Royal Indian Navy mutiny

2135:, the third largest political force at the time, extended full support to the naval ratings and mobilised the workers in their support, hoping to end British rule through revolution rather than negotiation. The two principal parties of British India, the Congress and the Muslim League, refused to support the ratings. The class content of the mass uprising frightened them and they urged the ratings to surrender. Patel and Jinnah, two representative faces of the communal divide, were united on this issue and Gandhi also condemned the 'Mutineers'. The Communist Party gave a call for a general strike on 22 February. There was an unprecedented response and over a lakh students and workers came out on the streets of Calcutta, Karachi and Madras. The workers and students carrying red flags paraded the streets with the slogans "Accept the demands of the ratings" and "End British and Police zoolum". Upon surrender, the ratings faced court–martial, imprisonment and victimisation. Even after 1947, the governments of Independent India and Pakistan refused to reinstate them or offer compensation. The only prominent leader from Congress who supported them was Aruna Asaf Ali. Disappointed with the progress of the Congress Party on many issues, Aruna Asaf Ali joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) in the early 1950s. 601:

which served as the primary base for the RIN and hence became over crowded with bored and dissatisfied personnel awaiting their release. The dissatisfaction among the Indian personnel came from a variety of causes such as dismal living conditions, arbitrary treatment, inadequate pay and a perception of an uncaring senior leadership. Despite the wartime expansion, the officer staff of the formed remained predominantly white and the navy was noted to be the most conservative in terms of number of Indian officers. The concentration of the personnel and grievances in its ranks combined with tense interracial relations and aspirations to end British rule in India led to a volatile situation in the navy.

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Miles personally visited all the shore establishments, paid off the lease on the smaller warships and sent the larger warships for exercises at sea on a continual basis. The schedule was made more hectic to keep the naval ratings distracted and minimize routine contact with the civilian population. The warships remained disarmed and the small arms out of access during the exercises. No further unrest occurred in the navy and Miles was considered to have been at least partially successful in restoring confidence in the reliability in the Royal Indian Navy.

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densely populated with a heavy working–class concentration, as a result civilian life was severely disrupted with the military deployment and the placement of cordons. Exaggerated narrations of events spread through the city, and the civilian population, which was already sympathetic to the mutineers, were galvanized along with growing apprehensions for the military presence. The narrations included rumours and were primarily spread by the expropriated boatmen and fishermen who were able to maintain some lines of communication with those in Keamari.

351: 340: 1699:. At noon, a crowd of thousands had formed at Idgah park which was joined by the Communist Party–led procession. The police force was eventually deployed at the park who were repulsed after several attempts to disperse the crowd. Idgah had become a centre of resistance for the protesters, where later in the day, some of the communist leaders called for the protesters to disperse but were unable to contain the majority of the crowd who were galvanised by the previous day's radical messages and attacked the nearby police personnel. 2128:

then collaborationist Muslim League. It is possible that the League also realised the likelihood of a destabilised authority as and when power was transferred. This certainly is reflected on the opinion of the sailors who participated in the strike. It has been concluded by later historians that the discomfiture of the mainstream political parties was because the public outpourings indicated their weakening hold over the masses at a time when they could show no success in reaching agreement with the British Indian government.

225: 296: 285: 203: 215: 329: 318: 307: 190: 375: 260: 2084: 364: 248: 179: 4944: 1987: 1500: 42: 138: 832:". The vandalism was spotted before sunrise and Balai Chandra Dutt, a five–year veteran of the war, was caught while escaping the scene with stickers and glue in his hand. Subsequently, his lockers were searched and communist and nationalist literature were found among its contents. The material was considered to be seditious; Dutt was interrogated by five senior officers in quick succession including a 161: 149: 126: 1718:, Europeans and occasionally Indian government servants, who were stripped of their hats and ties, which were then burnt on the ground. This was followed by police moving through the streets and on several occasions resorting to opening fire to disperse the crowds. The crowds, which were primarily composed of students and working–class people, dispersed at night as they returned to their homes. 1658:. According to the authorities, "dangerous and provocative anti–British speeches" were made at this assembly; an expression prominent in the meeting was that the mutineers had shown them how the arms provided to them could really be utilised while civilians were helpless because of the lack of weapons or contact with the mutineers. The meeting concluded with the decision to call for a city–wide 859:" and "junglies" to describe his Indian underlings. Some of the naval ratings filed a formal complaints against the leadership style of the commanding officer. On 17 February, a large number of ratings began refusing food and orders for military parades, King had reportedly used the term "black bastards" to describe a group of sailors during the morning briefing. By 18 February, the ratings at 1241:

also witnessed unrest in its base of operations in Bombay. The personnel including pilots refused transportation duties for the deployment of British troops in the city and orders to fly bombers over the harbour. Around 1,200 air force strikers began a procession in the city alongside the ratings. The procession was joined in by striking servicemen from the Naval Accounts Civilian Staff.

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mutineers back into their barracks. Warning shots from machine guns and rifles were fired near the harbour to prevent the army from advancing further. The naval ratings had taken position at the harbour and were well armed with small arms and ammunitions available at the warships, lockers and munitions depots at the naval establishments. The warships in the harbour were armed with

1227:, a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. The provincial units of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League however opposed the mutiny from the onset. Disappointed and disgruntled with opposition from the national leadership towards the mutiny, the flags of the Congress and Muslim League were pulled down and only the red flags kept aloft. 1608:

millimeter howitzers. The warship refrained from retaliating with its full armament to avoid hitting sympathetic civilian targets in the city in light of its impaired vision. One of the main gun turrets exploded due to the shelling resulting in a fire aboard the ship, while it was attempting to leave the harbour. On this turn of events at 10:55, the mutineers at HMIS

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British Admiralty requesting urgent assistance and stating that the mutineers possessed capabilities to take the city. Meanwhile, the ratings manning shops at the harbour exchanged rifle fire with advancing British troops of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. Salvos from the main guns of the RIN warships were fired at the British troops approaching the barracks.

616:. However the war had brought the two closer together under the leadership of the British High Command and due to temporary transfers between the two navies. The British naval circles were prevalent with perceptions of lack of competency among Indians, opposition to the independence movement and assumptions of continued British presence in India. 1849:

further broadcasts increased tensions between the officers and the naval ratings, and rumours began to spread among the sailors. Lacking direct communication with the mutineers and access to print news, the ratings were primarily informed about the mutiny by the officers and were unable to understand the situation in Bombay.

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military trucks and dispatches were attacked with stones on several routes. The mutineers surrendered but civil unrest had begun to sweep through the city. The protests which began spontaneously in the preceding days, became more organised with the involvement of students and local leaders. In the evening, the

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inability to prevent and contain the rebellion, which had jeopordised British security in the Indian Ocean. Although he was not held responsible in any official naval proceedings and continued to serve the British Admiralty, he was informally rebuked through means such as being overlooked in award of honors.

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poor leadership and a failure to instill any belief in the legitimacy of their service. Furthermore, there was tension between officers (mostly British), petty officers (largely Punjabi Muslims), and junior ratings (mostly Hindu), as well as anger at the very slow rate of release from wartime service.

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Numerous boards of inquiry were set up at the shore establishments and naval bases across India by the naval authorities as factfinding bodies to investigate the causes and circumstances of the mutiny. The bodies consisted of British armed forces officers and primarily took witness testimonies of RIN

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The government called for the armed forces to be deployed in the city and the crowd at the park, faced with the arrival of the troops, scattered into smaller groups. The troops occupied the park in the afternoon, but the smaller groups, inflamed by their deployment, targeted government establishments

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were refusing commands from the CO. Eventually, the ratings rebelled, seizing control of the shore establishment and expelling the officers. Over the course of the day, the ratings moved across the Bombay Harbour from ship to ship in an attempt to convince other ratings to join them in the mutiny. In

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of the Royal Indian Navy began once the war with Japan ended. Leased ships were paid off, a number of shore establishments were closed and the sailors were concentrated into select establishments for their release from service. Much of the concentration occurred in the naval establishments at Bombay,

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basis as operational requirements changed over the course of the war, the naval headquarters was moved from Bombay to New Delhi during this period, the navy acquired a varied assortment of warships and landing crafts, and the naval infrastructure in British India was expanded with improved dockyards,

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However, probably just as important remains the question as to what the implications would have been for India's internal politics had the revolt continued. The Indian nationalist leaders, most notably Gandhi and the Congress leadership, had apparently been concerned that the revolt would compromise

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Indian historians have looked at the mutiny as a protest against racial discrimination and supply of bad food by the British officials. British scholars note that there was no comparable unrest in the Army, and have concluded that internal conditions in the Navy were central to the mutiny. There was

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The change in leadership did not bring about change in attitudes in the British naval leadership and Miles embraced the vision for the near and long term of the navy that had been pervaded by Godfrey. He continued to employ British naval officers and no changes were made in the hierarchy of command.

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Precautionary measures were taken against possibility of a second rebellious outbreak. Firing mechanisms were removed from the warships, small arms kept under lock by British officers and army troops were deployed as guards on board warships and at the shore establishments. British admirals, despite

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order in the Karachi district which prohibited gatherings of more than three people. The police force was however ineffective in enforcing the order due to low morale in the force, abstentions and instances of collusion between police personnel and civilian agitators. Over the course of the day, the

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In the evening, the mutineers at Keamari fixed rendezvous points with the workers and boatmen, and returned to the island. The mutineers held a number of meetings at night on the island to deliberate upon a plan of action for the following day. Around 11:00 pm, HMIS Chamak, the radar school received

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and eventually began a march towards the railway station claiming that they intended to march on Delhi. In the meantime, a second meeting was called which quickly came to the decision to drop the planned agitation and support the activities of the ratings in the city. The ratings working through the

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Around 16:00, the firing from the warships were ceased following instructions from the Strike Committee and the ratings retreated out of the barracks. The marines stormed the barrack facilities in the evening, seized the munitions storage and secured all the entrances and exits of the barracks. With

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Over the course of the day, many of the ratings moved into the city armed with hockey sticks and fire axes, causing traffic disruption and occasionally commandeering vehicles. Motor launches seized at the harbour were paraded around and cheered on by crowds gathering at the piers. Demonstrations and

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In British circles, confidence in the loyalty and reliability of the Royal Indian Navy was shattered. The mutiny marred the reputation of John Henry Godfrey. He became known for professional neglect and was blamed for losing control of the navy during the mutiny. Godfrey took responsibility for his

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mass demonstrations in support of the sailors would erode central political authority if and when transfer of power occurred. The Muslim League had observed passive support for the "Quit India" campaign among its supporters and, devoid of communal clashes despite the fact that it was opposed by the

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On 22 February 1946, large–scale agitations by civilians began across several cities other than Bombay and Karachi, such as Madras, Calcutta and New Delhi. Looting was widespread and directed at government institutions, grains stores were looted by the impoverished, as were jewelry shops and banks.

