2256:
2698:
2654:
1485:
1541:
3173:
3077:
3082:
3174:
3169:
2001:
2216:
2156:
42:
2878:
3042:
Rubidium was tested for the influence on manic depression and depression. Dialysis patients suffering from depression show a depletion in rubidium, and therefore a supplementation may help during depression. In some tests the rubidium was administered as rubidium chloride with up to 720 mg per
3175:
2807:
of the new element was 85.36 (the currently accepted value is 85.47). They tried to generate elemental rubidium by electrolysis of molten rubidium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance, which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed the
2688:
For several years in the 1950s and 1960s, a by-product of potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium. Alkarb contained 21% rubidium, with the rest being potassium and a small amount of caesium. Today the largest producers of caesium produce rubidium as a by-product from
3172:
2837:, they were able to determine the density and the melting point. The quality of this research in the 1860s can be appraised by the fact that their determined density differs by less than 0.1 g/cm and the melting point by less than 1 °C from the presently accepted values.
2840:
The slight radioactivity of rubidium was discovered in 1908, but that was before the theory of isotopes was established in 1910, and the low level of activity (half-life greater than 10 years) made interpretation complicated. The now proven decay of Rb to stable Sr through
2499:. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, then the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and of the Sr/Sr ratio. The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered (see
2962:
of rubidium's energy levels, and rubidium is useful for high-precision timing. It is used as the main component of secondary frequency references (rubidium oscillators) in cell site transmitters and other electronic transmitting, networking, and test equipment. These
2235:
of only 403 kJ/mol. It has an electron configuration of 5s and is photosensitive. Due to its strong electropositive nature, rubidium reacts explosively with water. As with all the alkali metals, the reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite metal or the
2240:
gas produced by the reaction, potentially causing an explosion. Rubidium, being denser than potassium, sinks in water, reacting violently; caesium explodes on contact with water. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air.
2122:, meaning deep red, the color of its emission spectrum. Rubidium's compounds have various chemical and electronic applications. Rubidium metal is easily vaporized and has a convenient spectral absorption range, making it a frequent target for
3254:
of rubidium in humans measures 31–46 days. Although a partial substitution of potassium by rubidium is possible, when more than 50% of the potassium in the muscle tissue of rats was replaced with rubidium, the rats died.
2848:
Rubidium had minimal industrial value before the 1920s. Since then, the most important use of rubidium is research and development, primarily in chemical and electronic applications. In 1995, rubidium-87 was used to produce a
2579:
contains an average of 125 μg/L of rubidium compared to the much higher value for potassium of 408 mg/L and the much lower value of 0.3 μg/L for caesium. Rubidium is the 18th most abundant element in seawater.
3250:(i.e., inside cells). The ions are not particularly toxic; a 70 kg person contains on average 0.36 g of rubidium, and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons. The
3190:
3289:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
2788:(RbCl) for further studies. Bunsen and Kirchhoff began their first large-scale isolation of caesium and rubidium compounds with 44,000 litres (12,000 US gal) of mineral water, which yielded 7.3 grams of
3197:
3090:
4813:
Martin, J. L.; McKenzie, C. R.; Thomas, N. R.; Sharpe, J. C.; Warrington, D. M.; Manson, P. J.; Sandle, W. J.; Wilson, A. C. (1999). "Output coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate formed in a TOP trap".
2290:; it is also used as a biomarker, because in nature, it is found only in small quantities in living organisms and when present, replaces potassium. Other common rubidium compounds are the corrosive
3057:
2661:
Although rubidium is more abundant in Earth's crust than caesium, the limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limits the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4
2943:, producing volumes of magnetized He gas, with the nuclear spins aligned rather than random. Rubidium vapor is optically pumped by a laser, and the polarized Rb polarizes He through the
5181:
Yen, C. K.; Yano, Y.; Budinger, T. F.; Friedland, R. P.; Derenzo, S. E.; Huesman, R. H.; O'Brien, H. A. (1982). "Brain tumor evaluation using Rb-82 and positron emission tomography".
2595:, rubidium is concentrated together with its heavier analogue caesium in the liquid phase and crystallizes last. Therefore, the largest deposits of rubidium and caesium are zone
3246:
when dissolved in water, even in biological contexts. The human body tends to treat Rb ions as if they were potassium ions, and therefore concentrates rubidium in the body's
7352:
2971:
to produce a "primary frequency standard" that has greater accuracy and is less expensive than caesium standards. Such rubidium standards are often mass-produced for the
3140:
2932:
and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures. For cold-atom applications requiring tunable interactions, Rb is preferred for its rich
2603:
in the crystallization of magma, the enrichment is far less effective than that of caesium. Zone pegmatite ore bodies containing mineable quantities of caesium as
2428:
in 110 days. Thirty additional rubidium isotopes have been synthesized with half-lives of less than 3 months; most are highly radioactive and have few uses.
2829:
mixture of the metal and rubidium chloride. In a second attempt to produce metallic rubidium, Bunsen was able to reduce rubidium by heating charred rubidium
3275:
7282:
7270:
1732:
3390:
3023:. Rubidium is very similar to potassium, and tissue with high potassium content will also accumulate the radioactive rubidium. One of the main uses is
5732:
5400:
Torta, R.; Ala, G.; Borio, R.; Cicolin, A.; Costamagna, S.; Fiori, L.; Ravizza, L. (1993). "Rubidium chloride in the treatment of major depression".
4921:
3480:
5651:
2685:
yields after 30 subsequent steps pure rubidium alum. Two other methods are reported, the chlorostannate process and the ferrocyanide process.
4307:; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Pier, Julie; Wang, Lu-Min; Ewing, Rodney C. (1998). "Rubicline, a new feldspar from San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy".
2035:
5515:
Fieve, Ronald R.; Meltzer, Herbert L.; Taylor, Reginald M. (1971). "Rubidium chloride ingestion by volunteer subjects: Initial experience".
7035:
2167:, silvery-white metal. It has a melting point of 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) and a boiling point of 688 °C (1,270 °F). It forms
3235:
on exposure even to a small amount of air diffused into the oil, and storage is subject to similar precautions as the storage of metallic
5690:
2109:
2026:
4754:
2796:. Rubidium was the second element, shortly after caesium, to be discovered by spectroscopy, just one year after the invention of the
2530:
1689:
3031:
in brain tumors, rubidium collects more in brain tumors than normal brain tissue, allowing the use of radioisotope rubidium-82 in
1580:
4727:
4606:
2286:(RbCl) is probably the most used rubidium compound: among several other chlorides, it is used to induce living cells to take up
2777:
2666:
3035:
to locate and image brain tumors. Rubidium-82 has a very short half-life of 76 seconds, and the production from decay of
5725:
5458:
5384:
5221:
5105:
5078:
5049:
5020:
4737:
4525:
4287:
4116:
4087:
3978:
3863:
3796:
3705:
3680:
3595:
3360:
3339:
3227:
Rubidium reacts violently with water and can cause fires. To ensure safety and purity, this metal is usually kept under dry
5332:
Canavese, Caterina; Decostanzi, Ester; Branciforte, Lino; Caropreso, Antonio; Nonnato, Antonello; Sabbioni, Enrico (2001).
2592:
2480:
3204:
2529:
Rubidium is not abundant, being one of 56 elements that combined make up 0.05% of the Earth's crust; at roughly the 23rd
2203:(even though rubidium and lithium are in the same group). Rubidium and potassium show a very similar purple color in the
2951:
He cells are useful for neutron polarization measurements and for producing polarized neutron beams for other purposes.
