62:
because the military budget had been cut. The major generals would take control of incumbent civilian administrations, which would not require an expansion of local military forces. As well, he sought "a reformation of manners" or moral regeneration through the suppression of vice and the encouragement of virtue, which he considered much too neglected. The historian Austin
Woolrych, using 21st-century terminology, said that the Puritans did not consider it inappropriate to "employ senior military officers as vice squad chiefs".
1003:
136:
puritans and killjoys, and this reputation has attached itself to the
Cromwellian regime as a whole. Few have addressed the subject without emotion.... Others have traced back to this period the English love of freedom and hatred of standing armies and military rule. Modern historians tend to portray
87:
Like
Cromwell, the major-generals were committed Puritans, Congregationalist reformers with Calvinist leanings. Part of their job was to try to make England more godly. They clamped down on what they considered to be rowdy behaviour like heavy drinking, music, dancing and fairs. They also tried to
581:
Appointed in
October 1655, Worsley was extremely zealous in carrying out his instructions. No one suppressed more alehouses, or was more active in sequestering royalists, preventing horse-races, and carrying on the work of reformation. Worsley died on 12 June 1656, and Tobias Bridge replaced him.
61:
The Rule of the Major-Generals was set up by
Cromwell by his orders to the army, and was not supported by Parliamentary legislation. His goal was threefold: to identify, tax, disarm and weaken the Royalists, whom he saw as conspirators against his rule. The system was also an economical measure
103:'s "Militia Bill" on 29 January 1657 by 124 votes to 88. This bill would have perpetuated the Decimation Tax that funded the mounted militia, which was collected by Cromwell's major-generals; the failure of the bill caused the so-called Rule of the Major-Generals in the counties to end.
114:. The argument of Woolrych against such definition is that the major-generals remained within the boundaries of the law, they had minimal or no long-term influence in local government and their authority only lasted for less than two years.
1013:
899:
132:
The religious zeal of the major-generals, coupled with their attempt to impose godly rule on
England and Wales, has given them a lasting reputation as
84:
In August, a scheme was proposed to introduce the Rule of the Major-Generals, but prevarication and other delays delayed its introduction to
October.
81:, reached London in 1655. Cromwell felt that the defeat was his punishment from God for not trying to make England a more religious, godly place.
510:
Skippon was by now elderly, and on the
Council of State, so most of the day to day matters in his region were largely undertaken by Barkstead.
279:
should be stoned to death for blasphemy. Boteler was also aggressive in his persecution of
Royalists in his area, unlawfully imprisoning the
386:
Owing to his other responsibilities on the
Council of State, day to day matters in his region were overseen by Fleetwood's three deputies.
485:
Owing to his other responsibilities on the Council of State, day to day matters in his region were overseen by Lambert's two deputies.
17:
1102:
1082:
124:
280:
932:
857:
835:
150:
There were ten regional associations covering England and Wales administered by major-generals. Ireland, under Major-General
474:
609:, but Fleetwood's departure for England in September 1655 left Cromwell the ruler of Ireland for all practical purposes.
950:
813:
271:
Zealous and uncompromising in his hostility to his religious and political enemies, Boteler was a severe persecutor of
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74:
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1112:
968:
875:
380:
96:
70:
1031:
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181:
42:. England and Wales were divided into ten regions, each governed by a major-general who answered to the
1067:
1107:
1077:
979:
The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century
49:
The period quickly "became a convenient and powerful symbol of the military nature of the unpopular
1097:
1092:
1087:
1040:
602:
445:
50:
823:
849:
158:, were in administrations that had already been agreed upon and were not part of the scheme.
107:
1041:"Civil War – What kind of ruler was Oliver Cromwell? – Cromwell in his own words – Source 3"
8:
66:
884:
Little, Paterick (1 January 2007), "Putting the Protector back into the Protectorate",
34:, was a period of direct military government from August 1655 to January 1657, during
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35:
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908:
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151:
43:
1061:
1007:
573:
555:
457:
420:
391:
349:
231:
223:
210:
189:
106:
The Rule of the Major-Generals is regarded by a large number of authors as a
133:
539:
531:
276:
251:
155:
846:
Cromwell's Major-Generals: Godly Government During the English Revolution
465:
361:
353:
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569:
523:
453:
193:
498:
469:
403:
399:
316:
227:
138:
89:
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of the Cromwellian military state or as misguided religious zealots.
