693:
439:
535:
681:
708:
42:
743:
669:
760:
727:
320:
58:
2240:
626:
65:
274:, which also makes use of the high pressures and temperatures below the Earth's crust. Hot water at a temperature of 46 °C (114.8 °F) rises here at the rate of 1,170,000 litres (257,364 imp gal) every day, from a geological fault (the Pennyquick fault). In 1982 a new spa water bore-hole was sunk, providing a clean and safe supply of spa water for drinking in the Pump Room.
591:
are usually female), most scholars have converged toward viewing it as a deliberate syncretism of
Minerva's Gorgon attribute with the face of a local god who presided over the waters of the nearby sacred spring. The central head has also variously been interpreted as the image of a water god such as
645:
and are protected with a wash of a sacrificial shelter coat every few years. Exhibits within the temple precincts are susceptible to warm air which had the effect of drawing corrosive salts out of the Roman stonework. To help reduce this, a new ventilation system was installed in 2006.
462:
in the King's Bath on 19 May 1613. She returned in August 1615. Anne of
Denmark was surprised by a flame caused by natural gas in King's Bath, and thereafter used the New Bath or Queen's Bath where a column with a crown and the inscription "Anna Regnum Sacrum" was added in her honour.
579:
above. The pediment, parts of which are displayed in the museum, is the triangular ornamental section, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) from the apex to the bottom, above the pillars on the front of the building. It featured the powerful central image of a possible
269:
energy raises the water temperature here to between 69 and 96 °C (156.2 and 204.8 °F). Under pressure, the heated water rises along fissures and faults in the limestone, until it bubbles up from the ground into the baths. This process is similar to an
401:, engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted building, and included the
612:
In early 2010 various stones on the pediment were conserved and rearranged. In 2016, planning permission was received for a new learning centre aimed at schoolchildren and linked to the baths by a tunnel. Funding is being sought from the
367:, who built the baths there. Early in the 18th century Geoffrey's obscure legend was given great prominence as a royal endorsement of the waters' qualities, with the embellishment that the spring had cured Bladud and his herd of pigs of
707:
692:
493:
The visitor entrance is via an 1897 concert hall by J. M. Brydon. It is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room, with a glass-domed centre and single-storey radiused corner. The Grand Pump Room was begun in 1789 by
653:/Wolfson Fund, which was established to promote improvements in Museums and Galleries in England. Subsequent grants have funded further work on the exhibition design and layout by London-based specialist firm,
726:
587:
The great head itself has snakes entwined within its beard, wings above its ears, beetling brows and a heavy moustache. Although there is some disagreement about what this really represents (as
1939:
1704:
649:
In 2009 a grant of £90,000 was made to Bath and North East
Somerset Council to contribute towards the cost of re-developing displays and improving access to the Roman Baths, by the
542:
The museum houses artefacts from the Roman period, including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess. These include more than 12,000
1909:
881:
490:
opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course.
1734:
1631:
1601:
851:
567:
The Bath Roman Temple stood on a podium more than two metres above the surrounding courtyard, approached by a flight of steps. On the approach there were four large, fluted
293:
The Roman Baths are no longer used for bathing. In
October 1978, a young girl swimming in the restored Roman Bath with the Bath Dolphins, a local swimming club, contracted
2597:
2059:
1857:
522:
is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century. The museum and Queen's Bath including the "Bridge" spanning York Street to the City
Laundry were by
450:
built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir, and the 16th century, when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the spring.
2138:
2582:
2106:
2562:
486:
expansion of the baths complex followed the
Neoclassical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810, the hot springs were thought to have failed and
1768:
502:
continued the scheme through to completion in 1799. The elevation on to Abbey Church Yard has a centre piece of four engaged
Corinthian columns with
393:("the waters of Sulis"). The temple was constructed in 60–70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years. During the
290:, who monitor pressure, temperature and flow rates. The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.
113:
911:
1947:
1712:
1577:
1549:
1521:
1493:
1465:
1995:
2131:
229:
The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House, and a museum which holds
1079:
2027:
1917:
1742:
1639:
1609:
889:
859:
596:, or a local Celtic god of the sun. Besides the Gorgon head, the pediment's artistic motif has more recently also been compared to the
218:, the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later. The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during the
2592:
526:
in 1889. It comprises a southward extension to the Grand Pump Room, within which some parts of the 17th-century Queen's Bath remain.
