582:
501:. He spent large sums on new buildings and in endowing churches and monasteries. He endeavoured to relieve the pressure of taxation on the aristocracy, which undermined the finances of the state. Previous emperors had attempted to control the privileges of the nobles over the common people. Coming from the aristocracy himself, Romanos III abandoned this policy. This failure to stand up to the aristocrats allowed them to exploit the rural mass of landed peasantry, who increasingly fell into a condition of serfdom. This in turn undermined the traditional recruiting base of the Byzantine army. The combination of a reduced tax base and fewer native-born troops had long-term consequences. As revenue declined, the subsequent impoverishment of the state weakened the military's recruitment power still further.
505:
679:
551:
617:
644:
295:
452:
1336:
1712:
523:, despite their having accepted the Byzantines as overlords, with disastrous results. The army camped at a waterless site and its scouts were ambushed. An attack by the Byzantine cavalry was defeated. That night Romanos held an imperial council at which the demoralised Byzantines resolved to abandon the campaign and return to Byzantine territory. Romanos also ordered his siege engines to be burned. On 10
636:. Romanos, unaware, allowed Michael to become one of his personal servants. Having survived the attempts on his throne by Theodora, his death on 11 April 1034 was supposed to have been due to poison administered by his wife. There is also speculation that he was drowned in a bath on his wife's orders. He was buried in the
272:
Romanos has been recorded as a well-meaning but ineffective emperor. He disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around
475:
of
Antioch, was an experienced military commander, influential patrician, and unswervingly loyal to the ruling house. The emperor's advisors preferred not to have a strong military figure as the new emperor, and persuaded the Emperor to choose Romanos instead, as a potentially more pliable and
527:
August 1030 the army departed its camp and made for
Antioch. Discipline broke down in the Byzantine army, with Armenian mercenaries using the withdrawal as an opportunity to pillage the camp's stores. The Emir of Aleppo launched an attack and the
546:
wrote that the
Byzantines suffered remarkably few casualties. According to Yahya, two high ranking Byzantine officers were among the fatalities, and another officer was captured by the Arabs. After this defeat the army became a "laughing-stock".
561:
Despite his victory, the Emir of Aleppo opened negotiations and signed a treaty that made Aleppo an
Imperial tributary and allowed for a Greek governor to preside over the city. In 1032 the capture and successful defence of
666:
to officiate in the coronation of the new emperor. Although he initially refused to co-operate, the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind. He proceeded to crown
Michael IV as the new emperor of the Romans.
51:
3233:
628:
In a vain attempt to reduce expenditure, Romanos limited his wife's expenses, which merely exacerbated the alienation between the two. Romanos took a mistress. Zoë in turn fell in love with
277:. He spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover,
397:(one of the highest judicial ranks, usually awarded to senior generals and provincial governors). In this capacity he persecuted heretics at Akmoneia. He was then promoted to the post of
581:
352:
3243:
480:) and to marry Zoë, aged 50 at the time; Romanos was 60. The marriage took place on 9 November 1028, and on the same ceremony Romanos was proclaimed
1732:
1356:
1351:
542:
wrote that the
Byzantines suffered a "terrible rout" and that some troops were killed in a chaotic stampede by their fellow soldiers,
3228:
594:
601:
as a monk but
Theodora was not punished. In 1031 she was implicated in another conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, the
589:
Romanos faced several conspiracies, mostly centred on his sister-in-law
Theodora. In 1029 she planned to marry the Bulgarian prince
3203:
1834:
464:
316:
2359:
939:
660:
3153:
3021:
1673:
1646:
1599:
1533:
1495:
1474:
1434:
1415:
1376:
463:
Late in 1028, Constantine VIII lay on his deathbed. Wishing to secure the
Macedonian dynasty, but having no son, he summoned
3186:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2366:
1743:
1716:
1289:
2989:
1175:
84:
41:
1578:
342:(r. 976–1025); Leo, who served under Basil and was killed in Italy in 1017; Pulcheria Argyropoulina, who married the
489:
The new emperor was eager to make his mark as a ruler, but was mostly ineffectual in his enterprises. He idealised
2955:
2938:
2765:
2753:
637:
590:
1683:
Lauritzen, F. (2009). "The
Miliaresion Poet: the dactylic inscription on a silver coin of Romanos III Argyros".
