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villages in India without electricity, while urban areas have enjoyed growth in electricity consumption and capacity. In order to drastically increase electrification rates, the Indian
Government has set the target of 175GW of installed renewable energy by 2022 and mandated the electrification of over 18,000 villages. At the end of 2016, India had around 45.6GW of installed renewable energy with a vast amount of work and investment required to meet their lofty targets. The central government is increasingly trying to improve the dire conditions by investing heavily in biogas, solar as well as wind energy. Programs such as The JNN solar mission, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Vidyut Yojana is also known as the
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less than 1%. Analysis by
Mawhood and Gross (2014) indicates that the Action Plan has faced considerable political and institutional barriers, notably institutional opposition, wavering ministerial support and lengthy stakeholder negotiations, as well as the inherent difficulties of implementing an innovative policy framework. Although the Action Plan has been very successful at attracting private finance, the political/institutional challenges it has faced reflect the experiences of reform-based electrification schemes across Sub-Saharan Africa. This highlights the importance of designing initiatives to fit the local policy environment.
998:. GRID's filtration plant is able to provide 20,000 to 30,000 liters of clean water per day, which helps to alleviate this issue and reduce the spread of water-borne illness. Additionally, the ease of distribution has reduced the amount of time spent collecting water, allowing for more time on productive tasks and a reduction in time poverty. Finally, GRID employs locals in the community to run the plant's day-to-day operations. From the ground up, GRID's business model fosters the development of rural communities and they plan to scale their operations across India.
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592:) then followed by the Millennium Development Goal 1998-2002 Universal Electric Access Program (UEAP) started and the program planned to electrify 6000 villages in 5 years. After lessons were taken from that the Growth and transformation plan (GTPI &2) were launched. The program is one of the successfully accomplished in increasing the rural access rate and transforming the rural community, creating jobs, local contractors and cooperatives. The program was financed by supporting funds, loans and government.
414:
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power to the countryside, a process that was completed on the mainland in 1973 (although it wasn't until 2003 that the last of the inhabited offshore islands were fully connected). Currently the Rural
Electrification scheme continues, but is primarily concerned with upgrading the quality of the network (voltage fluctuations are still a problem in parts of Ireland – particularly in rural areas) and making three phase supplies available to larger farms and rural businesses requiring it.
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deeper look into electrification rates across the country suggest that about 13% of household consumers still don't have electricity connections due to questions of affordability of grid electricity and poor quality of service. The majority of household consumers with a grid-based electricity connection have a low sanctioned load of 0–1 kW or 1–2 kW. Besides, disparity has also been noted in grid electricity access rate among agricultural and institutional consumers.
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partially by the centralized facilities. This improves energy resources utilization as well as overall system flexibility and reliability. Viability of this model depends on the cost of building the optimal network. Based on multiplier-accelerated A* algorithm, the researchers have devised an effective method for evaluating all possible connections under complex geographical structure and hence practically optimize network design. Economic justification follows.
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727:(REP) was incorporated in 1975 with the specific mandate to expand the reach of electricity supply to rural areas, where the provision of such services would not be economically viable for commercial providers of electricity. The REP extends the national grid through the construction of electrical distribution pole lines to un-electrified areas and provides house wiring assistance through a loan programme to householders.
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example, interviews with school teachers revealed that access to light has allowed for extra hours of teaching earlier and later in the day to cover material not adequately reviewed during normal hours. Additionally, schools with access to electricity are able to recruit higher quality teachers and have seen improvements on test scores and graduation rates, raising the human capital entering the labor force in the future.
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implementation of high tech machines such as x-rays or ultrasound scanners can provide doctors and nurses the tools they need to perform. In Diara
Rhashalpool, a cluster of villages on the river Ganges, 140 households are without power. The locals are forced to travel 2–3 hours across the river for treatment or access to vaccines. With access to electricity, treatment would be far more accessible to the local population.
897:, also using renewable energy, aimed at the electrification of a further 3.5 million households in 10,000 villages by 2010, to be followed by full rural electrification by 2015. In December 2015, China brought the last 39,800 Chinese onto the national electric grid by spending $ 324 million and using over 5,000 workers to wire 2 extremely remote villages in Quighai province located at altitudes of 13,100 ft.
758:, was paid $ 40,000 to provide hydroelectric power to East Creek in New York. Despite widespread electricity in cities, by the 1920s electricity was not delivered by power companies to rural areas because of the general belief that the infrastructure costs would not be recouped. In sparsely-populated farmland, there were far fewer houses per mile of installed electric lines.
711:
into modern, modular energy systems like microgrids (or "mini-grids") powered by renewable energy. The
Haitian Government's energy regulator, along with the Energy Cell of the Ministry of Public Works and international partners are working to remove barriers and increase investment in renewable energy for both new, isolated mini-grids and regional grids.
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1949 the REA was authorized to make loans for telephone improvements; in 1988, REA was permitted to give interest-free loans for job creation and rural electric systems. By the early 1970s about 98% of all farms in the United States had electric service, a demonstration of REA's success. In 1994 the administration was reorganized into the
858:, "The largest loan will send $ 68.5 million to back a solar farm run by NextEra Energy Resources in Arkansas, which could meet the needs of 21,000 homes." The loans will go to projects in 13 states: Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia.