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On 22 February 1946, flashes of firing and sounds of gunfire from the confrontation could be seen and heard in Karachi. The port area was swarmed with military vehicles where some of them were vandalised by civilians. Indian military police were heckled and jeered at by crowds while British troops,

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was also directed to re–take Manora Island, who according to an Intelligence Bureau report to the Home Department had captured the gunnery school at 9:50 am. The report further stated that the casualties at the time were 7 RIN ratings and 15 paratroopers wounded on the island. The remaining ratings

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Warships and shore establishments became constituencies for the election of the committee from which individual representatives were elected to the committee. Most of the members of the committee remain unknown, and many of them were reportedly under 25. Of those known, were the petty officer Madan

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contained inflammatory speeches and had created a volatile atmosphere. There were several upsurges between November 1945 and February 1946. In a September 1945, All India Congress Committee meeting, the party had taken the stand that in case of any confrontations, negotiation and settlement must be

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The Muslim League made similar criticisms of the mutiny, arguing that unrest amongst the sailors was not best expressed on the streets, however serious their grievances might be. Legitimacy could only, probably, be conferred by a recognised political leadership as the head of any kind of movement.

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in the city. Government buildings were vandalised by smaller groups throughout the city and a sub–post office burned to the ground. One group attempted to capture the municipal building but were prevented by the police who arrested 11 youths, including a Communist Party leader. The crowds targeted

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was the sole warship in the area and commanded the passage into the Karachi Harbour. In the morning of 22 February 1946, Commodore Curtis, the British commanding officer at the harbour held parley at 8:30 am, coming on board the ship in an effort to persuade the ratings to surrender, and providing

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of Bombay shouting slogans to galvanize Indians, followed by instances of altercations between the mutineers and Europeans including servicemen. Police personnel, students and labour organisations in the city went on sympathetic strikes in support of the mutineers. The Royal Indian Air Force units

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informing officers to maintain a degree of tolerance for a smooth transition in case of Indian Independence such that British interests are secured by maintaining good relations. Unable to catch the conspirators and restricted from taking strict action against their underlings, the command at HMIS

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was the commanding officer of the RIN and had overseen its transformation from a small coastal defense fleet to a regional navy. In the post war period, he intended to preserve its status as a regional navy and had the vision for the RIN to serve as in instrument of British interests in the Indian

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on 18 February in protest against general conditions. The immediate issues of the revolt were living conditions and food. By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike committee was elected. The strike found some support amongst the Indian population, though not their political leadership who saw

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The grievances focused on the slow pace of demobilisation. British units were near mutiny and it was feared that Indian units might follow suit. The weekly intelligence summary issued on 25 March 1946 admitted that the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force units were no longer trustworthy, and, for the

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received news of the mutiny in Bombay during the breakfast hour on 20 February 1946. The commanding officer of the flotilla addressed the personnel at 16:00 expressing sympathies with "legitimate aspirations" while emphasizing the importance of maintaining order and discipline. The following day,

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On 24 February 1946, the military forces in the city successfully enforced a curfew. The unrest subsided over the following days and the military presence was removed by the end of 26 February. Estimates of casualties from the shootings come only from official figures: 4–8 killed, 33 injured from

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The authorities were in close contact with their counterparts in Bombay and intended to prevent a similar collaboration between mutineers and civilians that had reportedly led to a critical situation in Bombay. Cordons were placed at the bridges connecting Keamari with the rest of the city by the

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On the morning of 20 February 1946, it was reported that Bombay Harbour, including all its ships and naval establishments had been overtaken by mutineers. It encompassed 45 warships, 10–12 shore establishments, 11 auxiliary vessels and four flotillas, overtaken by around 10,000 naval ratings. The

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On 2 February 1946, Auchinleck himself was supposed to attend the establishment and the officers aware of the potential for vandalism had employed guards to prevent any large–scale action beforehand. Despite this, the group was able to add stickers and paint the walls of the podium from where the

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or college education as opposed to general seamen who were primarily from the peasantry. In late 1945, upon reassignment, around 20 operators along with a dozen sympathisers frustrated with racial discrimination faced by them during their period of service, formed a secretive group under the self

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convinced Indian sailors to surrender and condemned the mutiny, realising the political and military risks of unrest of this nature on the eve of independence. The leaders of the Congress were of the view that their idea of a peaceful culmination to a freedom struggle and smooth transfer of power

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condemned the revolt. His statement on 3 March 1946 criticized the strikers for revolting without the call of a "prepared revolutionary party" and without the "guidance and intervention" of "political leaders of their choice". He added: "If they mutinied for the freedom of India they were doubly

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On 23 February 1946, Karachi observed a complete shutdown with warehouses and stores closed, tramway workers on strike, and students from college and schools demonstrating on the streets. The authorities, in an attempt to prevent civil unrest which was witnessed in Bombay a day earlier, arrested

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The Royal Marines were directed to re–take the Castle Barracks, the mutineers entered into fire fights on some of the army positions on land. The mutineers attempted a probe into the city but the army successful repulsed it, preventing them from surging into Bombay. Godfrey sent a message to the

575:" composed of demographics who were politically segregated. The ratings were composed of a diverse group, from different regions and religions, mostly from rural backgrounds. Some of them had not even physically encountered Britons before the recruitment. Exponential rises in the price of goods, 530:

and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months, and the condition of surrender which shielded them from persecution. Patel, who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis, issued a statement calling on the strikers to end their action, which was later echoed by a

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at Keamari were confiscated by British authorities and brought into the city, and the military deployment searched vehicles that had entered the city from Keamari to prevent mutineers from infiltrating Karachi. Much of the population was concentrated near the ports and Keamari in particular was

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on the ship, heavy machine guns on board the ship were also utilised. Two four–inch main guns on board the ship were primed although their field of vision of impaired due to low tide. In a retaliatory measure, the artillery battery fired at the ship with mortars and field guns, including the 75

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and the All–India Muslim League that none of them would be persecuted. Contingents of the naval ratings were arrested and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months, despite resistance from national leaders, and the condition of surrender which shielded them from

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barracks before his expected dismissal from the force. He would later come to be known one of the primary instigators of the mutiny. Within a day, the mutiny had spread to 22 ships in the harbour and 12 other shore establishments in Bombay. On the same day, the mutiny was also joined in by RIN

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The strike committee had advised mutineers to refrain from engaging in combat with the army personnel in the city, and the ratings hesitant about engaging in a confrontation with the police and the army retreated to the harbour by afternoon. The troops however proved inadequate in pushing the

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that the government was attempting to enforce a blockade and cut off food supply to them. During the same time, Godfrey offered to accede to one of the demands, that of improvement in the quality of food which reportedly baffled the mutineers. Parel Mahila Sangh, a communist–affiliated union

774:. Following the end of the war, the establishment was among the locations in Bombay where a large number of ratings were deployed. Around 1,000 communications operators were residing at the establishment, most of the whom consisted of lower–middle class and middle–class people with 2102:, who was one of the few prominent political leaders of the time to offer support for the mutineers, stating that she would rather unite Hindus and Muslims on the barricades than on the constitutional front. Gandhi's criticism also belies the submissions to the looming reality of 2174:

More recently, the RIN Revolt has been renamed the Naval Uprising and the mutineers honoured for the part they played in India's independence. In addition to the statue which stands in Mumbai opposite the sprawling Taj Wellingdon Mews, two prominent mutineers, Madan Singh and

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were deployed in Karachi for assistance. According to unconfirmed reports, many of the Indian regiments refused to fire at the mutineers. The army predominantly relied on British troops for the duration of the mutiny and the civil unrest in the city that followed afterwards.

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There is a secret rivalry between the Communists and Congressmen, each trying to put the other in the wrong. In yesterday’s speech Vallabhbhai almost said, without using so many words, that the trouble was due to the Communists trying to rival the Congress in the manner of

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and in Burma were seeping into the glaring public–eye at the time. These, received through the wireless sets and the media, fed discontent and ultimately inspired the sailors to strike. After the Second World War, three officers of the Indian National Army (INA), General

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The commission became highly politicised. It was criticised for being over–legalistic, selective in its conduct and antagonistic towards the military institution. Its report was publicly released in January 1947. British naval officers remained skeptical of its findings.

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began refusing orders in protest against the violent suppression of the mutiny in Bombay and Karachi. The Communist Party of India called a general strike in the city and around 100,000 workers participated in mass demonstrations and agitations over the following days.

1413:. Curfew was imposed in the city. Fearing a wider, communist–inspired rebellion in the country, the government decided to crack down on the agitators. Over the course of the unrest, up to 236 people were killed and thousands were injured, though these figures include 811:", across various walls of the establishment. The senior officers cleaned up the premises before the public arrived without further action. The weak response emboldened the conspirators who continued on with similar activities over the course of the following months. 1248:

convened a meeting and came to the decision to stand firm and accept only unconditional surrender, refusing any notions of a parley. Rear Admiral Rattray issued an order to confine all the naval ratings back into their quarters at the barracks by 15:30. General

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harbour facilities consisted of the Fort and Castle Barracks, the Central Communications Office which oversaw all signals traffic for naval communications in Bombay, the Colaba receiving station and hospital facilities of the Royal Indian Navy located nearby in

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and other economic difficulties eventually forced many of them to join the expanding armed forces of the British Raj. In a period of 4 to 6 years, the recruits underwent a transformation in their mindset. They were exposed to developments from around the world.

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officers with a small cross–section of other ranks. The cause of the mutiny was determined to have its basis in administrative deficiencies such as inadequate information, failure of regular inspections, lack of experienced petty officers, chiefs and officers.

1578:. The cordons prevented the mutineers from entering the city and hundreds of ratings were pinned down at the Keamari area throughout the day. Local workers at the dockyards joined up with the ratings and held demonstrations with slogans calling for revolution. 423:), and ultimately came to involve over 10,000 sailors in 56 ships and shore establishments. The mutiny failed to turn into a revolution because sailors were asked to surrender after the British authorities had assembled superior forces to suppress the mutiny. 2122:

in 1942 when central control quickly dissolved under the impact of suppression by the colonial authorities, and localised actions, including widespread acts of sabotage, continued well into 1943. It may have been the conclusion that the rapid emergence of

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resorted to increasing the pace of demobilization in the hopes that the troublemakers would be pushed out of the force during the process. As a result, the group shrunk in size but the remaining ones remained enthused for more nationalistic activities.