122:
Patrick Little wrote an article on the Major-General (2012) in the
1035:
1006: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
565:
312:
296:
365:
357:
272:
263:
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407:
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1026:. Vol. 63. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 32–33.
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300:
201:
772:
770:
768:
766:
897:
Little, Patrick (2012), "Major-generals (act. 1655–1657)",
629:
432:
763:
1030:
This article incorporates text from a publication under
378:
in Essex, Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, Norfolk, Suffolk;
961:
English History Made Brief, Irreverent, and Pleasurable
665:
653:
383:
as military governor of Hertfordshire and Oxfordshire
943:
Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings
711:
684:
682:
680:
69:
in England. In late July, news of the defeat of the
65:
In March 1655, there were ineffectual-but-concerted
925:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
782:
751:
641:
617:
1032:version 3.0 of the British Open Government Licence
1039:
703:
677:
1059:
501:; including the cities of London and Westminster
275:in Northamptonshire; in 1656 he advocated that
828:Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America
821:
635:
903:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
477:in Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmorland;
822:Bremer, Francis J.; Webster, Tom (2006),
985:
868:The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill
671:
92:celebrations. Their rule was unpopular.
900:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
848:, Manchester University Press, p.
843:
803:
729:
717:
659:
373:(a distant kinsman) in Buckinghamshire;
125:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
14:
1060:
896:
883:
733:
688:
623:
1011:
958:
940:
922:
788:
776:
757:
741:
647:
976:
865:
745:
737:
154:, and Scotland, under Major-General
117:
27:1655–57 English military government
24:
25:
1124:
601:Cromwell was nominally under the
137:the major-generals either as the
1034:which is a Knowledge compatible
1023:Dictionary of National Biography
1001:
988:Britain in Revolution: 1625–1660
959:Smith, Laceyey Baldwin (2006),
595:
1103:Former subdivisions of England
1083:1655 establishments in England
806:The English Republic 1649–1660
723:
283:for failing to pay his taxes.
97:Second Protectorate Parliament
13:
1:
844:Durston, Christopher (2001),
797:
977:Wolf, John Baptiste (1962),
916:UK public library membership
562:June 1656–January 1657
7:
482:in County Durham, Yorkshire
56:
10:
1129:
866:Hill, Christopher (1985),
32:Rule of the Major-Generals
18:Rule of the Major Generals
990:, Oxford University Press
986:Woolrych, Austin (2004),
945:, John Wiley & Sons,
941:Smith, David Lee (2008),
830:, ABC-CLIO, p. 452,
636:Bremer & Webster 2006
99:voted down Major-General
1073:Republicanism in England
1012:Firth, Charles (1900). "
963:, Chicago Review Press,
588:
110:, with the exception of
71:expedition to Hispaniola
923:Royle, Trevor (2006) ,
804:Barnard, T. C. (2014),
145:
1113:Military dictatorships
909:10.1093/ref:odnb/95468
603:Lord Deputy of Ireland
143:
1045:The National Archives
705:The National Archives
560:1655–June 1656;
130:
108:military dictatorship
886:BBC History Magazine
779:, pp. 698, 699.
