252:), built during the reign of
949:(4th century) and remains of
539:, both in Provence, France.
176:construction mostly based on
82:
63:509 BC (establishment of the
10917:
8341:Frontiers and fortifications
7699:Resources in other libraries
7453:The Journal of Roman Studies
7345:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000).
7255:Sullivan, George H. (2006).
6896:Journal of Roman Archaeology
6481:. Laurence King Publishing.
6226:(in German). München: Beck.
4264:
3972:Rotunda Church of St. George
3558:, and containing one of the
3471:
2362:
1582:, that date to the reign of
1480:, Italy, built c. 145–150 AD
1413:Every city had at least one
1244:, Germany (then part of the
1180:in Rome. They were used for
844:
618:to realize the potential of
7:
11457:Portland Cement Association
11432:American Concrete Institute
8400:Decorations and punishments
7550:Zaho, Margaret Ann (2004).
7484:Wilson Jones, Mark (2000).
6970:. In Smith, William (ed.).
6742:Morris, Anthony E. (1972).
6656:The Woodwork of Greek Roofs
6534:Kaszynski, William (2000).
6220:Demandt, Alexander (1998).
6062:Benevolo, Leonardo (1993).
6019:. Oxford University Press.
5824:Baiae, historic site, Italy
5742:, pp. 60, table 1, 62.
4713:Potter & Mattingly 1999
4472:Summerson, 13, 22–23, 40–44
4254:Agriculture in ancient Rome
4239:Architecture of Mesopotamia
4159:
3727:to the south (left) of the
3259:multiple-arch buttress dams
3098:
3083:and are still traceable by
2951:over the Guadiana River at
2811:
2514:wrote that during his time
2416:
2090:
1973:, and usually a triangular
1656:and smaller divisions. The
1260:
1133:List of Roman amphitheatres
1001:, which operated their own
386:. This came initially from
246:
221:Crisis of the Third Century
10:
11574:
11548:Ancient Roman architecture
10935:Ancient Roman architecture
9307:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
7882:historiography of the fall
7680:Ancient Roman architecture
7625:MacDonald, William Lloyd.
7537:The Architecture of Europe
7330:Walters, Henry Beauchamp;
6966:Schmitz, Leonhard (1875).
5763:Fields, Nic; Peter Dennis
5451:Gagarin & Fantham 2010
5342:Fürst & Grundmann 1998
4461:Heinle & Schlaich 1996
4449:Mark & Hutchinson 1986
4234:Ancient Greek architecture
3733:Museo della civiltà romana
3704:
3676:Roman military engineering
3646:in the imperial cities of
3631:which, due to its complex
3616:
3531:
3377:
3373:
3268:
3154:
3102:
3052:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2821:
2815:
2765:
2749:
2559:
2420:
2405:. For lifting operations,
2366:
2329:List of ancient watermills
2326:
2176:
2170:
2094:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1748:List of Roman public baths
1745:
1739:
1735:
1693:
1549:
1463:
1375:
1369:
1130:
1124:
1020:
914:
713:for example. In the East,
595:
589:
380:ancient Greek architecture
365:
94:ancient Greek architecture
90:Ancient Roman architecture
39:Ancient Roman architecture
28:
11517:
11501:
11470:
11447:Indian Concrete Institute
11424:
11361:
11233:
11187:
11106:
11043:
10963:
10925:
10800:
10769:
10718:
10583:
10320:
10279:
10154:
10067:
9985:
9967:
9914:
9878:
9837:
9741:
9688:External wars and battles
9555:
9449:
9262:
8854:
8847:
8769:
8681:
8586:
8461:
8413:
8291:
8241:
8180:
8171:
8053:
8005:
7925:
7842:
7812:
7803:
7785:
7694:Resources in your library
7364:10.1017/CHOL9780521325912
7306:. Yale University Press.
7302:Ulrich, Roger B. (2007).
7096:. In Martin Henig (ed.).
6779:O'Flaherty, C.A. (2002).
6654:Hodge, A. Trevor (1960),
6513:Juracek, Judy A. (1996).
6437:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992),
5475:Beall, Christine (1988).
5391:Honour & Fleming 2005
4952:Fowler, W. Warde (1899).
4437:Lechtman & Hobbs 1986
3766:Model of the 1st century
3048:
2912:gives more detail in his
2681:Arch of Septimius Severus
2629:(Ariminum), dedicated to
2097:Roman theatre (structure)
1943:Temple of Hercules Victor
1902:(mid 2nd century BC) and
1900:Temple of Hercules Victor
1892:decline of Roman religion
1545:
1309:
1035:on a tomb on the ancient
991:ceramic building material
878:Temple of Hercules Victor
754:Neoclassical architecture
59:
43:
9735:Roman architecture lists
7664:. Somerset: Wiley, 2013.
6761:O'Connor, Colin (1993),
6081:Bunson, Matthew (2009).
6064:Die Geschichte der Stadt
5900:, pp. 39–41, 51–60.
5767:Osprey Publishing; 2008
5644:James & Chanson 2002
4563:Walters & Birch 1905
2958:Roman bridges, built by
2761:
2714:usually depicted flying
2689:Triumphal Arch of Orange
2423:List of obelisks in Rome
2166:
1450:A panoramic view of the
1365:
864:Santa Maria degli Angeli
849:
585:
392:Roman conquest of Greece
96:for the purposes of the
11553:Culture of ancient Rome
9977:History of construction
9961:History of architecture
9683:Roman–Iranian relations
8158:Optimates and populares
7372:2027/mdp.39015030095528
7100:A Handbook of Roman Art
6387:A Handbook of Roman Art
6327:Gardner, Helen (2005),
6285:. Edition Axel Menges.
6089:. Infobase Publishing.
5832:. Accessed 6 June 2021.
5829:Encyclopedia Britannica
5362:Encyclopædia Britannica
4244:Achaemenid architecture
4229:Outline of architecture
4224:Outline of ancient Rome
3928:(Senate House), in Rome
3881:– these were a massive
3601:(81–96 AD) on the
3150:
3121:provided water for the
2106:Roman Theatre of Mérida
1947:Lucius Mummius Achaicus
1870:to whom the temple was
1302:during the time he was
1143:Amphitheatre of Pompeii
805:or in a fireplace or a
707:Romanesque architecture
616:history of architecture
492:, was the invention of
215:and the scrolls of the
141:Romanesque architecture
11225:Alkali–silica reaction
10983:Energetically modified
9972:Architectural timeline
9693:Civil wars and revolts
8959:Sextus Pompeius Festus
8606:Conflict of the Orders
7965:Legislative assemblies
7727:10 August 2011 at the
7155:Smith, Norman (1971),
7121:Technology and Culture
7052:, 2004 translation of
7030:Historische Talsperren
7012:Historische Talsperren
6994:Historische Talsperren
6974:. London: John Murray.
6905:Roman Baths in Britain
6838:. Jameson & Morse.
6563:. München: C.H. Beck.
6479:A world history of art
6266:. Vol. 2. Brill.