2171:. The literature of the Communist Party portrays the RIN Revolt as a spontaneous nationalist uprising that had the potential to prevent the partition of India, and one that was essentially betrayed by the leaders of the nationalist movement. 1598:

The parley drew no response and the ultimatum was ignored, the ratings were observed to be in preparations for manning the ship's armaments. Altered by this development, the British troops advanced through Keamari and attempted to board HMIS

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In 1945, it was ten times larger than its size in 1939. Between 1942 and 1945, the CPI leaders helped in carrying out mass recruitment of Indians especially communist activists into the British Indian Army and RIN for war efforts against

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Calcutta in particular experienced frequent instances of civil unrest in opposition to the trials, and eventually led to the popular support emerging in favor of the revolutionary vision of an independent India that was advocated by the

1595:"safe conduct" to those who would do so by 9:00 am. The ultimatum's time delineation had been adjusted with the low tide which put the warship off the shore at a strategically disadvantageous position with respect to troops on land. 443:

was the only nation–wide political organisation that supported the rebellion. The British authorities had later branded the Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the

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On 25 February 1946, a detachment of troops surrounded the frigate located at the Kolkata Harbour and arrested the disobedient ratings, who were imprisoned. The general strike in the city came to an end on the following day.

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On 20 February 1946, it was reported that with the aid of radio and telegraph messages from the Signals School and Central Communications Office in Bombay, the mutiny had spread to all RIN sub stations in India, located at

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On 20 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee had recommended some of the ratings to move into the city to garner popular support for their demands. RIN trucks packed with naval ratings entered European–dominated

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had ended by the time some of the ratings made it across were met with British troops that had advanced into and occupied Keamari. In the meantime, British paratroopers captured the shore establishments on the island. The

939:, second–in–command to the Royal Indian Navy, and the commanding officer at the Bombay Harbour conducted an inspection in person which confirmed that the unrest was widespread and beyond his control. Rattray insisted on a 1491:

association, organised for walls in the naval areas and in the city to be struck with posters and painted with galvanising slogans such as "We shall live as a free nation" and "Tyrants your days are over", among others.

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disembarked from the ship and refused to return unless certain officers were transferred, in protest against discrimination faced by them. Over the course of the day, the group began to swell as naval ratings from HMIS

1069:, Krishnan did not join the rebellion and was also able to prevent a mutiny from the ratings under his command, with an apparent "charismatic speech" where he used his Indian identity to maintain the chain of command. 1686:

Numerous mass gatherings, meetings and demonstrations were held while the Communist Party of India led a procession of 30,000 people through the city. The subdued naval ratings on Manora Island also carriedout a

564:. The force was involved in escorting allied convoys in the Indian Ocean, defending the Indian shoreline against naval invasions and supporting allied military operations through coastlines and rivers during the 2379:

the strategy of a negotiated and constitutional settlement, but they sought to negotiate with the British and not within the two prominent symbols of respective nationalism—–the Congress and the Muslim League.

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Spontaneous and unregulated upsurges, as the RIN strikers were viewed, could only disrupt and, at worst, destroy consensus at the political level. This may be Gandhi's (and the Congress's) conclusions from the

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were trapped at the jetty on Manora, unable to cross over to Keamari and faced with the Black Watch behind them. In the end, 8–14 were killed, 33 wounded including British troops and 200 mutineers arrested.

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sent out a communication via the All India Radio, stating that the most stringent measures would be utilised to suppress their mutiny, including if necessary the destruction of the Navy itself. Rear Admiral

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On 21 February 1946, Admiral John Henry Godfrey released a statement on the All India Radio, threatening the mutineers to surrender immediately or face complete destruction. He had conferred with the

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had motivated sailors across Bombay and the Royal Indian Navy to join in by the prospects of a revolution to overthrow the British Raj and in solidarity with the grievances of their naval fraternity.

1108:, a training facility for Special Services ratings which had the capacity of 3,000 trainees was seized by the 500 ratings who were residing within it premises. Two inland establishments, HMIS 795:

The first incident occurred on 1 December 1945, when RIN Commanders had intended to open up the establishment to the public; in the morning the group vandalised the premises by littering the

4134: 2262:, 15 were found to be subscribers to CPI literature. The British later came to know that the revolt, though not initiated by the Communist Party of India, was inspired by its literature. 2639: 2224:. He was appointed as the commanding officer of the British naval forces in Western Mediterranean from March 1943 till the end of the war, and was the British representative at the 1453:

jetty on the mainland and eventually moving through the city in opposition to British rule and endorsing unity between the Indian National Congress and the All–India Muslim League.

1944:) were held across the province by the personnel from the force warning the government against shooting at Indians and demanding the release of the Indian National Army soldiers. 661:

According to the Home Department of the Raj, the Congress advocacy during the trials, their election campaign for the advisory council and the highlighting of excesses during the

684:"Provided they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If however the Indian Army went the other way the picture would be very different." 2220:. Between June 1941 to March 1943, Miles had served as the head of the British naval mission in Moscow and was responsible for coordinating British naval operations with the 2239:

Following independence, the navy was divided in two, but British officers remained in positions of authority within the two navies; the Royal Indian Navy (later renamed to

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reached Bombay after being flown in from the headquarters at New Delhi. The army had formed an encirclement around the harbour and naval districts. The ratings informed

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while in custody. Many of the striking ratings, some of whom were identified as their leaders, were arrested by the authorities and sent to the military prison camp at

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at Jamnagar for having the stayed loyal and threatening the destruction of the navy if the mutineers didn't surrender. The broadcast reportedly agitated the ratings.

1623:. This delayed the crossing of mutineers from Manora to Keamari as it significantly reduced the number of boatmen willing to assist them. The confrontation with HMIS 399:, is a failed insurrection of Indian naval ratings, soldiers, police personnel and civilians against the British government in India. From the initial flashpoint in 1890:

surrendered before they could reach their designation which prompted them to redirect towards Bombay. The mutiny had however ended by the time it reached the city.

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through the Saliors' Association in Karachi. The general body came to a unanimous decision to launch an agitation on 21 February with a procession beginning at the

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and the dismissal of 476 sailors from the Royal Indian Navy. None of those dismissed were reinstated into either the Indian or Pakistani navies after independence.

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The mutiny at the naval establishments at Manora were joined by local residents. By morning, the mutineers were crossing over to Keamari on civilian and military

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shot and killed one of the ratings during the process, whose blood soaked shirt became the flag for the mutineers. The other military vessel in the harbour, HMIS

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The British authorities in 1948 branded the 1946 Indian Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the

1065:, Lieutenant Krishnan had created a diversionary signal and moved out of the harbour on 20:00, 18 February 1946. Despite protestations from his Sub–Lieutenant 1875:

had set out for sea on 21 February 1946. The ship was seized by the 120 ratings on board after receiving a radio transmission for assistance from the warship

2474: 1910:. The mutineers paraded through the streets of the city shouting slogans and attacked the British officers who attempted to impede them in their activities. 625:

and maintained that British officers would be necessary for the fleet to continue functioning as Indian officers lacked the required expertise and training.

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Indian Naval personnel began calling themselves the "Indian National Navy" and offered left–handed salutes to British officers. At some places, NCOs in the

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Movement and communication between Keamari and Karachi were cut off with the placement of a military and police cordon from 21 February onward. Civilian

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began shelling in their direction with up its twelve–pounder guns. Two ratings on the launches died and several were wounded in the minor confrontation.

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had been seized by the naval ratings at midnight, the officers subdued, and the warship moored at the Manora Island. Within hours of the mutiny at HMIS

5277: 2138:

It has been speculated that the actions of the Communist Party to support the mutineers was partly born out of its nationalist power struggle with the

1763:(RIASC). During the mutiny, the supplies provided to the RIASC was pilfered by servicemen and sold off to the mutineers through the black market. HMIS 5505: 4262:

Davies, Andrew D. (3 July 2014). "Learning 'Large Ideas' Overseas: Discipline, (im)mobility and Political Lives in the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny".

2196:

the mutiny, were unwilling to cede control and retained assumptions of the navy acting as an instrument of British interests in the Indian Ocean.

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wrong. They could not do so without a call from a prepared revolutionary party." He further criticized the local Indian National Congress leader

1357:

and Colaba camps revolted and joined up with the naval ratings. Sporting white flags spattered with fake blood, around 1,000 airmen occupied the

4529:

Meyer, John M. (2 January 2017). "The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946: Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India".

851:

for insubordination, and the commanding officer Frederick King reportedly indulged in racialist polemic along with the use of epithets such as "

560:

new training facilities and other support infrastructure. The RIN played an instrumental role in halting the progress of Japanese forces in the

5789: 5123: 2382:

In 1967 during a seminar discussion marking the 20th anniversary of Independence; it was revealed by the British High Commissioner of the time

6853: 1409:. This was followed in quick succession with the arrival of an anti–tank battery from the Field Regiment of the Royal Artillery stationed in 1312:

who recommended the swift suppression of the mutiny to prevent it from turning into a greater military conflict. The British flotilla of the

2332: 1417:

sparked by the mutiny. On 23 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee requested all the warships to fly black flags of surrender.

6823: 4668:

Spector, Ronald (January 1981). "The Royal Indian Navy Strike of 1946: A Study of Cohesion and Disintegration in Colonial Armed Forces".

2426:

where it was being performed; soon it was banned by the Congress government of West Bengal and its writer imprisoned for several months.

2228:. The diplomatic experience of Miles hence led to a perceptions of him being best suited to deal with the aftermath of the mutiny by the 2176: 840:. He was imprisoned in solitary confinement for seventeen days, while the acts themselves continued unabated following his imprisonment. 460:

the dangers of mutiny on the eve of Independence. The actions of the mutineers were supported by demonstrations which included a one–day

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were set on fire, the US Information Office was raided and the American flag located inside was pulled down and burned on the streets.

2439:

whose plot is set at this time. Several Indian and British characters in the book discuss and debate the revolt and its implications.

6868: 4291:

Davies, Andrew (August 2013). "Identity and the assemblages of protest: The spatial politics of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946".

2023: 2004: 1914: 1124:, a reserve officer's training facility that had been converted into an officer's demobilisation center, was seized by 120 ratings. 6873: 5851: 4843: 1223:

were hoisted. The Bombay committee of the Communist Party of India called a general strike which was supported by leaders from the

555:(RIN) had rapidly expanded from a small naval force composed of sloops to become a full–fledged navy. The expansion occurred in an 17: 1339:

the marines having gained a foothold inside the harbour, the Central Strike Committee was moved from the shore establishment HMIS

522:

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and

6893: 6052: 5991: 2422:, became an important anti–establishment statement, when it was first performed in 1965 in Calcutta. It drew large crowds to the 2407: 2030: 6843: 6796: 4926: 4233:

Davies, Andrew (October 2019). "Transnational connections and anti-colonial radicalism in the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, 1946".

2091:

The mutineers in the armed forces received no support from national political leaders and were themselves largely leaderless.

535:

on behalf of the Muslim League. Under these considerable pressures, the strikers gave way. Arrests were then made, followed by

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recommended a commission of inquiry determine the causes and origin of the mutiny. The commission of inquiry's members were:

2251:

became the commanding officer of the Indian Navy. None of the discharged sailors were pardoned or reinstated in either navy.