4212:
3497:
2517:
with a half-life of 25.36 days. With a half-life of 76 seconds, rubidium-82 decays by positron emission to stable
1725:
164:
3586:
Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Vergleichende Übersicht über die Gruppe der
Alkalimetalle".
3428:
3403:
3373:
2909:
1189:
99:
3183:
7028:
5718:
4867:
Chin, Cheng; Grimm, Rudolf; Julienne, Paul; Tiesinga, Eite (2010-04-29). "Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases".
4021:
Planck
Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd)".
1553:
2886:
1264:
4000:
5559:
2921:
2019:
1654:
4241:
Bolter, E.; Turekian, K.; Schutz, D. (1964). "The distribution of rubidium, cesium and barium in the oceans".
7357:
4962:
4457:
4342:
2500:
4693:
2764:, but those salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water. Therefore, the less soluble rubidium
5703:
5610:
4986:
4694:"Special Materials in Pyrotechnics, Part II: Application of Caesium and Rubidium Compounds in Pyrotechnics"
4168:
Wise, M. A. (1995). "Trace element chemistry of lithium-rich micas from rare-element granitic pegmatites".
3122:
3110:
3024:
3020:
2850:
7302:
7021:
4398:
3009:. In particular, Rb is used with other alkali metals in the development of spin-exchange relaxation-free
2972:
2809:
2250:
5611:"Histological effects in rats resulting from adding rubidium or cesium to a diet deficient in potassium"
3136:
2756:. Kirchhoff and Bunsen processed 150 kg of a lepidolite containing only 0.24% rubidium monoxide (Rb
2138:
have similar properties and the same charge as potassium ions, and are actively taken up and treated by
7337:
5658:
4628:
1149:
7294:
7100:
2012:
3291:
2916:. Rubidium, particularly vaporized Rb, is one of the most commonly used atomic species employed for
1785:
7347:
3132:
2897:
1291:
3613:"Association of rubidium and potassium and their abundance in common igneous rocks and meteorites"
2990:
component. Rubidium is also used as an ingredient in special types of glass, in the production of
2207:, and distinguishing the two elements requires more sophisticated analysis, such as spectroscopy.
5334:"Depression in dialysis patients: Rubidium supplementation before other drugs and encouragement?"
3028:
2492:
2338:
1603:
1129:
3812:
Bradley, J. N.; Greene, P. D. (1967). "Relationship of structure and ionic mobility in solid MAg
3788:
3781:
3076:
7342:
7246:
7055:
4515:
3722:
2866:
2323:
1802:
1156:
1141:
1116:
126:
5446:
5427:
5374:
5095:
5037:
4277:
4104:
4075:
3768:
3081:
1188:
7238:
5209:
5066:
5008:
3855:
3743:
3104:
3069:
2665:
per year. Several methods are available for separating potassium, rubidium, and caesium. The
2346:
1664:
5289:
Malekahmadi, P.; Williams, John A. (1984). "Rubidium in psychiatry: Research implications".
4219:. Vol. Paper 820. U.S. Geological Survey Professional. pp. 365–378. Archived from
4044:
3389:
Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".
2978:
Other potential or current uses of rubidium include a working fluid in vapor turbines, as a
2924:. Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive
7082:
5761:
5137:
4886:
4833:
4792:
4664:
4466:
4415:
4316:
4250:
4177:
4040:
3970:
CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data
3941:
3903:
3887:
3624:
3251:
2901:
2711:
2588:
2565:
contains between 0.3% and 3.5% rubidium, and is the commercial source of the element. Some
2416:, rubidium in the Earth's crust is composed of two isotopes: the stable Rb (72.2%) and the
2413:
2407:
1718:
1570:
1521:
1473:
5350:
5333:
8:
7191:
3562:
3478:
Lenk, Winfried; Prinz, Horst; Steinmetz, Anja (2010). "Rubidium and
Rubidium Compounds".
3247:
2959:
2944:
2765:
2761:
2444:
2376:
2168:
2094:
2078:
1674:
1301:
5684:
5141:
4890:
4837:
4668:
4470:
4419:
4320:
4254:
4181:
3945:
3907:
3628:
2645:, with a rubidium content of 17.5%. Both of those deposits are also sources of caesium.
7229:
7142:
7137:
7113:
7044:
5587:
5575:
5540:
5492:
5475:
5314:
5266:
5241:
5158:
5125:
4949:
4902:
4876:
4849:
4823:
4779:
4406:
4193:
4056:
4030:
3445:
2933:
2854:
2732:
2653:
2570:
2460:
2295:
2291:
2051:
1620:
1508:
1283:
1277:
4845:
4144:
3612:
2495:
results in rocks with elevated Rb/Sr ratios. The highest ratios (10 or more) occur in
7332:
7220:
7179:
7090:
7072:
6612:
5626:
5579:
5532:
5497:
5454:
5409:
5380:
5355:
5306:
5302:
5271:
5217:
5190:
5163:
5101:
5074:
5045:
5016:
4954:
4906:
4853:
4784:
4733:
4648:
4521:
4452:
4283:
4262:
4197:
4112:
4083:
4060:
3974:
3859:
3792:
3701:
3676:
3640:
3636:
3591:
3493:
3424:
3399:
3369:
3335:
3307:
2964:
2948:
2862:
2858:
2793:
2785:
2736:
2425:
2387:
2383:
2283:
2232:
2228:
2172:
2005:
1765:
1756:
1515:
1424:
1414:
775:
5544:
5476:"The Physiological Behavior of Rubidium and Cesium in Relation to That of Potassium"
3915:
7254:
7211:
7199:
7154:
7129:
7095:
7077:
7067:
6676:
6381:
6210:
6039:
5958:
5877:
5850:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5622:
5591:
5571:
5524:
5487:
5345:
5318:
5298:
5261:
5253:
5153:
5145:
4944:
4936:
4894:
4841:
4774:
4766:
4672:
4587:
4560:
4493:
4474:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4390:
4367:
4324:
4258:
4185:
4048:
3949:
3911:
3847:
3829:
3700:(3d ed., completely rev ed.). New York: Interscience Publishers. p. 190.
3668:
3632:
3485:
3460:
3299:
3032:
2913:
2789:
2724:
2701:
2510:
2391:
2335:
2105:
2047:
1907:
1838:
1711:
1698:
1533:
1406:
1134:
59:
4052:
3953:
3489:
7108:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5657:. Los Alamos National Laboratory (technical report LA-UR-03-8638). Archived from
3968:
3883:
3541:
3243:
2420:
Rb (27.8%). Natural rubidium is radioactive, with specific activity of about 670
2395:
1813:
1463:
1394:
7170:
7121:
5741:
5698:
5257:
4898:
4653:"Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates"
4455:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries".
3464:
2905:
2599:
ore bodies formed by this enrichment process. Because rubidium substitutes for
2353:
1640:
1525:
1311:
1183:
180:
4920:
Gentile, T. R.; Chen, W. C.; Jones, G. L.; Babcock, E.; Walker, T. G. (2005).
4591:
4371:
7326:
6835:
5560:"A pharmacokinetic analysis of long-term administration of rubidium chloride"
4564:
4427:
4394:
4220:
3644:
3311:
2917:
2804:
2720:
2705:
2342:
2101:
2058:
1790:
1694:
1491:
1449:
1242:
1217:
1203:
1098:
945:
4328:
3672:
2896:
to give them a purple color. Rubidium has also been considered for use in a
1484:
6889:
6718:
6423:
5823:
5756:
5501:
5359:
5167:
4958:
4788:
3723:"Information on Alkali Metals – Stanford Environmental Health & Safety"
3036:
3006:
2955:
2882:
2797:
2584:
2514:
2074:
2062:
1984:
1947:
1913:
1630:
1595:
1254:
1122:
987:
854:
628:
5595:
5583:
5536:
5413:
5310:
5194:
3664:
The
Chemistry of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium
3662:
3513:
3423:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.