2926:
2718:
2680:
2640:
2607:
1637:
324:
585:
After capturing Edessa, the army under George Maniakes defends the city from a counter-attack by the Saracens.
504:
3141:
2967:
2794:
2760:
2724:
2613:
1166:
403:(the senior judicial official for the imperial capital, Constantinople) and became one of the judges of the
2782:
1827:
476:
certainly less travelled candidate. Constantine VIII forced Romanos to divorce his wife (who was sent to a
3223:
2863:
2542:
2008:
1804:
663:
659:
Zoë and Michael were married on the same day that Romanos III died. The next day the couple summoned the
629:
278:
107:
17:
3173:
3129:
3107:
3058:
2945:
2736:
2505:
1847:
1794:
692:
308:
215:
550:
3080:
3048:
2873:
2053:
1812:
1570:
712:
243:
3248:
3090:
3043:
2590:
2237:
3218:
2898:
2878:
2652:
2532:
1820:
1506:
684:
633:
621:
274:
982:
3168:
3147:
3053:
1843:
1727:
711:
Zoë's mosaic originally portrayed her alongside Romanos III, but was later reworked to portray
399:
1632:
1366:
947:
3102:
3097:
3073:
3068:
2984:
2821:
2809:
2580:
2205:
1199:
960:
555:
529:
468:
266:
185:
3213:
3085:
3033:
2893:
2868:
2833:
2748:
2662:
2512:
2343:
1275:
616:
443:, which made him the formal head of the Senate and one of the emperor's chief lieutenants.
8:
3208:
3016:
3001:
2979:
2914:
2903:
2804:
2294:
2232:
2195:
563:
412:
366:
328:
1722:
643:
3063:
3006:
2950:
2932:
2921:
2883:
2853:
2731:
2449:
2353:
2103:
2072:
2065:
1758:
404:
211:
1543:
Stevenson, William B. (1968). Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.).
965:
3238:
3028:
2974:
2815:
2713:
2688:
2537:
2399:
2135:
2120:
1998:
1966:
1692:
1669:
1642:
1628:
1616:
1595:
1574:
1548:
1529:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1430:
1411:
1391:
1372:
1322:
1285:
933:
377:
254:
192:
66:
972:", that is, the day before 12 November (unless it's referring to the very same day).
3158:
3135:
3038:
3011:
2996:
2962:
2888:
2848:
2838:
2563:
2490:
2460:
2323:
2278:
2273:
2145:
1787:
1560:
1312:
543:
494:
432:
370:
262:
162:
134:
97:
57:
538:, held firm, but Romanos was nearly captured. Accounts vary on the battle losses:
50:
2799:
2789:
2698:
2485:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2227:
2048:
2018:
1961:
1941:
1663:
1610:
1564:
1485:
969:
567:
508:
490:
393:
1197:
used, erroneously gives 15 April, although it actually fell on 11 April, as the
2693:
2657:
2602:
2495:
2418:
2316:
2310:
2242:
2222:
1976:
1936:
1738:
1271:
652:
539:
481:
440:
374:
258:
235:
158:
1552:
3197:
3163:
3123:
2667:
2475:
2283:
1696:
1620:
1589:
1516:
1403:
1395:
1360:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 583–584.
1347:
1342:
1326:
1182:
436:
348:
335:
1279:
294:
2908:
2703:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2443:
2305:
1946:
1453:
575:
456:
428:
319:), or Eustathios Argyros, known only for commissioning a poem in honour of
257:
from 1028 until his death. He was a Byzantine noble and senior official in
451:
2772:
2647:
2597:
2522:
2096:
2043:
1986:
1317:
1300:
2828:
2743:
2708:
2673:
2585:
2500:
2260:
2253:
2200:
2180:
2125:
2090:
2083:
2028:
1993:
1856:
1469:. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
1448:. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
320:
312:
307:
Romanos Argyros, born in 968, was the son of Marianos, a member of the
299:
130:
1842:
311:. Other hypotheses about his father are Pothos Argyros who defeated a
269:. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne.