1654:

held a public meeting at the Karachi Idgah park, which witnessed a gathering of around 1,000 people and was presided over by

1603:, beginning with sniper fire from a distance directed at those on the deck of the ship. The mutineers returned fire with the 1273:

and main batteries with 4–inch guns, that had been altered to the advancing troops and directed their guns towards the land.

5556: 2456:) as a Royal Indian Navy mutineer returning home along with fellow mutineer and National Award–winning stage and film actor 6990: 5407: 2578: 1468:

followed by ratings from other establishments joined them. The group moved into the Keamari locality with slogans such as "

2037: 6924: 5569: 5050: 1550:. Some of the ratings were caught on their way by British manned patrol boats that fired at them and retreated when HMIS 1394: 495:), the British garrisons had to face some unrest within the ranks of the Indian Army. Widespread rioting took place from 4697:

Spence, Daniel Owen (27 May 2015). "Beyond Talwar : A Cultural Reappraisal of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny".

2328: 2310: 2168: 1928:

On 22 February 1946, the stations of the RIAF in Punjab witnessed a mass general strike. Several demonstrations in the

4404:

Jeffrey, Robin (April 1981). "India's Working Class Revolt: Punnapra-Vayalar and the Communist 'Conspiracy' of 1946".

1771:

witnessed around 80 signals operators refusing to following commands and barricading themselves inside their station.

7005: 6985: 6818: 6813: 4906: 4373: 2383: 2248: 2106:, having stated "If the union at the barricade is honest then there must be union also at the constitutional front." 2070: 2019: 1287:

took up positions, pointing their batteries at the oil storage and other military buildings on the Bombay shoreline.

1211:

On the warships and shore establishments, the British flags and naval ensigns were pulled down and the flags of the

6828: 5741: 5469: 4901: 2229: 799:

with burnt flags and bunting, prominently displaying brooms and buckets at the tower and painting slogans such as "

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However, on 20 February 1946, before the planned procession could occur, a dozen naval ratings on the old sloop

6944: 2008: 1245: 4764: 1860:

Godfrey had issued a statement through the All India Radio giving the example of the shore establishment HMIS

6914: 6883: 5327: 1558: 1433:

reached Karachi on 19 February 1946. In the afternoon, the naval ratings from the shore establishments HMIS

1088:

which held the residence quarters of the landing craft wing of the RIN had been seized by 600 ratings, HMIS

6934: 6590: 5941: 5548: 5449: 5134: 5128: 4836: 2553: 2514: 6780: 6167: 5816: 5429: 5338: 4886: 4866: 4480:

Madsen, Chris (2003). "The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946". In Bell, Christopher; Elleman, Bruce (eds.).

2225: 1566: 1414: 1262: 1092:, the demobilisation center in the city which was seized by over 1,400 ratings who were housed there. On 897:

the meantime, B. C. Dutt had spent several days in solitary confinement and was allowed to return at the

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had used available wireless devices at the signals school to establish direct communications with them.

7000: 6995: 6515: 6067: 5784: 5779: 5444: 5175: 4962: 4952: 4511: 4503: 2364:

Army, "only day to day estimates of steadiness could be made". The situation has thus been deemed the "

622: 4602:

Richardson, William (January 1993). "The Mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in February 1946".

2044: 1898:

On 19 February 1946, around 150 naval ratings mutinied at the shore establishment and naval base HMIS

526:

of the Congress with a guarantee that none would be persecuted. Contingents of the naval ratings were

6490: 6187: 6062: 5901: 5841: 5479: 5361: 5202: 4433:

Jena, Teertha Prakash (1996). "Challenge in Royal Indian Navy (1946) - a Revaluation of Its Causes".

2414:, another veteran of the IPTA, penned a commemorative tribute. A Bengali play based on the incident, 1920:

On 25 February 1946, the city of Madras observed complete shut down as a result of a general strike.

710: 643: 1144:

Singh and signalman M. S. Khan, who were authorised by the committee to conduct informal talks. The

6775: 6750: 6287: 5986: 5826: 5686: 5644: 5484: 5454: 5439: 5434: 5366: 5069: 2519: 2423: 2387: 2386:, that the mutiny of 1946 had raised the fear of another large–scale mutiny along the lines of the 2188: 2164: 2139: 2132: 1852:

On 23 February 1946, all seven ships of the minesweeper flotilla ceased duties and went on strike.

1651: 1531:

were seized by around 1,500 naval ratings, all located on the island. The British officers at HMIS

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were deployed in Bombay to push the agitating ratings out of Bombay and back into their barracks.

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were reported to have communist leanings and on a search of 38 sailors who were arrested on HMIS

2187:

Between 25 and 26 February 1946, the rest of the mutineers surrendered with a guarantee from the

1997: 1829: 1575: 1301:

organised food relief from fishermen and mill workers in Bombay, to be shipped into the harbour.

1216: 734: 508: 435: 264: 1148:

was sent to the authorities and consisted of a mixture of political and service related demands.

943:

with the mutineers but Auchinleck and Godfrey were both opposed to the idea. The events at HMIS

588:. However once the war was over, the newly recruited men turned against the British government. 6980: 6720: 6630: 6625: 5866: 5805: 5697: 5624: 5614: 5351: 5180: 5111: 5101: 2524: 2151: 2147: 1813: 1756: 1296: 956: 936: 651: 469: 355: 165: 153: 97: 4100: 1139:

to elect the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC) as their representatives and formulate the

828:

C–in–C was to receive the establishment's salute, featuring slogans such as "Quit India" and "

621:

Ocean. Operating under this vision, Godfrey proposed the acquisition of new warships from the

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In the afternoon of 19 February, the mutineers at the Bombay Harbour had congregated at HMIS

690: 4335:

Deshpande, Anirudh (March 1989). "Sailors and the crowd: popular protest in Karachi, 1946".

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Talbot, Ian (December 2013). "Safety First: The Security of Britons in India, 1946—1947".

4581:

Pati, Biswamoy (2009). "From the Parlour to the Streets: A Short Note on Aruna Asaf Ali".

4506:(2014). "Question of loyalty? The Indian National Army and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny". 8: 6755: 6700: 6585: 6580: 6475: 6455: 6380: 6177: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6122: 5961: 5170: 5165: 5061: 4563: 4462: 2548: 2504: 2344: 2340: 2324: 2119: 1953: 1507:

In the morning of 21 February 1946, Manora Island was rife with unrest. The warship HMIS

1386: 1237: 1154: 662: 634: 609: 532: 480: 379: 228: 2640:"1946 Last War of Independence Royal Indian Navy Mutiny review: The 1946 naval uprising" 1503:

Map of Karachi (1911) with Manora Island, Karachi Harbour and the Keamari naval district

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On 22 February 1946, the British troops arrested 306 mutineers without use of force.

1907: 1837: 1469: 1317: 1020: 927: 888:

At 12:30, 18 February 1946, it was reported that all naval ratings below the rank of

815: 718: 703: 552: 456: 439:

would have been lost if an armed revolt succeeded with undesirable consequences. The

427: 368: 322: 130: 85: 1678:

three prominent communist leaders in the city and the district magistrate imposed a

836:, he claimed responsibility for all acts of vandalism and announced his status as a 6949: 6863: 6740: 6710: 6690: 6665: 6655: 6595: 6505: 6450: 6445: 6335: 6257: 6082: 6037: 6022: 5946: 5921: 5891: 5654: 5594: 5396: 5306: 5301: 5247: 5155: 5074: 5012: 5002: 4977: 4891: 4871: 4779: 4735: 4706: 4677: 4615: 4611: 4538: 4413: 4344: 4304: 4300: 4271: 4242: 2499: 2484: 2435: 2287: 1917:

at Avadi publicised their decision to refuse orders and initiate a general strike.

1704: 1344: 1036: 737:, the dissatisfaction against British colonial rule was rapidly growing within the 638: 311: 4783: 4765:"Meanings of Failed Action: A Reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Uprising" 4710: 4542: 1683:

streets filled as more and more people joined mass demonstrations and gatherings.

1181:

Prosecution of the commanding officers and signal bosuns for mistreatment of crew;

881:

followed suit and began refusing orders, in solidarity with the operators at HMIS

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The Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation

4454: 4275: 2489: 2403: 1512: 1406: 1390: 1366: 1328: 1077: 1072:

The rebellion also included shore establishments in the vicinity of Bombay; HMIS

852: 848: 694: 238: 4396: 1200:

Removal of requirements for return of clothing kit after discharge from service;

658:

in Delhi for "waging war against the King Emperor", i.e., the Emperor of India.

503:. Notably, the revolting ships hoisted three flags tied together – those of the 224: 6730: 6680: 6670: 6650: 6615: 6575: 6560: 6282: 6212: 6197: 6137: 6127: 5956: 5846: 5716: 5691: 5666: 5564: 5517: 5295: 5282: 5242: 5212: 5096: 4987: 4681: 4417: 4348: 2411: 2336: 2099: 2094: 1876: 1710: 1670: 1487: 1457: 1382: 1381:

On 22 February 1946, British reinforcements in the form of battalions from the

1305: 1093: 1048: 878: 804: 597: 565: 461: 300: 289: 207: 77: 46: 4739: 4560:

The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power

1590:

had received an ultimatum from the authorities to surrender by 10:00 am. HMIS

1085: 814:

The response was a result of correspondences issued by the Commander–in–Chief

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The minesweeper flotilla of the Royal Indian Navy, with its command warship

189: 6878: 6765: 6395: 6360: 6350: 6292: 6092: 5996: 5906: 5896: 5661: 5589: 5574: 5489: 5197: 5085: 5039: 4921: 4881: 4623: 2457: 2430: 2294: 2213: 1940: 1616: 1543: 1370: 1274: 1250: 1116:

was a mechanical training establishment was seized by 800 ratings and HMIS

1054:

The solitary exception to the mutiny at the Bombay Harbour was the frigate

1002: 971: 951:

agitations broke out in the city, gasoline was seized from passing trucks,

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Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1946

4314:

We Fought Together for Freedom: Chapters from the Indian National Movement

4163:

Bhagwatkar, V. M. (1976). "The R. I. N. Mutiny of Bombay—February, 1946".

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The only major political segments that still mentions the revolt are the

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Demobilisation of the Royal Indian Navy ratings and officers, with haste;

860: 760: 738: 647: 571:

Due to the war, recruitments began occurring beyond the confines of the "

408: 73: 4747: 4594: 4446: 4176: 2083: 6735: 6510: 6460: 6375: 6027: 5911: 5746: 5272: 5222: 4997: 4821: 4246: 4215: 2461: 2419: 2011: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1410: 1313: 1281: 1203:

Improvement in standards of treatment by officers towards subordinates;

1191: 985: 978: 968: 867: 800: 722: 613: 468:. The strike spread to other cities, and was joined by elements of the 233: 792:) and began hatching conspiracies to undermine their senior officers. 612:, the Royal Indian Navy was not privy to such a relationship with the 6715: 6610: 6570: 6545: 6480: 6142: 6132: 6032: 5499: 5117: 5033: 4943: 4876: 4485: 4482:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

2614:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

2402:

The rising was championed by Marxist cultural activists from Bengal.

