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447:, to show support for the 40,000 garment workers in New York. She attracted media attention because of her marriage to Graham Phelps Stokes, and reporters came to cover her appearance at the strike headquarters at Clinton Hall. She said, "My ideal is that we all be economically interdependent. We should not be independent like millionaires, nor dependent like laborers. My ideal is that we all be interdependent. And I'm not working in a losing cause."
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Graham had been embarrassed before World War I by her public activism related to birth control, not widely accepted, and labor politics. Some of his family were among those who were quite opposed to her politics. With increasing strain between them, in 1925 Graham brought a petition for divorce in
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In May and June 1912, Pastor Stokes helped lead a strike by the New York City restaurant and hotel workers. In the winter of 1913, she aided the New York garment workers in another "bitter strike." Graham began to devote more time to writing, but Rose continued her activism. She distributed birth
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and Helen Stokes. Both Graham and Rose Stokes continued their activities on behalf of the
Socialist movement. She frequently traveled around the country to speak and debate about the cause and helped picket, strike and organize for specific events. She wrote regularly for the
244:
and helped develop it into the 1930s. In addition to her writing on politics, she wrote poetry and plays; one was produced in 1916 by the
Washington Square Players. She started her autobiography in 1924 but had not completed it at her death; it was published in 1992.
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Pastor Stokes began to travel throughout the United States, speaking and contributing articles to various newspapers. In 1918, after her comments following a speech in Kansas City were incorrectly reported, Pastor Stokes wrote a letter to the editor of the
620:" to drive her off the stage at a meeting of the Communist Council of America. In 1929 she was arrested for demonstrating during a garment workers' strike. Due to her years of working with activists of the Lower East Side, she was called "Rose of the
564:, on grounds of "misconduct by his wife". He won a decree. Pastor Stokes issued a statement denouncing New York's divorce laws, and saying that she and her husband had lived as "friendly enemies" for some time. She said she would cherish her freedom.
269:) on July 18, 1879, the daughter of Jacob and Hindl (later known as Anna) Wieslander. Her mother had loved a Catholic man, but her father refused to allow her to marry him. Rose's parents separated after she was born, and her father emigrated to the
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At the time of death, Pastor Stokes was working on her autobiography, which she had started in 1924. Before her death, she had sent numerous documents related to her writing to her agents in the United States. She asked her friend
555:
authored the opinion that overturned the decision, citing a bias by the
District Judge. Despite tensions due to their differing positions on World War I, relations between Pastor Stokes and her husband were relatively congenial.
378:
Soon, Pastor also became active in work of
University Settlement. Her friendship with Stokes deepened, and in early-1905, they announced their engagement. The couple was married on July 18, 1905—her 26th birthday—and joined the
320:) for letters from Jewish workers, she submitted a letter. When it was published, she was encouraged to write more. The paper continued to publish her letters, in which she expressed her ideas about the working class. The
571:, a Polish-Russian Jewish immigrant and a language teacher who was seventeen years younger than she. He was an active member of the Communist Party and became its cultural chief in New York. He later changed his name to
498:. At first Rose also left the Socialists, as she was disappointed with the party's official position on the war, endorsing "active interference with the war effort". She believed that Germany was a threat to
601:
as an
American delegate to the Fourth Congress of the Communist International (Comintern). She served there as the reporter for the special Negro Commission at the Congress and adopted the
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506:'s policies furthered international democracy. She became associated with the left wing of the Socialists. In 1919, she was among the founders of the American Communist Party.
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and made court appearances to support men and women arrested for picketing and/or demonstrating. Her activities were met by spirited anti-Communist opposition during the
532:. This was one of several indictments of activist women during the World War I years. Their criticism of the war threatened the national power of the patriotic mothers.
643:, on April 15, where she was operated on for cancer by Professor Vito Schmiden. While under treatment, she died in the hospital on June 20, 1933, aged 53. Her body was
639:
in 1930. In 1933, she went to
Germany for radiation therapy. In April 1933, friends collected funds for hospital expenses. Pastor Stokes entered Municipal Hospital in
237:. Pastor Stokes continued to be active in labor politics and women's issues, including promoting access to birth control, which was highly controversial at the time.
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544:
551:. In reaction to this, Pastor Stokes moved to the left in her political leanings. The government ultimately dismissed the case against her in 1920. Judge
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article, her stepfather was reported as having died a few years after the family arrived in
Cleveland. Pastor helped support her six siblings and mother.
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347:. He had gained media attention because of his high social status and his charitable work for the needy. Descended from families prominent since the
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together soon thereafter. Stokes was an
Episcopalian, she Jewish, but neither practiced their religions, instead devoting themselves to Socialism.
332:. With a salary of $ 15 a week, after a couple of years, Pastor had saved enough to bring her mother and siblings from Cleveland to New York City.
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in the
English-language section, offering advice to other young women. She also wrote human interest features. The paper was published mostly in
277:. There Anna married Israel Pastor, who gave his surname to his stepdaughter Rose, and had six more children with Anna. The family lived in the
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in colleges. Over the next decade, both Graham and Rose lectured frequently on socialist themes on behalf of the ISS on US college campuses.