2575:
2527:
2437:
2424:
2211:
2140:
2113:
2108:
2077:
2023:
1971:
1906:
1901:
1186:
610:
534:
516:
477:
423:
417:
344:
140:
1524:
Shepard, J. (2010). "Battle of Azaz". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
407:, the High Court of the Empire. In this role he is mentioned in the
2843:
2625:
2517:
2470:
2430:
2412:
2332:
2267:
2247:
2217:
2190:
2185:
2170:
2160:
2130:
2038:
2033:
1981:
1956:
1951:
1916:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1526:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
1281:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2
1194:
990:
388:
339:
167:
1341:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
793:
2777:
2480:
2387:
2300:
2155:
1931:
606:
598:
571:
486:. Three days later, on 11 November, Constantine died of illness.
431:, while continuing to preside over the High Court. Under Emperor
362:
206:
265:
forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughter
2549:
2406:
2288:
2060:
1926:
1711:
863:
861:
602:
520:
498:
411:, a compendium of legal decisions compiled by the noted jurist
171:
3234:
Burials at the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos (Constantinople)
1270:
Angold, Michael (2004). "The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1118". In
1223:
1221:
846:
824:
822:
820:
805:
781:
771:
769:
593:
and to usurp the throne. The plot was discovered, Presian was
2150:
1921:
1911:
1891:
1408:
Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1001:
999:
885:
858:
744:
742:
740:
1896:
1886:
1284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–253.
1218:
834:
817:
766:
1206:
1123:
1026:
996:
515:
In 1030 he resolved to lead an army in person against the
497:, and similarly sought to imitate the military prowess of
323:
in 950. Romanos' father, Marianos, was the son of another
1591:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057
1065:
1063:
1016:
1014:
873:
737:
357:
1099:
1050:
1048:
916:
914:
912:
897:
1147:
1060:
1011:
754:
647:
The murder of Romanos III Argyros in a bath, from the
1528:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
1135:
1111:
1045:
909:
1087:
674:
1462:
1242:
1511:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1388:History of the Byzantine Empire: from 716 to 1057
578:did little to restore Romanos' early popularity.
554:Arab cavalry pursue fleeing Byzantines after the
315:raid in 958 (identified by some scholars with an
3195:
327:, who had married Agatha, a daughter of Emperor
1298:
867:
852:
840:
828:
811:
799:
787:
775:
1828:
1080:
1078:
55:Romanos III, 11th-century depiction from the
1733:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
1566:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
3244:11th-century Byzantine government officials
1547:. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press.
1460:
1443:
1005:
748:
632:, the brother of high-ranking court eunuch
467:from Antioch to marry his oldest daughter,
338:, who served as general and governor under
1835:
1821:
1487:Un Moyen Âge Grec: Byzance, IXe–XVe siècle
1075:
989:gives 11 November, although it also gives
511:sends the letter of Christ to Romanos III.
289:
1682:
1594:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1559:
1542:
1505:Sewter, Edgar Robert Ashton, ed. (1966).
1483:
1316:
1105:
903:
891:
415:. He was promoted further to the rank of
642:
615:
580:
549:
503:
450:
293:
1627:
1587:
1523:
1424:
1402:
1368:Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe
1299:Cheynet, J.-C.; Vannier, J.-F. (2003).
1212:
1153:
1129:
1069:
1039:
1020:
760:
14:
3196:
1665:Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum
1608:
1504:
1385:
1364:
1305:Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta
1269:
1141:
1117:
1093:
1054:
920:
879:
1816:
1744:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
1508:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus
1410:. London & New York: Routledge.
1176:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
609:, and was forcibly confined in the
532:. Only the imperial bodyguard, the
27:Byzantine emperor from 1028 to 1034
24:
1655:
1490:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
1159:
42:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
3260:
1799:12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034
1704:
1168:Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken
3229:Urban prefects of Constantinople
1710:
1612:The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094
1371:. Rochester: The Boydell Press.
