House of Romanov - Knowledge

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noise produced as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and frail tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. The gunmen then proceeded to shoot each family member once again. Even so, two of the daughters were still alive 10 minutes later, and were then bludgeoned with the butt of a rifle ending their lives. Later it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds sewn into the children's clothing.

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the social duties traditional for Russia's tsarinas. Seen as distant and severe, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her popular mother-in-law, Maria Fyodorovna. When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the front lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an authoritarian approach in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both her German origin and her unique relationship with

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years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was between the ages of 18 and 23 years old. At the time, Anastasia was 17 years old while Maria was 19 years. Their brother Alexei would have been 14 within two weeks of his murder. Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei commonly wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt.

2289: 2555: 1588: 1639:, a grand nephew of Alexandra, scientists matched his DNA to her and her children’s remains found in the mass grave. The investigation concluded that Alexei and one Romanov daughter were missing. Experts continue to debate which daughter was missing from the grave as United States experts believe the missing child is Anastasia while Russian experts believe it to be Maria. Many believe that the two children that were not discovered in the grave managed to escape Russia before persecution. 657: 2335: 642: 980: 5872: 57: 1267: 1283:

politics as well as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, being not only tall (1.93 m or 6'4", according to some sources), but of large physique and considerable strength. His beard hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened

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youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the most convincing. In 1994, however, scientists used DNA to prove that Anna Anderson was not the tsar's daughter but a Polish woman named Franziska Schanzkowska.

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Bolsheviks decided to burn two of the corpses of the former royal family. Burning the corpses proved to be difficult as it took significant time, so the group resorted to disfiguring the pair with acid. In a rush, the Bolsheviks threw nine additional bodies into a grave and covered them with acid as well.

1037:, did not support Peter's modernization of Russia. He had previously been arrested and died in prison shortly thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to alter the succession tradition of male heirs, allowing him to choose his heir. Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress 1602:

The area where the remains were found was near the old Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about 70 meters (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg. The archaeologists stated that the bones were from a boy who approximately between the ages of 10 and 13

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The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified two years later using DNA analysis. The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the

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of the United Kingdom. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her part the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of

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with Dolgorukova. His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension within the dynasty. In particular, the grand duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during

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In the mid-1970s, Dr. Alexander Avdonin discovered the mass grave containing the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, and three of five Romanov children. The remains were found near Old Koptyaki road in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The grave contained 44 heavily degraded bone and tooth fragments.

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As for Nicholas II, scientists used mtDNA heteroplasmy using samples from Princess Xenia Cheremeteff Sfiri and the Duke of Fife. In the early 1990s, considerable controversy surrounded the accuracy of mtDNA heteroplasmy for DNA testing particularly for distant relatives. In an attempt to refine the

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and was killed. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining imperial family still alive and uninjured. Maria attempted to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, leading to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The

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Initially, gunmen shot at Nicholas who immediately fell dead as a result of multiple bullet wounds. Then the dark room where the family was held filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets. With limited visibility, the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating more

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succeeded Alexander II. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only after the death of his older brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his

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Most of the treasures are in the diamond fund of Russia and are the most expensive exhibits in museums. The collection of jewels and jewelry collected by the Romanov family during their reign are commonly referred to as the "Russian Crown Jewels" and they include official state regalia as well as

1903:, respectively, and their children, as well as the spouses of Xenia's elder two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her mother's return to Denmark, although after their mother's death Olga moved to Canada with her husband, both sisters dying in 1960. Grand Duchess 1544:

The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to conceal the find until the fall of communism. In 1991 the

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Late on the night of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to

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ever abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) after his accession to the Russian throne in 1613, although by tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom use surnames, being known instead by dynastic titles ("Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich", "Grand Duke

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After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991, they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full military honor guard and

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where they (along with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel near the tombs of their ancestors. At the cathedral, the remaining Romanov family hosted a formal funeral for Tsar Nicholas II attended by many relatives and representatives from nations

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Following the murder of the Romanov family, the Bolsheviks made several attempts to dispose of the bodies. Initially the bodies were to be thrown down a mineshaft; however, the location of the disposal site was revealed to locals, causing them to change the location. Instead of a burial, the

1018:. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725. In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, 596:

records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov". However, the terms "Romanov" and "House of Romanov" often occurred in official references to the Russian imperial family. The coat-of-arms of the Romanov

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Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula; Berger, Burkhard; Falsetti, Anthony B.; Gill, Peter; Parson, Walther; Finelli, Louis N. (11 March 2009). Hofreiter, Michael (ed.).

1800:. The four Grand Dukes were buried in a mass grave in the fortress, though Dmitry Konstantinovich's body was collected by his former adjutant, rolled up in a rug and taken away for a private burial in the garden of a house in Petrograd, where he remains to this day. 1057:, should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Great from inheriting the throne. Ivan VI was only a one-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess 2238:

personal pieces of jewelry worn by Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government. A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by

1349:, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the disease and suffered agonizing bouts of protracted bleeding, the pain of which was sometimes partially alleviated by Rasputin's ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had four daughters: the Grand Duchesses 2081:' marriages. When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' 1545:

grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russia, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used by Russian and international scientists to make accurate identifications.

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results of the investigation, Russian authorities exhumed the remains of Nicholas II’s brother, George Alexandrovich. George’s remains matched the heteroplasmy of the remains found in the grave indicating that they did in fact belong to Tsar Nicholas II.

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The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov's recognition was sought by several

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His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander III's death due to kidney disease at age 49 in November 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready to be tsar...." Just a week after the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée,

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Argent, a griffin gules, holding in its right paw a sword, in the left an oval buckler or, on it an eagle displayed sable; the whole within a bordure of the last charged with eight lion's heads erased, alternately of the first and the

2120:(other than Maria Vladimirovna and her son), publicly acknowledges that dynastic claims of family members should not be advanced, and is officially committed to support whichever form of government chosen by the Russian people. 1743:. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere. The town became a place of pilgrimage to the memory of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in 1454:. While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of 1647:

accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Yekaterinburg to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military honor guard cortege from the airport to St Petersburg’s

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quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death.