2372: 2124: 1768: 1615:

In the morning, the government issued a public warning, stating that

1324: 1168: 1100:, a second demobilisation center were also seized by mutineers. HMIS 1061:, a "test ship" with Indian officers. The commanding officer of HMIS 1009: 781: 445: 41: 1986: 1080:, an anti–submarine training school was manned by 300 ratings, HMIS 6077: 5721: 5381: 5346: 3757: 2283: 1748: 1744: 1499: 1113: 1044: 829: 714: 500: 416: 4135:"Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar: Freedom, won by himsa or ahimsa?" 6237: 5022: 4982: 4202: 1930: 1883: 1450: 1365:

and included a demand for standardisation of pay scales with the

1354: 1105: 999: 907: 496: 420: 412: 81: 5761: 4210:; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (2000). 1903: 1777: 1736: 1732: 1660: 1619:

would be used against anyone approaching within a mile of HMIS

1361:. The contingent issued their own set of demands mimicking the 940: 856: 771: 767: 576: 556: 527: 484: 465: 404: 400: 1886:. The ship was subsequently diverted towards Karachi but HMIS 1127: 5191: 3933: 3683: 1752: 1692: 1642: 1402: 1172: 964: 808: 637:("Netaji"), as well as the stories of INA's fight during the 488: 3950: 3948: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2392:

Indian soldiers who had participated in the Second World War

2179:, have each had ships named after them by the Indian Navy. 1353:

In the meantime, Royal Indian Air Force personnel from the

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and later at a signals training center at the air base in

706:

suffered nine mutinies on board various individual ships.

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police firings in self–defense and 53 policemen injured.

1323:, three frigates and five destroyers were called in from 902:

operated wireless stations including those as distant as

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Failed Indian attempt to achieve independence peacefully

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Mr. Justice K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar, Chief Justice,

1755:. The Bombay telegraphs also requested assistance from 1586:, the gunnery school and jetty on the island that HMIS 1230: 3987: 3806: 3726: 3662: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3575: 3551: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3399: 3341: 3339: 3279: 3267: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3163: 3138: 3136: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2908: 2895: 2893: 2869: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2825: 2823: 1952:

On 22 February 1946, the naval ratings of the frigate

1194:

regarding pay, family allowances and other facilities;

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Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement

1800:. The flotilla included six other ships namely, HMIS 1096:, the Mahul wireless communications station and HMIS 483:

ignored and defied orders from British superiors. In

4383:

Javed, Ajeet (2010). "The United Struggle of 1946".

3745: 3515: 3013: 2989: 2977: 2694: 2679: 2406:

wrote a revolutionary song in 1946 on behalf of the

766:

