514:
74:
49:
60:
27:
406:
721:
1077:
420:
The late Roman
Republic witnessed an explosion of villa construction in central Italy (current regions of Toscana, Umbria, Lazio, and Campania), especially in the years following the dictatorship of
939:
774:
113:
which was inside them) and residential, with accommodation for the owner. The definition also changed with time: the earliest examples are mostly humble farmhouses in Italy, while from the
139:
The present meaning of "villa" is partially based on the fairly numerous ancient Roman written sources and on archaeological remains, though many of these are poorly preserved.
1125:
Van Oyen, A. (2020). The Socio-Economics of Roman
Storage: Agriculture, Trade, and Family (pp. 197–228). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108850216.010
870:
volume XIV. Late
Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600. Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. Cambridge University Press 2000.
107:
Nevertheless, the term "Roman villa" generally covers buildings with the common features of being extra-urban (i.e. located outside urban settlements, unlike the
180:(according to Columella), an estate with little or no agriculture situated in the country, in the suburbs of a town or within close vicinity to a city; and
161:
The Romans built many kinds of villas and any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars.
1011:
Laura
Tedeschi. Ville romane tardoantiche della regione Marche, Master's thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Archeology 2013-2014
846:
Laura
Tedeschi. Ville romane tardoantiche della regione Marche, Master's thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Archeology 2013-2014
797:
Eeva-Maria
Viitanen: Locus Bonus – the relationship of the roman villa to its environment in thE vicinity of Rome. ISBN 978-952-10-6450-0 (PDF)
444:
In the imperial period villas sometimes became quite palatial, such as the villas built on seaside slopes overlooking the Gulf of Naples at
232:
which produced and exported agricultural produce; such villas might lack luxuries (e.g. Cato) but many were very sumptuous (e.g. Varro).
529:; large working villas were donated by aristocrats and territorial magnates to individual monks, often to become the nucleus of famous
513:
494:
Villas were centres of a variety of economic activity such as mining, pottery factories, or horse raising such as those found in
191:
146:(116–27 BC) dating from the end of the Republican period, which is used for most modern considerations. But Roman authors (e.g.
1285:
1220:
1110:
1042:
974:
875:
154:) wrote in different times, with different objectives and for aristocratic readers and hence had specific interpretations of
487:
in
Pompeii still shows a row of seafront villas, all with porticos along the front, some rising up in porticoed tiers to an
677:
73:
698:
878:. Part III East and West: Economy and Society. Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement, by Bryan Ward-Perkins. Page 333.
915:
858:
Marzano, Annalisa. 2007. Roman Villas in
Central Italy: A Social and Economic History. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p 3-5
1176:
749:
495:
1144:
48:
1012:
847:
484:
754:
739:
734:
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described his villas in his letters. The Romans invented the seaside villa: a vignette in a frescoed wall at the
1229:
Marzano, Annalisa. 2007. Roman Villas in
Central Italy: A Social and Economic History. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
1134:
Andrea
Carandini, M. Rossella Filippi, Settefinestre: una villa schiavistica nell'Etruria romana, 1985, Panini
704:
744:
376:
By the first century BC, the "classic" villa took many architectural forms, with many examples employing an
370:
1232:
Potter, Timothy W.. Roman Italy. London, British Museum Publications, 1987.
629:
283:
819:
Romizzi, L. 2001. Ville d’otium dell’Italia antica (II sec. a.C. – I sec. d.C.). Aucnus X. p 29–32
635:
619:
665:
653:
641:
63:
1100:
1084:
647:
377:
334:
allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of them, which he inherited, near
659:
1354:
1210:
962:
1034:
8:
726:
453:
295:
623:
607:
468:
410:
323:
212:
1281:
1216:
1172:
1106:
1038:
970:
871:
671:
526:
480:
339:
59:
692:
507:
1274:
1027:
964:
586:
1195:, identifiable as from Baetica, have been found in Roman sites of northern Gaul.
1013:
https://www.academia.edu/19881526/Ville_romane_tardoantiche_della_regione_Marche
848:
https://www.academia.edu/19881526/Ville_romane_tardoantiche_della_regione_Marche
549:
was born in a highly placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near
314:. Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills within easy reach of
538:
534:
461:
361:, with villa, without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all.