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605:"Sasha". After returning to the United States, Stokes was elected to the Executive Committee of the newly formed Workers' Party.
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During her testimony at her espionage trial in 1918, Stokes reportedly said that at the age of 23 she became the editor of the
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616:, such as a 1919 incident in Yonkers, New York, when a group of local men led by Rev. Francis T. Brown loudly sang the "
1105:"Singing National Air Silences Rose Stokes: "Star-Spangled Banner", by Yonkers Audience, Breaks Up a Communist Meeting"
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1068:, Finding Aid for the Rose Pastor Stokes Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University; accessed April 19, 2014.
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403:
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904:"Rose Stokes in the Shirtwaist Strike; Personality of a Young Woman Who, 'Always a Rebel', Now Helps Other Rebels"
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After World War I, Pastor Stokes had left the
Socialist Party again; in 1919, she became a founding member of the
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520:. She accused the US government of being allied with profiteers. Controversy over the letter led to a federal
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281:, a neighborhood of poor immigrants. Rose Pastor attended classes for a time at the Bell Lane Free School (
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233:, a member of elite New York society, who supported the settlements in New York. Together they joined the
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in the Lower East Side. But Pastor Stokes also kept her cottage in Westport, and frequently lived there.
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756:. Translated by Rose Pastor Stokes in collaboration with Helena Frank. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1914.
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Patrick Renshaw, "Rose of the World: The Pastor-Stokes Marriage and the American Left, 1905–1925",
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Her unfinished autobiography was published posthumously in 1992. Pastor Stokes' papers are held by
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During this time, Pastor discovered her talent for writing. Responding to a solicitation from the
815:. An "emphatic denial of that statement" was issued by Sarasohn & Son, the publishers of the
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to be closer to the work he found most satisfying, that of social projects. Stokes moved to the
229:. She was a figure of some public notoriety after her 1905 marriage to Episcopalian millionaire
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After being sentenced to 10 years in Missouri State prison, Pastor Stokes and her attorney,
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factory, where she worked as a cigar maker for the next eleven years. According to a 1910
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Rebel Cinderella: From Rags to Riches to Radical, the Epic Journey of Rose Pastor Stokes
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Rebel Cinderella: From Rags to Riches to Radical, the Epic Journey of Rose Pastor Stokes
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and her ashes sent to New York, where a memorial service was held at Webster Hall.
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340:
992:"Tale of a 'rebel Cinderella': How a firebrand Jewish immigrant shocked the world"
273:. In 1882 when Rose was three, her mother emigrated with her parents and child to
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Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion During World War I
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I Belong to the Working Class: The Unfinished Autobiography of Rose Pastor Stokes
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nations. Shortly she rejoined the Socialists, as she doubted whether President
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1080:"Rose Pastor Stokes Was More Than a Celebrity — She Was a Working-Class Hero"
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655:, also a communist and a writer, to complete it, sharing her views with him.
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482:(1916), about a labor leader, was produced by the Washington Square Players.
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In 1909, a few years after their marriage, the Stokeses moved to a house in
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She was the most-mentioned woman in American newspapers from 1918 to 1921.
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He finally abandoned the work in 1937. During the 1950s, he was among the
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772:
Stokes, Rose Pastor (1992). Shapiro, Herbert; Sterling, David L (eds.).
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She also continued writing, contributing poetry to such publications as
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55:
924:"Yidishes Ṭageblatt = the Jewish Daily News (New York, N.Y.) 1885-1928"
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president and prominent in high society. He gave up his mansion at 299
1279:"Rose Pastor Stokes Asks Privilege to Return to Socialist Party Ranks"
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720:"The Condition of Working Women, from the Working Woman's Viewpoint"
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214:(née Wieslander; July 18, 1879 – June 20, 1933) was an American
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and helped develop it into the 1930s. In 1922, she traveled to
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63:
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Rose Pastor Stokes: The Portrait of a Radical Woman, 1905-1919
1053:, New York University, New York City; accessed March 6, 2009.
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By 1929, Pastor Stokes had remarried. Her second husband was
293:
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in the United States. In 1892, she took a job in a Cleveland
1027:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 5, 55-57.
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control information, and frequently organized meetings with
494:. But Graham Stokes withdrew from the party and joined the
324:
hired her and she moved to New York in 1903. She became a
288:
In 1891, when Pastor was twelve, her family emigrated to
697:. Much of this material is also available on microfilm.
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Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
954:
The Journey Home; Jewish Women and the American Century
1401:
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
1247:, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1989.
1143:, June 21, 1933, at Spartacus; accessed March 5, 2009.
1293:, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved July 28, 2010.
545:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
240:
In 1919, Pastor Stokes was a founding member of the
1230:, vol. 62, no. 4 (October 1981), pp. 415–438.
1051:"Guide to the Rose Pastor Stokes Papers, 1905-1933"
478:. During this period she also wrote several plays;
459:, who led efforts for women to have birth control.
575:, called V.J., serving as editor for decades for
285:was once a pupil there and later an instructor).
