38:
69:
56:
190:
1598:
849:
229:
76:
245:
722:
In 1957, three years later, the United States government declared the area 'clean and safe' and allowed the islanders to return, though they were told to stick to canned foods and avoid the northern islets of the atoll. Evidence of continued contamination mounted, however, as many residents developed
785:
signed a $ 45 million resettlement agreement with the islanders, stipulating that the islanders themselves will scrape off a few inches of
Rongelap's still contaminated surface. However, this is an operation deemed impossible by some critics. In recent years,
790:, the mayor of Rongelap, claimed that the cleanup was successful and envisioned a new promising future for the inhabitants and for tourists. Scientific measurements made in August 2014 verified a safe level of radiation on Rongelap.
809:
In 2019 Chinese investor Cary Lan leased a large part of the atoll for a proposed special economic zone, in what was seen as part of ongoing efforts by China to expand its reach into the
Pacific and conduct
1464:
documentary on the history of the people of the island
Rongelap, who were evacuated due to fallout from the Bikini nuclear tests and their (inc. John Anjain) hearing by a Senate Committee in Washington
691:
also included burning eyes and swelling of the neck, arms, and legs. The inhabitants were forced to abandon the islands, leaving all their belongings, three days after the test. They were relocated to
2207:
360:
test. The population asked the US (several times) to move them from
Rongelap following the test due to high radiation levels, but with no success; so they asked global environmental group
611:
awards
Rongelap more than $ 1 billion as fair damages for its land damage claim, however, since the $ US150m trust fund is almost completely depleted this compensation can never be paid.
710:
was subsequently accused of having used the inhabitants in medical research (without receiving consent) to study the effects of nuclear exposure. Until that time, the United States
525:
declares
Rongelap safe for re-habitation. US scientists note: "The habitation of these people on the island will afford most valuable ecological radiation data on human beings."
714:
had given little thought to the potential impact of widespread fallout contamination and health and ecological impacts beyond the formally designated boundary of the test site.
590:
1994: Independent scientific study finds that depending on dietary restrictions, 25 to 75% of
Rongelap population would exceed the 100 mrem maximum annual exposure limit set.
1450: : Oscar-nominated 1987 documentary on the 1946 atomic bomb tests on Bikini Atoll and the effects on the Bikinians as well as the US sailors who witnessed the tests.
1085:
769:
atoll, approximately 180 kilometers (110 mi) away. The operation took 10 days, moving everyone from 80-year-olds to newborns, as well as their homes and belongings.
821:
After his arrest in
Thailand in 2020, the project was abandoned. He was deported to the United States in 2022 for allegedly bribing elected officials in this case.
653:
hydrogen device produced an explosion that was 2½ times more powerful than predicted, and produced unexpected amounts of fallout that resulted in widespread
683:
the day after the fallout, but left without telling the islanders of the danger they had been exposed to. Virtually all the inhabitants experienced severe
2166:
773:
is significantly smaller than the islands of
Rongelap, and joblessness, suicide, and overcrowding have proven to be problems following the resettlement.
1587:
2030:
2009:
1526:
1618:
2291:
1552:
728:
1103:
806:"for their steadfast struggle against United States nuclear policy in support of their right to live on an unpolluted Rongelap island."
2060:
1329:
1138:
68:
1984:
1638:
114:
1422:
890:(page 436.) 9.107 A radiation dose of 700 rads over a period of 96 hours would probably prove fatal in the great majority of cases.
782:
758:
566:
369:
679:
debris fell up to 2 centimeters (0.8 in) deep over the island. A United States military medical team visited the island with
2281:
2121:
1989:
1633:
711:
522:
1006:
538:
1971: Independent
Japanese medical team invited by Rongelap magistrate denied permission to visit by US citing "visa problems."
1643:
1628:
1572:
453:
2151:
1519:
829:
1063:
2101:
1969:
2183:
2070:
1999:
1994:
832:
operates Mejatto Elementary School, which serves descendants of the community in Mejatto that resided in Rongelap Atoll.
757:
moved approximately 350 people and 100 metric tons (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of building material. to the islets of
751:
to seek their help in relocating the people of Rongelap and in 1985, 'Operation Exodus' took place. In three trips, the
2220:
1957:
584:
1282:
1245:
1064:"Poisoned Lives, Contaminated Lands: Marshall Islanders Are Paying a High Price for the United States Nuclear Arsenal"
2065:
2014:
1979:
1606:
1196:
292:
1477:"Biological and environmental effects of nuclear war. Hearings before the Special Subcomm. on Radiation, Joint Comm"
507:
Atoll. Islanders have vomiting, diarrhea, skin burns, and some later experience hair loss. They were suffering from
2126:
2004:
1512:
597:
government submits Change of Circumstances petition asking for significantly more compensation than the $ US150m.