5222:Baker & Baker 2001
4111:
3869:
3855:
3841:
3775:
3736:
3684:Basilica of San Vitale
3566:
3488:
3485:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
3401:
3369:Architectural features
3283:
3143:or naval bases of the
3126:
3105:List of Roman cisterns
2977:, although a few were
2955:
2845:
2780:
2672:
2641:
2488:
2442:Place de la République
2382:
2265:Villa of the Mysteries
2203:
2196:Villa of the Mysteries
2109:
2020:
1954:
1852:ancient Roman religion
1847:
1765:
1760:that lend the city of
1713:
1564:
1481:
1394:
1257:
1157:
1040:
961:
938:
866:
776:Palladian architecture
771:
760:from the Greek world.
746:five rather than three
715:Byzantine architecture
611:
422:
344:Hispania Tarraconensis
303:
260:
161:
137:Byzantine architecture
106:classical architecture
86:
11558:Architectural history
10514:America and Australia
10134:Medieval Scandinavian
9865:Roman Forum monuments
9402:Simplicius of Cilicia
9154:Quintus Curtius Rufus
8383:Siege in Ancient Rome
7992:Executive magistrates
7604:Hopkins, John North.
7407:History of Technology
7092:Smith, D. J. (1983).
6578:Lampe, Peter (2006).
6559:Die Stadt im Altertum
6441:, London: Duckworth,
6246:subscription required
5706:, p. 332, fn. 2.
5544:, p. 28, fig. 7.
4664:The Classical Journal
4103:, built in 122 AD in
4099:
3861:
3847:
3836:
3765:
3722:
3705:Further information:
3617:Further information:
3607:Basilica of Maxentius
3554:, dating to the late
3541:
3532:Further information:
3479:
3387:
3296:Etruscan architecture
3278:
3185:, created by emperor
3163:early imperial period
3155:Further information:
3112:
3103:Further information:
3053:Further information:
3007:Industrial Revolution
2947:
2940:List of Roman bridges
2938:Further information:
2852:constructed numerous
2835:
2822:Further information:
2775:
2750:Further information:
2666:
2620:
2560:Further information:
2479:
2421:Further information:
2376:
2367:Further information:
2358:Decorative structures
2327:Further information:
2310:Catholic Encyclopedia
2194:
2104:
2014:
1940:
1932:San Nicola in Carcere
1834:
1825:Further information:
1755:
1746:Further information:
1703:
1559:
1471:
1389:
1376:Further information:
1235:
1140:
1131:Further information:
1030:
944:
924:
857:
780:Georgian architecture
766:
605:
596:Further information:
417:
294:
254:
235:glazing (examples in
170:Etruscan architecture
149:
76:
11210:Environmental impact
11068:Reversing drum mixer
10756:Critical regionalism
9886:Lists of Roman sites
9412:Stephanus Byzantinus
9317:Eusebius of Caesaria
9179:Sidonius Apollinaris
8869:Ammianus Marcellinus
8208:Tribune of the plebs
7611:Lancaster, Lynne C.
6555:Kolb, Frank (1984).
6385:Henig, Martin (ed),
6176:(3): 407–424 (407),
5155:Michael D. Gunther.
4829:The Classical Weekly
4791:The Classical Weekly
4133:Military engineering
4039:Private architecture
3695:Islamic architecture
3137:, imperial palaces,
3135:agricultural estates
3055:List of Roman canals
3013:, which they called
2639:Roman triumphal arch
2436:Arles, France – the
2073:Romano-Celtic temple
2044:and its variant the
1535:The Classical Weekly
979:Constantine Basilica
788:Federal architecture
784:Regency architecture
750:Baroque architecture
719:Islamic architecture
580:Islamic architecture
558:, such as Hadrian's
31:Architecture of Rome
10695:Stripped Classicism
10670:International style
10653:Rationalist-Fascist
10302:Portuguese Colonial
10052:Pre-Islamic Persian
9784:Dams and reservoirs
9588:Distinguished women
9239:Velleius Paterculus
9079:Nicolaus Damascenus
9059:Marcellus Empiricus
8448:Republican currency
7583:Anderson, James C.
7576:Adam, Jean Pierre.
7065:Geographical Review
6903:Rook, Tony (1992),
6349:. pp. 375–392.
5924:, pp. 256–267.
5912:, pp. 169–238.
5888:, pp. 353–356.
5801:, pp. 121–123.
5789:, pp. 116–119.
5515:, pp. 310–319.
5329:, pp. 133–134.
5267:on 13 December 2012
5212:, pp. 419–439.
5061:, pp. 373–378.
4966:Summerson, pp. 8–13
4622:, pp. 201–223.
4216:Architecture portal
4174:Ancient Rome portal
3998:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
3988:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
3898:Baths of Diocletian
3353:(from 122) and the
3280:Roman walls of Lugo
3224:Concrete Revolution
3091:are covered at the
3081:ancient geographers
2918:Aqueduct of Segovia
2685:Arch of Constantine
2385:In architecture, a
2341:in the wake of the
2317:Diocletian's Palace
2234:Villa of the Papyri
2061:sacred architecture
2034:Italian Renaissance
860:Baths of Diocletian
792:Stripped Classicism
730:Italian Renaissance
644:sacred architecture
598:List of Roman domes
564:Baths of Diocletian
513:Aqueduct of Segovia
320:Baths of Diocletian
296:Aqueduct of Segovia
40:
11313:Self-consolidating
11005:Water–cement ratio
10700:Postconstructivism
10643:Streamline Moderne
9362:Phlegon of Tralles
9169:Seneca the Younger
8643:Naming conventions
8373:Personal equipment
7906:Later Roman Empire
7646:Thomas, Edmund V.
7641:Roman Architecture
7321:Vitrivius (1914).
6639:Greek Architecture
6300:Gagarin, Michael;
5235:"Museo del Sannio"
4112:
3904:Baths of Caracalla
3870:
3856:
3842:
3839:Baths of Caracalla
3776:
3737:
3725:Temple of Claudius
3567:
3497:underfloor heating
3489:
3402:
3334:(2nd century BC),
3284:
3127:
3085:modern archaeology
2956:
2846:
2805:Laws and standards
2781:
2728:currus triumphalis
2683:(203–205) and the
2673:
2642:
2489:
2383:
2315:With the colossal
2204:
2110:
2021:
2017:Temple of Portunus
2006:Temple of Claudius
1955:
1904:Temple of Portunus
1848:
1766:
1764:, England its name
1714:
1652:referring to both
1565:
1520:horrea subterranea
1482:
1395:
1258:
1158:
1127:Roman amphitheatre
1041:
962:
947:St. George Rotunda
939:
867:
772:
612:
568:Baths of Caracalla
535:and the bridge at
531:in Spain, and the
423:
324:Baths of Caracalla
304:
298:(1st century AD),
261:
162:
87:
38:
18:Roman Architecture
11535:
11534:
11527:Category:Concrete
11308:Roller-compacting
11129:Climbing formwork
10978:Calcium aluminate
10950:Roman engineering
10885:
10884:
9927:
9926:
9901:Villas in England
9896:Villas in Belgium
9850:Ancient monuments
9701:
9700:
9663:Pontifices maximi
9445:
9444:
9302:Diogenes Laërtius
9124:Pliny the Younger
8879:Asconius Pedianus
8839:Romance languages
8711:Civil engineering
8453:Imperial currency
8326:Political control
8287:
8286:
7921:
7920:
7675:Library resources
7655:Roman Woodworking
7653:Ulrich, Roger B.