2567:
327:
overlooking the King's Bath carries the date of 1982, but its inclusion in earlier pictures shows that it is much older than this.
2557:
1357:
799:
650:
2067:
1174:
417:
in the first decade of the 5th century, these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up, and flooding. The
2124:
57:
597:
1861:
534:
384:
287:
451:
1204:
2577:
2281:
804:
245:, receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually. Visitors can tour the baths and museum but cannot enter the water.
759:
2448:
1296:
1158:
1133:
974:
680:
2229:
720:; a floor would have been supported by these structures, where hot air would circulate beneath and heat the room.
438:
2101:
742:
2572:
2453:
668:
1431:
414:
2468:
1970:
499:
209:
106:
2607:
2587:
2519:
2488:
2189:
1313:
919:
776:
638:
495:
331:
Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the baths may have been a centre of worship used by
271:
442:
The Great Bath — the entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later construction
2483:
1386:
487:
479:
380:
354:
311:, allow modern-day bathers to experience the waters via a series of more recently drilled boreholes.
430:
have been found. Many of the curses are related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing.
2199:
1587:
1559:
1531:
1503:
1475:
1087:
2438:
2209:
2184:
1996:"DCMS Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund A Public Private Partnership (2002 to 2010)"
194:, England. A temple was constructed on the site between 60 and 70 AD in the first few decades of
2111:
2037:
2002:
941:
584:" head glowering down from a height of 15 metres (49 ft) on all who approached the temple.
2422:
2336:
2316:
2219:
2214:
2194:
471:
282:
Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal
Charter of 1591 granted by
230:
41:
1237:
455:
2224:
2169:
1125:
1114:
964:
614:
475:
419:
214:
1578:"Museum & Queen's Bath including "Bridge" spanning York Street to City Laundry (442116)"
2392:
2321:
2311:
2256:
2032:
1109:
1010:
654:
523:
467:
348:
340:
308:
2534:
1883:
8:
2296:
2204:
2174:
2164:
1390:
1014:
641:
on the terrace overlooking the Great Bath are particularly susceptible to the effect of
2529:
2514:
2443:
2356:
2346:
2276:
2159:
2096:
1835:
1791:
1686:
1678:
427:
360:
238:
20:
1365:
1342:
Tabellae Sulis: Roman inscribed tablets of tin and lead from the sacred spring at Bath
1031:
998:
2509:
2478:
2463:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2331:
1809:
1795:
1690:
1582:
1554:
1526:
1498:
1470:
1292:
1182:
1154:
1129:
1036:
970:
736:
of Sulis
Minerva as they would have looked at their greatest extent in 4th century AD
568:
319:
299:
266:
219:
1022:
446:
The baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century, when
2179:
1783:
1670:
1573:
1545:
1517:
1489:
1461:
1026:
1018:
795:
511:
398:
304:
237:. However, all buildings at street level date from the 19th century. It is a major
223:
198:. Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known as
1661:
Richmond, I. A.; Toynbee, J. M. C. (1955). "The Temple of Sulis-Minerva at Bath".
19:
This article is about a site in the city of Bath. For the museum in
Caerleon, see
2458:
2326:
1291:. The making of the English landscape. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 67.
1212:
515:
482:
salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions.
459:
242:
2116:
999:"Identification and epidemiological typing of Naegleria fowleri with DNA probes"
2412:
2366:
1055:
634:
547:
205:
191:
89:
1787:
2602:
2551:
2473:
2351:
2266:
1262:
606:
483:
447:
394:
297:
and died, leading to the closure of the bath for several years. Tests showed
195:
128:
115:
2301:
2286:
1337:
1121:
826:
733:
503:
466:
The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architects
294:
254:
1040:
2397:
698:
410:
389:
283:
265:
to a depth of between 2,700 and 4,300 metres (8,900 and 14,100 ft).
258:
200:
149:
2524:
2417:
2371:
406:
1682:
2361:
2341:
748:
717:
713:
642:
519:
518:. The north colonnade was also designed by Thomas Baldwin. The south
423:
suggests the original Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century.
402:
1858:"Planning permission granted for Archway Project at the Roman Baths"
1358:"City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan — Appendix 3"
625:
2306:
2291:
1674:
609:
and which sometimes depicted local river gods in Celtic provinces.
576:
543:
507:
1439:
2271:
601:
593:
561:
551:
368:
344:
262:
186:
99:
24:
1392:
Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae
2261:
2091:
751:
588:
581:
572:
554:
364:
324:
617:
and, if successful, it is hoped the centre will open in 2019.