3303:
3196:
3144:
2697:
2294:(RbOH), the starting material for most rubidium-based chemical processes;
6943:
6907:
6898:
6808:
6790:
6781:
5818:
5275:
4940:
4929:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
4828:
4770:
4759:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
3833:
3228:
3203:
3016:
3002:
2983:
2925:
2877:
2619:
2554:
2506:
2484:
2472:
2417:
2139:
2086:
1852:
1797:
1029:
1001:
994:
924:
910:
903:
5242:"Effects of rubidium chloride on the course of manic-depressive illness"
4143:
Butterman, William C.; Brooks, William E.; Reese, Robert G. Jr. (2003).
3182:
6952:
6880:
6853:
6826:
6486:
6468:
6441:
6272:
6263:
6002:
5528:
4478:
4304:
4189:
3292:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
3189:
2991:
2929:
2842:
2834:
2753:
2728:
2608:
2562:
2550:
2518:
2476:
2373:
2204:
1879:
1844:
1819:
1036:
980:
959:
938:
677:
663:
642:
514:
507:
308:
5331:
5149:
4677:
4652:
3563:"Rubidium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2471:, and is therefore fairly widespread. Rb has been used extensively in
1540:
1222:
961 K (688 °C, 1270 °F)
7013:
6961:
6934:
6925:
6772:
6754:
6745:
6736:
6522:
6432:
6405:
6353:
6299:
6281:
6245:
6225:
6164:
6101:
6045:
5984:
5973:
5892:
5843:
5833:
5828:
3995:
3365:
3271:
3236:
3114:
2999:
2987:
2893:
2627:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2566:
2546:
2496:
2487:, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual
2464:
2432:
2421:
2196:
2164:
2093:
of 48.8 billion years—more than three times as long as the estimated
2090:
2066:
1770:
1590:
1455:
1082:
1055:
1043:
1022:
1015:
896:
882:
875:
868:
705:
635:
614:
577:
535:
521:
493:
475:
431:
382:
338:
294:
285:
225:
17:
4548:
3929:
3590:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–955.
2808:
slightest trace of metallic substance". They presumed that it was a
6916:
6817:
6700:
6682:
6657:
6648:
6621:
6594:
6558:
6549:
6531:
6459:
6450:
6344:
6182:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6020:
5939:
5921:
5856:
4035:
3444:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
3232:
3231:
or sealed in glass ampoules in an inert atmosphere. Rubidium forms
3155:
2940:
2830:
2803:
The two scientists used the rubidium chloride to estimate that the
2781:
2623:
2576:
2237:
2215:
2131:
1008:
931:
840:
826:
810:
803:
782:
761:
733:
726:
712:
656:
649:
570:
445:
375:
368:
361:
354:
322:
262:
248:
200:
4881:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6871:
6862:
6844:
6799:
6727:
6709:
6639:
6585:
6567:
6540:
6513:
6495:
6477:
6387:
6317:
6290:
6254:
6236:
6200:
6191:
6173:
6155:
6054:
5993:
5883:
5838:
5710:
4705:
3930:"On the Possible Radioactivity of Erbium, Potassium and Rubidium"
2826:
2573:
also contain the element in commercially significant quantities.
2542:
2468:
2220:
2200:
2188:
2082:
2070:
1227:
1162:
1074:
1067:
973:
966:
952:
917:
861:
847:
796:
754:
740:
719:
698:
684:
670:
600:
549:
528:
500:
486:
459:
452:
438:
424:
345:
301:
218:
4725:
4275:
3966:
2306:), used in some optical glasses, and rubidium copper sulfate, Rb
2255:
1212: (39.30 °C, 102.74 °F)
6763:
6691:
6576:
6504:
6414:
6396:
6362:
6326:
6308:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6011:
5964:
5930:
5912:
5867:
5683:
3661:
Hart, William A.; Beumel Jr., O.F .; Whaley, Thomas P. (1973).
3288:
2995:
2979:
2538:
2192:
1209:
889:
833:
747:
691:
621:
607:
584:
556:
542:
410:
403:
396:
315:
278:
255:
241:
209:
4578:
Lewis, G. M. (1952). "The natural radioactivity of rubidium".
3332:
3128:
2108:
discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed technique,
6977:
6666:
6371:
6029:
5903:
5444:
3611:
Ahrens, L. H; Pinson, W. H; Kearns, Makgaret M (1952-01-01).
2740:
2662:
2558:
2488:
2176:
2123:
2113:
1196:
817:
591:
329:
234:
65:
2509:, one of the element's non-natural isotopes, is produced by
6630:
6603:
6146:
6110:
5948:
4816:
Journal of
Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
4549:"Ueber die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften des Rubidiums"
4302:
3881:
3546:
Analysis, detection and commercial value of the rare metals
3010:
2968:
2642:
2534:
2184:
2180:
2127:
789:
768:
417:
389:
269:
83:
80:
4812:
3242:
Rubidium, like sodium and potassium, almost always has +1
2904:
principle, whereby hot rubidium ions are passed through a
2760:
O). Both potassium and rubidium form insoluble salts with
2641:
found as impurities in pollucite on the
Italian island of
6335:
5750:
5379:. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. pp. 164–165.
4866:
2614:
Two notable sources of rubidium are the rich deposits of
2287:
2135:
563:
74:
5180:
5013:
Measurement, control, and communication using IEEE 1588
4919:
4494:"C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table – Cesium"
5608:
5124:
Li, Zhimin; Wakai, Ronald T.; Walker, Thad G. (2006).
4213:"Lithium, cesium, and rubidium—The rare alkali metals"
3148:
2155:
41:
5035:
4989:. NIST Center for Neutron Research 2002 Annual Report
3222:
2231:
of the stable alkali metals and has a very low first
100:
7353:
Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure
5399:
5207:
5100:. Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited. p. 274.
4922:"Polarized He spin filters for slow neutron physics"
4240:
4142:
4020:
3811:
3660:
3585:
3443:
2356:
when exposed to air, including rubidium monoxide (Rb
77:
71:
62:
5288:
4111:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 383–385.
86:
68:
5694:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 809.
5514:
5239:
4987:"Neutron spin filters based on polarized helium-3"
4611:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
3994:
3882:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;
3780:
3766:
3698:Advanced inorganic chemistry: a comprehensive text
3610:
3477:
2780:. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with
2085:: 72% is a stable isotope Rb, and 28% is slightly
5366:
5240:Paschalis, C.; Jenner, F. A.; Lee, C. R. (1978).
5126:"Parametric modulation of an atomic magnetometer"
3846:
3446:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
2061:37. It is a very soft, whitish-grey solid in the
7324:
4629:"Press Release: The 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics"
3967:Lide, David R; Frederikse, H. P. R (June 1995).
3518:American Elements: The Materials Science Company
3325:
3323:
3321:
2611:are also a source for rubidium as a by-product.
2443: years, which is more than three times the
2382:. Rubidium forms salts with halogens, producing
4399:"Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen"
4389:
3720:
3696:Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1972).
3695:
3171:
1548: = 569.9 pm (at 20 °C)
5445:Martel, Bernard; Cassidy, Keith (2004-07-01).
5006:
4755:"Bose-Einstein condensation (all 20 articles)"
4485:
4073:
3744:"Reactions of the Group 1 elements with water"
3557:
3555:
3481:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2845:was still under discussion in the late 1940s.
2708:(center) discovered rubidium by spectroscopy.