870:, Harvester Press,
281:Earl of Northampton
67:Royalist uprisings
1068:English Civil War
934:978-0-349-11564-1
914:(Subscription or
859:978-0-7190-6065-6
837:978-1-57607-678-1
607:Charles Fleetwood
586:
585:
334:Appointed in 1655
330:Charles Fleetwood
186:Appointed in 1655
118:Historical legacy
51:Interregnum state
16:(Redirected from
1120:
1108:The Protectorate
1078:1650s in England
1054:
1053:
1051:
1027:
1014:Worsley, Charles
1005:
1004:
991:
982:
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937:
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893:
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824:"Major-Generals"
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371:George Fleetwood
260:Northamptonshire
161:
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21:
1128:
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1098:1657 in England
1093:1656 in England
1088:1655 in England
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736:, p. 452;
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561:
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551:Charles Worsley
536:Nottinghamshire
480:Robert Lilburne
478:
379:
376:Hezekiah Haynes
374:
338:Buckinghamshire
309:Gloucestershire
289:John Desborough
256:Huntingdonshire
243:William Boteler
220:Carmarthenshire
216:Rowland Dawkins
214:
148:
120:
112:Austin Woolrych
101:John Desborough
79:Robert Venables
73:, commanded by
59:
36:Oliver Cromwell
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952:978-1405143141
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927:, Pub Abacus,
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815:978-1317897262
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799:
796:
794:
793:
781:
762:
750:
740:, p. 76;
722:
710:
693:
676:
674:, p. 625.
664:
662:, p. 231.
652:
650:, p. 698.
640:
638:, p. 452.
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611:
593:
592:
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528:Leicestershire
521:
518:
516:Edward Whalley
512:
511:
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506:John Barkstead
502:
496:
493:
491:Philip Skippon
487:
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475:Charles Howard
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462:Northumberland
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152:Henry Cromwell
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44:Lord Protector
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1008:public domain
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833:
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820:
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811:
808:, Routledge,
807:
802:
801:
791:, p. 33.
790:
785:
778:
773:
771:
769:
767:
760:, p. 61.
759:
754:
748:, p. 272
747:
744:, p. 79
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735:
732:, p. 50;
731:
726:
720:, p. 21.
719:
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683:
681:
673:
672:Woolrych 2004
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626:, p. 15.
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574:Staffordshire
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556:Tobias Bridge
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458:County Durham
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421:Thomas Kelsey
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392:William Goffe
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350:Hertfordshire
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224:Cardiganshire
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211:Monmouthshire
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207:John Nicholas
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1050:11 September
1048:, retrieved
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1021:
996:Attribution:
995:
994:
987:
978:
960:
942:
924:
898:
889:
885:
867:
845:
827:
805:
784:
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730:Barnard 2014
725:
718:Durston 2001
713:
704:
667:
660:Durston 2001
655:
643:
631:
619:
597:
540:Warwickshire
532:Lincolnshire
446:John Lambert
396:October 1655
277:James Nayler
252:Bedfordshire
156:George Monck
149:
131:
123:
121:
105:
94:
86:
83:
75:William Penn
64:
60:
48:
40:Protectorate
31:
29:
1018:Lee, Sidney
734:Little 2007
689:Little 2012
624:Little 2007
466:Westmorland
362:Oxfordshire
354:Isle of Ely
182:James Berry
1062:Categories
970:0897336305
918:required.)
877:0710805128
798:References
789:Firth 1900
777:Royle 2006
758:Smith 2008
742:Smith 2006
648:Royle 2006
570:Lancashire
524:Derbyshire
454:Cumberland
194:Shropshire
139:gauleiters
1038:licence:
746:Wolf 1962
738:Hill 1985
499:Middlesex
470:Yorkshire
404:Hampshire
400:Berkshire
317:Wiltshire
228:Glamorgan
90:Christmas
1036:copyleft
981:, Harper
566:Cheshire
313:Somerset
297:Cornwall
245:(Butler)
173:Deputies
134:po-faced
57:Policies
1020:(ed.).
1010::
892:(1): 15
545:
440:
415:
366:Suffolk
358:Norfolk
324:
273:Quakers
264:Rutland
237:
1016:". In
967:
949:
931:
912:
874:
856:
834:
812:
578:
520:
495:
450:
437:
429:Surrey
425:
412:
408:Sussex
321:
305:Dorset
293:
268:
248:
176:Notes
170:Region
167:Period
589:Notes
346:Essex
301:Devon
202:Wales
88:stop
1052:2015
965:ISBN
947:ISBN
929:ISBN
872:ISBN
854:ISBN
832:ISBN
810:ISBN
572:and
504:Sir
468:and
433:Kent
431:and
406:and
364:and
315:and
262:and
200:and
164:Name
146:List
95:The
77:and
30:The
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348:,
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209:in
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