1432:"William Smith — A brief survey of his work in the Bath"
558:
336:
332:
1153:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–55.
2060:"Interview with Event Communications – East Baths Project"
1884:"Roman Baths learning centre planning permission granted"
1205:"The History of Plumbing — Roman and English Legacy"
912:"Bath Hot Springs — Protection and Water Monitoring"
359:
describes how the spring was discovered by the pre-Roman
303:, a deadly pathogen, in the water. The newly constructed
819:
564:, which was discovered nearby in 1727, is displayed.
1860:. The Roman Baths. 14 September 2016. Archived from
1108:
1074:
1072:
2598:
Scheduled monuments in Bath and North East Somerset
827:"ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions"
794:
474:, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the
2107:360 degree virtual Panomorphic Tour of the museum.
1175:"City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan"
1113:
996:
2146:
1762:
1760:
1669:. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 45: 97–105.
1069:
452:Anne of Denmark came to Bath twice for her health
253:The water is sourced from rainfall on the nearby
2549:
1769:"An Imperial image: the Bath Gorgon in context"
1660:
997:Kilvington, Simon; Beeching, John (June 1995).
1757:
1436:Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution
379:The name Sulis continued to be used after the
204:around the site. The Roman baths—designed for
2583:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom
2132:
1550:"South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room (442112)"
1522:"North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room (442111)"
1232:
1230:
1572:
1544:
1516:
1488:
1460:
335:; the springs were dedicated to the goddess
46:The Roman Baths in the city of Bath, England
1971:"Bath cleansing brings Romans back to life"
1124:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p.
352:
2563:Grade I listed buildings in Bath, Somerset
2139:
2125:
1227:
969:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98.
538:The "Gorgon head" from the Temple pediment
64:
2028:"High Life and Low Life in Roman Britain"
1030:
2001:. The Wolfson Foundation. Archived from
1352:
1350:
1286:
1280:
962:
624:
533:
437:
318:
212:in the 5th century AD. According to the
1766:
1314:"Is Bath Britain's most backward city?"
651:Department for Culture, Media and Sport
16:Roman site in the city of Bath, England
2550:
1968:
1421:, vol. 2 (London, 1828), pp. 640, 643.
1311:
1148:
1003:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
397:, and possibly on the instructions of
2120:
1836:"Bath Roman Baths repairs by Minerva"
1404:William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen,
1347:
1151:The Image of Georgian Bath, 1700-2000
1969:Morris, Steven (10 September 2010).
1944:Bath and North East Somerset Council
1709:Bath and North East Somerset Council
1362:Bath and North East Somerset Council
916:Bath and North East Somerset Council
288:Bath and North East Somerset Council
2097:Conservation work within the baths.
1406:HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst
1116:The History of the Kings of Britain
1053:
371:through wallowing in the warm mud.
13:
2238:
1312:Bayley, Stephen (September 2007).
805:National Heritage List for England
633:The late 19th century carvings of
546:, which is the largest collective
23:. For Roman baths in general, see
14:
2619:
2449:Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths
2085:
788:
433:
241:in the UK, and together with the
2593:Roman religious sites in England
1408:, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 307.
758:
741:
725:
706:
691:
679:
667:
374:
277:
63:
56:
40:
2568:Grade I listed museum buildings
2052:
2020:
1988:
1962:
1940:"Temple precinct work complete"
1932:
1902:
1876:
1850:
1828:
1810:"Key objects of the collection"
1802:
1727:
1705:"New addition to Gorgon's head"
1697:
1654:
1624:
1594:
1566:
1538:
1510:
1482:
1454:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1380:
1331:
1305:
1255:
1197:
1167:
1142:
1102:
1023:10.1128/AEM.61.6.2071-2078.1995
620:
2558:Ancient Roman baths in England
1056:"Roman Baths King Bladud 1982"
1047:
990:
956:
934:
904:
874:
844:
800:"Roman Baths Museum (1394021)"
286:. This duty has now passed to
1:
2147:Roman visitor sites in the UK
1419:Progresses of James the First
782:
415:Roman withdrawal from Britain
248:
174:John Brydon (museum building)
2469:National Roman Legion Museum
1838:. Minerva Stone Conservation
1663:The Journal of Roman Studies
1179:Bath and North East Somerset
510:. It has been designated by
307:nearby, and the refurbished
210:end of Roman rule in Britain
7:
1914:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
1814:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
1739:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
1636:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
1606:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
963:Crowther, Nigel B. (2007).
886:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
856:Roman Baths Museum Web Site
770:
395:Roman occupation of Britain
10:
2624:
2520:Chester Roman Amphitheatre
2484:Trimontium Trust (Melrose)
2444:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
2332:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
1494:"Grand Pump Room (442115)"
1287:Havinden, Michael (1981).
777:List of Roman public baths
660:
639:Governors of Roman Britain
498:. He resigned in 1791 and
314:
272:enhanced geothermal system
18:
2578:Museums in Bath, Somerset
2497:
2431:
2380:
2249:
2236:
2152:
1910:"Conserving the monument"
1788:10.1017/S0068113X16000131
1767:Cousins, Eleri H (2016).
1602:"Objects from the spring"
529:
355:Historia Regum Britanniae
351:in his largely fictional
170:
165:
157:
144:
105:
95:
85:
80:
51:
39:
34:
2454:Colchester Castle Museum
732:Model of Roman Bath and
383:, leading to the town's
72:Location within Somerset
2439:Canterbury Roman Museum
2337:Over Burrow (Lancaster)
2102:BBC 360 degree panorama
1466:"Concert Hall (442115)"
942:"History of Bath's Spa"
605:found throughout Roman
413:(cold bath). After the
261:down through limestone
166:Design and construction
2243:
2112:History of Bath's Spa.
2066:. 2017. Archived from
2036:. 2012. Archived from
1289:The Somerset Landscape
1149:Borsay, Peter (2000).
1084:Somerset Tourist Guide
966:Sport in Ancient Times
716:. The room uses Roman
630:
629:Statues on the terrace
550:known from Britain. A
539:
472:John Wood, the Younger
454:. The court physician
443:
353:
328:
2573:Holy wells in England
2525:Jewry Wall, Leicester
2479:Senhouse Roman Museum
2388:Aldborough Roman Site
2242:
1394:(London, 1703), p. 20
628:
615:Heritage Lottery Fund
537:
441:
420:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
409:(lukewarm bath), and
322:
215:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
208:—were used until the
153:Building – 1894
2515:Caerleon Roman Baths
2510:Benwell Roman temple
2312:Hardknott Roman Fort
2257:Ambleside Roman Fort
2250:Forts & military
2033:Event Communications
2008:on 11 September 2015
1864:on 18 September 2016
1590:on 10 February 2009.
1534:on 10 February 2009.
1110:Geoffrey of Monmouth
655:Event Communications
557:head of the goddess
524:Charles Edward Davis
468:John Wood, the Elder
349:Geoffrey of Monmouth
145:Construction started
2180:Dover Painted House
1890:. 17 September 2016
1735:"The Gorgon's head"
1562:on 7 February 2009.
1506:on 5 February 2009.
1478:on 5 February 2009.
1215:on 11 November 2007
1054:Tindall, Laurence.
1015:1995ApEnM..61.2071K
456:Théodore de Mayerne
323:The statue of King
184:are well-preserved
125: /
81:General information
2608:Temples of Minerva
2588:Roman town of Bath
2530:Welwyn Roman Baths
2347:Portchester Castle
2244:
2070:on 4 November 2020
2040:on 5 November 2020
1950:on 3 December 2007
1745:on 2 November 2007
1715:on 4 December 2007
1642:on 2 November 2007
1612:on 2 November 2007
1442:on 13 October 2007
1242:TimeTravel Britain
1090:on 5 December 2010
922:on 27 October 2007
892:on 4 February 2008
862:on 2 November 2007
631:
569:Corinthian columns
540:
444:
339:, who was locally
329:
239:tourist attraction
129:51.3809°N 2.3595°W
21:Roman Baths Museum
2543:
2542:
2489:Verulamium Museum
2464:Jewry Wall Museum
2267:Banks East Turret
1920:on 7 October 2006
1816:. 24 October 2014
1583:Images of England
1555:Images of England
1527:Images of England
1499:Images of England
1471:Images of England
1263:"The Roman Baths"
1238:"The Roman Baths"
1080:"The Roman Baths"
765:The 'Sacred Pool'
300:Naegleria fowleri
178:
177:
2615:
2535:York Roman Baths
2505:Bath Roman Baths
2241:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2092:Official website
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1916:. Archived from
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1711:. Archived from
1701:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1638:. Archived from
1632:"Minerva's Head"
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1591:
1586:. Archived from
1574:Historic England
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:. Archived from
1546:Historic England
1542:
1536:
1535:
1530:. Archived from
1518:Historic England
1514:
1508:
1507:
1502:. Archived from
1490:Historic England
1486:
1480:
1479:
1474:. Archived from
1462:Historic England
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1438:. Archived from
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:on 4 August 2007
1364:. Archived from
1354:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1267:BirminghamUk.com
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1181:. Archived from
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1120:. Translated by
1119:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:. Archived from
1076:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1009:(6): 2071–2078.