1334:
677:
624:after another failed conspiracy.
49:
3204:11th-century Byzantine emperors
1668:. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
1251:
1233:
975:
953:
926:
718:
705:
1638:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1545:The Cambridge Medieval History
1465:History of the Byzantine State
1446:History of the Byzantine State
1365:Duggan, Anne J., ed. (2002) .
724:Some sources give 11 November.
638:Church of St. Mary Peribleptos
334:Romanos had several siblings:
13:
1:
1461:Ostrogorsky, George (1969) .
731:
1444:Ostrogorsky, George (1957).
530:imperial army broke and fled
7:
1588:Wortley, John, ed. (2010).
1484:Patlagean, Évelyne (2007).
987:Chronica byzantina breviora
670:
249:; 968 – 11 April 1034), or
10:
3265:
3108:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3059:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2946:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1263:
868:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
853:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
841:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
829:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
812:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
800:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
788:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
776:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
693:List of Byzantine emperors
570:and the sound defeat of a
3184:
3116:
3081:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3049:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2874:Constantine IX Monomachos
2562:
2459:
2342:
2169:
2007:
1855:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1752:
1662:Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973).
1615:. Aleppo: Dar al-Amanah.
1571:Stanford University Press
1165:Schreiner, Peter (1977).
713:Constantine IX Monomachos
239:
221:
205:
191:
179:
148:
117:
113:
103:
93:
83:
72:
65:
48:
39:
34:
3044:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1569:. Stanford, California:
698:
446:
2899:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2533:Tiberius II Constantine
1661:
1609:Zakkar, Suhayl (1971).
1386:Finlay, George (1853).
1357:Encyclopædia Britannica
1346:
685:Byzantine Empire portal
634:John the Orphanotrophos
493:, aspiring to be a new
427:(administrator) of the
351:; a sister who married
290:Family and early career
284:
3054:Michael IX Palaiologos
1425:Norwich, John (1991).
656:
625:
586:
558:
512:
465:Constantine Dalassenos
460:
353:Constantine Karantenos
304:
3148:Thessalonian emperors
3142:Trapezuntine emperors
3103:John VIII Palaiologos
3098:Manuel II Palaiologos
3069:John VI Kantakouzenos
2985:Andronikos I Komnenos
2822:Constantine Lekapenos
1850:and empresses regnant
1633:"Romanos III Argyros"
1427:Byzantium: the Apogee
1276:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
1200:Lupus Protospatharius
1181:(2). p. 142. "It was
993:death as 12 December.
961:Lupus Protospatharius
802:, pp. 63–64, 68.
646:
620:Empress Zoe tonsures
619:
584:
553:
507:
455:Mosaic of Zoë at the
454:
297:
3086:John VII Palaiologos
3034:Theodore II Laskaris
2894:Constantine X Doukas
2834:Nikephoros II Phokas
1754:Romanos III Argyros
1719:at Wikimedia Commons
1318:10.2298/ZRVI0340057C
435:he held the post of
3017:Theodore I Laskaris
3002:Alexios III Angelos
2980:Alexios II Komnenos
2904:Romanos IV Diogenes
2859:Romanos III Argyros
2805:Romanos I Lekapenos
1717:Romanos III Argyros
1429:. London: Penguin.
1215:, pp. 279–280.
1203:correctly reports."
1132:, pp. 161–162.
1042:, pp. 359–360.
894:, pp. 131–132.
882:, pp. 141–142.
413:Eustathios Rhomaios
391:, with the rank of
367:Maria Argyropoulina
365:under Romanos; and
329:Romanos I Lekapenos
247:Romanus III Argyrus
232:Romanos III Argyros
137:, Byzantine Empire
76:12 November 1028 –
35:Romanos III Argyros
3224:Macedonian dynasty
3136:Britannic emperors
3130:Palmyrene emperors
3064:John V Palaiologos
3007:Alexios IV Angelos
2956:Constantine Doukas
2951:Alexios I Komnenos
2939:Constantine Doukas
2922:Michael VII Doukas
2884:Michael VI Bringas
2450:Romulus Augustulus
2073:Trebonianus Gallus
2066:Herennius Etruscus
1848:Byzantine emperors
1759:Macedonian dynasty
1629:Kazhdan, Alexander
1229:Zoë Porphyrogenita
657:
640:, which he built.