1406:People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
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1071:
417:Rose Pastor Stokes at work at her desk, c. 1910.
375:. Pastor praised Stokes' ideals in her article.
1298:Rose Pastor Stokes, Caritas Island, Connecticut
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335:In July 1903, Pastor was assigned to interview
1245:Fire and Grace: The Life of Rose Pastor Stokes
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687:Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives
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910:, January 2, 1910; accessed October 25, 2020.
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724:American Jewish Woman; A Documentary History
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528:. Pastor Stokes was tried and convicted in
406:(ISS) to encourage study and discussion of
1240:; PhD dissertation. Yale University, 1983.
1066:"Rose Pastor Stokes: Biographical History"
978:
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516:in which she criticized US involvement in
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1391:American people of Russian-Jewish descent
1381:Members of the Socialist Party of America
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253:Rose Harriet Wieslander was born into an
1386:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
1281:, marxists.org; accessed April 19, 2014.
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443:In 1909, Pastor Stokes took part in the
412:
402:, Graham Phelps Stokes helped found the
208:American activist and writer (1879–1933)
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778:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
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1008:
950:
771:
726:. KTAV Publishing House. p. 538.
668:House Un-American Activities Committee
666:after their refusal to testify to the
490:In 1917, the Socialists denounced the
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1285:"The Martyrdom of Rose Pastor Stokes"
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169:
1411:Deaths from breast cancer in Germany
1322:Works by or about Rose Pastor Stokes
1078:Tanenbaum, Laura (24 October 2020).
630:
13:
1261:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2020
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1154:"Mrs. Stokes Tells Jury Own Story"
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837:"Stokes (Wieslander), Rose Pastor"
14:
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1223:(Chicago), Vol. 9, no. 26, pg. 4.
704:published a biography of Stokes:
635:Pastor Stokes was diagnosed with
404:Intercollegiate Socialist Society
386:In September 1905, together with
1243:Arthur Zipser and Pearl Zipser,
990:Tenorio, Rich (17 August 2020).
876:The Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
173:
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1146:
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543:, successfully appealed to the
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39:and Rose Pastor Stokes in 1918.
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872:"Rose Pastor Stokes 1879-1933"
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807:
749:Songs of Labor and Other Poems
718:Phelps Stokes, Rose H (1981).
1:
1376:Writers from New York (state)
1130:Profile of Rose Pastor Stokes
823:
685:, where they are held at the
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957:. New York: The Free Press.
722:. In Marcus, Jacob R (ed.).
496:New York Army National Guard
7:
1313:Works by Rose Pastor Stokes
581:. The couple lived at 215
10:
1432:
1291:Rose Pastor Stokes profile
1287:; accessed April 19, 2014.
1206:. May 23, 1918. p. 8.
1188:. May 23, 1918. p. 2.
595:Communist Party of America
381:Socialist Party of America
337:James Graham Phelps Stokes
242:Communist Party of America
212:Rose Harriet Pastor Stokes
133:Communist Party of America
127:Socialist Party of America
1162:. May 22, 1918. p. 4
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878:. Jewish Women's Archive
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589:Communist Party activity
1200:"Mrs. Stokes, 'Editor'"
912:(subscription required)
427:William English Walling
49:Rose Harriet Wieslander
1204:New York Evening World
1182:"Corrects Mrs. Stokes"
951:Antler, Joyce (1997).
841:Jewish Virtual Library
761:The Woman Who Wouldn't
695:New Haven, Connecticut
480:The Woman Who Wouldn't
418:
112:Birth control advocate
1301:, 1909 photograph by
530:Kansas City, Missouri
526:Espionage Act of 1917
431:Anna Strunsky Walling
423:Westport, Connecticut
416:
365:University Settlement
1307:Museum of Modern Art
618:Star-Spangled Banner
608:She participated in
573:Victor Jeremy Jerome
492:American war program
475:The Century Magazine
306:Writing and activism
1371:Socialist feminists
1351:American communists
996:The Times of Israel
928:Library of Congress
870:Rosenbaum, Judith.
683:New York University
569:Jerome Isaac Romain
549:St. Paul, Minnesota
486:War and prosecution
231:J. G. Phelps Stokes
187:Jerome Isaac Romain
1356:American activists
1236:Stanley Tamarkin,
1219:J. Louis Engdahl,
1135:2013-12-31 at the
1111:. 10 November 1919
1109:The New York Times
1023:Kathleen Kennedy,
766:G.P. Putnam's Sons
670:(HUAC) during the
641:Frankfurt, Germany
524:for violating the
419:
312:Yidishes Tageblatt
83:Frankfurt, Germany
20:Rose Pastor Stokes
1396:Jewish communists
1366:Marxist feminists
1361:American Marxists
1317:Project Gutenberg
1303:Clarence H. White
1257:Adam Hochschild,
817:Jewish Daily News
813:Jewish Daily News
764:New York/London:
578:Political Affairs
553:Walter H. Sanborn
541:Chicago, Illinois
445:Shirtwaist Strike
373:Jewish Daily News
322:Jewish Daily News
317:Jewish Daily News
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