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
918:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
888:. Archived from
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
858:. Archived from
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
796:Historic England
792:
762:
745:
729:
710:
695:
683:
671:
512:Historic England
399:Emperor Claudius
358:
305:Thermae Bath Spa
224:Late Middle Ages
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
134:51.3809; -2.3595
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
67:
66:
60:
44:
32:
31:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2539:
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2459:Corinium Museum
2427:
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2342:Pevensey Castle
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2088:
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2073:
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2026:
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2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
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1867:
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1198:
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1185:on 14 June 2007
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925:
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910:
909:
905:
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893:
880:
879:
875:
865:
863:
852:"Sacred Spring"
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
831:www.alva.org.uk
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
793:
789:
785:
773:
766:
763:
754:
746:
737:
730:
721:
711:
702:
696:
687:
684:
675:
674:Spring overflow
672:
663:
623:
532:
516:listed building
476:Grand Pump Room
460:Anne of Denmark
436:
377:
317:
280:
251:
243:Grand Pump Room
190:in the city of
152:
133:
131:
127:
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119:
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35:The Roman Baths
28:
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12:
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5:
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2413:Venta Icenorum
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2367:Venta Icenorum
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2190:Great Witcombe
2187:
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2136:
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2109:
2104:
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2087:
2086:External links
2084:
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2019:
1987:
1961:
1931:
1901:
1875:
1849:
1827:
1801:
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1675:10.2307/298749
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1417:John Nichols,
1410:
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1209:Plumbing World
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944:. Bath Tourism
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575:and decorated
548:votive deposit
531:
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496:Thomas Baldwin
435:
434:Post-Roman use
432:
381:Roman invasion
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192:Bath, Somerset
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2064:TheRomanBaths
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2023:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1965:
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1160:0-19-820265-2
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1135:0-14-044170-0
1131:
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1123:
1122:Thorpe, Lewis
1118:
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976:9780275987398
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598:Jupiter-Ammon
595:
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583:
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571:supporting a
570:
565:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
544:Denarii coins
536:
527:
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514:as a grade I
513:
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497:
491:
489:
488:William Smith
485:
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448:John of Tours
440:
431:
429:
428:curse tablets
424:
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375:Roman Britain
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278:Water quality
275:
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257:, which then
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197:
196:Roman Britain
193:
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156:
151:
148:Baths –
147:
143:
138:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
59:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2545:
2504:
2302:Dover Castle
2282:Burgh Castle
2200:Lullingstone
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1990:
1980:10 September
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1943:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1913:
1904:
1894:18 September
1892:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1868:18 September
1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1779:
1775:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1738:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1708:
1699:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1605:
1596:
1588:the original
1581:
1568:
1560:the original
1553:
1540:
1532:the original
1525:
1512:
1504:the original
1497:
1484:
1476:the original
1469:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1435:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1361:
1341:
1338:Roger Tomlin
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1318:The Observer
1317:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1178:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1115:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1083:
1059:. Retrieved
1049:
1006:
1002:
992:
980:. Retrieved
965:
958:
946:. Retrieved
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
885:
876:
864:. Retrieved
860:the original
855:
846:
834:. Retrieved
830:
821:
809:. Retrieved
803:
790:
734:Roman Temple
648:
632:
621:Preservation
611:
600:
586:
566:
541:
504:entablatures
492:
480:Neoclassical
465:
445:
425:
418:
405:(hot bath),
388:
378:
330:
298:
295:naegleriasis
292:
281:
255:Mendip Hills
252:
234:
228:
213:
199:
185:
181:
179:
171:Architect(s)
86:Town or city
29:
2498:Other sites
2357:Richborough
2317:Housesteads
2210:North Leigh
2012:30 November
882:"Hot Water"
811:18 December
701:(cold pool)
699:Frigidarium
686:Gorgon head
500:John Palmer
411:frigidarium
390:Aquae Sulis
284:Elizabeth I
235:Aquae Sulis
201:Aquae Sulis
182:Roman Baths
150:1st century
132: /
107:Coordinates
2552:Categories
2474:Ribchester
2408:Silchester
2398:Colchester
2393:Chichester
2372:Vindolanda
2352:Ribchester
2277:Birdoswald
2272:Binchester
2220:Rockbourne
2215:Piddington
2195:Littlecote
2185:Fishbourne
2074:10 October
2044:10 October
1954:1 November
1924:31 October
1842:19 January
1782:: 99–118.