368:
made three trips moving the islanders, their possessions and over 100 tons of building materials to the island of
2146:
2084:
2048:
1623:
1582:
1544:
1397:
1159:
977:
2116:
601:
402:
2176:
2171:
2131:
2106:
1597:
345:
with an area of 1,000 square miles (2,600 km). It is historically notable for its close proximity to
2161:
1974:
1562:
1007:
United States National Research Council Committee on Radiological Safety in the Marshall Islands (1994).
811:
619:
452:. Following the end of World War II, Rongelap came under the control of the United States as part of the
449:
931:
2187:
850:"Republic of the Marshall Islands 2021 Census Report, Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report"
541:
1976: Report finds 69% of Rongelap children who were under 10 in 1954 have developed thyroid tumors.
430:
2193:
654:
1497:
2096:
615:
508:
17:
1358:
440:
along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1885. After World War I, the island came under the
1577:
731:, whose own son died of leukemia, appealed for international help, without significant response.
608:
1417:
1107:
695:
for medical treatment. Six days after the Castle Bravo test, the U.S government set up a secret
37:
803:
753:
561:
514:
1955-1957: Internally displaced Rongelapese inhabitants repeatedly request permission from the
365:
1437:
649:, about 120 kilometers (75 mi) from Rongelap Atoll. On March 1, 1954, the testing of the
1484:
1010:
Radiological Assessments for Resettlement of Rongelap in the Republic of the Marshall Islands
2286:
2111:
1130:
1033:
638:
604:
determines it has no legal responsibility to provide additional nuclear test compensation.
478:
330:
314:
301:
8:
1337:
1037:
528:
1958: Rates of Rongelap miscarriages and stillbirths twice the rate of unexposed women.
2156:
1908:
1567:
1457:
989:
684:
441:
426:
220:
580:
1986: Nuclear test compensation approved, setting aside a $ US150 million trust fund.
1557:
1192:
860:
493:
55:
2198:
1842:
1535:
1479:. Congress, U. S. At. Energy, 86th Congress, 1st session, Washington, US GPO, 1959.
1233:
Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940-1980
1045:
1041:
740:
700:
594:
545:
422:
410:
338:
322:
260:
195:
622:) reasserts its position that it has satisfactorily compensated Rongelap victims.
1869:
1836:
1441:
1426:
1401:
1186:
883:
787:
445:
373:
1823:
1786:
1726:
1376:
1059:
1008:
902:
888:. U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. pp. 436–437.
680:
666:
658:
532:
396:
384:
The Marshall Islands, of which Rongelap Atoll is a part, were first settled by
661:
contaminated more than 7,000 square miles (18,000 km) of the surrounding
2275:
1931:
1806:
707:
662:
642:
631:
515:
489:
485:
470:
437:
349:
326:
129:
116:
102:
1817:
1504:
232:
Fallout plume of 1954 nuclear test extending over Rongelap Atoll (centre). "
2215:
1915:
1900:
1811:
1720:
1707:
1685:
1672:
1444:
shows the Greenpeace evacuation and the resettlement on Mejato island 1987.
1291:
1256:
799:
744:
670:
650:
646:
549:
474:
406:
385:
357:
1024:
Johnson, Giff (February 1979). "Micronesia: America's 'strategic' trust".
1923:
1848:
1776:
1714:
1700:
1693:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1461:
1404:." Marshall Islands Public School System. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
696:
687:, including itchiness, sore skin, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Their
676:
334:
318:
149:
1476:
1453:
1447:
1938:
1892:
1884:
1855:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1678:
1377:"Marshall Islands: Chinese pair plotted 'mini-state' in Pacific nation"
748:
635:
553:
414:
361:
235:
1394:
993:
2259:
2225:
1862:
1733:
766:
692:
574:
504:
399:
341:. Its total land area is 8 square miles (21 km). It encloses a
45:
724:
699:
to study the medical effects of the weapon on the residents of the
665:
including some of the then inhabited surrounding islands including
429:. Fourteen years later it was visited by the Spanish expedition of
1359:"Pacific islands: a new arena of rivalry between China and the US"
1284:
Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island - Note by the Secretary
1876:
1800:
1766:
688:
497:
353:
228:
1432:
1314:
1740:
815:
392:
342:
278:
1793:
952:
The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations
770:
762:
570:
556:
because the US denies the senator's requests for evacuation.
857:
Pacific Community (SPC): Statistics for Development Division
954:. The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.121.