3913: 2926: 2131:) has been a claimant to the defunct Russian throne since 2013. He and his supporters argue that the marriage of Maria Vladimirovna's parents was in contravention of the Pauline Laws. They maintain that the 1320:. Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of being the first tsar not known to take mistresses. 2589: 2415: 2377:

Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains black crowned double-headed eagle on golden field, which has a smaller coat of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue

1141:, who succeeded his mother in 1796, was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural father was, in fact, her lover 2249:

On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a collection of over 60 jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned by Grand Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the

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died on 26 January 1918, with some rumors claiming he was killed by the Bolsheviks. His morganatic son Prince Artemy Nikolayevich Romanovsky-Iskander was killed the following year in the

1708:, but was nonetheless arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs. They were thrown down a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die there slowly. 1129:. In 1762, shortly after the death of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, 1263:). In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas, until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings. 2644: 4727: 477:), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother’s house name. Officially known as members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as 2526: 3974: 2351: 1406:. Yet neither was crowned; Constantine renounced the throne before his brother’s death, and Michael deferred his acceptance of the throne, effectively ending the monarchy. 1189:

who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the

765:), which later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev (descendants of Yakov Zakharyevich) and Zakharin-Yuriev (descendants of Yuri Zakharyevich). During the reign of 4522: 3598:"The Representative of Romanov family in the Russian Federation does not exclude the possibility of transferring from China to Russia the remains of Alapayevsk martyrs" 2296:

The Imperial Arms of the House of Romanov, with and without background shield, which were restricted in use to the Emperor and certain members of the Imperial Family

1203:. While Alexander considered it his charge to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military could keep the peace. By developing the 4798: 4747: 1936: 884:

elected Godunov as tsar in 1598. Godunov's revenge on the Romanovs led to all the family and its relations being deported to remote corners of the Russian North and

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In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which formed a "T":

1424: 1358: 1185:, succeeded him on the throne in 1825. The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas's elder brother, 1181:

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801. Alexander I, succeeded him on the throne and later died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned

1193:. Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russia and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended. 2510: 1169:

marriage of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or

994:, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei's death, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife 5248: 3169: 1723:

in 1918, who arrived too late to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved around Russia during struggles between the White and the opposing

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Republic of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two black bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand scepter and cross located under

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of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria's elder sister. After a stay in England with

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Geneticists used a combination of autosomal STR and mtDNA sequencing to detect relationships between the family members' remains. Using a DNA sample from

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of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Ivan launched a

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was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov's origin is contested by another version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.

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dust and debris. As a result of this many of the gunmen themselves became injured. Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar

4051: 4025: 5526: 5421: 5345: 4871: 4742: 4737: 1362: 5194: 4828: 4788: 4778: 1939:, who was supreme commander of Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke 1908: 1896: 1777: 1677: 575: 3257: 745:", some of his relatives also had as nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the 5516: 5411: 5360: 5355: 5299: 5243: 5189: 4808: 4572: 4508: 2988:"The Heir to the All-Russian Emperorship, His Highness Prince of the Imperial Blood Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince zu Leiningen" 2538: 2070: 1781: 1755: 1440: 1399: 1395: 1354: 1219: 1186: 179: 4135: 3216:"Romanovs lectures. The history of the Russian state and the Romanov dynasty: current problems in the study. Kostroma. 29–30 May 2008" 967:

on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accepted by the population as in-laws of

963:. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the 5365: 5350: 5281: 5238: 5228: 5204: 5199: 4866: 4818: 4623: 4567: 2152: 2140: 2062: 2046: 1978: 1920: 1736: 1701: 1599:

Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 prompting investigation by the Russian government.

532: 2570: 1065:, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. As a consequence, shortly after Empress Anna's death, 6612: 5977: 5521: 5271: 5233: 4954: 4861: 4838: 4833: 4752: 4478: 2219: 2128: 2074: 1990: 1916: 1912: 1669: 415: 2077:. Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, largely due to disagreements over the validity of 6304: 6008: 5531: 5511: 5426: 5406: 5276: 5209: 4886: 2253:, and was returned to the descendants of Grand Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish embassy in 2180: 1966: 1785: 1474:. Here, on the night of 16–17 July 1918, the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family, along with several of their retainers, were 1350: 1218:

Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid-1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich

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and then to his son Prince Alexis Romanoff . All of them were born out of unequal marriages and are or were members of the

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Lifespan age of all the russian emperors (1721–1918). The House of Romanov was noted for its succession of short-lived royals.

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Rebecca Bettarini, leaving him and his mother as the last remaining members the Imperial House (according to their claims).

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Grand Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on blue field.

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The Romanovs visiting a regiment during World War I. From left to right, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Grand Duchess Olga, Tsar

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Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of arms of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on red field.

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of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional Government. In April 1918, the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of

625: 6297: 6001: 4998: 4988: 4919: 4901: 4002: 3189: 2619: 2011: 1876: 897: 836: 6602: 5967: 4009: 761:, was nicknamed Koshka ("cat"). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin (descendants of 3824: 3792: 3056: 2629: 2455: 1226:, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess 1664:

of the tsar and his family, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a brutal death by being killed near

1145:, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed 6884: 6832: 6787: 6424: 6200: 5894: 5013: 4906: 3946: 2959: 2639: 1944: 1636: 1062: 1045:, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line. He was succeeded by 774: 690:

The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one

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his wife's lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March 1881 Alexander was

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to be buried beside that of her husband. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at

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Heir to the All-Russian Imperial Throne His Highness Prince Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince of Leiningen

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Heir to the All-Russian Imperial Throne His Highness Prince Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince of Leiningen

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recognises Karl Emich as the heir to the Russian throne, since he and his wife converted on 1 June 2013, from

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Among the other exiles who managed to leave Russia were Maria Feodorovna's two daughters, the Grand Duchesses

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In 1919, Maria Feodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard

1125:, to St. Petersburg and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of 4773: 4485: 3295: 2634: 2168: 2148: 2066: 2003: 1948: 1126: 563: 501: 255: 6998: 5947: 5812: 5702: 5476: 4587: 4249: 2232: 1888: 1860: 1495: 1256: 1084: 524: 376: 7023: 4264: 3215: 1260: 6340: 6324: 5921: 2459: 2320: 1247:

ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than

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pending a future democratic referendum, effectively terminating the Romanov dynasty's rule over Russia.

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dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (

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Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of Astrakhan that contains five arches golden crown over silver

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descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg.

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New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter. His only son to survive into adulthood, Tsarevich

7049: 5687: 4732: 4441: 4404: 4397: 3929:"Prince Andrew Romanoff, grandnephew of Russia's last czar who became an artist in the US – obituary" 3724: 2942:"Prince Andrew Romanoff, grandnephew of Russia's last czar who became an artist in the US – obituary" 956: 893: 762: 199:, under the regnal name Nicholas III (great-great-great-grandson of Alexander II of Russia), disputed 3563: 1287:

rule in Russia. Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed.

955:, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother 6587: 6355: 6227: 6028: 5031: 2624: 2466: 1997: 1685: 1305: 1081:

and the ambassadors of France and Sweden. Ivan VI and his parents died in prison many years later.

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through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the

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that contains golden crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on red field with roses.