350:
208:
151:
114:
97:
26:
989:
N. Terrenato, 2001, "The Auditorium site and the origins of the Roman villa",
1348:
546:
472:
467:
Areas within easy reach of Rome offered cool lodgings in the heat of summer.
428:
414:
327:
291:
185:
126:
93:
30:
613:
503:
101:
1258:, Williams Symposium on Classical Architecture, University of Pennsylvania
405:
345:
By the 4th century, "villa" could simply connote an agricultural holding:
1339:
590:
457:
299:
228:
130:
578:
574:
570:
433:
358:
53:
1340:
Villa Villae, French Ministry of Culture Website on Gallo-Roman villas
566:
199:
estate usually associated with small-scale agriculture or viticulture.
966:
La fattoria e la villa dell'Auditorium nel quartiere Flaminio di Roma
687:
681:
554:
530:
518:
499:
394:
381:
196:
173:
147:
89:
963:
Andrea Carandini; Maria Teresa D'Alessio; Helga Di Giuseppe (2006).
558:
319:
34:
562:
525:
In some cases villas survived the fall of the Empire and into the
207:
were the middle and late Republican villas that encroached on the
1192:
550:
449:
438:
389:
335:
307:
216:
78:
67:
506:
in Germany became a feature of the southern Iberian province of
594:
476:
346:
331:
311:
215:
or at Grottarossa in Rome, and those outside the city walls of
142:
The most detailed ancient text on the meaning of "villa" is by
342:
had three or four which are well known from his descriptions.
1247:
Villa to Village: The Transformation of the Roman Countryside
798:
582:
445:
421:
303:
143:
134:
109:
20:
1212:
Roman Republican Villas: Architecture, Context, and Ideology
278:
for production and storage of oil, wine, grain, grapes etc..
916:"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), VILLA"
542:
393:) and many would have had under-floor heating known as the
315:
226:
A third type of villa was a large commercial estate called
956:
267:; service, farm personnel and livestock section run by a
1215:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 152.
1171:. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company. pp. 49–53.
561:
was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near
1208:
211:, at that time on the edge of Rome, the one at Rome's
117:
period a range of larger building types are included.
431:
from the 1st century BC was the centre of one of the
387:
Villas were often furnished with heated bath suites (
290:) such as those on picturesque sites overlooking the
716:
364:
219:
which demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the
537:established a monastery in the ruins of a villa at
437:involved in large-scale agricultural production in
1273:
1026:
1024:
498:. Villas specialising in the seagoing export of
1346:
1244:
1306:The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity
1245:Hodges, Riccardo; Francovich, Riccardo (2003).
1082:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gethsemane".
940:"Roman domestic architecture (villa) (article)"
775:"Roman domestic architecture (villa) (article)"
1276:Houses, Villas, and Palaces in the Roman World
1029:Houses, Villas, and Palaces in the Roman World
475:) was in an area popular with Romans of rank.
460:preserved by the ashfall from the eruption of
235:The whole estate of a villa was also called a
164:Two kinds of villas were generally described:
104:, sometimes reaching extravagant proportions.
521:-heated rooms with mosaics (La Olmeda, Spain)
1317:, Studies in ancient history and archaeology
120:
1209:Becker, Jeffrey; Terrenato, Nicola (2012).
1098:
600:
384:for interior spaces open to light and air.
1297:The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction
1092:
1081:
1304:du Prey, Pierre de la Ruffiniere (1995).
1018:
573:established an abbey at a Roman villa of
1294:
1262:
1235:
688:La Olmeda Roman Villa in Palencia, Spain
569:had a similar founding. As late as 698,
512:
404:
72:
58:
47:
25:
1303:
1347:
1321:
1312:
1253:
491:at the top that would catch a breeze.
1330:
1271:
1238:The Roman villa in South-West England
1166:
1249:. Duck worth Debates in Archaeology.
1088:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1145:"House of Marco Lucretius Frontone"
1105:. Heinemann Library. pp. 31–.
13:
1202:
14:
1366:
1066:Comelius Nepos, Atticus, 25.14.3.
1025:Alexander G. McKay (1 May 1998).