626:
587:
559:
513:
471:. Dalassenos, the
461:
305:
273:his sister-in-law
186:Zoë Porphyrogenita
143:, Denizli, Turkey)
3191:
3190:
3029:John III Vatatzes
2975:Manuel I Komnenos
2714:Michael I Rangabe
2558:
2557:
2400:Petronius Maximus
1999:Severus Alexander
1967:Septimius Severus
1811:
1810:
1802:Succeeded by
1795:Byzantine emperor
1715:Media related to
1675:978-3-11-002285-8
1648:978-0-19-504652-6
1601:978-0-521-76705-7
1561:Treadgold, Warren
1535:978-0-19-533403-6
1497:978-2-226-17110-8
1476:978-0-8135-0599-2
1436:978-0-670-80252-4
1417:978-0-415-61944-8
1378:978-0-85115-657-6
1248:Treadgold, p. 586
1084:Kazhdan, p. 1807.
968:. "On the eve of
934:Georgius Cedrenus
855:, pp. 69–70.
814:, pp. 72–73.
790:, pp. 64–65.
378:Pietro II Orseolo
255:Byzantine Emperor
229:
228:
156:(aged 65–66)
67:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
3256:
3039:John IV Laskaris
3012:Alexios V Doukas
2997:Isaac II Angelos
2963:John II Komnenos
2889:Isaac I Komnenos
2849:Constantine VIII
2839:John I Tzimiskes
2566:Byzantine Empire
2340:
2339:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1788:Constantine VIII
1785:Preceded by
1775:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1739:Romanos' profile
1728:Romanos' profile
1723:Romanos' coinage
1714:
1700:
1679:
1651:
1641:, p. 1807,
1624:
1605:
1584:
1556:
1539:
1520:
1501:
1480:
1468:
1457:
1440:
1421:
1399:
1382:
1361:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1295:
1291:978-1-13905403-4
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1006:Ostrogorsky 1957
1003:
994:
979:
973:
957:
951:
930:
924:
918:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
764:
758:
752:
749:Ostrogorsky 1969
746:
725:
722:
716:
709:
687:
682:
681:
680:
544:Yahya of Antioch
526:
495:philosopher king
433:Constantine VIII
421:and the post of
371:Giovanni Orseolo
355:, who served as
263:Constantine VIII
241:
225:Marianos Argyros
175:
163:Byzantine Empire
155:
144:
135:Thracesian Theme
128:
126:
98:Constantine VIII
89:15 November 1028
79:
58:Madrid Skylitzes
53:
32:
31:
21:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:Protospatharioi
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3124:Gallic emperors
3112:
2800:Constantine VII
2581:Constantine III
2568:
2565:
2554:
2463:
2455:
2394:Valentinian III
2382:Constantius III
2376:Priscus Attalus
2360:Constantine III
2346:
2338:
2228:Valerius Valens
2173:
2165:
2011:
2003:
1962:Didius Julianus
1942:Marcus Aurelius
1859:
1851:
1841:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1707:
1676:
1658:
1656:Further reading
1649:
1602:
1581:
1536:
1498:
1477:
1437:
1418:
1379:
1350:, ed. (1911). "
1335:
1333:
1292:
1272:Luscombe, David
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:Norwich, p. 279
1238:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1004:
997:
980:
976:
970:Martin of Tours
958:
954:
931:
927:
919:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
767:
763:, p. 1807.
759:
755:
747:
738:
734:
729:
728:
723:
719:
710:
706:
701:
683:
678:
676:
673:
568:George Maniakes
524:
509:George Maniakes
491:Marcus Aurelius
449:
394:protospatharios
325:Romanos Argyros
303:of Romanos III.