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by individuals to be members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas II's family, the best known of whom was

1704:, Elisabeth Feodorovna had ceased living as a member of the Imperial family and took up life as a 678:

in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right

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Grand Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of arms of three grand duchies:

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in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. Grand Duke

1863:. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her great-grandson Prince 1852: 1793: 1568: 1385: 1325: 1301: 1279: 1158: 1078: 889: 780: 328: 190: 6749: 6567: 6084: 1871:, the last living member of the Imperial Family born before the fall of the dynasty, and Prince 1450:

After the February Revolution, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest in the

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for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later,

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Historical reconstruction series "Romanovs" – First Channel, Star Media, Babich Design (2013).

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n:ru:Монархическая партия объявила об обретении наследника российского Императорского престола

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Tombstones marking the burial of Tsar Nicholas II and his family in St. Catherine's Chapel at

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prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russia in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the

7013: 6973: 6806: 6562: 6492: 5631: 5500: 5388: 5340: 5026: 5008: 4662: 4562: 2136: 2034:. Proven research has, however, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners inside the 1389: 1373: 1227: 1204: 1162: 1038: 1019: 675: 368: 248: 222: 6637: 3899: 3881: 3709: 2912: 2368: 2283: 1154: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6855: 6754: 6714: 6592: 6547: 6542: 6390: 6089: 6049: 5937: 5626: 4704: 4602: 4139: 3451: 3440:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 3334: 3323:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 2517: 2190: 1377: 1313: 1270:

A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summer military manoeuvres in

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granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov". The only exceptions, the

602: 6699: 3975:"Romanov Family Association Spokesperson Ivan Artsyshevsky Insults Church, Imperial House" 2494: 1073:

daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a

8: 6874: 6537: 6467: 4258: 4163: 3685:"From St. Petersburg to Toronto: The Life of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (1882–1960)" 2664: 2432: 2090: 1845: 1740: 1436: 1240: 1231: 1166: 1134: 1122: 1097: 1066: 944: 917: 878:. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the 812: 796: 617: 609: 527:

Nicholas II and his family. Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into

505: 454: 450: 423: 379:

in 1918, but there are still living descendants of other members of the imperial house.

356: 291: 280: 212: 136: 7028: 6956: 3455: 3338: 2307: 6978: 6968: 6961: 6889: 6622: 6572: 6365: 6278: 6039: 5957: 5746: 5742: 5646: 4431: 4424: 4414: 4373: 4349: 4110: 3754: 3482: 3439: 3419: 3357: 3322: 3068: 3044: 2116:

formed in 1979, a private organization of most living male-line descendants of Emperor

2050: 1986: 1900: 1841: 1829: 1463: 1459: 1309: 1252: 1042: 991: 840: 820: 587: 470: 395: 364: 242: 6811: 6799: 5932: 3597: 3506:"Nicholas and Alexandra (February 5, 1996) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin" 1070: 843:, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death in 1584. 449:

through a series of wars and reforms. The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when

7008: 6782: 6739: 6512: 6507: 6074: 5857: 5837: 5752: 5621: 4307: 3820: 3798: 3788: 3629: 3487: 3469: 3411: 3403: 3362: 3254: 3149: 3052: 2614: 2446: 2288: 2132: 2086: 2073:(born 1953), who had one child in her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, 2027: 2000:, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Nice, France. 1982: 1770: 1619:

pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid;

1549: 1439:

of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke

1190: 1054: 968: 948: 851: 819:("the Terrible") on 3 (13) February 1547. Since her husband had assumed the title of 816: 766: 683: 679: 592: 517: 438: 403: 372: 360: 167: 131: 101: 6724: 6059: 4500: 3819:. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, pp. 780-782, 798-799, 808-809 (French) 3423: 6983: 6951: 6709: 6557: 6522: 6477: 6462: 6405: 6335: 5942: 5661: 5656: 4544: 4083: 3780: 3740: 3736: 3477: 3459: 3393: 3352: 3342: 3040: 2837: 2800: 2720: 2714: 2679: 2577: 2117: 1451: 1138: 1106: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1007: 921: 909: 875: 800: 770: 723: 703: 699: 509: 484: 462: 399: 387: 343: 319: 272: 226: 3193: 2532:

Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace

2010:, wife of George Mikhailovich, had been vacationing in England with her daughters 1587: 1199:, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the 854:

imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (

7003: 6775: 6744: 6719: 6627: 6532: 6385: 6079: 6054: 5852: 5636: 5562: 4356: 4267:. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 4013: 3960: 3505: 3464: 3380:

Kolesnikov, Lev L.; Pashinyan, Gurgen A.; Abramov, Sergey S. (15 February 2001).

3347: 3261: 2973: 2794: 2561: 2243: 1825: 1248: 1142: 1015: 1003: 983: 913: 870:

rule of Russia. Upon the childless death of Feodor, the 700-year-old line of the

669: 434: 276: 106: 6370: 4254: 3103: 6993: 6988: 6632: 6607: 6487: 6400: 6243: 6099: 5972: 5952: 5760: 5737: 5707: 5682: 5641: 5616: 5611: 5445: 4332: 3662: 3155: 2865:

A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign: With English and French Glossaries

2581: 2254: 1693: 1564: 1479: 1428: 1369: 1329: 1110: 824: 758: 731: 711: 579: 567: 536: 442: 96: 1443:. The latter declined to accept imperial authority save to delegate it to the 605:, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule". 7043: 6933: 6729: 6694: 6597: 6502: 6380: 6263: 6238: 6171: 6161: 6156: 6064: 5962: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5692: 5552: 5547: 4300: 3802: 3530: 3473: 3407: 2545: 2262: 2239: 2039: 2035: 2031: 1715:

Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed there were found

1661: 1533: 1512: 1471: 1467: 1271: 1130: 885: 871: 863: 784: 750: 727: 719: 691: 544: 391: 6289: 5993: 3838:"Royal wedding! Russian Grand Duke to celebrate imperial nuptials THIS year" 3663:"La Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República Oriental del Uruguay" 656: 6497: 6482: 6360: 5651: 5557: 4290: 4006: 3864:"A Legitimist Response to Criticism of the Engagement of Grand Duke George" 3491: 3415: 3366: 2261:

to keep it safe. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at 20 million

2082: 1759: 1732: 1368:

The six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were:

1150: 880: 583: 466: 419: 411: 6824: 6416: 6350: 6192: 5886: 2334: 2326:

The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands:

2242:

in London in March 1927. The remaining collection is on view today in the

2026:

There have been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and

1296:, but also his brother's Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the name 641: 6648: 6110: 5796: 2164: 2156: 2078: 2049:, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander II, claimed the headship of the 1420: 1403: 1338: 1292: 1200: 1170: 1027: 1023: 660: 650: 489: 446: 3104:"Dmitri Romanov: Immigration, friendship with Coco Chanel, the Olympics" 2441:

Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two black

2343:

Tsardom of Kazan, the coat of arms of Kazan that contains black crowned

979: 6704: 6472: 6395: 6258: 6248: 6044: 5817: 5776: 5756: 4096: 2445:

who hold a crown and a red bow with two crossed arrows pointed down on

1720: 1665: 1317: 1244: 937: 888:, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family's leader, 832: 754: 666: 521: 497: 4195:"Treasures of Imperial Russia on display in Moscow and St. Petersburg" 3274:"Romanov family executed, ending a 300-year imperial dynasty- HISTORY" 1837: 1571:

in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed

1230:. Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a 6925: 6253: 5584: 3947:"Ушёл из жизни «последний настоящий Романов» | Русская Культура" 2960:"Ушёл из жизни «последний настоящий Романов» | Русская Культура" 2401: 2054: 1797: 1751: 1744: 1688:, Grand Duke Sergei's secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Grand Duchess 1284: 1146: 1053:. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, 925: 715: 407: 3398: 3381: 2135:

did not possess sovereign status and was not recognized as equal by

1266: 508:

ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the

56: 5732: 3086: 2425: 2094: 1932: 1821: 1727:. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian mission in 1724: 1553: 1519:", built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were killed 1334: 952: 905: 828: 746: 646: 3585:

Nicholas and Alexandra, The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia

2645:

The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)

2189:

was split into four main branches named after the sons of Emperor

2139:

for the purpose of dynastic marriages at the time of the union of

1731:, now beneath a parking area. In 1981 Grand Duchess Elisabeth was 862:

Throughout Feodor's reign (1584–1598), the tsar's brother-in-law,

430:, establishing the Romanovs as Russia's second reigning dynasty. 6679: 6447: 6320: 6223: 6166: 6141: 6024: 5917: 4277: 2108:

was the next male heir of his branch after whom it was passed to

1728: 1560:" has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood. 1508: 1455: 788: 474: 458: 348: 216: 2462:

with a red cape (cloak) attacking green serpent on golden field.

2404:(trikirion) on silver field and two silver fishes on blue field. 2323:

with a blue cape (cloak) attacking golden serpent on red field.

1500: 1290:

Alexander had inherited not only his dead brother's position as

908:

who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the

686:. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament. 547:, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia. 2987: 2344: 1840:. Upon her death in 1928 her coffin was placed in the crypt of 1300:

upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the daughter of King

846: 674:– On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor 352: 1776:

In January 1919, revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes

1700:. Following the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke 943:

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son

737:

His actual origin may have been less spectacular. Not only is

601:

was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty, and in a

5771: 4458: 3710:"DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar's children" 2815: 2774: 2753: 2741: 2442: 1423:, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana, and Grand Duchess 695: 598: 557: 528: 383: 2159:

to Vladimir (in the exclusion of his daughter), the Russian

2127:(a great-nephew of Vladimir Kirillovich through his sister, 2806: 2780: 2765: 2735: 2729: 2694: 2688: 2089:. Since then, her son George Mikhailovich has contracted a 1478:

by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of

1049:, daughter of Peter the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, 835:

against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the eldest,

742: 645:

A 16th-century residence of the Yuryev-Zakharyin boyars in

427: 3725:"Rodzianko and the Grand Dukes' Manifesto of 1 March 1917" 3379: 2821: 2700: 2018:

when the war broke out and chose not to return to Russia.

1109:

of Russia retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their

3914:"Obituary: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanoff (1923-2021)" 3729:

Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes

3436: 3319: 2927:"Obituary: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanoff (1923-2021)" 1705: 3815:

de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy.

2100:

Others have argued in support of the rights of the late

1504:

Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928

1117:(Peter I's elder daughter by his second wife). In 1742, 4052:"About Succession to the Imperial Throne of All Russia" 4026:"About Succession to the Imperial Throne of All Russia" 3296:"The End of a Dynasty: The Death of the Romanov Family" 3231:Исследования по истории класса служилых землевладельцев 1927:

and children, also managed to flee Russia. Grand Duke

1828:, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at 1215:

in 1861 he gained much popular support for his reign.

710:. Later generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious 487:

became the first heir to the throne, having the title

4530: 3642: 2824: 2818: 2783: 2777: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2703: 2697: 1851:

In 2005 the coffin with her remains was moved to the

839:, was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger 562:

Nikolai Nikolaevich", etc.). From January 1762 [

333: 5767:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

3190:"Origins of Romanov surname. Russian royalists site" 2803: 2762: 2756: 2726: 2685: 1153:, among the strictest in Europe – which established 827:", on 16 January 1547, she was crowned as the first 2812: 2809: 2771: 2768: 2732: 2723: 2691: 2682: 2364:

that contains a crowned white eagle on a red field.

1808: 1616:

wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;