was a shore establishment, with a signals school at

4056: 4044: 4032: 3592: 3539: 3527: 3459: 3440: 3336: 3243: 3226: 3133: 3098: 3025: 2920: 2905: 2890: 2835: 2820: 1703:such as post offices, police stations and the sole 1369:(RAF). The Royal Indian Air Force personnel at the 1331:were flown over the harbour as a show of strength. 4622: 4092: 3999: 3763: 3630: 3370: 3351: 3319: 3042: 3001: 2962: 2742: 2725: 709:In early February 1946, mutinies broke out in the 407:), the revolt spread and found support throughout 4105:(in German). Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 253. 426:The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting 6962: 5547: 4699:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4531:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2243:) and the Royal Pakistan Navy (later renamed to 1206:Installation of Indian officers and supervisors. 4406:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 4337:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 1486:), urging commercial establishments to begin a 917: 515:(CPI), signifying the unity and downplaying of 1725: 1494: 1197:Optimum quality of Indian food in the service; 628: 5533: 4837: 4651:Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy, 1945-1950 4186:Rin Mutiny, 1946: Reference and Guide for All 1574:police, along with British troops armed with 1420: 4728:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4212:India's struggle for independence, 1857-1947 1445:called a meeting of ratings at the beach of 1373:began a strike in support of the mutineers. 1257:was given charge of suppressing the mutiny. 4801:Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence 2610: 2418:(Sound of the Wave), by radical playwright 6048:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 5540: 5526: 4844: 4830: 4772:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 4601: 4435:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4165:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4162: 3954: 3939: 3708: 3689: 3497: 3422: 3220: 1636: 803:, Down with British Raj", and "Victory to 103:Mutineers surrender to British authorities 4334: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3827: 3815: 3800: 3775: 3739: 3720: 3677: 3656: 3586: 3569: 3557: 2113:Naval uprising memorial in Colaba, Mumbai 2071:Learn how and when to remove this message 1915:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 1376: 1178:Eviction of British nationals from India; 4851: 2637: 2429:The revolt is part of the background to 2108: 2082: 1498: 1167:Withdrawal of all Indian personnel from 4667: 4653:. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. 4557: 4502: 4403: 4363: 4026: 3624: 3410: 3393: 3290: 3182: 2983: 2884: 2863: 2673: 2598: 2585: 2232:and expectations on him remained high. 14: 6963: 4762: 4725: 4696: 4508:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj 4479: 4290: 4261: 4232: 4098: 4086: 4074: 3981: 3966: 3545: 3509: 3470: 3313: 3261: 3201: 3157: 3127: 3092: 3075: 3063: 3036: 2956: 2941: 2929: 2829: 2814: 2793: 2774: 2719: 2707: 2688: 2617:. Cass series. Frank Cass. p. 6. 1612:surrendered and the battle had ended. 1184:Release of all detained naval ratings; 604:Unlike the close relationship between 451:The RIN Revolt started as a strike by 5521: 4825: 4648: 4528: 4453: 4382: 4311: 4156: 4062: 4050: 4014: 3993: 3751: 3641: 3521: 3453: 3434: 3381: 3364: 3330: 3273: 3249: 3237: 3142: 3051: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2971: 2914: 2846: 2087:Naval Uprising Statue, Colaba, Mumbai 678:Unrest in the British forces in India 27:1946 revolt by British Indian sailors 4798: 4763:Vitali, Valentina (2 October 2018). 4580: 4432: 4183: 4038: 3607: 3533: 3345: 3115: 2899: 2751: 2736: 2579:1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies 2274:On 8 March 1946, Commander–in–Chief 2009:adding citations to reliable sources 1980: 1231:Intervention by the Southern Command 430:sailors to British authorities. The 4626:; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2007). 2604: 2408:Indian People’s Theatre Association 1935: 1665: 1519:, the trainings establishment HMIS 1480: 1473: 786: 24: 4133:Aiyar, Swaminathan S. Anklesaria. 2611:Bell, C.M.; Elleman, B.A. (2003). 2169:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1976: 25: 7017: 4132: 2638:Narasiah, K. R. A. (7 May 2022). 2452:features the protagonist Aloshy ( 2265: 1557:In the meantime, troops from the 591: 5742:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 4942: 1985: 1539:was also seized by the ratings. 1253:, the commanding officer of the 843:On 8 February 1946, a number of 733:, the commanding officer of the 531:statement issued in Calcutta by 373: 362: 349: 338: 327: 316: 305: 294: 283: 258: 246: 223: 213: 201: 188: 177: 159: 147: 136: 124: 40: 5982:Provisional Government of India 4912:Provisional Government of India 4867:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 4366:The Indian Naval Revolt of 1946 4126: 2208:On 23 March 1946, Vice Admiral 1996:needs additional citations for 1968: 1781:were also reportedly involved. 1761:Royal Indian Army Service Corps 1477: Long live the revolution 1429:The news of the mutiny at HMIS 1271:Bofors 40 mm anti–aircraft guns 633:The INA trials, the stories of 194:Royal Indian Army Service Corps 4616:10.1080/00253359.1993.10656448 4305:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.013 3764:Sarkar & Bhattacharya 2007 2631: 2203: 2154:), wrote in a personal letter 1871:, a transport vessel named SS 1784: 752: 13: 1: 4784:10.1080/00856401.2018.1523106 4711:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026126 4583:Economic and Political Weekly 4543:10.1080/03086534.2016.1262645 1559:44th Indian Airborne Division 542: 6976:Indian independence movement 6591:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 5867:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 5549:Indian independence movement 5450:Japanese occupation of Burma 4276:10.1080/17450101.2014.946769 2554:Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 2515:Indian Independence movement 2299:Mr. Justice Mahajan, Judge, 2182: 1855: 1767:, the naval headquarters at 1527:and the gunnery school HMIS 1316:, consisting of the cruiser 1190:Equality in status with the 1043:, among other ships such as 967:. The warships included two 918:Occupation of Bombay Harbour 519:issues among the mutineers. 7: 6991:Indian National Army trials 6781:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 6168:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 5430:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 5233:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4368:. Chennai: Orient Longman. 2467: 2226:Tripartite Naval Commission 1947: 1775:Criminal elements known as 1726:Other revolts and incidents 1567:Royal Regiment of Artillery 1546:es from the jetty of HMIIS 1495:Occupation of Manora Island 1263:5th Mahratta Light Infantry 1246:Viceroy's Executive Council 727:Central Provinces and Berar 702:Between 1943 and 1945, the 629:Indian National Army trials 35:Royal Indian Navy rebellion 10: 7022: 6516:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 6068:Indian Independence League 5785:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5780:Partition of Bengal (1905) 5445:Selarang Barracks incident 4682:10.1177/0095327X8100700208 4670:Armed Forces & Society 4512:Cambridge University Press 4418:10.1177/001946468101800201 4364:Gourgey, Percy S. (1996). 4349:10.1177/001946468902600101 2317:, Cruiser Squadron in the 2020:"Royal Indian Navy mutiny" 1164:personnel unconditionally; 847:(enlisted personnel) were 511:, and the Red Flag of the 6907: 6806: 6691:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 6491:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 6311: 6188:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 6108: 6063:Indian Home Rule movement 6005: 5902:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 5842:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5770: 5707: 5555: 5480:Malaysian Indian Congress 5417: 5337: 5144: 5060: 4951: 4940: 4859: 4740:10.1017/S0080440113000091 4649:Singh, Satyindra (1986). 2442:The 2014 Malayalam movie 2397: 2354: 2146:, who was a Judge in the 1923: 1913:1,600 personnel with the 1893: 1128:Strike Committee and the 270: 116: 56: 39: 34: 7006:Communist Party of India 6986:1946 in military history 6930:Indian annexation of Goa 6776:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 6288:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 6053:Indian National Congress 5852:Non-cooperation movement 5435:Special Bureau for India 5070:Indian National Congress 4805:Rowman & Littlefield 4558:Mohanan, Kalesh (2019). 4188:. Northern Book Centre. 4184:Bose, Biswanath (1988). 2520:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2388:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2189:Indian National Congress 2165:Communist Party of India 2150:(which later became the 2140:Indian National Congress 2133:Communist Party of India 1674:) on the following day. 1652:Communist Party of India 1576:Thompson submachine guns 1523:, the radar school HMIS 1484: Freedom for India 1308:(Chief of Naval Staff), 1290:In the evening, Admiral 1225:Congress Socialist Party 1221:Communist Party of India 1213:Indian National Congress 910:; the mutineers at HMIS 875:Castle and Fort Barracks 672:Communist Party of India 513:Communist Party of India 441:Communist Party of India 432:Indian National Congress 389:Royal Indian Navy mutiny 253:Indian National Congress 184:Congress Socialist Party 143:Communist Party of India 18:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 6935:Indian Independence Act 6521:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 6496:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 6466:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 6203:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 6183:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 6018:All-India Muslim League 5972:Royal Air Force strikes 5937:Round table conferences 5927:Chittagong armoury raid 5817:Hindu–German Conspiracy 5800:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 5570:Porto Grande de Bengala 5228:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 4973:Indian National Council 4632:Oxford University Press 4391:(1). Karachi: 146–154. 4318:Oxford University Press 2574:1944 Greek naval mutiny 2390:, from the 2.5 million 2315:Flag Officer Commanding 1637:Civil unrest in Karachi 1401:arrived at Bombay from 1217:All–India Muslim League 265:All-India Muslim League 6721:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 6626:Purushottam Das Tandon 5992:Praja Mandala movement 5806:The Indian Sociologist 5181:First Arakan offensive 2525:Royal Air Force mutiny 2161: 2152:Supreme Court of India 2148:Federal Court of India 2114: 2088: 1757:Royal Indian Air Force 1605:Oerlikon 20 mm cannons 1582:information from HMIS 1504: 1377:Civil unrest in Bombay 1359:Marine Drive of Bombay 1297:The Free Press Journal 1209: 1153:Release of all Indian 957:Prince of Wales Museum 937:Arthur Rullion Rattray 686: 652:Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon 470:Royal Indian Air Force 356:Arthur Rullion Rattray 277:No centralised command 271:Commanders and leaders 154:Royal Indian Air Force 6945:Political integration 6686:Shyamji Krishna Varma 6471:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 6416:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 6248:Rettamalai Srinivasan 6208:Mahadev Govind Ranade 6013:All India Kisan Sabha 5977:Coup d'état of Yanaon 5877:Qissa Khwani massacre 5862:Coolie-Begar movement 5677:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5465:India in World War II 5440:Azad Hind Decorations 5372:INA Defence Committee 5186:Hindustan Field Force 4968:Swami Satyananda Puri 4385:Pakistan Perspectives 4099:Pandey, B.N. (1976). 2276:Sir Claude Auchinleck 2254:Many sailors on HMIS 2210:Geoffrey Audley Miles 2156: 2112: 2086: 1796:was stationed in the 1565:and a battery of the 1502: 1479:), "Hindustan Azad" ( 1310:Sir Andrew Cunningham 1150: 984:, two older warships 816:Sir Claude Auchinleck 691:Hastings Lionel Ismay 682: 656:trial at the Red Fort 6771:Veeran Sundaralingam 6726:Tara Rani Srivastava 6661:Sahajanand Saraswati 6551:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 6436:Chandra Shekhar Azad 6341:Alluri Sitarama Raju 6298:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 6253:Sahajanand Saraswati 6173:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 6073:Indian National Army 5917:Dharasana Satyagraha 5822:Champaran Satyagraha 5672:First Anglo-Sikh War 5238:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 5008:Bidadary Resolutions 4853:Indian National Army 4799:West, Nigel (2010). 4604:The Mariner's Mirror 4564:Taylor & Francis 4514:. pp. 116–150. 4488:. pp. 175–192. 4312:Dayal, Ravi (1995). 2586:Notes and references 2569:Cocos Islands mutiny 2510:Indian National Army 2460:(played by director 2249:William Edward Parry 2212:replaced Godfrey as 2005:improve this article 1399:Royal Armoured Corps 1238:commercial districts 1162:Indian National Army 922:On 19 February, the 562:Indian Ocean Theatre 6756:V. K. Krishna Menon 6701:Subhas Chandra Bose 6586:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 6581:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 6476:Govind Ballabh Pant 6456:Dayananda Saraswati 6381:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 6178:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 6158:Dhondo Keshav Karve 6153:Dayananda Saraswati 6148:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 6123:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 5636:Anglo-Maratha Wars 5312:Battle of Irrawaddy 5062:Subhas Chandra Bose 4953:Indian Independence 4463:Bloomsbury Academic 3512:, pp. 179–180. 