7561:978-0-8204-6235-6
7495:978-0-300-08138-1
7443:978-90-04-11123-3
7425:978-90-04-11123-3
7381:978-0-521-32591-2
7313:978-0-300-10341-0
7304:Roman Woodworking
7286:Thames and Hudson
7268:978-0-7867-1749-1
7261:. Da Capo Press.
7166:978-0-432-15090-0
7157:A History of Dams
7111:978-0-7148-2214-3
7046:Semper, Gottfried
7039:978-3-87919-145-1
7021:978-3-87919-145-1
7003:978-3-87919-145-1
6914:978-0-7478-0157-3
6886:978-0-8018-4300-6
6854:978-0-472-08568-2
6824:978-90-04-10378-8
6805:978-0-7506-5090-8
6772:978-0-521-39326-3
6698:978-0-924171-59-8
6589:978-0-8264-8102-3
6570:978-3-406-03172-4
6547:978-0-7864-0822-1
6526:978-0-393-73007-4
6488:978-1-85669-451-3
6470:978-90-04-11123-3
6448:978-0-7156-2194-3
6365:978-3-421-03062-7
6338:978-0-495-00479-0
6319:978-0-19-517072-6
6292:978-3-930698-60-8
6273:978-90-04-00622-5
6242:Oxford Art Online
6233:978-3-406-43301-6
6190:Anatolian Studies
6170:World Archaeology
6119:978-0-415-16593-8
6096:978-1-4381-1027-1
6073:978-3-593-34906-0
6026:978-0-19-512221-3
5859:, pp. 148f..
5844:, pp. 38–44.
5773:978-1-84603-198-4
5765:The Walls of Rome
5718:, pp. 59–62.
5658:, pp. 33–35.
5595:, pp. 331f..
5317:, pp. 18–25.
5241:on 6 October 2014
5200:, pp. 7, 16.
5145:, pp. 406f..
5073:, pp. 12–15.
5025:, pp. 396f..
5000:Ward-Perkins 2000
4976:Wilson Jones 2000
4739:, pp. 14–15.
4565:, p. 330–40.
4550:, pp. 35–36.
4481:Summerson, 10–13,
4350:Ward-Perkins 1956
4121:Roman engineering
4115:Civil engineering
4107:, in what is now
4064:Catacombs of Rome
3953:Tower of Hercules
3938:Forum of Augustus
3934:(former building)
3711:Decumanus Maximus
3644:triumphal columns
3438:Opus vermiculatum
3292:Porchester Castle
3288:Saxon Shore forts
3247:arch-gravity dams
3219:opus caementicium
3015:opus caementicium
2842:Vers-Pont-du-Gard
2693:arcus quadrifrons
2202:, seen from above
2050:that at Alcántara
2032:, and subsequent
1837:Temple of Bacchus
1722:Tower of Hercules
1706:Tower of Hercules
1600:and interiors in
1552:Insula (building)
1047:supporting broad
1033:opus caementicium
966:fired clay bricks
839:Buckingham Palace
659:Mediterranean Sea
537:Vaison-la-Romaine
521:aqueducts of Rome
519:, and the eleven
498:opus caementicium
316:aqueducts of Rome
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
11565:
11525:
11524:
11437:Concrete Society
11248:Fiber-reinforced
11063:Volumetric mixer
10955:Roman technology
10912:
10905:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10777:Deconstructivism
10536:Spanish Colonial
10297:Spanish Colonial
10197:Western Chalukya
10005:Ancient Egyptian
9954:
9947:
9940:
9931:
9930:
9819:Triumphal arches
9728:
9721:
9714:
9705:
9704:
9653:Magistri equitum
9568:Cities and towns
9561:
9487:Constantinopolis
9297:Diodorus Siculus
9229:Valerius Maximus
9164:Seneca the Elder
9084:Nonius Marcellus
8852:
8851:
8405:Hippika gymnasia
8368:Infantry tactics
8274:Consular tribune
8264:Magister equitum
8213:Military tribune
8178:
8177:
8138:Pontifex maximus
8133:Princeps senatus
8123:Magister militum
7889:Byzantine Empire
7810:
7809:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7590:Boëthius, Axel.
7565:
7529:
7499:
7480:
7446:
7428:
7410:
7398:
7385:
7351:
7341:
7326:
7317:
7284:, 1980 edition,
7272:
7251:
7214:
7169:
7151:
7115:
7103:
7088:
7042:
7024:
7006:
6988:
6975:
6962:
6917:
6899:
6890:
6878:
6867:
6858:
6839:
6828:
6809:
6790:. pp. 1–5.
6785:
6775:
6757:
6738:
6712:
6702:
6683:
6659:
6650:
6631:
6593:
6574:
6562:
6551:
6530:
6509:
6492:
6473:
6451:
6433:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6350:
6341:
6323:
6296:
6277:
6256:
6237:
6216:
6184:
6161:
6123:
6100:
6077:
6058:
6042:(3/4): 348–357,
6030:
6009:
5996:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5670:, pp. 31f..
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5607:, pp. 86f..
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5583:, pp. 60f..
5578:
5572:
5566:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5379:
5376:
5365:
5354:
5345:
5339:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5263:. Archived from
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5237:. Archived from
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5163:. Archived from
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4786:
4780:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4751:, Epist. VIII.18
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4319:, pp. 18f..
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4249:Roman technology
4218:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4154:Limes Germanicus
4109:Northern England
3958:Tropaeum Traiani
3873:Public buildings
3672:medieval castles
3458:opus tessellatum
3344:
3341:
3191:Late Middle Ages
3115:Basilica Cistern
3069:land reclamation
3024:in southwestern
2999:Segovia Aqueduct
2983:Alconétar Bridge
2889:eleven aqueducts
2648:and would erect
2623:Arch of Augustus
2556:Triumphal arches
2403:obelisk carriers
2345:and the rise of
2263:, including the
2042:Corinthian order
2025:classical orders
1969:with columns, a
1916:Forum Holitorium
1835:"Roman Baroque"
1801:is discussed by
1797:. The design of
1696:Roman lighthouse
1597:opus reticulatum
1458:on the far left.