1157:as the rule of succession to the throne, requiring 971:and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath. 2386:Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod 2302: 1931:, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the 811:The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, 493:, which was subsequently used for all main heirs. 355:from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after 5828:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 936:offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and 590:that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the 189:Prince Alexis Romanoff, (great-great-grandson of 7041: 5475: 3961:"The Imperial House of Russia, House of Romanov" 2974:"The Imperial House of Russia, House of Romanov" 453:died childless in 1762. As a result, her nephew 3628:. Susan Appleyard. 30 April 2023. p. 194. 3531:"17 July 1998: The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II" 2498:Family tree and timeline of the Romanov dynasty 2347:with red tongue, wings and tail on white field. 1792:, who had been held in the prison of the Saint 1719:The bodies were recovered from the mine by the 896:and forced to take monastic vows with the name 4214: 1758:and Nicholas Johnson (Michael's secretary) in 1660:On 18 July 1918, the day after the killing at 1613:bullet jackets from short barrel guns/pistols; 1470:, in the Urals, where they were placed in the 30:"Romanov" redirects here. For other uses, see 6840: 6664: 6432: 6319: 6305: 6208: 6126: 6023: 6009: 5902: 5461: 4516: 4161:"Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Party". 4097:"Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark" 2206:Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich of Russia 2147:in 1911, thirty seven years prior to that of 1767:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia 1101:Arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 45: 5527:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 3228: 582:, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp 6854: 6446: 6222: 5916: 5321: 4238:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 3061: 2197:The Alexandrovichi (descendants of Emperor 1907:, widow of Nicholas II's uncle, Grand Duke 1678:Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia 1563:Nicholas II and his family were proclaimed 1548:The Ipatiev House has the same name as the 1243:. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and 1092: 576:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 414:lay claim to the Russian throne during the 6847: 6833: 6678: 6671: 6657: 6439: 6425: 6312: 6298: 6215: 6201: 6140: 6133: 6119: 6016: 6002: 5909: 5895: 5517:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia 5468: 5454: 5155: 4523: 4509: 4217:"Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry" 4178:"Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds". 3926: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2939: 2053:Imperial House of Russia, and assumed, as 1756:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 1575:of his faith, like a martyr; but who died 773:among them), whereas the grandchildren of 504:2 March] 1917 as a result of the 180:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia 5387: 4661: 3927:Obituaries, Telegraph (17 January 2022). 3481: 3463: 3397: 3356: 3346: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2940:Obituaries, Telegraph (17 January 2022). 2226: 2213:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia 2141:Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia 1737:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 959:, who blessed him with the holy image of 624:(1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname 566:December 1761], the monarchs of the 394:, which became extinct upon the death of 6578:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 5522:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 4703: 4479:House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line) 3722: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 2861: 2493: 2465: 2431: 2414: 2381: 2367: 2350: 2333: 2306: 2220:Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia 2021: 1993:was imprisoned before fleeing to Paris. 1710: 1670:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia 1586: 1507: 1499: 1413: 1265: 1096: 1083: 978: 866:, and his Romanov cousins contested the 845: 655: 640: 555:Legally, it remains unclear whether any 445:in 1721, transformed the country into a 5532:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 5512:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia 5399: 5333: 4673: 3548: 3069:"Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru" 2855: 2181:Branches of the Russian Imperial Family 2145:Prince Constantine Bagration-Mukhransky 2067:Princess Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani. 2059:Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias 1343:inherited from her maternal grandmother 769:, the former became known as Yakovlev ( 578:. Thus they were no longer Romanovs by 14: 7042: 5848:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 4784:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 4192: 3835: 3779: 3590: 3101: 3005: 2868:. W. & A. K. Johnston. p. 339 1762:. Their bodies have never been found. 1674:Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia 990:Mikhail was succeeded by his only son 940:princes, but all declined the honour. 27:Imperial dynasty of Russia (1613–1917) 6828: 6652: 6420: 6293: 6196: 6114: 5997: 5890: 5449: 5386: 5320: 5154: 4794:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 4702: 4660: 4542: 4504: 3809: 3689:Carolyn Harris – Historian and Author 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3117: 2836: 2259:Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2204:The Konstantinovichi (descendants of 1869:Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia 1682:Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia 1041:, who ruled until her death in 1727. 572:Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia 500:of Nicholas II on 15 March [ 342: 5175:Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna 4683:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna 4543: 3625:The Disappearance of Michael Romanov 3088:Цесаревич Павел Петрович (1754-1796) 2251:Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs 1844:, the burial site of members of the 726:. Indeed, one of the leaders of the 5833:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 4814:Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna 4769:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 4638:Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna 4634:Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna 4629:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna 3993: 3829: 3049:Volume I Europe & Latin America 1943:, and their wives, Grand Duchesses 1911:, and her children the Grand Dukes 1655: 1610:remains of 44 human bone fragments; 1304:and the sister of the future kings 1222:, died suddenly. His wife, Empress 1176: 730:rebellion of 1260–1274 against the 718:claimed that he was the son of the 570:claimed the throne as relatives of 386:in Russia (the highest rank in the 24: 5422:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna 5346:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 5225:Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich 5180:Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 4872:Prince Constantine Constantinovich 4789:Grand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich 4743:Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich 4738:Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna 4261:has books from the Romanov family. 4231: 4018: 4003:Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov 3682: 3306: 2620:Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia 2218:The Mikhailovichi (descendants of 1895:, with their husbands, Grand Duke 974: 25: 7066: 5195:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 4829:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 4779:Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna 4774:Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna 4532:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 4459:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 4243: 4215:Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). 3836:Scarsi, Alice (21 January 2021). 