292:
287:
261:when the dying
240:Ῥωμανός Ἀργυρός
200:
184:
165:
157:
153:
138:
129:
124:
122:
77:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Argyros family
3216:
3211:
3206:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3083:
3078:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2943:
2919:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Theodora (III)
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2775:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2741:
2729:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Constantine VI
2691:
2686:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Theodosius III
2655:
2650:
2645:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2603:Constantine IV
2600:
2595:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:Eastern Empire
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:Western Empire
2337:
2336:
2329:
2317:Magnus Maximus
2313:
2311:Valentinian II
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:Constantius II
2240:
2238:Constantine II
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Antoninus Pius
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1860:27 BC – AD 235
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:Regnal titles
1777:
1776:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1720:
1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1702:
1701:
1680:
1674:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1631:, ed. (1991),
1625:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1557:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1404:Garland, Lynda
1400:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1348:Chisholm, Hugh
1331:
1296:
1290:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1257:Finlay, p. 478
1250:
1241:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1158:
1156:, p. 276.
1146:
1144:, p. 471.
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 224.
1110:
1108:, p. 256.
1106:Stevenson 1968
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 273.
1059:
1057:, p. 116.
1044:
1025:
1023:, p. 102.
1010:
1008:, p. 286.
995:
983:Chronicle 15/7
974:
952:
925:
923:, p. 145.
908:
906:, p. 584.
904:Treadgold 1997
896:
892:Patlagean 2007
884:
872:
857:
845:
833:
816:
804:
792:
780:
765:
753:
751:, p. 322.
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:
717:
703:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
689:
688:
672:
669:
653:John Skylitzes
556:Battle of Azaz
540:John Skylitzes
448:
445:
441:Constantinople
369:, who married
331:(r. 919–944).
317:older namesake
309:Argyros family
291:
288:
286:
283:
259:Constantinople
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
159:Constantinople
150:
146:
145:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3183:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:Theodora (II)
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:Constantine V
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Anastasius II
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Theodosius II
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Valentinian I
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:Constantine I
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Constantius I
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1774:11 April 1034
1773:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1580:0-8047-2630-2
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:. Edinburgh.
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1343:public domain
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1307:(in French).
1306:
1302:
1301:"Les Argyroi"
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Holy Thursday
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 43.
1095:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
978:
971:
967:
963:
962:
956:
949:
945:
942:
941:
936:
935:
929:
922:
917:
915:
913:
905:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
870:, p. 70.
869:
864:
862:
854:
849:
843:, p. 69.
842:
837:
831:, p. 73.
830:
825:
823:
821:
813:
808:
801:
796:
789:
784:
778:, p. 68.
777:
772:
770:
762:
757:
750:
745:
743:
741:
736:
721:
714:
708:
704:
694:
691:
690:
686:
675:
668:
665:
662:
654:
650:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
579:
577:
574:fleet in the
573:
569:
565:
557:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
437:urban prefect
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
386:
383:He served as
381:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:Basil Skleros
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:Basil Argyros
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
301:
296:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
237:
233:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
152:11 April 1034
151:
147:
142:
136:
132:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:11 April 1034
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
59:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3091:Andronikos V
3089:
3072:
3020:
2988:
2966:
2954:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2913:
2907:
2858:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2781:
2764:
2752:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2704:Nikephoros I
2679:
2678:
2672:
2639:
2636:Justinian II
2631:Tiberius III
2621:Justinian II
2612:
2606:
2589:
2541:
2513:Anastasius I
2504:
2448:
2444:Julius Nepos
2436:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2306:Theodosius I
2293:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2223:Maximinus II
2210:
2112:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2064:
2052:
1985:
1947:Lucius Verus
1793:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1742:
1731:
1688:
1684:
1664:
1636:
1611:
1590:
1565:
1544:
1525:
1507:
1486:
1464:
1445:
1426:
1407:
1387:
1367:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1280:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1213:Norwich 1991
1208:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1154:Norwich 1991
1149:
1137:
1130:Garland 1999
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1070:Norwich 1991
1040:Wortley 2010
1021:Shepard 2010
986:
977:
959:
955:
943:
938:
932:
928:
899:
887:
875:
848:
836:
807:
795:
783:
761:Kazhdan 1991
756:
720:
707:
658:
648:
627:
613:of Petrion.