750:Roman villas in northwestern Gaul
699:Gallo-Roman villa of Orbe-Boscéaz
678:Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas
638:in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy
400:
365:Architecture of the villa complex
286:villas were built on the coasts (
77:Entrance to the Villa San Marco,
1075:
719:
485:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto
357:, describing the olive grove of
261:; residential part for the owner
16:Historical residential structure
1185:
1160:
1151:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1005:
996:
983:
932:
908:
899:
890:
881:
740:List of Roman villas in England
735:List of Roman villas in Belgium
861:
852:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
801:Helsinki University, 2010 p. 3
791:
767:
1:
1256:The Roman Villa: Villa Urbana
868:The Cambridge Ancient History
760:
755:List of Roman villas in Spain
745:List of Roman villas in Wales
38:
1272:McKay, Alexander G. (1998).
1254:Frazer, Alfred, ed. (1990),
991:Journal of Roman Archaeology
616:, near Ivaylovgrad, Bulgaria
7:
1263:Johnston, David E. (2004).
969:. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER.
810:Varro, de Rustica, 3,2,3–17
712:
705:Roman ruins of São Cucufate
650:in Gloucestershire, England
322:and including the imperial
10:
1371:
1315:The Roman villa in Britain
1167:Dyson, Stephen L. (2003).
799:http://ethesis.helsinki.i/
371:Ancient Roman architecture
368:
124:
18:
1313:Rivert, A. L. F. (1969),
517:Villas had luxuries like
427:For example the villa at
369:For general context, see
121:Typology and distribution
19:For general context, see
1236:Branigan, Keith (1977).
828:Columella, de Re Rustica
630:Lullingstone Roman Villa
601:Examples of Roman villas
96:in the territory of the
1295:Percival, John (1981).
636:Villa Romana del Casale
626:in West Sussex, England
620:Fishbourne Roman Palace
282:Under the Empire, many
172:(e.g. Pliny's villa at
1033:. JHU Press. pp.
666:Villa of the Mysteries
660:Villa Rumana in Żejtun
654:Littlecote Roman Villa
642:Villa of the Quintilii
522:
417:
81:
70:
64:Villa of the Mysteries
56:
45:
1324:Life in a Roman Villa
1322:Shuter, Jane (2004).
1169:The Roman Countryside
1157:Veyne 1987 ill. p 152
1102:Life in a Roman Villa
1085:Catholic Encyclopedia
920:www.perseus.tufts.edu
837:Cato, De Agri Cultura
656:in Wiltshire, England
648:Chedworth Roman Villa
541:that had belonged to
516:
408:
274:sometimes a separate
76:
62:
51:
29:
1331:Smith, J.T. (1998).
1099:Jane Shuter (2004).
887:Pliny epistulae 2.17
597:, presented to him.
479:had several villas.
318:, especially around
302:, or on the isle of
1326:. Picture the Past.
905:Pliny epistulae 5.6
727:Ancient Rome portal
456:and its library at
454:Villa of the Papyri
296:Villa of the Papyri
624:Bignor Roman Villa
523:
418:
409:Maritime theatre,
349:translated in the
254:had 2 or 3 parts:
223:in Central Italy.
213:Parco della Musica
203:Other examples of
82:
71:
57:
46:
1287:978-0-8018-5904-5
1222:978-0-472-11770-3
1191:Numerous stamped
1112:978-1-4034-5838-4
1057:Columella I.4 § 6
1044:978-0-8018-5904-5
1002:Columella, 1.1.19
976:978-88-8265-406-1
896:Columella, 1.1.19
876:978-0-521-32591-2
672:House of Menander
565:and the abbey of
527:Early Middle Ages
496:northwestern Gaul
481:Pliny the Younger
340:Pliny the Younger
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795:
789:
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785:
771:
729:
724:
723:
722:
693:Roman Villa Borg
632:in Kent, England
610:in Tivoli, Italy
508:Hispania Baetica
288:villae maritimae
88:was typically a
43:
40:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
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1203:Further reading
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725:
720:
718:
715:
710:
608:Hadrian's Villa
603:
587:Irmina of Oeren
557:. The abbey at
533:. For example,
469:Hadrian's Villa
411:Hadrian's Villa
403:
374:
367:
324:Hadrian's Villa
271:or farm manager
189:(Pliny's villa
178:villa suburbana
137:
123:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1358:
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839:
830:
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690:
685:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
617:
611:
604:
602:
599:
593:, king of the
589:, daughter of
545:. Around 590,
535:Saint Benedict
462:Mount Vesuvius
402:
401:Social history
399:
366:
363:
351:Gospel of Mark
280:
279:
276:pars fructaria
272:
262:
243:or sometimes,
209:Campus Martius
205:villae urbanae
201:
200:
181:
152:Cato the Elder
122:
119:
98:Roman Republic
52:Villa Regina,
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:. JHU Press.