272:
248:
244:
42:
1330:"Discovering Nuclear Studies Through the Marshall Islands"
1188:
Bombs in the Backyard Atomic Testing and American Politics
269:
1104:"The Bikini Atoll Survey "Operation Crossroads," 1946-47"
669:, Rongelap Atoll (120 kilometers (75 mi) away) and
281:
275:
1290:, United States Atomic Energy Commission, archived from
1086:"U.S. Statement on the Report of the Special Rapporteur"
565:
makes three trips to evacuate the Rongelap community to
1173:
The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet
346:
1246:"Establishment of Program 4 and Project 4.1 in Castle"
293:
1315:"Rongelap Atoll Local Government - Marshall Islands"
503:
March 3, 1954: US evacuates Rongelap inhabitants to
284:
266:
903:"Marshallese-English Dictionary - Place Name Index"
263:
1231:Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984).
1013:. National Academies Press. pp. Introduction.
352:tests in 1954, and was particularly devastated by
2031:Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site
306:
2273:
234:Estimated total (accumulated) dose contours in
2023:
881:
251:astronaut photography image of Rongelap Atoll.
1534:
1520:
717:
882:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. (1977).
1218:Isobelle Gidley and Richard Shears (1986).
723:thyroid-tumors, and many children died of
238:at 96 hours after the BRAVO test explosion.
1527:
1513:
1321:
734:
54:
1106:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
1058:
980:(1920). "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire".
976:
842:
587:determines Rongelap safe for habitation.
459:
1175:, Monthly Review Press, New York, p. 73.
885:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (3rd ed.)
783:United States Department of the Interior
243:
227:
1023:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
776:
14:
2292:Municipalities of the Marshall Islands
2274:
1573:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1280:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1128:
454:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
448:. The base became part of the vast US
75:
1508:
1235:, Harper & Row, New York, p. 207.
1184:
1158:Lorna Arnold and Mark Smith. (2006).
1026:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
830:Marshall Islands Public School System
313:
1970:Constitution of the Marshall Islands
1152:
965:The discovery of the Pacific Islands
913:
798:In 1991, the People of Rongelap and
552:requests evacuation assistance from
421:(Islands of the Three Wise Kings in
1456:The End of the World (1995/VPRO-TV/
1205:
1141:from the original on 10 August 2007
747:approached the environmental group
27:Coral atoll in the Marshall Islands
24:
2221:Marshall Islands War Memorial Park
1469:
1327:
1281:McCool, Woodford C. (1957-02-06),
1068:Seattle Journal for Social Justice
585:United States Department of Energy
436:Rongelap Atoll was claimed by the
25:
2303:
1429: (archived December 23, 2010)
1411:
405:on 1 January 1528. Together with
1596:
259:
188:
167:21 km (8.1 sq mi)
74:
67:
36:
2147:College of the Marshall Islands
1583:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
1387:
1369:
1351:
1307:
1274:
1255:. 11 March 1954. Archived from
1238:
1225:
1178:
1165:
1160:Britain, Australia and the Bomb
1131:"Energy of a Nuclear Explosion"
1122:
1096:
1078:
1052:
727:. The magistrate of Rongelap,
391:The first sighting recorded by
2282:Atolls of the Marshall Islands
1191:. Reno: University of Nevada.
1046:10.1080/00963402.1979.11458582
1017:
1000:
970:
957:
944:
895:
875:
13:
1:
1253:James Reeves to Frank D. Peel
1185:Titus, A. Costandina (2001).
835:
417:atolls, they were charted as
1433:Rongelap Atoll official site
1171:John Bellamy Foster (2009).
932:"The evacuation of Rongelap"
824:
793:
634:military conducted numerous
625:
464:
7:
2249:indicates populated islands
1975:Compact of Free Association
1563:Naval Base Marshall Islands
630:From 1946 through 1958 the
620:Barack Obama administration
450:Naval Base Marshall Islands
10:
2308:
2258:(parenthesis) indicates a
1220:The Rainbow Warrior Affair
718:Failed return to the atoll
518:to return to their atoll.
425:) due to the proximity of
379:
2242:
2206:
2194:Majuro Cooperative School
2140:
2092:
2083:
2056:
2047:
1965:
1956:
1775:
1652:
1614:
1605:
1594:
1543:
1129:Kaleem, Muhammad (2000).
655:radioactive contamination
496:) allegedly unaware that
216:
208:
203:
184:
179:
171:
163:
155:
145:
108:
98:
93:
62:
53:
35:
1619:Administrative divisions
1162:, Palgrave Press, p. 77.
1090:www.geneva.usmission.gov
712:Atomic Energy Commission
616:United States government
523:Atomic Energy Commission
509:acute radiation syndrome
1578:Pacific Proving Grounds
1454:Het Einde van de Wereld
781:In September 1996, the
735:Relocated by Greenpeace
609:Nuclear Claims Tribunal
431:Ruy López de Villalobos
376:, 180 kilometers away.