588:
560:
533:
514:
488:
482:
472:
462:
457:Hagia Sophia
429:Great Church
422:
416:
408:
398:
392:
384:
382:
356:
343:
333:
306:
298:
271:
251:Argyropoulos
250:
246:
231:
230:
197:
154:(1034-04-11)
56:
40:
29:
3214:1034 deaths
3150:(1224–1242)
3144:(1204–1461)
2933:Konstantios
2810:Christopher
2783:Constantine
2773:Michael III
2754:Constantine
2737:Constantine
2719:Theophylact
2648:Philippicus
2598:Constans II
2523:Justinian I
2419:Severus III
2367:Constans II
2121:Claudius II
2097:Silbannacus
2044:Gordian III
2019:Maximinus I
1987:Diadumenian
1691:: 231–240.
1142:Finlay 1853
1118:Angold 2004
1094:Sewter 1966
1055:Zakkar 1971
921:Duggan 2002
880:Duggan 2002
387:(judge) in
94:Predecessor
18:Romanos III
3209:968 births
3198:Categories
2927:Andronikos
2915:Nikephoros
2864:Michael IV
2829:Romanos II
2749:Theophilos
2744:Michael II
2725:Staurakios
2709:Staurakios
2681:Nikephoros
2674:Artabasdos
2586:Heraclonas
2543:Theodosius
2501:Basiliscus
2261:Nepotianus
2254:Magnentius
2248:Constans I
2201:Severus II
2181:Diocletian
2126:Quintillus
2091:Aemilianus
2084:Volusianus
2029:Gordian II
1994:Elagabalus
1857:Principate
1805:Michael IV
1553:1001099260
732:References
405:Hippodrome
321:Romanos II
300:Tetarteron
279:Michael IV
212:Macedonian
201:A daughter
131:Hierapolis
108:Michael IV
85:Coronation
3169:Classical
3154:Empresses
3138:(286–296)
3132:(267–273)
3126:(260–274)
2869:Michael V
2795:Alexander
2608:Heraclius
2576:Heraclius
2528:Justin II
2438:Glycerius
2425:Anthemius
2295:Procopius
2233:Martinian
2212:Maxentius
2141:Florianus
2114:Saloninus
2109:Gallienus
2078:Hostilian
2054:Philip II
2024:Gordian I
1972:Caracalla
1907:Vespasian
1902:Vitellius
1697:0378-2506
1685:Byzantion
1621:977126570
1517:314287374
1396:906577940
1327:0584-9888
1311:: 57–90.
1227:Garland,
1187:Skylitzes
664:Alexios I
661:Patriarch
649:Chronicle
611:monastery
535:Hetaireia
517:Mirdasids
478:monastery
424:oikonomos
418:patrikios
373:, son of
345:magistros
244:Latinized
198:by Helena
141:Pamukkale
104:Successor
3239:Patricii
3164:Usurpers
3159:Augustae
3117:See also
3022:Nicholas
2844:Basil II
2641:Tiberius
2626:Leontius
2614:Tiberius
2591:Tiberius
2569:610–1453
2564:Eastern/
2518:Justin I
2471:Arcadius
2431:Olybrius
2413:Majorian
2354:Honorius
2333:Eugenius
2268:Vetranio
2218:Licinius
2191:Galerius
2186:Maximian
2171:Dominate
2161:Numerian
2131:Aurelian
2104:Valerian
2049:Philip I
2039:Balbinus
2034:Pupienus
1982:Macrinus
1957:Pertinax
1952:Commodus
1917:Domitian
1882:Claudius
1877:Caligula
1872:Tiberius
1867:Augustus
1563:(1997).
1406:(1999).
1278:(eds.).