1749:31 October
1719:1 November
1646:31 October
1616:31 October
1446:1 November
1372:1 November
1323:1 November
1272:1 November
1247:1 November
1219:1 November
1189:1 November
1094:1 November
1061:25 October
926:1 November
896:31 October
866:31 October
783:References
718:hypocausts
426:About 130
407:tepidarium
385:Roman name
341:identified
309:Cross Bath
267:Geothermal
259:percolates
249:Hot spring
117:51°22′51″N
2418:St Albans
2403:Corbridge
2362:Segedunum
2322:Lancaster
2297:Derventio
2225:Sparsholt
2170:Chedworth
1796:191391802
1776:Britannia
1691:162695154
1344:, Oxford.
982:9 January
948:9 January
749:Hippocamp
714:Caldarium
643:acid rain
520:colonnade
484:Victorian
403:caldarium
231:artefacts
158:Completed
120:2°21′34″W
2423:Wroxeter
2307:Eboracum
2292:Chesters
2287:Caerleon
2230:Wroxeter
1975:Guardian
1888:BBC News
1340:(1988),
1112:(1966).
771:See also
577:pediment
508:pediment
263:aquifers
2432:Museums
2205:Newport
2175:Crofton
2165:Brading
1041:7793928
1011:Bibcode
836:27 July
661:Gallery
594:Oceanus
589:Gorgons
562:Minerva
458:bathed
369:leprosy
361:British
345:Minerva
315:History
187:thermae
100:England
96:Country
25:Thermae
2262:Arbeia
2160:Bignor
2153:Villas
1820:9 July
1794:
1689:
1683:298749
1681:
1295:
1157:
1132:
1039:
1032:167479
1029:
973:
752:mosaic
602:clipei
582:Gorgon
573:frieze
555:bronze
530:Museum
365:Bladud
325:Bladud
2381:Towns
2006:(PDF)
1999:(PDF)
1792:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1687:S2CID
1679:JSTOR
559:Sulis
363:king
343:with
337:Sulis
333:Celts
233:from
220:Early
2603:Spas
2327:Lunt
2076:2019
2046:2019
2014:2017
1982:2010
1956:2007
1926:2007
1896:2016
1870:2016
1844:2010
1822:2015
1751:2007
1721:2007
1648:2007
1618:2007
1448:2007
1374:2007
1325:2007
1293:ISBN
1274:2007
1249:2007
1221:2007
1191:2007
1155:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1096:2007
1063:2008
1037:PMID
984:2013
971:ISBN
950:2013
928:2007
898:2007
868:2007
838:2019
813:2018
637:and
607:fora
552:gilt
506:and
478:, a
470:and
222:and
180:The
161:1897
90:Bath
1784:doi
1671:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
387:of
2554::
2062:.
2030:.
1973:.
1942:.
1912:.
1886:.
1812:.
1790:.
1780:47
1778:.
1774:.
1759:^
1737:.
1707:.
1685:.
1677:.
1667:45
1665:.
1634:.
1604:.
1580:.
1576:.
1552:.
1548:.
1524:.
1520:.
1496:.
1492:.
1468:.
1464:.
1434:.
1360:.
1349:^
1316:.
1265:.
1240:.
1229:^
1207:.
1177:.
1128:.
1126:80
1082:.
1071:^
1035:.
1025:.
1017:.
1007:61
1005:.
1001:.
914:.
884:.
854:.
829:.
802:.
798:.
657:.
347:.
226:.
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
2078:.
2048:.
2016:.
1984:.
1958:.
1928:.
1898:.
1872:.
1846:.
1824:.
1798:.
1786::
1753:.
1723:.
1693:.
1673::
1650:.
1620:.
1450:.
1389:,
1376:.
1327:.
1301:.
1276:.
1251:.
1223:.
1193:.
1163:.
1138:.
1098:.
1065:.
1043:.
1021::
1013::
986:.
952:.
930:.
900:.
870:.
840:.
815:.
580:"
27:.
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