7029:
5726:
5123:
3398:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
3318:
2159:Partially molten rubidium metal in an ampoule
2020:
1649:1300 m/s (at 20 °C)
1585:128 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
1146:
5649:
5451:Chemical risk analysis: a practical handbook
5097:Introduction To Nuclear And Particle Physics
5071:Advances in electronics and electron physics
4752:
4604:
3656:
3654:
2908:. These conduct electricity and act like an
2491:may increase over time, and the progressing
1483:
1259:312.41 K, ? kPa
4726:Boikess, Robert S; Edelson, Edward (1981).
4385:
4383:
4381:
4282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
4276:McSween Jr., Harry Y; Huss, Gary R (2010).
4014:
3892:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"
3552:
3388:
3334:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
2744:
2130:. Rubidium is not a known nutrient for any
2117:
2081:. On Earth, natural rubidium comprises two
2077:in the group to have a density higher than
25:Chemical element with atomic number 37 (Rb)
7036:
7022:
5733:
5719:
5646:(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963)
5376:Textbook of Integrative Mental Health Care
5064:
3579:
2531:most abundant element in the Earth's crust
2027:
2013:
1733:
1726:
1539:
40:
5491:
5349:
5265:
5157:
4948:
4880:
4827:
4778:
4676:
4513:
4215:. In Brobst, D. A.; Pratt, W. P. (eds.).
4034:
3651:
3437:
3329:
2892:Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in
2784:, the process yielded 0.51 grams of
2735:. Because of the bright red lines in its
2727:, in Heidelberg, Germany, in the mineral
5480:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
5235:
5233:
4447:
4445:
4378:
4074:Attendorn, H.-G.; Bowen, Robert (1988).
3282:
2876:
2696:
2652:
2254:
2219:Rubidium crystals (silvery) compared to
2214:
2154:
6833:
5557:
5208:Jadvar, H.; Anthony Parker, J. (2005).
4347:. United States. Bureau of Mines. 1995.
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4102:
3877:
3875:
3840:
3535:
3533:
3005:in biology, and as the vapor in atomic
2825:); however, the product was probably a
2557:, which contain as much as 1% rubidium
7325:
7043:
6887:
6716:
6421:
5473:
5453:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 215.
5291:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
5119:
5117:
5093:
5036:King, Tim; Newson, Dave (1999-07-31).
4546:
4491:
4210:
3927:
3783:Solid state chemistry: an introduction
3421:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3357:
2939:Rubidium has been used for polarizing
2912:of a generator, thereby generating an
2833:. Although the distilled rubidium was
2541:. It occurs naturally in the minerals
2372:; rubidium in excess oxygen gives the
2210:
2150:
7017:
6941:
6905:
6896:
6806:
6788:
6779:
5714:
5351:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031201.x
5230:
5029:
4577:
4451:
4442:
4145:"Mineral Commodity Profile: Rubidium"
3767:Smart, Lesley; Moore, Elaine (1995).
3741:
3514:"Rubidium (Rb) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®"
3418:
3392:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3382:
3361:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3353:
3351:
2739:, they chose a name derived from the
2424:/g, enough to significantly expose a
1969:
1966:
1936:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1868:
1865:
1831:
1828:
1806:
1801:
6950:
6878:
6851:
6824:
6484:
6466:
6439:
6270:
6261:
5372:
4691:
4647:
4167:
4125:
3872:
3539:
3530:
2345:, a property exploited in thin film
6959:
6932:
6923:
6770:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6520:
6430:
6403:
6351:
6297:
6279:
6243:
6223:
6162:
6099:
6000:
5982:
5971:
5890:
5114:
3272:"Standard Atomic Weights: Rubidium"
3039:must be done close to the patient.
2719:Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by
1353:
13:
6914:
6815:
6698:
6680:
6655:
6646:
6619:
6592:
6547:
6529:
6457:
6448:
6342:
6214:
6180:
6090:
6072:
6063:
6043:
6018:
5740:
5636:
5576:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03704.x
5038:"Rubidium and crystal oscillators"
4753:Eric Cornell; et al. (1996).
4605:Campbell, N. R.; Wood, A. (1908).
4358:"Cesium and Rubidium Hit Market".
3348:
3223:Precautions and biological effects
3167:
2145:
1438:3rd: 3859.4 kJ/mol
1435:2nd: 2632.1 kJ/mol
14:
7369:
6869:
6860:
6842:
6797:
6707:
6637:
6610:
6583:
6565:
6556:
6538:
6511:
6493:
6475:
6385:
6315:
6288:
6252:
6198:
6189:
6171:
6153:
6081:
6052:
5991:
5937:
5919:
5881:
5854:
5676:
4732:. Harper & Row. p. 193.
4517:Colloids and the Ultra Microscope
4150:. United States Geological Survey
3588:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
3364:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
2752:Rubidium is a minor component in
6761:
6725:
6689:
6574:
6502:
6412:
6394:
6324:
6306:
6234:
6135:
6126:
6117:
5962:
5865:
5644:Handbook of Analytical Chemistry
5627:10.1152/ajplegacy.1943.138.2.246
5564:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
4553:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
4105:"Rubidium-Strontium Systematics"
3358:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
3080:
3075:
3027:. As a result of changes in the
2000:
1999:
1321:
58:
6664:
6369:
6360:
6027:
6009:
5928:
5910:
5609:Follis, Richard H. Jr. (1943).
5602:
5551:
5508:
5467:
5438:
5420:
5393:
5325:
5282:
5201:
5174:
5087:
5058:
5000:
4979:
4913:
4860:
4806:
4746:
4719:
4685:
4641:
4621:
4607:"The Radioactivity of Rubidium"
4598:
4571:
4540:
4507:
4360:Chemical & Engineering News
4351:
4335:
4296:
4269:
4243:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
4234:
4217:United States mineral resources
4204:
4161:
4096:
4067:
4003:from the original on 2017-02-19
3987:
3960:
3921:
3916:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
3805:
3760:
3735:
3714:
3689:
3617:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3604:
2887:United States Naval Observatory
2872:
2669:of a rubidium and caesium alum
1432:1st: 403 kJ/mol
6628:
6601:
6144:
6108:
5946:
5901:
4103:Walther, John Victor (2009) .
4082:. Springer. pp. 162–165.
4080:Isotopes in the Earth Sciences
3667:. Pergamon. p. 371, 382.
3506:
3471:
3412:
3264:
1615: cm/mol (303 K)
1419:Pauling scale: 0.82
1269:2093 K, 16 MPa
1:
6333:
5007:Eidson, John C (2006-04-11).
4458:Journal of Chemical Education
4407:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
3954:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.29.170
3490:10.1002/14356007.a23_473.pub2
3258:
2853:, for which the discoverers,
2648:
2524:
2483:, Sr tends to concentrate in
2463:. It readily substitutes for
1604:Molar magnetic susceptibility
5704:The Periodic Table of Videos
5303:10.1016/0091-3057(84)90162-X
4263:10.1016/0016-7037(64)90161-9
4023:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3973:. CRC-Press. pp. 4–25.
3637:10.1016/0016-7037(52)90017-3
3025:myocardial perfusion imaging
3021:positron emission tomography
2244:
2227:Rubidium is the second most
7:
5183:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
4846:10.1088/0953-4075/32/12/322
4514:Zsigmondy, Richard (2007).
4496:. American Chemical Society
4492:Ritter, Stephen K. (2003).
4315:(11–12 Part 1): 1335–1339.