3396:, pp. 143–144. 3264:, pp. 497–498. 3130:, pp. 178–179. 2722:, pp. 175–176. 2549:Kronstadt rebellion 2505:Quit India Movement 2366:Point of No Return. 2345:4th Indian Division 2286:, Chief Justice of 2284:Sir Saiyid Fazl Ali 2120:Quit India Movement 1327:. Bombers from the 1155:political prisoners 1141:Charter of Demands. 790: Free Indians 663:Quit India Movement 635:Subhas Chandra Bose 610:British Indian Army 533:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 481:British Indian Army 474:local police forces 397:1946 Naval Uprising 380:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 229:British Indian Army 64:18–25 February 1946 6940:Partition of India 6786:Yashwantrao Holkar 6751:V. O. Chidamabaram 6706:Subramania Bharati 6636:Rahul Sankrityayan 6621:Pritilata Waddedar 6531:Shri Krishna Singh 6431:C. Rajagopalachari 6421:Bidhan Chandra Roy 6406:Bhavabhushan Mitra 6391:Begum Hazrat Mahal 6346:Annapurna Maharana 6218:Muthulakshmi Reddy 6163:G. Subramania Iyer 5857:Christmas Day Plot 5732:Indian nationalism 5682:Sannyasi rebellion 5580:East India Company 5377:Kailash Nath Katju 5322:Surrender of Japan 5317:Battle of Meiktila 5028:Bangkok Conference 4247:10.1111/glob.12256 4208:Mukherjee, Mridula 4157:General references 4139:The Economic Times 4089:, p. 177-178. 3942:, p. 193-194. 3692:, p. 198-199. 2559:Invergordon Mutiny 2539:Revolt of the Lash 2480:Communism in India 2445:Iyobinte Pusthakam 2230:British government 2115: 2104:Partition of India 2089: 1656:Sobho Gianchandani 1505: 1363:Charter of Demands 1146:Charter of Demands 1130:Charter of Demands 932:John Henry Godfrey 838:political prisoner 745:as well as in the 713:unit stationed in 618:John Henry Godfrey 395:, also called the 345:John Henry Godfrey 170:Civilian agitators 98:Bloodless Conflict 7001:Conflicts in 1946 6996:Royal Indian Navy 6958: 6957: 6925:Republic of India 6761:Vallabhbhai Patel 6746:Ubaidullah Sindhi 6646:Ram Prasad Bismil 6541:M. Bhaktavatsalam 6501:Jatindra Nath Das 6426:Bipin Chandra Pal 6361:Babu Kunwar Singh 6331:Achyut Patwardhan 6088:Khudai Khidmatgar 5932:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 5872:Kakori conspiracy 5832:Rowlatt Committee 5795:Direct Action Day 5757:Swadeshi movement 5737:Khilafat Movement 5727:Hindu nationalism 5687:Rebellion of 1857 5610:Anglo-Mysore Wars 5600:Battle of Plassey 5515: 5514: 5387:Tej Bahadur Sapru 5263:Rasammah Bhupalan 5166:Fall of Singapore 5129:Death controversy 5092:Bengal Volunteers 4927:Greater East Asia 4814:978-0-8108-7377-3 4660:978-81-204-0094-8 4641:978-0-19-569245-7 4573:978-1-000-70957-5 4521:978-0-521-89975-8 4495:978-1-135-75553-9 4472:978-1-84511-347-6 4327:978-0-19-563286-6 4225:978-81-8475-183-3 4195:978-81-85119-30-4 4112:978-1-349-00792-9 3766:, pp. 79–80. 3437:, pp. 11–12. 3276:, pp. 90–91. 2624:978-0-7146-5460-7 2564:1936 Naval Revolt 2343:, Commanding the 2319:East Indies Fleet 2301:Lahore High Court 2218:Royal Indian Navy 2081: 2080: 2073: 2055: 1908:Madras Presidency 1470:Inquilab Zindabad 1415:communal violence 928:Royal Indian Navy 704:Royal Indian Navy 666:the way forward. 623:British Admiralty 553:Royal Indian Navy 524:Vallab Bhai Patel 457:Royal Indian Navy 385: 384: 369:Vallabhbhai Patel 323:Claude Auchinleck 131:Royal Indian Navy 112: 111: 16:(Redirected from 7013: 6950:Simla Conference 6741:Tiruppur Kumaran 6711:Subramaniya Siva 6666:Sangolli Rayanna 6656:Rash Behari Bose 6596:Nagnath Naikwadi 6506:Jawaharlal Nehru 6451:Dadabhai Naoroji 6446:Chittaranjan Das 6336:A. K. Fazlul Huq 6258:Savitribai Phule 6083:Khaksar movement 6038:Berlin Committee 6023:Anushilan Samiti 5987:Independence Day 5947:Aundh Experiment 5922:Vedaranyam March 5827:Kheda Satyagraha 5812:Singapore Mutiny 5595:Portuguese India 5542: 5535: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5397:Jawaharlal Nehru 5307:Battle of Kohima 5302:Battle of Imphal 5156:Battle of Malaya 5013:Tokyo Conference 5003:Rash Behari Bose 4946: 4892:Berlin Committee 4846: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4795: 4769: 4759: 4722: 4693: 4664: 4645: 4619: 4598: 4577: 4554: 4525: 4499: 4476: 4450: 4429: 4400: 4379: 4360: 4331: 4308: 4287: 4258: 4229: 4199: 4180: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 3997: 3996:, p. 91-92. 3991: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3930:, p. 13-14. 3925: 3919: 3918:, p. 12-13. 3913: 3907: 3906:, p. 11-12. 3901: 3895: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3865:, p. 10-11. 3860: 3854: 3848: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3628: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3474: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3317: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3205: 3199: 3186: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3096: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2648: 2647: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2500:Tebhaga Movement 2485:Anushilan Samiti 2436:Bhowani Junction 2288:Patna High Court 2247:). Vice Admiral 2076: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2013: 1989: 1981: 1943: 1937: 1673: 1667: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1387:Queen's Regiment 1345:state of the art 1255:Southern Command 1067:R. K. S. Ghandhi 791: 788: 698: 549:Second World War 378: 377: 376: 367: 366: 365: 354: 353: 352: 343: 342: 341: 332: 331: 330: 321: 320: 319: 312:Archibald Wavell 310: 309: 308: 299: 298: 297: 288: 287: 286: 263: 262: 261: 251: 250: 249: 227: 217: 206: 205: 204: 192: 182: 181: 180: 164: 163: 162: 152: 151: 150: 141: 140: 139: 129: 128: 127: 58: 57: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7010: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6915:Cabinet Mission 6903: 6807:British leaders 6802: 6791:Yogendra Shukla 6696:Siraj ud-Daulah 6651:Rani Lakshmibai 6641:Rajendra Prasad 6631:R. Venkataraman 6576:Mithuben Petit‎ 6556:Mahadaji Shinde 6536:Lala Lajpat Rai 6371:Bahadur Shah II 6356:Ashfaqulla Khan 6326:Accamma Cherian 6321:Abul Kalam Azad 6313: 6307: 6278:Syed Ahmad Khan 6268:Sister Nivedita 6233:Pandita Ramabai 6228:Niralamba Swami 6193:J. B. Kripalani 6118:Ashfaqulla Khan 6110: 6104: 6043:Ghadar Movement 6001: 5882:Flag Satyagraha 5790:Revolutionaries 5772: 5766: 5709: 5703: 5605:Battle of Buxar 5551: 5546: 5516: 5511: 5460:Masakasu Kawabe 5455:Burma Area Army 5425:Azad Hind Radio 5413: 5392:Bhulabhai Desai 5339:Red Fort trials 5333: 5248:A.D. Loganathan 5147: 5146:Indian National 5140: 5124:Habib-ur-Rahman 5056: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4855: 4850: 4815: 4767: 4661: 4642: 4574: 4522: 4504:Marston, Daniel 4496: 4473: 4376: 4328: 4235:Global Networks 4226: 4196: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3955:Richardson 1993 3953: 3946: 3940:Richardson 1993 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3782: 3778:, p. 9-10. 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3709:Richardson 1993 3707: 3696: 3690:Richardson 1993 3688: 3684: 3676: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3631: 3623: 3614: 3606: 3593: 3585: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3498:Richardson 1993 3496: 3477: 3469: 3460: 3452: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3423:Richardson 1993 3421: 3417: 3409: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3371: 3363: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3320: 3312: 3297: 3289: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3221:Richardson 1993 3219: 3208: 3200: 3189: 3181: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3099: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3026: 3022:, pp. 8–9. 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2870: 2862: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2800: 2792: 2781: 2773: 2758: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2651: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2532:Naval mutinies: 2529: 2490:Ghadar Movement 2470: 2424:Minerva Theatre 2410:(IPTA). Later, 2404:Salil Chaudhury 2400: 2357: 2307:W. R. Patterson 2268: 2206: 2185: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2014: 2012: 2002: 1990: 1979: 1977:Lack of support 1971: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1896: 1858: 1787: 1728: 1668: 1639: 1513:Karachi Harbour 1497: 1483: 1476: 1427: 1407:Bombay Province 1391:Border Regiment 1379: 1367:Royal Air Force 1329:Royal Air Force 1244:Meanwhile, the 1233: 1160:Release of all 1133: 920: 873:, and those at 857:sons of coolies 853:sons of bitches 849:court martialed 789: 779:designation of 758: 735:Eastern Command 729:. According to 719:Bengal Province 711:Indian Pioneers 700: 695:1st Baron Ismay 688: 680: 644:Shah Nawaz Khan 639:Siege of Imphal 631: 594: 545: 374: 372: 363: 361: 359: 350: 348: 347: 339: 337: 336: 328: 326: 325: 317: 315: 314: 306: 304: 303: 295: 293: 292: 284: 282: 259: 257: 255: 247: 245: 243: 239:Royal Air Force 202: 200: 186: 178: 176: 175: 171: 169: 160: 158: 157: 148: 146: 145: 137: 135: 134: 125: 123: 88: 52:near the shore. 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7019: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:Naval mutinies 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6731:Tarak Nath Das 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6681:Shuja-ud-Daula 6678: 6673: 6671:Sarojini Naidu 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6616:Prafulla Chaki 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6561:Mahatma Gandhi 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6283:Vakkom Moulavi 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:Mahatma Gandhi 6210: 6205: 6200: 6198:Jyotirao Phule 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:B. R. Ambedkar 6135: 6130: 6128:Ayya Vaikundar 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957:Cripps Mission 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Noakhali riots 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5710:and ideologies 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5692:Radcliffe Line 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Vellore Mutiny 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5418:Related topics 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Lakshmi Sahgal 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5213:Subhas Brigade 5210: 5205: 5203:Gandhi Brigade 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097:Emilie Schenkl 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:Imperial Japan 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4796: 4778:(4): 763–788. 4760: 4723: 4705:(3): 489–508. 4694: 4676:(2): 271–284. 4665: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4620: 4610:(2): 192–201. 4599: 4578: 4572: 4555: 4526: 4520: 4500: 4494: 4477: 4471: 4451: 4430: 4401: 4380: 4374: 4361: 4332: 4326: 4309: 4288: 4270:(3): 384–400. 4259: 4241:(4): 521–538. 4230: 4224: 4204:Chandra, Bipan 4200: 4194: 4181: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4125: 4111: 4091: 4079: 4077:, p. 187. 4067: 4055: 4043: 4041:, p. 126. 4031: 4019: 3998: 3986: 3984:, p. 496. 3971: 3969:, p. 494. 3959: 3957:, p. 194. 3944: 3932: 3928:Deshpande 1989 3920: 3916:Deshpande 1989 3908: 3904:Deshpande 1989 3896: 3892:Deshpande 1989 3879: 3875:Deshpande 1989 3867: 3863:Deshpande 1989 3855: 3851:Deshpande 1989 3832: 3830:, p. 7-8. 3828:Deshpande 1989 3820: 3816:Deshpande 1989 3805: 3801:Deshpande 1989 3780: 3776:Deshpande 1989 3768: 3756: 3754:, p. 4-5. 3744: 3740:Deshpande 1989 3725: 3723:, p. 4-5. 3721:Deshpande 1989 3713: 3711:, p. 199. 3694: 3682: 3678:Deshpande 1989 3661: 3657:Deshpande 1989 3646: 3629: 3612: 3610:, p. 125. 3591: 3587:Deshpande 1989 3574: 3572:, p. 2-3. 3570:Deshpande 1989 3562: 3558:Deshpande 1989 3550: 3538: 3536:, p. 166. 3526: 3524:, p. 228. 3514: 3502: 3500:, p. 198. 3475: 3458: 3439: 3427: 3425:, p. 197. 3415: 3413:, p. 144. 3398: 3386: 3369: 3350: 3348:, p. 486. 3335: 3318: 3316:, p. 180. 3295: 3293:, p. 272. 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3225: 3223:, p. 193. 3206: 3204:, p. 179. 3187: 3185:, p. 271. 3162: 3160:, p. 387. 3147: 3132: 3120: 3118:, p. 485. 3097: 3095:, p. 492. 3080: 3078:, p. 491. 3068: 3066:, p. 143. 3056: 3041: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2998:, p. 7-8. 2988: 2976: 2961: 2959:, p. 493. 2946: 2944:, p. 489. 2934: 2919: 2904: 2902:, p. 490. 2889: 2887:, p. 143. 2868: 2866:, p. 273. 2851: 2834: 2819: 2817:, p. 182. 2798: 2796:, p. 181. 2779: 2777:, p. 177. 2756: 2754:, p. 489. 2741: 2739:, p. 488. 2724: 2712: 2710:, p. 175. 2693: 2691:, p. 3-4. 2678: 2676:, p. 274. 2649: 2630: 2623: 2603: 2601:, p. 208. 