48:image of Rongelap Atoll
2255:indicate single island
1492:Cite journal requires
1423:Entry at Oceandots.com
967:. Oxford, 1960, p. 23.
804:Right Livelihood Award
500:will reach Rongelap.
460:Nuclear testing impact
307:
252:
241:
172:Highest elevation
1418:Marshall Islands site
1297:on September 25, 2007
639:nuclear weapons tests
488:detonates 15-megaton
479:nuclear weapons tests
247:
231:
175:3 m (10 ft)
2184:Kwajalein Jr./Sr. HS
2152:Public School System
1262:on 27 September 2006
1135:The Physics Factbook
1092:. 18 September 2012.
812:chequebook diplomacy
777:Compensation awarded
645:tests, primarily at
331:legislative district
317:) is an uninhabited
2177:Northern Islands HS
2172:Marshall Islands HS
1383:. 8 September 2022.
1363:The Financial Times
1338:Columbia University
1038:1979BuAtS..35b..10J
982:Geographical Review
602:Bush Administration
477:Islanders prior to
126: /
32:
2162:Kwajalein Atoll HS
2061:Telecommunications
1656:(Sunrise, Eastern)
1644:Towns and villages
1588:Colonial governors
1568:South Seas Mandate
1458:Theo Uittenbogaard
1438:Bikini - mon amour
1400:2018-02-21 at the
978:Churchill, William
685:radiation sickness
442:South Seas Mandate
419:Islas de los Reyes
403:Álvaro de Saavedra
321:of 61 islands (or
253:
242:
130:11.317°N 166.783°E
30:
2269:
2268:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2079:
2078:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2010:Political parties
1985:Foreign relations
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1779:(Sunset, Western)
1558:German New Guinea
1328:Lestch, Corinne.
950:Brand, Donald D.
861:Pacific Community
535:begin to appear.
494:Castle Bravo test
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
2299:
2199:Delap SDA School
2138:
2137:
2090:
2089:
2054:
2053:
2021:
2020:
1963:
1962:
1650:
1649:
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1536:Marshall Islands
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1334:Columbia College
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1223:
1222:, Unwin, p. 155.
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907:www.trussel2.com
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2122:Public holidays
2075:
2035:
2024:U.S. government
2019:
1990:Law enforcement
1944:
1771:
1761:Knox (Nadikdik)
1648:
1601:
1592:
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1470:Further reading
1442:Oliver Herbrich
1427:Wayback Machine
1414:
1409:
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1402:Wayback Machine
1395:Public Schools
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1365:. 9 April 2019.
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963:Sharp, Andrew.
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788:James Matayoshi
779:
754:Rainbow Warrior
737:
720:
681:geiger counters
628:
562:Rainbow Warrior
484:March 1, 1954:
473:Navy evacuates
467:
462:
446:Empire of Japan
382:
374:Kwajalein Atoll
366:Rainbow Warrior
294:
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135:11.317; 166.783
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1662:Bokak (Taongi)
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659:mushroom cloud
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671:Utirik Atoll
651:Castle Bravo
647:Bikini Atoll
641:, including
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550:Jeton Anjain
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475:Bikini Atoll
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386:Micronesians
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358:Castle Bravo
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186:
2287:Ralik Chain
2000:LGBT rights
1995:Legislature
1777:Ralik Chain
1654:Ratak Chain
1343:18 November
729:John Anjain
636:atmospheric
573:islands in
335:Ralik Chain
319:coral atoll
302:Marshallese
221:Marshallese
146:Archipelago
133: /
109:Coordinates
2276:Categories
1843:Ailinginae
1837:Ruwitūntūn
1818:Wōdejebato
1301:2007-11-07
1145:2007-07-22
937:2024-08-04
836:References
749:Greenpeace
677:Irradiated
607:2007: The
554:Greenpeace
411:Ailinginae
362:Greenpeace
209:Population
2260:submarine
2226:Roi-Namur
2157:Jaluit HS
2141:Education
2066:Transport
2015:President
1980:Elections
1870:Kwajalein
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1607:Geography
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825:Education
794:Aftermath
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626:The tests
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465:Time line
400:navigator
393:Europeans
356:from the
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94:Geography
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2167:Laura HS
2127:Religion
2112:Language
2005:Military
1958:Politics
1830:Rongelap
1824:Rongerik
1787:Enewetak
1727:Maloelap
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1381:BBC News
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814:against
725:leukemia
689:symptoms
548:senator
427:Epiphany
212:0 (2021)
121:166°47′E
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1877:Lemkein
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1801:Lomilik
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1634:Islands
1624:Climate
1545:History
1425:at the
1266:16 June
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697:project
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