1443:
964:The Romans made
831:Lincoln Memorial
823:Capitol building
758:direct influence
742:Composite orders
687:structural steel
548:vaulted ceilings
483:Gottfried Semper
481:. According to
384:classical orders
266:classical orders
255:Interior of the
84:
67:)–4th century AD
48:
41:
37:
21:
11573:
11572:
11568:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11531:
11513:
11497:
11466:
11420:
11357:
11229:
11183:
11102:
11078:Flow table test
11039:
10959:
10921:
10916:
10886:
10881:
10796:
10765:
10714:
10648:Totalitarianism
10638:New Objectivity
10579:
10432:Serbo-Byzantine
10427:Russo-Byzantine
10316:
10275:
10150:
10127:Islamic Persian
10063:
9981:
9963:
9958:
9928:
9923:
9910:
9906:Villas in Wales
9879:Other countries
9874:
9833:
9824:Victory columns
9737:
9732:
9702:
9697:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9441:
9277:Aëtius of Amida
9258:
9244:Verrius Flaccus
9224:Valerius Antias
9184:Silius Italicus
9119:Pliny the Elder
9064:Marcus Aurelius
8939:Cornelius Nepos
8889:Aurelius Victor
8843:
8765:
8677:
8611:Secessio plebis
8582:
8457:
8409:
8283:
8237:
8167:
8049:
8001:
7917:
7838:
7799:
7781:
7775:
7735:
7729:Wayback Machine
7705:
7704:
7703:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7671:
7573:
7571:Further reading
7568:
7562:
7533:Yarwood, Doreen
7496:
7462:10.2307/3184857
7444:
7426:
7403:Wikander, Örjan
7382:
7349:
7314:
7276:Summerson, John
7269:
7232:10.2307/4238817
7187:10.2307/4126281
7167:
7133:10.2307/3102810
7112:
7040:
7022:
7004:
6915:
6887:
6855:
6825:
6806:
6783:
6773:
6754:
6710:
6699:
6673:10.2307/3050861
6635:Lawrence, A. W.
6590:
6571:
6548:
6527:
6519:. W.W. Norton.
6489:
6471:
6457:Wikander, Örjan
6449:
6414:10.2307/1087740
6370:
6369:
6366:
6339:
6320:
6304:, eds. (2010).
6302:Fantham, Elaine
6293:
6274:
6234:
6198:10.2307/3643076
6120:
6097:
6074:
6048:10.2307/1192605
6027:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5740:Schnitter 1987b
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5716:Schnitter 1987b
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5692:Schnitter 1987c
5690:
5686:
5680:Schnitter 1987a
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5439:O'Flaherty 2002
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5368:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5167:on 5 April 2007
5153:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5049:, pp. 7f..
5045:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4841:10.2307/4389377
4825:
4818:
4803:10.2307/4389377
4787:
4783:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4689:Richardson 1992
4687:
4683:
4660:
4653:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4620:Bomgardner 2000
4618:
4614:
4608:Bomgardner 2000
4606:
4602:
4596:Bomgardner 2000
4594:
4590:
4584:Bomgardner 2000
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4416:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4135:
4127:Roman watermill
4117:
4041:
3943:Hadrian's Villa
3914:Trajan's Column
3894:of July in 109.
3879:Baths of Trajan
3875:
3863:Hadrian's Villa
3831:
3757:grid of streets
3744:in Italy. (see
3717:
3703:
3642:Apart from the
3637:Trajan's Column
3621:
3615:
3536:
3530:
3505:central heating
3474:
3410:imperial period
3390:Hadrian's Villa
3382:
3376:
3371:
3342:
3273:
3267:
3265:Defensive walls
3216:and especially
3198:embankment dams
3159:
3153:
3123:Imperial Palace
3107:
3101:
3057:
3051:
3030:Trajan's bridge
2942:
2936:
2930:
2914:official report
2905:De architectura
2830:
2820:
2814:
2808:to being flat.
2770:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:Victory columns
2608:Pliny the Elder
2564:
2558:
2474:
2425:
2419:
2379:Trajan's Column
2377:The capital of
2371:
2365:
2360:
2331:
2325:
2312:"Gethsemane").
2292:translated the
2269:villa suburbana
2226:Hadrian's Villa
2189:
2175:
2169:
2099:
2093:
2085:Celtic religion
2056:could be used.
2046:Composite order
2002:engaged columns
1928:Renaissance era
1924:Battle of Mylae
1918:, dedicated by
1912:Temple of Janus
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:De architectura
1750:
1744:
1738:
1698:
1692:
1554:
1548:
1539:Pliny the Elder
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:Trajan's Column
1449:
1444:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1312:
1296:Basilica Porcia
1263:
1256:(r. 306–337 AD)
1222:animal killings
1204:and footraces.
1135:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1074:De architectura
1025:
1019:
919:
913:
858:Frigidarium of
852:
847:
699:
667:post and lintel
600:
594:
588:
570:, all in Rome.
507:throughout the
412:
368:
259:, c. 113–125 AD
249:
166:Imperial period
55:
50:Remains of the
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11571:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11512:
11511:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11428:
11426:
11422:
11421:
11419:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11396:Concrete block
11393:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11384:voided biaxial
11381:
11376:
11365:
11363:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11239:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11191:
11189:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11110:
11108:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11088:Concrete cover
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11058:Concrete mixer
11055:
11049:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10969:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10945:Roman concrete
10942:
10937:
10931:
10929:
10923:
10922:
10915:
10914:
10907:
10900:
10892:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10853:
10852:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10633:Constructivism
10630:
10625:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10608:
10606:Prairie School
10603:
10598:
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7554:. Peter Lang.
7547:
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7513:(2): 273–283,
7500:
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7340:. John Murray.
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7170:
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7071:(3): 420–443.
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6753:978-0711438019
6752:
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6721:(3): 332–354.
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6613:10.2307/506969
6607:(3): 419–439,
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6162:
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5728:Schnitter 1978
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5668:Schnitter 1978
5660:
5648:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5571:, p. 332.
5558:
5546:
5542:Schnitter 1978
5534:
5517:
5505:
5503:, p. 126.
5493:
5467:
5455:
5453:, p. 145.
5443:
5431:
5429:, p. 195.
5419:
5415:Kaszynski 2000
5407:
5405:, p. 146.
5395:
5380:
5366:
5357:Triumphal Arch
5346:
5331:
5319:
5302:
5300:, p. 436.
5290:
5288:, p. 435.
5278:
5252:
5226:
5214:
5210:Lancaster 1999
5202:
5190:
5186:Wirsching 2000
5178:
5147:
5143:Wikander 2000b
5135:
5123:
5121:, p. 407.
5119:Wikander 2000b
5111:
5099:
5097:, p. 403.
5095:Wikander 2000b
5087:
5085:, p. 158.
5075:
5063:
5059:Wikander 2000a
5051:
5039:
5027:
5023:Wikander 2000a
5015:
5004:
5002:, p. 333.
4992:
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4933:Wheeler, p. 89
4926:
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4887:
4875:
4871:Hermansen 1970
4863:
4854:
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4753:
4741:
4729:
4727:, p. 149.
4717:
4715:, p. 180.
4705:
4693:
4691:, p. 193.
4681:
4670:(8): 318–326.
4651:
4624:
4612:
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4588:
4576:
4567:
4552:
4540:
4538:, p. 310.
4528:
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4492:
4490:Summerson, 13,
4483:
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4453:
4441:
4429:
4427:, p. 117.
4414:
4385:10.2307/497176
4379:(2): 155–174.