4076:"Rubidium-Strontium Dating"
4053:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830
3330:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
2973:telecommunications industry
2401:
2352:Rubidium forms a number of
2251:Category:Rubidium compounds
1306:31.060 J/(mol·K)
1121:group 1: hydrogen and
10:
7374:
6232:
6061:
5980:
5899:
5863:
5765:
5707:(University of Nottingham)
5258:10.1177/014107687807100507
4899:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1225
4520:. Read books. p. 69.
4109:Essentials of geochemistry
3296:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2922:Bose–Einstein condensation
2778:fractional crystallization
2692:
2667:fractional crystallization
2587:, rubidium is one of the "
2481:fractional crystallization
2405:
2248:
2112:. The name comes from the
1241:when liquid (at
483:
351:
291:
231:
206:
15:
7051:
6975:
6675:
6380:
6209:
6038:
5957:
5876:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5748:
5652:"Rubidium-87 D Line Data"
5136:(13): 23575531–23575533.
5065:Marton, L. (1977-01-01).
5044:. Springer. p. 300.
4869:Reviews of Modern Physics
4592:10.1080/14786441008520248
4372:10.1021/cen-v037n022.p050
3996:"Universal Nuclide Chart"
3852:Chemistry of the Elements
3850:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3548:. Mining Science Pub. Co.
3056:
3051:
2800:by Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
2533:it is more abundant than
2501:rubidium–strontium dating
2459: years, making it a
2163:Rubidium is a very soft,
1998:
1994:
1963:
1930:
1919:
1862:
1825:
1796:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1717:
1707:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1602:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1552:
1532:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1454:empirical: 248
1448:
1423:
1413:
1393:
1388:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1276:
1263:
1253:
1239:
1226:
1216:
1202:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1155:
1140:
1128:
1115:
1096:
1073:
186:
178:
174:
141:
125:
121:
113:
53:
48:
39:
5216:. Springer. p. 59.
5042:Data network engineering
5015:. Springer. p. 32.
4565:10.1002/jlac.18631250314
4428:10.1002/andp.18611890702
4170:Mineralogy and Petrology
3884:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik
3465:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3123:Precautionary statements
2954:The resonant element in
2898:thermoelectric generator
2851:Bose–Einstein condensate
2607:or the lithium minerals
2349:and other applications.
2073:. Rubidium is the first
16:Not to be confused with
5691:Encyclopædia Britannica
5558:Meltzer, H. L. (1991).
5373:Lake, James A. (2006).
5214:Clinical PET and PET/CT
5130:Applied Physics Letters
4436:2027/hvd.32044080591324
4329:10.2138/am-1998-11-1223
4045:2016A&A...594A..13P
3673:10.1016/c2013-0-05695-2
3484:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2776:) could be obtained by
2657:Flame test for rubidium
1575:58.2 W/(m⋅K)
1565:/K (at 20 °C)
5642:Meites, Louis (1963).
5474:Relman, A. S. (1956).
4704:: 9–24. Archived from
4580:Philosophical Magazine
4211:Norton, J. J. (1973).
3928:Strong, W. W. (1909).
3787:. CRC Press. pp.
3419:Weast, Robert (1984).
3178:
2928:light at the relevant
2889:
2867:Nobel Prize in Physics
2792:and 9.2 grams of
2749:, meaning "deep red".
2745:
2716:
2658:
2324:Rubidium silver iodide
2280:
2224:
2160:
2118:
1581:Electrical resistivity
1488:
1157:Electron configuration
127:Standard atomic weight
5067:"Rubidium Vapor Cell"
4309:American Mineralogist
4303:Teertstra, David K.;
3856:Butterworth-Heinemann
3848:Greenwood, Norman N.
3721:Stanford University.
3540:Ohly, Julius (1910).
3304:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
3177:
2880:
2700:
2656:
2593:magma crystallization
2589:incompatible elements
2583:Because of its large
2479:to stable Sr. During
2412:Although rubidium is
2258:
2218:
2158:
1487:
7358:Pyrophoric materials
5402:Minerva Psichiatrica
5338:Kidney International
4941:10.6028/jres.110.043
4771:10.6028/jres.101.045
4698:Journal Pyrotechnics
4692:Koch, E.-C. (2002).
3834:10.1039/TF9676302516
3252:biological half-life
3160:(fire diamond)
3011:(SERF) magnetometers
2967:are often used with
2881:A rubidium fountain
2712:Henry Enfield Roscoe
2408:Isotopes of rubidium
2134:. However, rubidium
1719:Isotopes of rubidium
1669:0.216 MPa
1571:Thermal conductivity
1474:Van der Waals radius
1296:69 kJ/mol
1292:Heat of vaporization
1249:1.46 g/cm
1231:(at 20° C)
5615:AJP: Legacy Content
5517:Psychopharmacologia
5142:2006ApPhL..89m4105L
4891:2010RvMP...82.1225C
4838:1999JPhB...32.3065M
4729:Chemical principles
4669:2001PhT....54l..14L
4547:Bunsen, R. (1863).
4471:1932JChEd...9.1413W
4420:1861AnP...189..337K
4366:(22): 50–56. 1959.
4321:1998AmMin..83.1335T
4255:1964GeCoA..28.1459B
4182:1995MinPe..55..203W
3946:1909PhRvI..29..170S
3908:2003NuPhA.729....3A
3748:www.chemguide.co.uk
3629:1952GeCoA...2..229A
3248:intracellular fluid
3048:
3029:blood–brain barrier
2960:hyperfine structure
2902:magnetohydrodynamic
2766:hexachloroplatinate
2762:chloroplatinic acid
2571:potassium chlorides
2445:age of the universe
2211:Chemical properties
2151:Physical properties
2095:age of the universe
1522:body-centered cubic
1468:220±9 pm
1425:Ionization energies
1313:Vapor pressure
1302:Molar heat capacity
1178:Physical properties
1170:Electrons per shell
36:
7045:Rubidium compounds
5529:10.1007/BF00403562
5073:. Academic Press.
4649:Levi, Barbara Goss
4586:(345): 1070–1074.
4479:10.1021/ed009p1413
4453:Weeks, Mary Elvira
4190:10.1007/BF01162588
3822:Trans. Faraday Soc
3179:
3046:
2998:, in the study of
2965:rubidium standards
2947:interaction. Such
2890:
2855:Eric Allin Cornell
2733:flame spectroscopy
2717:
2659:
2626:, Canada, and the
2461:primordial nuclide
2431:Rubidium-87 has a
2334:) has the highest
2296:rubidium carbonate
2292:rubidium hydroxide
2281:
2225:
2161:
2110:flame spectroscopy
2065:group, similar to
2006:Category: Rubidium
1635:2.5 GPa
1625:2.4 GPa
1505:Natural occurrence
1495:
1489:
1080:
1063:
28:
7338:Chemical elements
7320:
7319:
7011:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6970:
6969:
5650:Steck, Daniel A.
5460:978-1-903996-65-2
5428:"Rubidium 276332"
5386:978-1-58890-299-3
5223:978-1-85233-838-1
5150:10.1063/1.2357553
5107:978-81-203-3610-0
5080:978-0-12-014644-4
5051:978-0-7923-8594-3
5022:978-1-84628-250-8
4739:978-0-06-040808-4
4678:10.1063/1.1445529
4527:978-1-4067-5938-9
4289:978-0-521-87862-3
4118:978-0-7637-5922-3
4089:978-0-412-53710-3
3980:978-0-8493-0476-7
3896:Nuclear Physics A
3891:
3865:978-0-08-037941-8
3798:978-0-7487-4068-0
3707:978-0-471-17560-5
3682:978-0-08-018799-0
3597:978-3-11-007511-3
3453:Chinese Physics C
3368:. p. 4.122.
3341:978-1-62708-155-9
3219:Chemical compound
3217:
3216:
3105:Hazard statements
3043:day for 60 days.