1278:
1277:
1270:
1266:
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1257:
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1234:
1231:
1228:
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1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1178:0-7156-3225-6
1174:
1170:
1163:
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1008:
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992:
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834:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
717:
706:
703:
701:, Switzerland
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
644:, Rome, Italy
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Saint Eligius
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
515:
511:
509:
505:
504:Roman legions
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:and those at
447:
442:
440:
436:
435:
430:
429:Settefinestre
425:
423:
416:
412:
407:
398:
396:
392:
391:
385:
383:
379:
372:
362:
360:
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352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
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329:
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309:
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301:
297:
293:
292:Bay of Naples
289:
285:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
255:
253:
252:villa rustica
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
194:
193:
188:
187:
186:villa rustica
182:
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175:
171:
167:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Villa Rustica
118:
116:
112:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:country house
91:
87:
80:
75:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
36:
32:
31:Villa Poppaea
28:
22:
1333:Roman Villas
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1275:
1265:Roman Villas
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1211:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1028:
1020:
1007:
998:
990:
985:
965:
958:
947:. Retrieved
944:Khan Academy
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
867:
863:
854:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
793:
782:. Retrieved
779:Khan Academy
778:
769:
614:Villa Armira
524:
493:
488:
466:
443:
432:
426:
419:
388:
386:
375:
354:
344:
287:
281:
275:
268:
265:pars rustica
264:
258:
251:
249:
244:
240:
236:
234:
227:
225:
221:villa urbana
220:
204:
202:
190:
184:
177:
170:villa urbana
169:
163:
160:
155:
141:
138:
108:
106:
102:Roman Empire
85:
83:
42: 50 BC
1355:Roman villa
591:Dagobert II
531:monasteries
458:Herculaneum
338:in Latium.
326:-palace at
300:Herculaneum
259:pars urbana
229:latifundium
135:Villa Otium
131:Latifundium
86:Roman villa
949:2023-08-16
925:2023-08-16
784:2023-08-16
761:References
707:, Portugal
579:Luxembourg
575:Echternach
571:Willibrord
471:at Tibur (
434:latifundia
359:Gethsemane
353:(xiv, 32)
125:See also:
115:Republican
54:Boscoreale
993:14, 5-32.
695:, Germany
682:Lake Como
674:, Pompeii
668:, Pompeii
555:Aquitaine
519:hypocaust
500:olive oil
424:(81 BC).
395:hypocaust
382:peristyle
294:like the
284:patrician
197:farmhouse
192:in Tuscis
174:Laurentum
148:Columella
90:farmhouse
1349:Category
1193:amphorae
713:See also
585:, which
559:Stavelot
464:in 79.
452:and the
320:Frascati
269:villicus
237:praedium
100:and the
35:Oplontis
684:, Italy
662:, Malta
567:Vézelay
551:Limoges
539:Subiaco
450:Stabiae
439:Etruria
390:thermae
355:chorion
336:Arpinum
310:and at
308:Circeii
217:Pompeii
79:Stabiae
68:Pompeii
1284:
1219:
1175:
1109:
1080:
1041:
973:
874:
595:Franks
489:altana
477:Cicero
473:Tivoli
415:Tivoli
378:atrium
347:Jerome
332:Cicero
328:Tivoli
312:Antium
241:fundus
176:), or
133:, and
583:Trier
581:near
577:, in
563:Liège
553:, in
446:Baiae
422:Sulla
306:, at
304:Capri
195:), a
156:villa
144:Varro
110:domus
21:villa
1282:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1015:p 17
971:ISBN
872:ISBN
622:and
543:Nero
316:Rome
183:the
168:the
1037:–.
1035:246
502:to
380:or
298:at
245:rus
92:or
33:at
1351::
942:.
918:.
777:.
680:,
510:.
441:.
413:,
397:.
330:.
250:A
247:.
239:,
158:.
150:,
129:,
84:A
66:,
39:c.
1335:.
1308:.
1299:.
1290:.
1267:.
1240:.
1225:.
1181:.
1147:.
1115:.
1047:.
979:.
952:.
928:.
787:.
373:.
44:)
37:(
23:.
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