4363:
4354:
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4321:
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4202:History portal
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3680:late antiquity
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3378:Main article:
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3269:Main article:
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3003:Pons Fabricius
2993:, such as the
2960:ancient Romans
2932:Main article:
2929:
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2922:Constantinople
2866:sewage systems
2818:Roman aqueduct
2816:Main article:
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2788:Roman Republic
2766:Main article:
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2757:Infrastructure
2755:
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2597:ancient Greece
2581:Roman Republic
2577:Roman triumphs
2568:triumphal arch
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2516:flower gardens
2508:Cato the Elder
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2407:ancient cranes
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2294:Gospel of Mark
2257:Campus Martius
2246:country houses
2171:Main article:
2168:
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2113:Roman theatres
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2077:Western Empire
1986:and temple of
1984:Pantheon, Rome
1949:, who won the
1819:Main article:
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1813:
1740:Main article:
1737:
1734:
1694:Main article:
1691:
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1633:and 44,850 of
1550:Main article:
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1516:Gaius Gracchus
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1452:Forum Trajanum
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1370:Main article:
1367:
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1339:chariot racing
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1300:Cato the Elder
1262:
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1250:Gallia Belgica
1246:Roman province
1190:Roman theatres
1166:triumphal arch
1164:was, with the
1151:Mount Vesuvius
1125:Main article:
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1116:Building types
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1082:Roman concrete
1023:Roman concrete
1021:Main article:
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1017:Roman concrete
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728:In Europe the
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590:Main article:
587:
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511:, such as the
494:Roman concrete
411:
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277:Roman concrete
257:Pantheon, Rome
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10803:
10799:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10787:New Classical
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10731:Structuralism
10729:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10675:Functionalism
10673:
10671:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10611:Expressionism
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10563:Liberty style
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10496:Neo-Manueline
10494:
10492:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10469:Monumentalism
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10459:Mediterranean
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10418:
10415:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10403:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10239:Romano-Gothic
10237:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10066:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10040:Ancient Roman
10038:
10036:
10035:Ancient Greek
10033:
10032:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9984:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9962:
9955:
9950:
9948:
9943:
9941:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9913:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:Spiral stairs
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9749:Amphitheatres
9747:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9729:
9724:
9722:
9717:
9715:
9710:
9709:
9706:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9554:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9448:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9019:Julius Paulus
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8954:Fabius Pictor
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8691:Amphitheatres
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8428:Deforestation
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8378:Siege engines
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8311:Establishment
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8242:Extraordinary
8240:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8228:Promagistrate
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8015:Twelve Tables
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7779:
7772:
7767:
7765:
7760:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7742:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7639:Sear, Frank.
7638:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7563:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7439:
7435:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7332:Birch, Samuel
7328:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7023:
7017:
7013:
7008:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6916:
6910:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6763:Roman Bridges
6759:
6755:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6450:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6367:
6361:
6358:, Stuttgart,
6357:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6083:"Engineering"
6079:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5930:
5923:
5922:Benevolo 1993
5918:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5894:
5887:
5886:Beckmann 2002
5882:
5880:
5878:
5870:
5869:Beckmann 2002
5865:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5730:, p. 29.
5729:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5694:, p. 80.
5693:
5688:
5682:, p. 12.
5681:
5676:
5669:
5664:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5631:, p. 42.
5630:
5625:
5619:, p. 49.
5618:
5613:
5606:
5601:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5556:, p. 80.
5555:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5532:, p. 87.
5531:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5501:O'Connor 1993
5497:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5463:O'Connor 1993
5459:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5344:, p. 43.
5343:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5327:Sullivan 2006
5323:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5224:, p. 69.
5223:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5109:, p. 16.
5108:
5103:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5083:Wikander 1985
5079:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5037:, p. 11.
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4963:
4955:
4948:
4942:Lawrence, 294
4939:
4930:
4924:Lawrence, 294
4921:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4737:Métreaux 1998
4733:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4709:
4703:, p. 61.
4702:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4610:, p. 62.
4609:
4604:
4598:, p. 59.
4597:
4592:
4586:, p. 37.
4585:
4580:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4463:, p. 27.
4462:
4457:
4451:, p. 24.
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
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4330:
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4313:
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4225:
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4206:
4203:
4192:
4189:
4178:
4175:
4164:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Antonine Wall
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4105:Roman Britain
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:Villa rustica
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
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4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3996:Philippopolis
3993:
3992:Roman Stadium
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
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3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3867:Tivoli, Lazio
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3768:Philippopolis
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:Aurelian Wall
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:is a type of
3626:
3620:
3613:Spiral stairs
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:Palatine Hill
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3571:Magna Graecia
3565:
3561:
3560:largest domes
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:swimming pool
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:Sergius Orata
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3439:
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3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3364:
3363:Roman Britain
3360:
3356:
3355:Antonine Wall
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3325:Aurelian Wall
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:16 main gates
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:buttress dams
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:Lake Homs Dam
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3210:flood control
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
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3116:
3111:
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3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:flood control
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:Puente Romano
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Limyra Bridge
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2953:Mérida, Spain
2950:
2949:Puente Romano
2946:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:cattle market
2882:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
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2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:(AD 81), the
2678:
2677:Arch of Titus
2670:
2669:Arch of Titus
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:Roman Emperor
2651:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
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2586:
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2578:
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2569:
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2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Roman gardens
2487:
2483:
2478:
2472:Roman gardens
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:Arles Obelisk
2435:
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2408:
2404:
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2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:Bay of Naples
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2198:just outside
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Villa rustica
2174:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:scaenae frons
2143:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:scaenae frons
2120:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:Roman Britain
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Maison carrée
1995:
1994:
1993:Maison carrée
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:Gaius Duilius
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Forum Boarium
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1878:. Behind the
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1603:opus incertum
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1537:states that "
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Horrea Galbae
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1408:Imperial fora
1405:
1401:
1400:Julius Caesar
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1372:Forum (Roman)
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:naval battles
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:amphitheatres
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:ancient Greek
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1255:
1254:Constantine I
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Aula Palatina
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:, water, and
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:British Isles
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Roman legions
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
937:and brickwork
936:
932:
928:
923:
918:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
861:
856:
842:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
768:Villa Cornaro
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:. Along with
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
642:in Christian
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
604:
599:
593:
583:
581:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Puente Romano
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:amphitheatres
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
416:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Magna Graecia
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
278:
273:
271:
267:
258:
253:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
155:
154:
153:Maison carrée
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:architectural
99:
95:
91:
80:
75:
66:
62:
58:
53:
47:
42:
36:
32:
27:
19:
11401:Step barrier
11362:Applications
11273:Nanoconcrete
11159:Power trowel
11144:Power screed
11134:Slip forming
11107:Construction
10934:
10845:Mesoamerican
10792:Contemporary
10770:2000–present
10761:Neo-futurism
10741:Blobitecture
10568:Modern Style
10484:Neoclassical
10232:Indo-Islamic
10207:Great Seljuk
10192:Vijayanagara
10086:East Slavic
10039:
10000:Mesopotamian
9838:City of Rome
9799:Public baths
9742:Roman Empire
9633:Institutions
9497:Leptis Magna
9450:Major cities
9357:Philostratus
9144:Quadrigarius
8964:Rufus Festus
8827:Contemporary
8548:Romanization
8471:Architecture
8470:
8078:Collegiality
7927:Constitution
7778:Ancient Rome
7689:Online books
7679:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7551:
7536:
7510:
7504:
7485:
7451:
7433:
7415:
7406:
7394:
7390:
7354:
7336:
7322:
7303:
7289:World of Art
7288:
7279:
7257:
7223:
7219:
7178:
7174:
7156:
7127:(1): 58–68,
7124:
7120:
7099:
7068:
7064:
7058:google books
7053:
7049:
7029:
7011:
6993:
6984:
6980:
6971:
6926:
6922:
6904:
6895:
6874:
6864:Architectura
6863:
6844:
6834:
6814:
6787:
6762:
6743:
6718:
6714:
6688:
6665:Art Bulletin
6664:
6655:
6646:
6638:
6604:
6598:
6579:
6558:
6536:
6515:
6505:
6501:
6478:
6460:
6438:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6355:
6346:
6328:
6309:
6282:
6262:
6252:
6222:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6134:
6128:
6105:
6086:
6063:
6039:
6035:
6015:
6005:
5991:
5965:
5958:Demandt 1998
5953:
5941:
5929:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5864:
5837:
5827:
5818:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5764:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5549:
5537:
5508:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5482:. ebuild.com
5470:
5465:, p. 1.