2934:Feshbach spectrum
2863:Wolfgang Ketterle
2859:Carl Edwin Wieman
2794:rubidium chloride
2786:rubidium chloride
2737:emission spectrum
2714:is on the right.)
2426:photographic film
2388:rubidium chloride
2384:rubidium fluoride
2284:Rubidium chloride
2233:ionization energy
2223:crystals (golden)
2142:in similar ways.
2041:
2040:
1990:
1989:
1591:Magnetic ordering
1554:Thermal expansion
1516:Crystal structure
1490:
1478:303 pm
1415:Electronegativity
1405:(a strongly
1389:Atomic properties
1383:
1382:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1061:
1051:
1050:
777:Mercury (element)
7365:
7312:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7015:
7014:
6980:
6979:
6966:
6964:
6957:
6955:
6948:
6946:
6939:
6937:
6930:
6928:
6921:
6919:
6912:
6910:
6903:
6901:
6894:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6858:
6856:
6849:
6847:
6840:
6838:
6831:
6829:
6822:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6804:
6802:
6795:
6793:
6786:
6784:
6777:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6759:
6757:
6750:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6732:
6730:
6723:
6721:
6714:
6712:
6705:
6703:
6696:
6694:
6687:
6685:
6671:
6669:
6662:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6644:
6642:
6635:
6633:
6626:
6624:
6617:
6615:
6608:
6606:
6599:
6597:
6590:
6588:
6581:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6554:
6552:
6545:
6543:
6536:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6518:
6516:
6509:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6482:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6464:
6462:
6455:
6453:
6446:
6444:
6437:
6435:
6428:
6426:
6419:
6417:
6410:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6376:
6374:
6367:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6349:
6347:
6340:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6304:
6302:
6295:
6293:
6286:
6284:
6277:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6259:
6257:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6230:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6205:
6203:
6196:
6194:
6187:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6151:
6149:
6142:
6140:
6133:
6131:
6124:
6122:
6115:
6113:
6106:
6104:
6097:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6034:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6007:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5976:
5969:
5967:
5953:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5895:
5888:
5886:
5872:
5870:
5861:
5859:
5751:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5695:
5687:
5685:"Rubidium"
5672:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5631:
5630:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5594:. Archived from
5555:
5549:
5548:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4961:. Archived from
4952:
4926:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4884:
4875:(2): 1225–1286.
4864:
4858:
4857:
4831:
4829:cond-mat/9904007
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4791:. Archived from
4782:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4465:(8): 1413–1434.
4449:
4440:
4439:
4403:
4387:
4376:
4375:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4123:
4122:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3854:(2nd ed.).
3844:
3838:
3837:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3786:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3170:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3116:
3112:
3084:
3079:
3049:
3045:
3033:nuclear medicine
2914:electric current
2824:
2822:
2821:
2790:caesium chloride
2748:
2725:Gustav Kirchhoff
2702:Gustav Kirchhoff
2684:
2640:
2511:electron-capture
2458:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2392:rubidium bromide
2336:room temperature
2278:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2132:living organisms
2126:manipulation of
2121:
2106:Gustav Kirchhoff
2100:German chemists
2048:chemical element
2029:
2022:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1910:
1898:
1888:
1876:
1871:
1855:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1809:
1782:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1712:George de Hevesy
1703:
1699:Gustav Kirchhoff
1665:Brinell hardness
1646:
1614:
1612:
1564:
1562:
1543:
1534:Lattice constant
1500:Other properties
1404:
1395:Oxidation states
1361:
1357:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1246:
1232:
1193:
1192:
1148:
1108:
1107:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
478:
471:
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
348:
341:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
288:
281:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
228:
221:
212:
203:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
179:Rubidium in the
162:
160:
153:
151:
137:
109:
104:
95:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
44:
37:
35:
27:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7348:Reducing agents
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7278:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7133:
7125:
7117:
7104:
7086:
7063:
7059:
7047:
7042:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7005:
6971:
6962:
6960:
6953:
6951:
6944:
6942:
6935:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6917:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6827:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6800:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6782:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6764:
6762:
6755:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6717:
6710:
6708:
6701:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6667:
6665:
6658:
6656:
6649:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6622:
6620:
6613:
6611:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6550:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6512:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6469:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6442:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6415:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6372:
6370:
6363:
6361:
6354:
6352:
6345:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6327:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6300:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6253:
6246:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6224:
6217:
6215:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6156:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6138:
6136:
6129:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6064:
6055:
6053:
6046:
6044:
6030:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6003:
6001:
5994:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5963:
5949:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5893:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5868:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5744:
5739:
5682:
5679:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5639:
5637:Further reading
5634:
5607:
5603:
5556:
5552:
5513:
5509:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5443:
5439:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5371:
5367:
5330:
5326:
5287:
5283:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5206:
5202:
5179:
5175:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5094:Mittal (2009).
5092:
5088:
5081:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5005:
5001:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4865:
4861:
4811:
4807:
4798:
4796:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4690:
4686:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4603:
4599:
4576:
4572:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4450:
4443:
4401:
4388:
4379:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4209:
4205:
4176:(13): 203–215.
4166:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4126:
4119:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4072:
4068:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3934:Physical Review
3926:
3922:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3845:
3841:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3659:
3652:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3476:
3472:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3328:
3319:
3287:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3244:oxidation state
3225:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3125:
3107:
3093:
3072:
2875:
2865:, won the 2001
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2651:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2527:
2493:differentiation
2454:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2410:
2404:
2396:rubidium iodide
2380:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2229:electropositive
2213:
2153:
2148:
2146:Characteristics
2033:
2008:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1942:
1937:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1874:
1869:
1851:
1837:
1832:
1812:
1807:
1780:
1773:
1766:abundance
1739:
1721:
1708:First isolation
1701:
1679:7440-17-7
1644:
1621:Young's modulus
1610:
1608:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1464:Covalent radius
1444:
1400:
1384:
1359:
1327:
1240:
1235:1.534 g/cm
1230:
1186:
1101:
1097:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
476:
469:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
346:
339:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
286:
279:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
226:
219:
210:
201:
170:
158:
156:
149:
147:
135:
129:
102:
97:
61:
57:
33:
30:Rubidium,
29:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7371:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7018:
7009:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6958:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6922:
6913:
6904:
6895:
6886:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6841:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6805:
6796:
6787:
6778:
6769:
6760:
6751:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6715:
6706:
6697:
6688:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6618:
6609:
6600:
6591:
6582:
6573:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6528:
6519:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6438:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6278:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5900:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5742:Periodic table
5738:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5696:
5678:
5677:External links
5675:
5674:
5673:
5647:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5621:(2): 246–250.
5601:
5598:on 2012-07-09.
5550:
5507:
5466:
5459:
5437:
5419:
5408:(2): 101–110.
5392:
5385:
5365:
5324:
5281:
5252:(9): 343–352.
5229:
5222:
5200:
5173:
5113:
5106:
5086:
5079:
5057:
5050:
5028:
5021:
4999:
4978:
4935:(3): 299–304.
4912:
4859:
4805:
4765:(4): 419–618.
4745:
4738:
4718:
4684:
4640:
4620:
4597:
4570:
4559:(3): 367–368.
4539:
4526:
4506:
4484:
4441:
4414:(7): 337–381.
4377:
4350:
4334:
4295:
4288:
4279:Cosmochemistry
4268:
4233:
4203:
4160:
4124:
4117:
4095:
4088:
4066:
4013:
3999:. nucleonica.
3986:
3979:
3959:
3940:(2): 170–173.