3293: 3253:(Harvard University Press, 2003) 3251:The Revolution of Peter the Great 2630:List of grand duchesses of Russia 2211:The Nikolaevichi (descendants of 1981:, also escaped with her children 1969:, as well as her grandson Prince 1754:revolutionary authorities killed 1149:for the Romanovs – the so-called 1010:) and his son by his second wife 795:. A ninth generation ancestor of 777:changed their name to "Romanov". 612:of 1917, a special decree of the 6788:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 5871: 5870: 5412:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna 5361:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 5356:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna 5300:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna 5244:Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna 5190:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna 5089:Princess Alexandra Rostislavovna 4809:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 4680:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna 4588:Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna 4573:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna 4568:Grand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich 3723:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (June 1976). 3102:Isaeva, Ksenia (25 March 2015). 2799: 2719: 2678: 2640:List of films about the Romanovs 2588: 2569: 2553: 2537: 2525: 2509: 2287: 2282: 2265:(about 2.6 million US dollars). 1809:Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna 1637:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 1631:fragment of fabric of a garment. 1579:faith at the hand of murderers. 1312:, as well as of Britain's Queen 1063:Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick 874:came to an end, ushering in the 823:, which derives from the title " 806: 775:Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev 614:Provisional Government of Russia 550: 390:at the time) under the reigning 375:, and his immediate family were 127:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 55: 5366:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna 5351:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 5282:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 5239:Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich 5229:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 5205:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 5200:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 5093:Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich 5086:Princess Stephena Rostislavovna 5039:Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich 4897:Princess Natalia Constantinovna 4867:Princess Tatiana Constantinovna 4819:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 4799:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 4748:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 4624:Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna 4381:Grand Principality of Lithuania 4255:The Russian Imperial Collection 4208: 4186: 4171: 4154: 4128: 4103: 4089: 4070: 4044: 4007:The Romanoff Family Association 4000:The Romanoff Family Association 3967: 3953: 3939: 3920: 3906: 3892: 3882:"Members of the Imperial House" 3874: 3856: 3773: 3747: 3716: 3702: 3676: 3655: 3616: 3578: 3562:. 22 April 1935. Archived from 3523: 3498: 3430: 3373: 3287: 3266: 3243: 3237: 3222: 3208: 3182: 3162: 3095: 3079: 2670: 2303:Smaller coat of arms (elements) 2153:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 1977:to Sweden. Her other daughter, 1973:and her granddaughter Princess 1882: 1649:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 1492:Execution of the Romanov family 1207:, giving increased autonomy to 1121:brought Anna's son, her nephew 5417:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 5272:Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna 5234:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 5042:Prince Nicholas Rostislavovich 4955:Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich 4862:Prince Gabriel Constantinovich 4839:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 4834:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 4824:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 4753:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 4728:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 4641:Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna 4138:. 27 June 2014. Archived from 3787:. Jonathan Cape. p. 269. 3785:The Romanovs The Final Chapter 3741:10.1080/00085006.1976.11091447 3587:, 1998, Booth-Clibborn, London 3556:"Books: Death at Ekaterinburg" 2980: 2966: 2952: 2933: 2919: 2905: 2880: 2657: 2483: 2460:Saint George the Dragon-slayer 2321:Saint George the Dragon-slayer 2125:Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 1996:Ioann Konstantinovich's wife, 1668:by Bolsheviks. They included: 1239:by a hand-made bomb hurled by 1113:from Peter the Great, through 1012:Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina 996:Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya 514:Russian Provisional Government 197:Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 182:(great-great-granddaughter of 13: 1: 5407:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 5277:Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna 5210:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 5065:Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna 5036:Princess Nadejda Dimitriievna 4887:Prince Georgy Konstantinovich 4733:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 4494:Grand Principality abolished 4486:Grand Principality of Finland 4389:Grand Principality abolished 4193:Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). 4111:"HISTORY OF THE DIAMOND FUND" 3047:Royal Families of the World: 2848: 2635:List of grand dukes of Russia 2372:Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses 2169:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 2004:Olga Constantinovna of Russia 1485: 924:raised him to the dignity of 574:(1708–1728), who had married 5477:Murder of the Romanov family 5427:Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 5249:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna 5097:Prince Nikita Rostislavovich 4892:Princess Vera Constantinovna 4804:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 4608:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 4583:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna 4578:Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna 4374:House of Poniatowski (elect) 4350:House of Poniatowski (elect) 3465:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 3348:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 3041:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh 2490:Rulers of Russia family tree 2475:Grand Duchy of Finland, the 2233:Regalia of the Russian tsars 1961:, escaped with her daughter 1861:Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow 1496:Canonization of the Romanovs 928:. Upon the expulsion of the 694:, attested around 1347 as a 531:abroad. In 1924, Grand Duke 77:(since the mid-18th century) 7: 5254:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 5100:Prince Nicholas Christopher 5080:Prince Michael Mikhailovich 5068:Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna 5062:Princess Natalia Nikolaevna 5045:Princess Marina Vassilievna 4984:Princess Catherine Ivanovna 4960:Prince Vasili Alexandrovich 4950:Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich 4945:Prince Nikita Alexandrovich 4940:Prince Feodor Alexandrovich 4935:Prince Andrei Alexandrovich 4930:Princess Irina Alexandrovna 4882:Prince Igor Constantinovich 4877:Prince Oleg Konstantinovich 4857:Prince John Konstantinovich 4598:Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna 4593:Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna 4182:. 17 March 1927. p. 9. 2663:The Romanov descendants of 2608: 2603:, mausoleum of the Romanovs 2278: 2268: 2174: 2133:House of Bagration-Mukhrani 1409: 1345:, Queen Victoria. Her son, 1328:, a favorite grandchild of 1119:Empress Elizabeth of Russia 622:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 520:of 1917–1922. In 1918, the 418:. On 21 February 1613, the 334: 10: 7071: 6776:Congress Kingdom of Poland 5843:Romanov Family Association 5019:Prince Michael Feodorovich 4989:Prince Nicholas Romanovich 4136:"The Russian Crown Jewels" 2625:List of monarchs of Russia 2502: 2487: 2275:Arms of the Russian Empire 2272: 2230: 2171:, enabling his accession. 