5458:
5446:
5441:, p. 2.
5434:
5422:
5417:, p. 9.
5410:
5398:
5360:
5322:
5293:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5265:the original
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5239:the original
5229:
5217:
5205:
5198:Coulton 1974
5193:
5181:
5171:24 September
5169:. Retrieved
5165:the original
5160:
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5030:
5018:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4910:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4857:
4835:(7): 49–54.
4832:
4828:
4797:(7): 49–54.
4794:
4790:
4784:
4773:Schmitz 1875
4768:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4725:Patrich 1996
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4667:
4663:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4570:
4543:
4536:Juracek 1996
4531:
4522:
4513:
4508:Henig, p. 32
4504:
4499:Henig, p. 28
4495:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4345:
4336:
4329:Gardner 2005
4324:
4312:
4305:DeLaine 1990
4300:
4295:Henig, p. 27
4291:
4282:
4277:Henig, p. 26
4273:
4188:Italy portal
4025:Roman tomb,
3963:Verona Arena
3889:
3883:
3849:Verona Arena
3819:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3787:
3777:
3750:
3738:
3707:Centuriation
3688:
3641:
3625:spiral stair
3622:
3589:The largest
3588:
3568:
3518:pilae stacks
3511:
3509:
3490:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3403:
3398:Altes Museum
3380:Roman mosaic
3361:frontier of
3329:
3323:. Later the
3316:
3308:Servian Wall
3285:
3236:
3217:
3202:gravity dams
3200:and masonry
3195:
3183:Subiaco Dams
3167:North Africa
3160:
3138:
3128:
3089:water supply
3058:
3019:
3014:
2995:Pont du Gard
2975:semicircular
2972:
2957:
2934:Roman bridge
2903:
2902:in his work
2896:early modern
2893:
2878:
2870:
2858:public baths
2847:
2838:Pont du Gard
2792:Roman Empire
2782:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2674:
2649:
2646:triumphators
2645:
2643:
2635:Roman Senate
2601:
2565:
2550:roof gardens
2546:window boxes
2539:
2520:
2490:
2441:
2426:
2400:
2384:
2332:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2254:
2211:
2205:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2058:
2054:Tuscan order
2022:
1997:
1991:
1963:Greek temple
1956:
1884:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1821:Roman temple
1806:
1798:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1715:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1613:trompe-l'œil
1611:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:Ostia Antica
1526:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1483:
1478:Ostia (Rome)
1473:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1357:
1351:
1320:Roman Empire
1316:Roman circus
1313:
1293:
1264:
1227:
1206:
1182:gladiatorial
1162:amphitheatre
1159:
1147:the eruption
1121:Amphitheatre
1106:
1079:
1072:
1042:
1032:
995:
963:
931:Burgh Castle
905:
868:
835:
800:
773:
727:
700:
648:
613:
610:, inner view
606:Dome of the
572:
552:public baths
541:
517:Pont du Gard
509:Roman Empire
502:
497:
487:
424:
404:Roman villas
369:
348:
305:
274:
262:
243:and Ostia).
237:Ostia Antica
225:
188:, and later
163:
151:
133:Late Antique
130:
89:
88:
60:Years active
35:
26:
11379:hollow-core
11338:Waste light
11333:Translucent
11293:Prestressed
11220:Segregation
11205:Degradation
11093:Cover meter
11030:Silica fume
10965:Composition
10705:PWA Moderne
10591:Rationalism
10553:Art Nouveau
10541:Territorial
10521:Renaissance
10505:Queen Anne
10378:Elizabethan
10271:Plateresque
10266:Renaissance
10249:Sondergotik
10144:Carolingian
10090:Kievan Rus'
9628:Geographers
9312:Dioscorides
9292:Cassius Dio
8914:Cassiodorus
8817:Renaissance
8423:Agriculture
8395:Auxiliaries
8336:Engineering
8173:Magistrates
8025:Citizenship
8020:Mos maiorum
7955:Late Empire
7721:Rome Reborn
7104:. Phaidon.
6981:Antike Welt
6306:"Aqueducts"
6253:Antike Welt
5982:Works cited
5934:Harris 1989
5898:Morris 1972
5857:Ulrich 2007
5811:Miller 1972
5513:Döring 2002
5427:Bunson 2009
5403:Forbes 1993
5298:Semple 1929
5286:Semple 1929
5107:Wilson 2002
5047:Wilson 2002
4895:Storey 2004
4883:Storey 2002
4763:, Epist. 45
4640:(6). 1926.
4634:Latin Notes
4361:Yarwood, 40
4340:Semper, 756
4286:Yarwood, 38
4086:Herculaneum
4069:Roman villa
4002:Roman baths
3932:Domus Aurea
3701:City design
3584:Roman domes
3528:Roman roofs
3232:Harbaqa Dam
2784:Roman roads
2720:triumphator
2708:triumphator
2700:triumphator
2604:entablature
2480:Gardens in
2392:architraves
2351:water wheel
2252:in Sussex.
2238:Herculaneum
2220:floors and
2208:Roman villa
2173:Roman villa
2136:proscaenium
2131:proscaenium
2052:, a simple
2040:trend, the
2038:Hellenistic
1951:Achaean War
1862:housed the
1787:town houses
1758:Roman Baths
1718:lighthouses
1690:Lighthouses
1420:Roman Forum
1392:Roman Forum
1378:Roman Forum
1343:horse races
1327:hippodromes
1198:hippodromes
1090:lime mortar
1057:architraves
1031:Example of
917:Roman brick
911:Roman brick
827:White House
815:Herculaneum
796:PWA Moderne
711:Scandinavia
657:around the
533:Pont Julien
396:Hellenistic
209:Doric order
11542:Categories
11478:Eurocode 2
11416:Structures
11303:Reinforced
11263:Lunarcrete
11243:AstroCrete
11200:Durability
11195:Properties
11073:Slump test
11045:Production
11035:Metakaolin
10862:Portuguese
10736:Postmodern
10685:Organicism
10573:Modernisme
10558:Jugendstil
10417:Revivalism
10405:Industrial
10388:Portuguese
10162:Romanesque
10057:Achaemenid
9829:Watermills
9517:Mediolanum
9457:Alexandria
9422:Themistius
9387:Porphyrius
9214:Tertullian
9149:Quintilian
9139:Propertius
9034:Lactantius
8984:Fulgentius
8919:Censorinus
8741:Sanitation
8726:Metallurgy
8683:Technology
8648:Demography
8596:Patricians
8563:Spectacles
8521:Literature
8516:Hairstyles
8353:Technology
8103:Praefectus
8055:Government
8045:Litigation
8030:Auctoritas
7975:Centuriate
7862:Principate
7857:Pax Romana
7817:Foundation
7545:0600554309
7297:0500201773
6987:(2): 25–32
6395:0714822140
6223:Die Kelten
5842:Hodge 1960
5799:Smith 1983
5787:Smith 1983
5704:Hodge 2000
5656:Smith 1971
5629:Smith 1971
5617:Smith 1971
5605:Hodge 1992
5593:Hodge 2000
5581:Smith 1970
5569:Hodge 2000
5554:Hodge 1992
5530:Hodge 1992
4775:, p.