3920:
3871:
3864:
3839:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3797:
3774:
3770:
3759:
3734:
3713:
3706:
3688:
3681:
3650:
3623:(4): 229–242.
3603:
3596:
3578:
3551:
3529:
3505:
3499:978-3527306732
3498:
3470:
3436:
3429:
3411:
3404:
3381:
3374:
3347:
3340:
3317:
3281:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3141:P305+P351+P338
3126:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
2994:by burning in
2949:spin-polarized
2906:magnetic field
2874:
2871:
2818:
2773:
2769:
2757:
2694:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2650:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2526:
2523:
2406:Main article:
2403:
2400:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2273:
2264:
2246:
2243:
2212:
2209:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:Main isotopes
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:Speed of sound
1637:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:Spectral lines
1480:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1278:Heat of fusion
1274:
1273:
1271:(extrapolated)
1267:
1265:Critical point
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:2, 8, 18, 8, 1
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
823:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
597:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
482:
480:
473:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
350:
343:
335:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
290:
283:
275:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
230:
223:
215:
214:
207:
205:
195:
184:
183:
181:periodic table
176:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
154:
144:
142:
139:
138:
133:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
31:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7370:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7343:Alkali metals
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7313:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7253:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7226:
7219:
7217:
7210:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7178:
7176:
7169:
7167:
7153:
7151:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7027:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6974:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6920:
6911:
6902:
6893:
6884:
6875:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6812:
6803:
6794:
6785:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6749:
6740:
6731:
6722:
6713:
6704:
6695:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6607:
6598:
6589:
6580:
6571:
6562:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6472:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6436:
6427:
6418:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6285:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6240:
6229:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6058:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5977:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5896:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5664:on 2013-11-02
5660:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:(2): 179–84.
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5523:(4): 307–14.
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5486:(3): 248–62.
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5432:Sigma-Aldrich
5429:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5344:(3): 1201–2.
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5210:"Rubidium-82"
5204:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4988:
4982:
4968:on 2016-12-21
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4795:on 2011-10-14
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4708:on 2011-07-13
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:(12): 14–16.
4662:
4658:
4657:Physics Today
4654:
4650:
4644:
4630:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:Kirchhoff, G.
4386:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4223:on 2010-07-21
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3763:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3459:(3): 030001.
3458:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:0-8493-0464-4
3426:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3405:0-8493-0486-5
3401:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3375:1-4398-5511-0
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:magnetometers
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:utilizes the
2957:
2956:atomic clocks
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:laser cooling
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2811:
2806:
2805:atomic weight
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:Robert Bunsen
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:Robert Bunsen
2703:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:minerals and
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2446:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:ionic crystal
2341:of any known
2340:
2337:
2325:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Robert Bunsen
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:atomic number
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2034: |
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:1.2575 m
1804:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:product
1789:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:Robert Bunsen
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:Mohs hardness
1652:
1648:
1645:thin rod
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:Atomic radius
1447:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:Boiling point
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1204:Melting point
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:period 5
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:alkali metals
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:Atomic number
1095:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
947:Rutherfordium
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
466:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
216:
213:
208:
204:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
177:
173:
166:
155:
146:
145:
143:
140:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
106:
91:
56:
54:Pronunciation
52:
47:
43:
38:
23:
19:
6216:
5702:
5689:
5666:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5643:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5596:the original
5567:
5563:
5553:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5450:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5375:
5368:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5249:
5245:
5213:
5203:
5189:(6): 532–7.
5186:
5182:
5176:
5133:
5129:
5096:
5089:
5070:
5060:
5041:
5031:
5012:
5002:
4991:. Retrieved
4981:
4970:. Retrieved
4963:the original
4932:
4928:
4915:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4822:(12): 3065.
4819:
4815:
4808:
4797:. Retrieved
4793:the original
4762:
4758:
4748:
4728:
4721:
4710:. Retrieved
4706:the original
4701:
4697:
4687:
4660:
4656:
4643:
4632:. Retrieved
4623:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4583:
4582:. Series 7.
4579:
4573:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4531:. Retrieved
4516:
4509:
4498:. Retrieved
4487:
4462:
4456:
4411:
4405:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4344:bulletin 585
4343:
4337:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4278:
4271:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:the original
4216:
4206:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4152:. Retrieved
4108:
4098:
4079:
4069:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4005:. Retrieved
3989:
3969:
3962:
3937:
3936:. Series I.
3933:
3923:
3899:
3895:
3851:
3842:
3825:
3821:
3807:
3782:
3762:
3751:. Retrieved
3747:
3737:
3726:. Retrieved
3716:
3697:
3691:
3663:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3587:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3545:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:
3508:
3479:
3473:
3456:
3452:
3439:
3420:
3414:
3391:
3384:
3359:
3331:
3295:
3284:
3266:
3241:
3226:
3156:
3096:
3058:
3041:
3037:strontium-82
3019:is used for
3015:
3003:ion channels
2984:vacuum tubes
2977:
2953:
2938:
2891:
2883:atomic clock
2873:Applications
2847:
2839:
2802:
2798:spectroscope
2751:
2718:
2709:
2687:
2671:(Cs,Rb)Al(SO
2660:
2613:
2585:ionic radius
2582:
2575:
2528:
2515:strontium-82
2505:
2473:dating rocks
2430:
2414:monoisotopic
2411:
2351:
2339:conductivity
2282:
2226:
2162:
2140:animal cells
2099:
2075:alkali metal
2063:alkali metal
2054:
2043:
2042:
1775:
1702: (1861)
1631:Bulk modulus
1596:paramagnetic
1545:
1524:(bcc) (
1401:
1354:
1322:
1312:
1270:
1255:Triple point
1208:312.45
1103:
989:Darmstadtium
856:Protactinium
630:Praseodymium
468:
130:
22:
5246:J R Soc Med
4305:Cerny, Petr
4249:(9): 1459.
3742:Jim Clark.
3567:www.rsc.org
3229:mineral oil
3091:Signal word
3017:Rubidium-82
2986:, and as a
2926:diode laser
2810:subchloride
2704:(left) and
2689:pollucite.
2631:((Rb,K)AlSi
2620:Bernic Lake
2555:zinnwaldite
2507:Rubidium-82
2485:plagioclase
2477:beta decays
2418:radioactive
2089:Rb, with a
2087:radioactive
1938:18.7 d
1870:32.9 d
1833:86.2 d
1494:of rubidium
1347:100 k
1031:Livermorium
1003:Copernicium
996:Roentgenium
926:Mendelevium
912:Einsteinium
905:Californium
7327:Categories
5668:2008-02-09
5447:"Rubidium"
4993:2008-01-11
4972:2015-08-06
4799:2015-09-14
4712:2010-01-29
4634:2010-02-01
4533:2010-09-26
4500:2010-02-25
4395:Bunsen, R.
4227:2010-09-26
4154:2010-12-04
4036:1502.01589
4007:2017-01-03
3753:2024-09-12
3728:2024-09-12
3572:2024-09-09
3542:"Rubidium"
3523:2024-03-27
3259:References
3070:Pictograms
2992:superoxide
2930:wavelength
2900:using the
2843:beta decay
2835:pyrophoric
2754:lepidolite
2729:lepidolite
2649:Production
2609:lepidolite
2591:". During
2563:Lepidolite
2551:carnallite
2525:Occurrence
2519:krypton-82
2497:pegmatites
2374:superoxide
2249:See also:
2205:flame test
2199:, but not
2036:references
1675:CAS Number
1509:primordial
1344:10 k
1282:2.19
1038:Tennessine
982:Meitnerium
961:Seaborgium
940:Lawrencium
679:Dysprosium
665:Gadolinium
644:Promethium
516:Technetium
509:Molybdenum
310:Phosphorus
136:°(Rb)
117:grey white
114:Appearance
5297:: 49–50.