2590: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2412:Hemanga Biswas 2399: 2396: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2323:Major-General 2321: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2267: 2266:Investigations 2264: 2205: 2202: 2184: 2181: 2100:Aruna Asaf Ali 2095:Mahatma Gandhi 2079: 2078: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1949: 1946: 1925: 1922: 1895: 1892: 1857: 1854: 1786: 1783: 1727: 1724: 1711:Grindlays Bank 1671:general strike 1638: 1635: 1511:docked at the 1496: 1493: 1488:general strike 1426: 1419: 1395:146th Regiment 1383:Essex Regiment 1378: 1375: 1306:First Sea Lord 1232: 1229: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1165: 1158: 1132: 1126: 1094:Trombay Island 1049:naval trawlers 953:tramway tracks 919: 916: 879:Bombay Harbour 757: 751: 681: 679: 676: 630: 627: 598:demobilisation 593: 592:Demobilisation 590: 566:Burma Campaign 544: 541: 537:courts martial 462:general strike 383: 382: 301:Clement Attlee 290:King George VI 279: 273: 272: 268: 267: 242: 241: 236: 231: 221: 208:British Empire 197: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 104: 94: 90: 89: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7018: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:1946 in India 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Satyapal Dang 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601:Nana Fadnavis 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Mangal Pandey 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526:Khudiram Bose 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Chetram Jatav 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Bhikaiji Cama 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Bharathidasan 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Basawon Singh 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Sri Aurobindo 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Ram Mohan Roy 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223:Narayana Guru 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006:Organisations 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:Bombay Mutiny 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:Indian Legion 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:1928 Protests 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Rowlatt Bills 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5402:Bombay mutiny 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Burhan-ud-Din 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5283:Burma theatre 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Shaukat Malik 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:Bahadur Group 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Nehru Brigade 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:Indian Legion 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5045:Azad Hind Dal 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4945: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907:Kabul mission 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:Sarkar, Sumit 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589:(28): 24–27. 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412:(2): 97–122. 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4375:9788125011361 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4065:, p. 79. 4064: 4059: 4053:, p. 16. 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4029:, p. 57. 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3894:, p. 14. 3893: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3877:, p. 11. 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3853:, p. 12. 3852: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 10. 3802: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3659:, p. 23. 3658: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3627:, p. 16. 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3456:, p. 12. 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3252:, p. 92. 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 90. 3239: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3145:, p. 20. 3144: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2917:, p. 10. 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2849:, p. 13. 2848: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Fahadh Faasil 2451: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2373:British crown 2369: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305:Vice-Admiral 2304: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245:Pakistan Navy 2242: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:persecution. 2190: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:M. R. Jayakar 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2061:February 2022 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: – 2021: 2017: 2016:Find sources: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1994:This section 1992: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1716:Anglo–Indians 1712: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:hunger strike 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447:Manora Island 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:, along with 1392: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1347:warship HMIS 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1259:Royal Marines 1256: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1122:Malabar Hills 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 996: 990: 989: 983: 982: 976: 975: 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 948: 946: 942: 938: 933: 929: 925: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 895: 891: 890:petty officer 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871: 865: 864: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:naval ratings 841: 839: 835: 831: 825: 822: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:parade ground 793: 784: 783: 777: 776:matriculation 773: 769: 765: 764: 756: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:Francis Tuker 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 699: 696: 692: 685: 675: 673: 667: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 626: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 599: 589: 587: 581: 578: 574: 573:martial races 569: 567: 563: 558: 554: 550: 540: 538: 534: 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 509:Muslim League 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 454: 449: 447: 446:British crown 442: 437: 436:Muslim League 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:British India 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 381: 371: 370: 358: 357: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 291: 280: 278: 275: 274: 269: 266: 256: 254: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 212: 211: 210: 209: 198: 195: 191: 187: 185: 174: 173:Supported by: 167: 155: 144: 132: 121: 120: 115: 105: 102: 101: 100: 99: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6920:Constitution 6908:Independence 6795: 6766:Vanchinathan 6396:Bhagat Singh 6351:Annie Besant 6312:Independence 6293:Vinoba Bhave 6097: 6093:Swaraj Party 5997:Lucknow Pact 5966: 5907:Purna Swaraj 5897:Nehru Report 5804: 5708:Philosophies 5696: 5662:Polygar Wars 5590:French India 5575:Dutch Bengal 5565:Colonisation 5504: 5485:INA treasure 5475:William Slim 5406: 5401: 5326: 5294: 5287: 5258:Janaki Davar 5253:J.R. Bhonsle 5198:Azad Brigade 5190: 5133: 5116: 5102:Forward Bloc 5086:Purna Swaraj 5084: 5049: 5040:Hikari Kikan 5032: 4988:K.P.K. Menon 4963:Pritam Singh 4955:League (IIL) 4931: 4922:Pan Asianism 4800: 4775: 4771: 4731: 4727: 4702: 4698: 4673: 4669: 4650: 4627: 4607: 4603: 4586: 4582: 4559: 4537:(1): 46–69. 4534: 4530: 4507: 4481: 4458: 4455:Louis, Roger 4438: 4434: 4409: 4405: 4388: 4384: 4365: 4340: 4336: 4313: 4296: 4292: 4267: 4263: 4238: 4234: 4211: 4185: 4168: 4164: 4142:. Retrieved 4138: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4101: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4027:Gourgey 1996 4022: 4017:, p. 5. 3989: 3962: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3870: 3858: 3823: 3818:, p. 9. 3771: 3759: 3747: 3742:, p. 5. 3716: 3685: 3680:, p. 4. 3644:, p. 4. 3625:Gourgey 1996 3589:, p. 3. 3565: 3560:, p. 2. 3553: 3548:, p. 3. 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3473:, p. 6. 3430: 3418: 3411:Marston 2014 3394:Marston 2014 3389: 3384:, p. 3. 3367:, p. 2. 3333:, p. 6. 3291:Spector 1981 3269: 3257: 3245: 3183:Spector 1981 3123: 3071: 3059: 3054:, p. 9. 3039:, p. 5. 3015: 3010:, p. 8. 3003: 2991: 2986:, p. 5. 2984:Gourgey 1996 2979: 2974:, p. 7. 2937: 2932:, p. 2. 2885:Marston 2014 2864:Spector 1981 2832:, p. 5. 2715: 2674:Spector 1981 2643: 2633: 2613: 2606: 2599:Mohanan 2019 2594: 2531: 2530: 2458:P. J. Antony 2448:directed by 2443: 2441: 2434: 2431:John Masters 2428: 2415: 2401: 2384:John Freeman 2381: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2295:Cochin State 2282:The Hon'ble 2273: 2269: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2214:Flag Officer 2207: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2173: 2162: 2157: 2137: 2130: 2116: 2093: 2090: 2067: 2058: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2015: 2003:Please help 1998:verification 1995: 1972: 1969:Vizagapatnam 1963: 1955: 1951: 1941:marketplaces 1929: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1831: 1823: 1815: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1729: 1720: 1705: 1701: 1685: 1676: 1659: 1648: 1640: 1624: 1620: 1617:lethal force 1614: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1572: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1544:motor launch 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1506: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1380: 1362: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1319: 1303: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1276: 1267: 1251:Rob Lockhart 1243: 1234: 1210: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1117: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1038: 1030: 1022: 1014: 1004: 994: 987: 980: 973: 961: 955:outside the 949: 944: 926:Commanding, 924:Flag Officer 921: 911: 898: 893: 887: 882: 869: 862: 842: 834:rear-admiral 826: 820: 813: 794: 780: 762: 759: 754: 747:armed forces 743:police force 708: 701: 687: 683: 668: 660: 654:were put on 650:and Colonel 632: 606:British Army 603: 595: 586:Nazi Germany 582: 570: 546: 521: 478: 450: 425: 396: 392: 388: 386: 360: 334:Rob Lockhart 281: 276: 244: 219:British Army 199: 172: 122: 117:Belligerents 96: 48: 29: 6864:Mountbatten 6486:Hemu Kalani 6366:Bagha Jatin 6303:Vivekananda 6058:India House 5942:Act of 1935 5717:Ambedkarism 5585:British Raj 5495:Joyce Lebra 5171:Farrer Park 5161:Mohan Singh 4902:Barkatullah 4897:Bagha Jatin 4872:Rash Behari 4734:: 203–221. 4441:: 485–491. 4343:(1): 1–28. 4087:Madsen 2003 4075:Madsen 2003 3982:Spence 2015 3967:Spence 2015 3546:Vitali 2018 3510:Madsen 2003 3471:Davies 2019 3314:Madsen 2003 3262:Spence 2015 3202:Madsen 2003 3158:Davies 2014 3128:Madsen 2003 3093:Spence 2015 3076:Spence 2015 3064:Madsen 2003 3037:Davies 2019 2957:Spence 2015 2942:Spence 2015 2930:Vitali 2018 2830:Vitali 2018 2815:Madsen 2003 2794:Madsen 2003 2775:Madsen 2003 2720:Madsen 2003 2708:Madsen 2003 2689:Vitali 2018 2544:Kiel mutiny 2495:India House 2450:Amal Neerad 2341:Indian Army 2241:Indian Navy 2222:Soviet Navy 2216:Commanding 2204:Precautions 2159:leadership. 1869:Morvi State 1832:Baluchistan 1798:Andaman Sea 1785:Andaman Sea 1759:(RIAF) and 1741:Vizagapatam 1697:Thar Desert 1680:section 144 1630:Black Watch 1563:Black Watch 1425:and Karachi 894:HMIS Talwar 739:bureaucracy 648:Prem Sahgal 547:During the 196:interlopers 74:British Raj 6965:Categories 6894:Linlithgow 6834:Chelmsford 6824:Cornwallis 6736:Tatya Tope 6606:Nana Saheb 6511:K. Kamaraj 6461:Dhan Singh 6376:Bakht Khan 6028:Arya Samaj 5962:Quit India 5912:Salt March 5771:Events and 5747:Satyagraha 5362:Shah Nawaz 5273:John Thivy 5223:Tokyo Boys 5080:Sarat Bose 4993:A.M. Sahay 4978:I Fujiwara 4860:Historical 4264:Mobilities 4216:Penguin UK 4118:16 October 4063:Singh 1986 4051:Meyer 2017 4015:Javed 2010 3994:Singh 1986 3752:Javed 2010 3642:Javed 2010 3522:Dayal 1995 3454:Meyer 2017 3435:Meyer 2017 3382:Javed 2010 3365:Javed 2010 3331:Javed 2010 3274:Singh 1986 3250:Singh 1986 3238:Singh 1986 3143:Meyer 2017 3052:Meyer 2017 3020:Meyer 2017 3008:Meyer 2017 2996:Meyer 2017 2972:Meyer 2017 2915:Meyer 2017 2847:Meyer 2017 2462:Aashiq Abu 2420:Utpal Dutt 2325:T. W. Rees 2290:(Chairman) 2031:newspapers 1816:Rohilkhand 1537:Travancore 1411:Jubbulpore 1314:Royal Navy 1192:Royal Navy 969:destroyers 930:, Admiral 801:Quit India 723:Jubbulpore 646:, Colonel 614:Royal Navy 543:Background 234:Royal Navy 6869:Wellesley 6854:Dalhousie 6716:Surya Sen 6611:P. Kakkan 6571:Mir Qasim 6546:M. N. Roy 6481:Har Dayal 6314:activists 6143:Baba Amte 6133:Ayyankali 6111:reformers 6033:Azad Hind 5773:movements 5752:Socialism 5500:Hugh Toye 5490:Peter Fay 5470:14th Army 5289:Admin Box 5176:First INA 5118:Azad Hind 5034:Azad Hind 5018:H Iwakuro 4998:S.A. Ayer 4877:Har Dayal 4792:149478354 4756:143417672 4719:159558723 4690:144234125 4551:159800201 4486:Routledge 4426:143883855 4397:919609575 4357:144466285 4299:: 24–32. 4284:144917512 4255:199807923 4039:West 2010 3608:West 2010 3534:Bose 1988 3346:Jena 1996 3116:Jena 1996 2900:Jena 1996 2752:Jena 1996 2737:Jena 1996 2644:The Hindu 2260:New Delhi 2183:Aftermath 2177:B.C. Dutt 1888:Hindustan 1879:Hindustan 1873:Kathiawar 1856:Kathiawar 1769:New Delhi 1625:Hindustan 1621:Hindustan 1610:Hindustan 1601:Hindustan 1592:Hindustan 1588:Hindustan 1552:Hindustan 1517:Hindustan 1509:Hindustan 1460:Hindustan 1441:and HMIS 1423:Hindustan 1371:Sion area 1325:Singapore 1169:Indonesia 1074:Machlimar 1010:corvettes 1008:and four 782:Azad Hind 168:mutineers 156:mutineers 133:mutineers 86:Hong Kong 49:Hindustan 6899:Hastings 6859:Bentinck 6078:Jugantar 5722:Gandhism 5382:Asaf Ali 5075:C.R. Das 4748:23726108 4595:40279255 4457:(2006). 4447:44133352 4393:ProQuest 4293:Geoforum 4177:44138995 4144:23 March 2468:See also 2167:and the 2125:militant 1948:Calcutta 1802:Hongkong 1749:Calcutta 1745:Jamnagar 1706:European 1584:Himalaya 1548:Himalaya 1529:Himalaya 1466:Himalaya 1439:Himalaya 1389:and the 1349:Narbada. 1261:and the 1219:and the 1114:Lonavala 1063:Shamsher 1058:Shamsher 1045:gunboats 1031:Mahratta 1015:Gondwana 995:Lawrence 830:Jai Hind 749:itself. 741:and the 715:Calcutta 689:General 608:and the 528:arrested 517:communal 505:Congress 501:Calcutta 434:and the 417:Calcutta 69:Location 6819:Canning 6238:Periyar 5887:Bardoli 5655:Gwalior 5557:History 5352:Dhillon 5278:Battles 5023:I Kikan 4983:F Kikan 4171:: 387. 2331:, CIE, 2313:, CVO, 2045:scholar 1956:Hooghly 1939: 1936:transl. 1931:bazaars 1884:Karachi 1862:Valsura 1844:. 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