1195:Kedrenos
1193:, which
991:Basil II
671:See also
622:Theodora
599:tonsured
576:Adriatic
400:quaestor
389:Opsikion
340:Basil II
275:Theodora
168:Istanbul
3174:Eastern
3074:Matthew
2968:Alexios
2816:Stephen
2778:Basil I
2663:Leo III
2538:Maurice
2481:Marcian
2464:395–610
2388:Joannes
2347:395–480
2301:Gratian
2174:284–610
2156:Carinus
2136:Tacitus
2012:235–285
1932:Hadrian
1741:on the
1730:on the
1454:2221721
1352:Romanus
1345::
1264:Sources
1191:History
985:of the
948:484–485
630:Michael
607:Sirmium
595:blinded
591:Presian
572:Saracen
363:Antioch
216:Argyros
207:Dynasty
123: (
2936:&
2912:&
2819:&
2790:Leo VI
2766:Thekla
2722:&
2689:Leo IV
2611:&
2550:Phocas
2506:Marcus
2491:Leo II
2407:Avitus
2324:Victor
2289:Valens
2279:Jovian
2274:Julian
2146:Probus
2081:&
2061:Decius
2009:Crisis
1927:Trajan
1770:
1695:
1672:
1645:
1619:
1598:
1577:
1551:
1532:
1515:
1494:
1473:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1394:
1375:
1339:
1325:
1288:
603:Archon
564:Edessa
525:
521:Aleppo
499:Trajan
483:caesar
385:krites
313:Magyar
222:Father
183:Helena
180:Spouse
172:Turkey
2732:Leo V
2699:Irene
2486:Leo I
2151:Carus
1922:Nerva
1912:Titus
1892:Galba
1844:Roman
1772:Died:
1765:Born:
699:Notes
447:Reign
409:Peira
236:Greek
193:Issue
166:(now
139:(now
73:Reign
3088:(w.
3071:(w.
3019:(w.
2990:John
2987:(w.
2965:(w.
2953:(w.
2924:(w.
2906:(w.
2807:(w.
2780:(w.
2763:(w.
2751:(w.
2734:(w.
2716:(w.
2677:(w.
2638:(w.
2605:(w.
2588:(w.
2540:(w.
2503:(w.
2496:Zeno
2363:(w.
2320:(w.
2111:(w.
2075:(w.
2063:(w.
2051:(w.
1984:(w.
1977:Geta
1897:Otho
1887:Nero
1846:and
1693:ISSN
1670:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1617:OCLC
1596:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1549:OCLC
1530:ISBN
1513:OCLC
1492:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1450:OCLC
1431:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1392:OCLC
1373:ISBN
1323:ISSN
1286:ISBN
1185:...
981:The
966:1029
940:CSHB
597:and
473:doux
375:Doge
358:doux
285:Life
253:was
149:Died
125:0968
118:Born
2909:Leo
2854:Zoe
2100:(?)
1767:968
1354:".
1313:doi
1179:XII
651:of
605:of
566:by
519:of
469:Zoë
439:of
361:of
267:Zoë
121:968
3200::
2930:,
2813:,
1689:79
1687:.
1635:,
1573:.
1321:.
1309:40
1303:.
1274:;
1220:^
1189:'
1077:^
1062:^
1047:^
1028:^
1013:^
998:^
964:;
946::
937:−
911:^
860:^
819:^
768:^
739:^
380:.
281:.
242:;
238::
170:,
161:,
133:,
3094:)
3077:)
3025:)
2993:)
2971:)
2959:)
2942:)
2918:)
2825:)
2786:)
2769:)
2757:)
2740:)
2728:)
2685:)
2644:)
2617:)
2594:)
2546:)
2509:)
2371:)
2328:)
2117:)
2087:)
2069:)
2057:)
1990:)
1836:e
1829:t
1822:v
1699:.
1678:.
1623:.
1604:.
1583:.
1555:.
1538:.
1519:.
1500:.
1479:.
1456:.
1439:.
1420:.
1398:.
1381:.
1329:.
1315::
1294:.
1173:.
1171:2
950:.
944:9
715:.
655:.
459:.
234:(
214:/
174:)
127:)
20:)
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