4907:118340314
4882:0812.1496
4854:119359668
4198:140585007
4061:119262962
3902:: 3–128,
3645:0016-7037
3366:CRC Press
3312:1365-3075
3237:potassium
3233:peroxides
3145:P370+P378
3133:P231+P232
3061:labelling
3047:Rubidium
3000:potassium
2988:photocell
2945:hyperfine
2894:fireworks
2827:colloidal
2628:rubicline
2616:pollucite
2605:pollucite
2601:potassium
2597:pegmatite
2567:potassium
2547:pollucite
2513:decay of
2465:potassium
2433:half-life
2364:O, and Rb
2347:batteries
2245:Compounds
2197:potassium
2091:half-life
2067:potassium
2050:; it has
1975:10 y
1771:half-life
1690:Discovery
1659:0.3
1341:1 k
1083:strontium
1045:Oganesson
1024:Moscovium
1017:Flerovium
898:Berkelium
884:Americium
877:Plutonium
870:Neptunium
707:Ytterbium
637:Neodymium
616:Lanthanum
579:Tellurium
537:Palladium
523:Ruthenium
495:Zirconium
477:Strontium
433:Germanium
384:Manganese
340:Potassium
296:Aluminium
287:Magnesium
227:Beryllium
18:ruthenium
7333:Rubidium
5699:Rubidium
5545:33738527
5502:13409924
5360:11532118
5168:22942436
4959:27308140
4789:27805098
4651:(2001).
4397:(1861).
4001:Archived
3886:(2003),
3828:: 2516.
3157:NFPA 704
3052:Hazards
2910:armature
2831:tartrate
2782:hydrogen
2731:through
2624:Manitoba
2577:Seawater
2469:minerals
2402:Isotopes
2238:hydrogen
2169:amalgams
2083:isotopes
2044:Rubidium
1352:at
1187:at
1165:] 5s
1079:rubidium
1010:Nihonium
933:Nobelium
842:Actinium
828:Francium
812:Astatine
805:Polonium
784:Thallium
763:Platinum
735:Tungsten
728:Tantalum
714:Lutetium
658:Europium
651:Samarium
572:Antimony
470:Rubidium
447:Selenium
377:Chromium
370:Vanadium
363:Titanium
356:Scandium
324:Chlorine
264:Fluorine
250:Nitrogen
202:Hydrogen
165:abridged
49:Rubidium
6999:p-block
6994:d-block
6989:f-block
6984:s-block
5592:2574742
5584:2010564
5537:5561654
5493:2603856
5414:8412574
5319:2907703
5311:6522433
5267:1436619
5195:6281406
5159:3431608
5138:Bibcode
4950:4849589
4887:Bibcode
4834:Bibcode
4780:4907621
4665:Bibcode
4467:Bibcode
4416:Bibcode
4317:Bibcode
4251:Bibcode
4178:Bibcode
4041:Bibcode
4029:: A13.
3942:Bibcode
3904:Bibcode
3789:176–177
3625:Bibcode
3278:. 1969.
2885:at the
2746:rubidus
2693:History
2543:leucite
2449:(13.799
2279:cluster
2221:caesium
2201:lithium
2189:caesium
2173:mercury
2165:ductile
2119:rubidus
2071:caesium
1926:stable
1684:History
1643:
1228:Density
1150:s-block
1075:krypton
975:Hassium
968:Bohrium
954:Dubnium
919:Fermium
863:Uranium
849:Thorium
798:Bismuth
756:Iridium
742:Rhenium
721:Hafnium
700:Thulium
686:Holmium
672:Terbium
602:Caesium
551:Cadmium
530:Rhodium
502:Niobium
488:Yttrium
461:Krypton
454:Bromine
440:Arsenic
426:Gallium
347:Calcium
303:Silicon
220:Lithium
163: (
148:85.4678
96:
5590:
5582:
5543:
5535:
5500:
5490:
5457:
5412:
5383:
5358:
5317:
5309:
5276:349155
5274:
5264:
5220:
5193:
5166:
5156:
5104:
5077:
5048:
5019:
4957:
4947:
4905:
4852:
4787:
4777:
4736:
4524:
4286:
4196:
4115:
4086:
4059:
3977:
3888:"The N
3862:
3795:
3704:
3679:
3643:
3594:
3496:
3427:
3402:
3372:
3338:
3310:
3097:Danger
2996:oxygen
2980:getter
2663:tonnes
2553:, and
2539:copper
2453:0.021)
2394:, and
2360:O), Rb
2354:oxides
2195:, and
2193:sodium
2177:alloys
2052:symbol
2004:
1967:27.8%
1934:synth
1923:72.2%
1866:synth
1829:synth
1598:
1458:
1441:
1409:oxide)
1358:
1326:
1286:
1284:kJ/mol
1147:
1130:Period
891:Curium
835:Radium
749:Osmium
693:Erbium
623:Cerium
609:Barium
586:Iodine
558:Indium
544:Silver
412:Copper
405:Nickel
398:Cobalt
317:Sulfur
280:Sodium
257:Oxygen
243:Carbon
211:Helium
157:85.468
152:0.0003
105:-ee-əm
94:
7295:RbGeI
7247:RbTcO
7239:RbMnO
7101:RbHSO
7083:RbClO
5662:(PDF)
5655:(PDF)
5588:S2CID
5541:S2CID
5315:S2CID
5009:"GPS"
4966:(PDF)
4925:(PDF)
4903:S2CID
4877:arXiv
4850:S2CID
4824:arXiv
4617:: 15.
4402:(PDF)
4194:S2CID
4148:(PDF)
4057:S2CID
4031:arXiv
3890:UBASE
3769:"RbAg
3449:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
3276:CIAAW
2743:word
2741:Latin
2559:oxide
2489:magma
2475:; Rb
2326:(RbAg
2314:·CuSO
2179:with
2171:with
2128:atoms
2124:laser
2116:word
2114:Latin
2079:water
2046:is a
1971:4.923
1803:synth
1757:Decay
1609:+17.0
1407:basic
1197:solid
1184:Phase
1161:[
1142:Block
1117:Group
819:Radon
593:Xenon
331:Argon
236:Boron
161:0.001
7138:RbOH
7130:RbNO
7078:RbCN
7073:RbCl
7068:RbBr
7056:RbAg
5580:PMID
5533:PMID
5498:PMID
5455:ISBN
5410:PMID
5381:ISBN
5356:PMID
5307:PMID
5272:PMID
5218:ISBN
5191:PMID
5164:PMID
5102:ISBN
5075:ISBN
5046:ISBN
5017:ISBN
4955:PMID
4785:PMID
4734:ISBN
4522:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4084:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3641:ISSN
3592:ISBN
3494:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3400:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3308:ISSN
3149:P422
3137:P280
3129:P223
3115:H314
3111:H260
2969:GNSS
2920:and
2861:and
2772:PtCl
2723:and
2679:·12H
2643:Elba
2535:zinc
2437:48.8
2185:iron
2181:gold
2175:and
2136:ions
2104:and
2069:and
2057:and
2028:edit
2021:talk
2014:view
1786:mode
1697:and
1559:85.6
1399:−1,
1379:958
1376:769
1373:641
1370:552
1367:486
1364:434
1338:100
1328:(Pa)
1243:m.p.
791:Lead
770:Gold
419:Zinc
391:Iron
271:Neon
101:roo-
7308:TiF
7287:SeO
7275:AsO
7255:RbC
7192:RbO
7122:RbN
7114:RbI
7109:RbI
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