4701:Lampe 2006
4425:Rasch 1985
4260:References
4049:necropolis
4029:, Bulgaria
4022:, Bulgaria
4012:, Bulgaria
3982:, Bulgaria
3815:portcullis
3795:city block
3784:flagstones
3746:Marzabotto
3595:Aula Regia
3591:truss roof
3552:Roman bath
3441:used tiny
3343: 100
3243:buttresses
3206:irrigation
3145:Roman navy
3077:navigation
3061:irrigation
2881:Aqua Appia
2778:Appian Way
2768:Roman road
2740:typography
2579:under the
2482:Conimbriga
2462:Kunstareal
2323:Watermills
2302:Gethsemane
2296:(xiv, 32)
2281:latifundia
2250:Fishbourne
2177:See also:
2155:auditorium
2023:The Greek
1979:terracotta
1930:church of
1914:in Rome's
1864:cult image
1710:lighthouse
1708:, a Roman
1660:contained
1560:Insula in
1354:race track
1289:clerestory
1280:colonnades
1265:The Roman
1186:bullfights
1155:gladiators
1065:floor plan
1037:Appian Way
993:(or CBM).
974:Roman feet
927:shore fort
890:Travertine
675:architrave
418:The Roman
400:triclinium
376:hydraulics
336:town walls
286:floor plan
213:Corinthian
194:colonnades
11509:Hempcrete
11471:Standards
11298:Ready-mix
11215:Recycling
11010:Aggregate
10993:Rosendale
10823:Dravidian
10782:Neomodern
10746:High-tech
10726:Brutalism
10719:1950–2000
10663:Stalinist
10596:Mycenaean
10584:1900–1950
10422:Byzantine
10398:Ukrainian
10383:Naryshkin
10348:Edwardian
10321:1750–1900
10292:Palladian
10287:Manueline
10280:1500–1750
10155:1000–1500
10095:Muscovite
10082:Byzantine
10030:Classical
10018:Mycenaean
9995:Neolithic
9860:Fountains
9845:Aqueducts
9794:Monoliths
9759:Basilicas
9754:Aqueducts
9673:Quaestors
9603:Empresses
9593:Dynasties
9583:Dictators
9558:and other
9547:Volubilis
9542:Vindobona
9502:Londinium
9427:Theodoret
9397:Procopius
9377:Polyaenus
9352:Pausanias
9254:Vitruvius
9199:Symmachus
9194:Suetonius
9104:Petronius
9089:Obsequens
9054:Macrobius
9049:Lucretius
8974:Frontinus
8949:Eutropius
8934:Columella
8884:Augustine
8874:Appuleius
8822:Neo-Latin
8797:Classical
8788:Versions
8696:Aqueducts
8638:Patronage
8558:Sexuality
8531:Mythology
8506:Education
8496:Cosmetics
8321:Campaigns
8316:Structure
8269:Decemviri
8128:Imperator
7827:overthrow
7527:162710923
7478:154629776
7397:: 217–19.
7391:Antiquity
7240:0065-6801
7226:: 47–84.
7211:163283487
7195:0002-9114
7149:111915102
7094:"Mosaics"
6968:"Horreum"
6959:191374710
6943:0002-9114
6727:0018-098X
6629:192986322
6422:0031-8299
6214:163811541
6159:162973494
6110:Routledge
5910:Kolb 1984
5315:Zaho 2004
5271:4 October
5245:4 October
4861:EERA, 134
4548:Peet 1911
4409:191392502
4393:0002-9114
4317:Rook 1992
4265:Footnotes
4045:Alyscamps
4027:Primorsko
3922:, in Rome
3916:, in Rome
3909:Colosseum
3742:Etruscans
3729:Colosseum
3691:Christian
3664:basilicas
3580:basilicas
3493:hypocaust
3481:Hypocaust
3472:Hypocaust
3453:emblemata
3432:designs.
3430:pictorial
3426:geometric
3396:, Italy.
3251:arch dams
3181:only the
3171:Near East
3131:aqueducts
3032:over the
2991:aqueducts
2987:voussoirs
2981:(such as
2979:segmental
2910:Frontinus
2900:Vitruvius
2854:aqueducts
2716:Victories
2712:spandrels
2585:Etruscans
2536:Britannia
2448:Benevento
2363:Monoliths
2335:watermill
2160:Vomitoria
2069:Near East
2030:Vitruvius
1876:libations
1872:dedicated
1803:Vitruvius
1676:cubiculum
1672:cenaculum
1592:Vitruvius
1502:olive oil
1494:granaries
1428:decumanus
1291:windows.
1272:town hall
1202:athletics
1196:(akin to
1178:Colosseum
1098:pozzolana
1094:aggregate
1069:Vitruvius
1061:colonnade
1009:. In the
1007:Vitruvius
901:Colosseum
893:limestone
845:Materials
819:New World
734:Vitruvius
723:bathhouse
655:provinces
576:Byzantine
556:basilicas
505:aqueducts
447:aqueducts
332:Colosseum
328:basilicas
282:colonnade
270:aesthetic
229:hypocaust
202:Composite
174:trabeated
79:Colosseum
11502:See also
11493:EN 10080
11488:EN 206-1
11483:EN 197-1
11342:Aerated
11283:Polished
11278:Pervious
11253:Filigree
11149:Finisher
11124:Formwork
10988:Portland
10919:Concrete
10835:Japanese
10813:Colonial
10801:Regional
10751:Arcology
10690:Art Deco
10680:Futurism
10623:De Stijl
10526:Romanian
10444:Egyptian
10439:Colonial
10393:Siberian
10203:Islamic
10172:Ottonian
10167:Galician
10077:Sasanian
10045:Herodian
10025:Etruscan
9870:Obelisks
9814:Theatres
9779:Cisterns
9774:Circuses
9678:Tribunes
9668:Praetors
9618:Generals
9598:Emperors
9507:Lugdunum
9492:Eboracum
9482:Carthage
9467:Aquileia
9382:Polybius
9372:Plutarch
9342:Libanius
9332:Josephus
9327:Herodian
9219:Tibullus
9134:Priscian
9109:Phaedrus
9069:Manilius
9014:Jordanes
8999:Hydatius
8929:Claudian
8909:Catullus
8899:Boëthius
8894:Ausonius
8812:Medieval
8784:Alphabet
8756:Theatres
8731:Numerals
8716:Concrete
8706:Circuses
8673:Bagaudae
8663:Adoption
8658:Marriage
8631:Assembly
8536:Religion
8511:Folklore
8491:Clothing
8486:Calendar
8443:Currency
8433:Commerce
8331:Strategy
8293:Military
8279:Triumvir
8259:Dictator
8254:Interrex
8233:Governor
8218:Quaestor
8181:Ordinary
8163:Province
8153:Tetrarch
8143:Augustus
8108:Vicarius
8098:Officium
8035:Imperium
7985:Plebeian
7945:Republic
7867:Dominate
7834:Republic
7795:Timeline
7725:Archived
7709:Traianus
7334:(1905).