2114:Romanov Family Association 1959:Konstantin Konstantinovich 1582: 1489: 793:Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky 636: 631: 402:, caused by the resulting 269:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 152:21 February 1613 107:Congress Kingdom of Poland 75:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 29: 6923: 6862: 6763: 6690: 6458: 6331: 6234: 6152: 6035: 5928: 5866: 5805: 5725: 5675: 5604: 5597: 5571: 5540: 5490: 5483: 5395: 5382: 5329: 5316: 5290: 5262: 5218: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5113: 5052: 5032:Prince Alexander Nikitich 5023:Princess Irene Feodorovna 5004:Prince Michael Andreevich 4994:Prince Dimitri Romanovich 4979:Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich 4968: 4925:Princess Xenia Georgievna 4912:Princess Nadejda Petrovna 4847: 4761: 4715: 4711: 4698: 4669: 4656: 4616: 4555: 4551: 4538: 4483: 4475: 4465: 4456: 4448: 4442:House of Holstein-Gottorp 4438: 4429: 4421: 4411: 4405:Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp 4402: 4398:House of Holstein-Gottorp 4394: 4378: 4370: 4354: 4346: 4330: 4325: 4305: 4297: 4273: 4167:. 3 July 1922. p. 4. 3761:(in Russian). 30 May 2024 3158:. 1944. pp. 103–106. 2319:that contains the iconic 2069:Vladimir's only child is 1820:, which her nephew, King 1803: 1628:seven fragments of teeth; 1165:, responding to the 1820 1123:Peter of Holstein-Gottorp 957:Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova 932:from Moscow in 1612, the 894:Antoniev Siysky Monastery 463:House of Holstein-Gottorp 323: 298: 286: 264: 236: 205: 173: 163: 148: 81: 70: 54: 46: 41: 6771:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 6182:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 6095:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 5077:Prince Andrew Andreevich 5071:Prince Alexis Andreevich 5009:Prince Andrew Andreevich 4999:Princess Xenia Andreevna 4920:Princess Nina Georgievna 4902:Princess Marina Petrovna 4012:17 February 2016 at the 3900:"Prince Alexis Romanoff" 2913:"Prince Alexis Romanoff" 2650: 2601:Peter and Paul Cathedral 2454:Tsardom of Georgia, the 1832:, with her nephew, King 1686:Vladimir Pavlovich Paley 1593:Peter and Paul Cathedral 1155:semi-Salic primogeniture 1093:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 961:Our Lady of St. Theodore 858:from a book dated 1673). 749:. One of Kobyla's sons, 708:grand prince of Vladimir 479:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 437:, who took the title of 314:(also transliterated as 122:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 112:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 32:Romanov (disambiguation) 6856:European royal families 5698:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin 5323:Alexander III of Russia 5123:Prince Cory Christopher 5074:Prince Peter Andreevich 5014:Princess Olga Andreevna 4916:Princess Sofia Petrovna 2862:Woodward, John (1896). 2597:Peter and Paul Fortress 2477:coat of arms of Finland 2458:that also contains the 2456:Coat of arms of Georgia 2360:Tsardom of Poland, the 2315:The centerpiece is the 2187:Russian Imperial Family 2102:Prince Nicholas Romanov 1991:Gavriil Konstantinovich 1967:Georgii Konstantinovich 1857:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 1853:Peter and Paul Fortress 1794:Peter and Paul Fortress 1569:Russian Orthodox Church 1462:in August 1917. In the 1326:Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt 1302:Christian IX of Denmark 1079:Preobrazhensky Regiment 890:Feodor Nikitich Romanov 801:Dimitri Konstantinovich 783:was descended from the 781:Feodor Nikitich Romanov 535:, the senior surviving 382:The house consisted of 191:Alexander III of Russia 5968:Palatinate-Zweibrücken 5823:List of Russian saints 5667:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 5157:Alexander II of Russia 5083:Prince Feodor Nikitich 5027:Prince Nikita Nikitich 4907:Prince Roman Petrovich 3979:The Russian Legitimist 3886:Russian Imperial House 3868:The Russian Legitimist 2892:Russian Imperial House 2499: 2471: 2470:Grand Duchy of Finland 2437: 2420: 2387: 2373: 2362:coat of arms of Poland 2356: 2339: 2317:coat of arms of Moscow 2312: 2227:Romanov family jewelry 2199:Alexander II of Russia 2106:Prince Dimitri Romanov 2028:unsubstantiated claims 1979:Tatiana Konstantinovna 1897:Alexander Mikhailovich 1836:, and later, at Villa 1778:Dmitry Konstantinovich 1716: 1595: 1520: 1505: 1445:Provisional Government 1432: 1275: 1102: 1089: 987: 859: 687: 653: 541:Alexander II of Russia 516:in the lead-up to the 303:Several minor branches 184:Alexander II of Russia 117:Grand Duchy of Finland 6528:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 5632:Alexander Beloborodov 5501:Nicholas II of Russia 5389:Nicholas II of Russia 5185:Emperor Alexander III 5135:Prince Jackson Daniel 4663:Alexander I of Russia 4320:Became Russian Empire 3712:. CNN. 11 March 2009. 3535:www.romanovfamily.org 3386:The Anatomical Record 3051:, 1977, pp. 460–476. 2497: 2469: 2435: 2418: 2385: 2371: 2354: 2337: 2310: 2110:Prince Andrew Romanov 2022:Contemporary Romanovs 1955:Elizaveta Mavrikievna 1937:Nicholas Nikolaievich 1739:, and in 1992 by the 1714: 1692:, a granddaughter of 1590: 1511: 1503: 1490:Further information: 1441:Michael Alexandrovich 1417: 1400:Michael Alexandrovich 1396:Constantine Pavlovich 1269: 1228:Catherine Dolgorukova 1205:Imperial Russian Army 1187:Constantine Pavlovich 1100: 1087: 982: 947:, then living at the 849: 659: 644: 249:Emperor of all Russia 6603:Palatine Zweibrücken 5627:Filipp Goloshchyokin 5507:Alexandra Feodorovna 5103:Prince Daniel Joseph 4723:Emperor Alexander II 4705:Nicholas I of Russia 3844:. Express Newspapers 3755:"Романовы в 21 веке" 3294:Jamie, Hendrickson. 3170:Romanov coat-of-arms 2992:The Imperial Heraldy 2518:Grand Kremlin Palace 2419:Tsardom of Astrakhan 2257:in November 1918 by 2155:. Therefore, as the 2063:Vladimir Kirillovich 2047:Kirill Vladimirovich 1782:Nikolai Mikhailovich 1702:Sergei Alexandrovich 1696:and elder sister of 1690:Elisabeth Feodorovna 892:, was exiled to the 813:Anastasia Zakharyina 791:branch, daughter of 533:Kirill Vladimirovich 433:Michael's grandson, 363:, the first crowned 5948:Palatinate-Neumarkt 5341:Emperor Nicholas II 4563:Emperor Alexander I 4259:Library of Congress 4164:The Washington Post 3916:. 29 November 2021. 3648:King & Wilson, 3602:Orthodox News China 3456:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 3339:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 3233:. pp. 140–141. 2929:. 29 November 2021. 2595:Aerial view of the 2091:morganatic marriage 2075:George Mikhailovich 1963:Vera Konstantinovna 1923:, and Kiril’s wife 1846:Danish royal family 1790:George Mikhailovich 1741:Moscow Patriarchate 1517:Church on the Blood 1437:February Revolution 1241:Ignacy Hryniewiecki 1232:morganatic marriage 1137:. Catherine's son, 1135:Catherine the Great 1111:matrilineal descent 1077:, supported by the 682:in Royal robes and 620:descendants of the 610:February Revolution 506:February Revolution 441:and proclaimed the 357:Anastasia Romanovna 347:) was the reigning 344:[rɐˈmanəvɨ] 292:February Revolution 6553:Brunswick-Lüneburg 5747:October Revolution 5743:Russian Revolution 5647:Nikolay Tolmachyov 4603:Emperor Nicholas I 4432:Duchy of Oldenburg 4425:House of Oldenburg 4415:House of Oldenburg 4365:Kingdom abolished 4265:Romanov Collection 3949:. 2 December 2021. 3743:– via JSTOR. 3260:8 May 2021 at the 3154:. Gotha, Germany: 2962:. 2 December 2021. 2838:[rɐˈmanəf] 2564:, Saint Petersburg 2548:, Saint Petersburg 2500: 2472: 2438: 2436:Tsardom of Siberia 2421: 2402:triple candlestick 2388: 2374: 2357: 2340: 2313: 2311:Tsardom of Muscovy 2071:Maria Vladimirovna 1975:Catherine Ivanovna 1971:Vsevolod Ivanovich 1901:Nikolai Kulikovsky 1889:Xenia Alexandrovna 1865:Michael Andreevich 1842:Roskilde Cathedral 1830:Amalienborg Palace 1786:Paul Alexandrovich 1717: 1596: 1521: 1506: 1464:October Revolution 1460:Alexander Kerensky 1433: 1310:George I of Greece 1276: 1224:Maria Alexandrovna 1103: 1090: 1067:Elizabeth Petrovna 988: 860: 821:Tsar of all Russia 753:, a member of the 714:. An 18th-century 698:in the service of 688: 654: 588:House of Oldenburg 471:House of Oldenburg 365:tsar of all Russia 265:Connected families 243:Tsar of all Russia 7055:Tsardom of Russia 7037: 7036: 6822: 6821: 6646: 6645: 6518:Habsburg-Lorraine 6414: 6413: 6287: 6286: 6274:Habsburg-Lorraine 6190: 6189: 6108: 6107: 5991: 5990: 5884: 5883: 5858:Romanov impostors 5753:Russian Civil War 5721: 5720: 5622:Felix Dzerzhinsky 5593: 5592: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4499: 4498: 4466:Succeeded by 4439:Succeeded by 4412:Succeeded by 4357:Kingdom of Poland 4341:Empire abolished 4316:Tsardom Elevated 4308:Tsardom of Russia 3902:. 19 August 2023. 3781:Massie, Robert K. 3683:Harris, Carolyn. 