7291:series,
6788:Highways
6715:Hesperia
6373:citation
6137:: 1–19,
6008:, Madrid
4988:Ros 1996
4915:. II.49.
4646:43943460
4160:See also
3948:Pantheon
3825:origin.
3797:. Each
3735:in Rome)
3629:stairway
3599:Domitian
3564:Pantheon
3487:, France
3466:asaroton
3449:tesserae
3444:tesserae
3422:grottoes
3400:, Berlin
3321:Hannibal
3175:Hispania
3099:Cisterns
3065:drainage
3011:concrete
2968:concrete
2862:latrines
2844:, France
2812:Aqueduct
2790:and the
2732:quadriga
2704:cornices
2657:Augustus
2650:fornices
2631:Augustus
2612:quadriga
2593:Volterra
2486:Portugal
2417:Obelisks
2387:monolith
2222:frescoes
2091:Theatres
2067:and the
1975:pediment
1959:Etruscan
1896:Honorius
1795:aqueduct
1726:A Coruña
1712:in Spain
1684:medianum
1667:tabernae
1662:cenacula
1621:plebeius
1432:basilica
1359:carceres
1331:theatres
1276:Augustus
1267:basilica
1261:Basilica
1209:Augustan
1194:circuses
1170:basilica
970:mudbrick
959:Bulgaria
874:Augustus
862:, today
803:pediment
679:concrete
653:and the
636:mausolea
608:Pantheon
566:and the
560:Pantheon
479:theatres
471:harbours
459:circuses
420:Pantheon
382:and the
372:Etruscan
356:Pantheon
322:and the
247:Overview
124:and the
85:70–80 AD
81:, Rome,
11452:Nanocem
11411:Columns
11288:Polymer
11188:Science
11154:Grinder
11114:Precast
11020:Fly ash
10927:History
10872:Spanish
10867:Russian
10808:Chinese
10628:Bauhaus
10531:Russian
10509:Britain
10491:Moorish
10474:Baroque
10464:Mission
10410:British
10373:Petrine
10368:Maltese
10363:Italian
10353:English
10328:Baroque
10227:Ottoman
10222:Timurid
10187:Hoysala
10183:Indian
10122:Fatimid
10117:Abbasid
10112:Moorish
10107:Umayyad
10102:Islamic
10009:Aegean
9855:Bridges
9764:Bridges
9648:Legions
9608:Fiction
9578:Consuls
9573:Climate
9527:Ravenna
9522:Pompeii
9512:Lutetia
9477:Bononia
9472:Berytus
9462:Antioch
9437:Zosimus
9432:Zonaras
9407:Sozomen
9392:Priscus
9367:Photius
9209:Terence
9204:Tacitus
9189:Statius
9174:Servius
9159:Sallust
9114:Plautus
9094:Orosius
9074:Martial
9029:Juvenal
9004:Hyginus
8989:Gellius
8848:Writers
8779:History
8761:Thermae
8751:Temples
8701:Bridges
8668:Slavery
8616:Equites
8588:Society
8568:Theatre
8541:Deities
8501:Cuisine
8481:Bathing
8463:Culture
8438:Finance
8415:Economy
8306:Borders
8301:History
8203:Tribune
8198:Praetor
8088:Legatus
8083:Emperor
7970:Curiate
7940:Kingdom
7935:History
7911:History
7894:decline
7852:History
7822:Kingdom
7805:History
7790:Outline
7741:YouTube
7470:3184857
7248:4238817
7203:4126281
7141:3102810
6681:3050861
6508:: 39–56
6459:(ed.),
6430:1087740
6402:Phoenix
6206:3643076
6056:1192605
6036:Phoenix
5359:at the
4912:Annales
4907:Tacitus
4849:4389377
4811:4389377
4676:3287491
4139:Castrum
4091:Stabiae
4081:Pompeii
4020:Hisarya
4006:Odessos
3976:Serdika
3891:Kalends
3884:thermae
3807:insulae
3772:Plovdiv
3660:thermae
3656:temples
3633:helical
3576:temples
3522:furnace
3513:thermae
3374:Mosaics
3359:Pictish
3345:), and
3336:Chester
3332:Córdoba
3282:, Spain
3222:in the
3140:thermae
2928:Bridges
2874:sluices
2840:, near
2724:coffers
2633:by the
2589:Perugia
2572:archway
2541:insulae
2523:Pompeii
2496:Persian
2429:obelisk
2396:columns
2304:, with
2298:chorion
2261:Pompeii
2200:Pompeii
2150:scaenae
2108:, Spain
1971:pronaos
1967:portico
1866:of the
1845:Lebanon
1841:Baalbek
1815:Temples
1799:thermae
1776:strigil
1771:thermae
1742:Thermae
1736:Thermae
1641:Insulae
1635:insulae
1576:Insulae
1570:insulae
1527:hordeum
1513:tribune
1486:horreum
1474:horreum
1464:Horreum
1454:, with
1045:pillars
951:Serdica
882:Carrara
811:Pompeii
632:palaces
628:thermae
624:temples
475:temples
455:bridges
366:Origins
352:Hadrian
302:, Spain
300:Segovia
241:Pompeii
182:lintels
178:columns
11374:waffle
11323:Sulfur
11179:Tremie
11174:Sealer
11139:Screed
11083:Curing
10973:Cement
10877:Somali
10857:Newari
10840:Korean
10818:Indian
10710:Googie
10616:Cubism
10601:Modern
10501:Pueblo
10479:Rococo
10449:Gothic
10358:French
10333:Andean
10307:Mughal
10244:Gothic
10217:Mamluk
10177:Norman
10013:Minoan
9769:Canals
9658:Nomina
9643:Legacy
9623:Gentes
9560:topics
9556:Lists
9537:Smyrna
9417:Strabo
9347:Lucian
9337:Julian
9287:Arrian
9282:Appian
9272:Aelian
9249:Vergil
9024:Justin
9009:Jerome
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8979:Fronto
8969:Florus
8944:Ennius
8924:Cicero
8904:Caesar
8802:Vulgar
8626:Tribes
8553:Romans
8363:Legion
8346:castra
8223:Aedile
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7960:Senate
7950:Empire
7844:Empire
7780:topics
7677:about
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4761:Seneca
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