3635:979-8-215-25659-6 3229:Веселовский С.Б. 3151:Almanach de Gotha 2915:. 19 August 2023. 2615:Romanov impostors 2355:Tsardom of Poland 2300: 2299: 2087:mediatised houses 1893:Olga Alexandrovna 1771:Russian Civil War 1750:On 13 June 1918, 1698:Tsarina Alexandra 1550:Ipatiev Monastery 1388:(1881–1894), and 1213:freeing the serfs 1191:Decembrist revolt 1133:. She reigned as 1107:Holstein-Gottorps 969:Ivan the Terrible 949:Ipatiev Monastery 852:Ipatiev Monastery 797:Michael I Romanov 767:Ivan the Terrible 593:Almanach de Gotha 518:Russian Civil War 416:Polish occupation 404:succession crisis 373:Emperor of Russia 361:Ivan the Terrible 332: 308: 307: 132:Duchy of Holstein 102:Tsardom of Russia 16:(Redirected from 7062: 7050:House of Romanov 6849: 6842: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6764:After partitions 6673: 6666: 6659: 6650: 6649: 6613:Holstein-Gottorp 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6336:House of Basarab 6314: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5978:Holstein-Gottorp 5911: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5874: 5873: 5662:Gavril Myasnikov 5657:Fyodor Lukoyanov 5602: 5601: 5488: 5487: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5397: 5396: 5384: 5383: 5331: 5330: 5318: 5317: 5165: 5164: 5152: 5151: 5132:Princess Madison 5106:Princess Heather 4713: 4712: 4700: 4699: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4657: 4553: 4552: 4545:Paul I of Russia 4540: 4539: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4476:Preceded by 4449:Preceded by 4422:Preceded by 4395:Preceded by 4371:Preceded by 4347:Preceded by 4298:Preceded by 4285:House of Romanov 4271: 4270: 4225: 4224: 4221:sverigesradio.se 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4084:Russian Wikinews 4078: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3870:. 19 April 2022. 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3827: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3467: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3401: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3350: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3300:Parkland College 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3264: 3249:James Cracraft, 3247: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3192:. 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4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4535: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333:Russian Empire 4329: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4283: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4252: 4245: 4244:External links 4242: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4207: 4185: 4170: 4153: 4127: 4115:www.gokhran.ru 4102: 4088: 4069: 4043: 4017: 3992: 3981:. 10 July 2017 3966: 3952: 3938: 3919: 3905: 3891: 3873: 3855: 3828: 3817:Le Petit Gotha 3808: 3793: 3772: 3746: 3735:(2): 154–167. 3715: 3701: 3675: 3654: 3641: 3634: 3615: 3604:. 23 June 2005 3589: 3577: 3566:on 4 June 2008 3547: 3522: 3497: 3429: 3372: 3305: 3286: 3265: 3255:online edition 3242: 3236: 3221: 3207: 3196:on 6 July 2013 3181: 3161: 3156:Justus Perthes 3116: 3094: 3078: 3060: 3004: 2979: 2965: 2951: 2932: 2918: 2904: 2879: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2669: 2665:Peter III 2655: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2582:Tsarskoye Selo 2575: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2464: 2463: 2451: 2450: 2430: 2429: 2428:on blue field. 2413: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2380: 2379: 2366: 2365: 2349: 2348: 2332: 2331: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2255:St. Petersburg 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2023: 2020: 1998:Elena Petrovna 1905:Maria Pavlovna 1884: 1881: 1859:officiated by 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1694:Queen Victoria 1657: 1654: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1584: 1581: 1487: 1484: 1480:Vladimir Lenin 1429:Kuban Cossacks 1418: 1411: 1408: 1330:Queen Victoria 1178: 1175: 1159:Orthodox faith 1094: 1091: 976: 973: 808: 805: 759:Dmitry Donskoy 732:Teutonic order 684:Monomakh's Cap 638: 635: 633: 630: 586:of the German 568:Russian Empire 552: 549: 539:descendant of 469:of the German 461:member of the 443:Russian Empire 406:, saw several 349:imperial house 306: 305: 300: 299:Cadet branches 296: 295: 288: 284: 283: 266: 262: 261: 260: 259: 252: 246: 238: 234: 233: 231: 230: 220: 209: 207: 203: 202: 201: 200: 194: 187: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 150: 146: 145: 143: 142: 140: 139: 137:Order of Malta 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 97:Russian Empire 93: 87: 86: 85: 83: 79: 78: 72: 68: 67: 60: 52: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7067: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 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5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553:Anna Demidova 5551: 5549: 5548:Eugene Botkin 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265:grandchildren 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219:Grandchildren 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5116:grandchildren 5112: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5055:grandchildren 5051: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4971:grandchildren 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850:grandchildren 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762:Grandchildren 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617:Grandchildren 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4469:Grand Masters 4461: 4460: 4453: 4452:Grand Masters 4447: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4301:House of Vasa 4296: 4292: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3933:The Telegraph 3930: 3923: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3825:2-9507974-3-1 3822: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3794:0-224-04192-4 3790: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3560:Time magazine 3557: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3105: 3098: 3091:(in Russian). 3090: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3057:0-85011-023-8 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2946:The Telegraph 2943: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2839: 2829: 2796: 2788: 2716: 2708: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546:Winter Palace 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2263:Swedish krona 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:, married to 2064: 2060: 2057:, the title " 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2042:were killed. 2041: 2040:Yekaterinburg 2037: 2036:Ipatiev House 2033: 2032:Anna Anderson 2029: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:Yekaterinburg 1653: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1534:Peter Ermakov 1529: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1513:Yekaterinburg 1510: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:Ipatiev House 1469: 1468:Yekaterinburg 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:(1894–1917). 1391: 1387: 1386:Alexander III 1384:(1855–1881), 1383: 1380:(1825–1855), 1379: 1376:(1801–1825), 1375: 1372:(1796–1801), 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1316:, consort of 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:Frederik VIII 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1280:Alexander III 1273: 1272:Krasnoye Selo 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Grigory Orlov 1128: 1127:Anhalt-Zerbst 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Anna Petrovna 1112: 1108: 1099: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014:, the future 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 981: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 877: 873: 872:Rurik dynasty 869: 865: 864:Boris Godunov 857: 853: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 807:Rise to power 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:Rurik dynasty 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 741:Russian for " 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:Andrei Kobyla 685: 681: 677: 673: 671: 668: 662: 658: 652: 648: 643: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 595: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 559: 551:Surname usage 548: 546: 545:primogeniture 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 491: 486: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 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