830:, and later in 1939, reorganized as a division of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. It was charged with administering loan programs for electrification and telephone service in rural areas. Between 1935 and 1939 – or the first 4½ years after REA's establishment, the number of farms using electric services more than doubled.
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When expanding the electrical grid, there is a demand for thousands of jobs ranging from business development to construction. Projects to spread electricity create a wealth of job opportunities and help to alleviate poverty. For example, India set a target of 175GW of clean energy to be installed by
503:
Renewable off-grid enterprises have emerged in many areas to meet the demand for electricity in rural communities. Due to their geographical location and relatively low aggregate demand, expanding the nationwide grid to rural areas is expensive and challenging. Renewable energy based mini grids are
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Access to electricity facilitates sustainable economic and social growth. First, through an increase in educational achievement. Students who were previously forced to study when the sun was shining are now able to study by the light of LEDs early in the morning or late into the night. In Kenya for
833:
The REA undertook to provide farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power. To implement those goals the administration made long-term, self-liquidating loans to state and local governments, to farmers' cooperatives, and to nonprofit organizations; no loans were made directly to consumers. In
714:
Using 2020 data, the Inter-American
Development Bank estimated that 45% of the Haitian population had access to electricity. But frequent fuel shortages and other service disruptions mean that the population's real access to reliable electricity service is much lower. For example, in 2021 and 2022
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Haiti remains the least electrified country in the
Western Hemisphere, but several ambitious efforts have launched to address rural electrification in the country. Some have pointed out that because so much of rural Haiti currently lacks utility infrastructure, Haiti is well-positioned to leapfrog
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In addition to improved education, rural electrification also allows for greater efficiency and productivity. Businesses will be able to keep their doors open for longer and generate additional revenues. Farmers will have access to streamlined modern techniques such as irrigation, crop processing,
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unit to produce energy when sunlight is not available. Local ownership of the project is one of the key tenets of Gram Oorja's business model, so they encouraged participation in the set up and management of the mini-grid. A village trust collects bills every month and deposits the revenue into a
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Currently, all the villages in India have been electrified w.e.f. 29 April 2018 but it doesn't mean that all households are electrified. By India's own set standards, only 10% of households in a village must have electricity for it to be considered electrified. As of August 2018, 91% of the total
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was launched in 2002 with the aim of maximising investment from the private sector. It raised an average of 49% private finance over 2002–2012, more than double the 22% global average for energy access projects. However, during the same period it directly increased rural electrification levels by
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During the 1930s most towns in
Ireland were connected to the national grid. The outbreak of World War II in Europe lead to shortages of fuel and materials and the electrification process was brought to a virtual halt. In the early 1950s the Rural Electrification scheme gradually brought electric
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Researchers pointed out that while many supportive policies have been put in place, cost for providing electricity to remote villages remains high. Furthermore, both energy resources and demand in these areas can be very volatile, making it difficult to plan appropriately. Another issue is that
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The
Saubhagya scheme was successfully in ensuring rapid expansion of the electricity infrastructure in India. Electricity infrastructure is now available within 50 meters of consumers' premises. The Government of India announced 100% electrification of all willing households in India in 2018. A
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said it would spend $ 398.5 million in infrastructure projects, by way of loans, that seek to improve electricity service in rural areas. The program is called the
Electric Infrastructure Loan Program. Of the $ 398.5 million, $ 43 million will be to invest in smart grid technology. According to
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has been proposed. In this model, villages in a selected area are linked up via an optimal network, which in turn connects to a few centralized generation facilities located at spots with better renewable energy resources. As such, each village is partially supplied by small local facility, and
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The Rural Electrification Corporation Limited was formed to specifically address the issue of providing electricity in all the villages across the country. Poverty, lack of resources, lack of political will, poor planning, and electricity theft are some of the major causes which have left many
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that the REP has also been mandated to complete its target of providing electricity to 100 per cent of rural areas. "Those three per cent that now remain are in areas that are so far from the grid, it is too expensive (to provide), and we are going to be deploying photovoltaic systems in these
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that, approximately 16,000 homes in remote parts of the island which do not have electricity are to be supplied with solar or wind electricity through the Rural Electrification Programme (REP). At a USAID-funded Analysis and Investigation for Low Emission (AILEG) project symposium, held at the
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The availability of electricity can drastically increase the quality of healthcare provided. Improved lighting increases the time patients can come and get treatment. Refrigerators can be used to conserve incredibly valuable vaccines and blood. Sterilization measures will be improved and the
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companies, Gram Oorja has set out to provide electricity to the millions who lack access to power in rural India. Gram Oorja created a model based upon “corporate-social partnership” and gains funding from corporate charity funds. Their first project was in Darewadi, a rural village with 39
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typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally,
1471:
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have been announced to fasten the pace of electrification and diversify the procedure. The work is also on-going for reducing wastage, providing better equipment and improving the overall infrastructure for electrical transmissions in villages.
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areas," he explained. In March 2015 he told a newspaper that, by 2017, "we should no longer have REP in the way we do now", adding that if the Government finds it too challenging to run power lines into communities, it will use solar."
788:" was successful – the power company and the university concluded that rural electrification was economically feasible. The results of the report were influential in the National government's decision to support rural electrification.
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generator to charge batteries in the barn or the basement of the farmhouse. This was enough to provide lighting, washing machines and some limited well-pumping or refrigeration. Wind-electric plants were used mostly on the
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corpus fund. This hybrid model proved to be successful and has been implemented in over 10 villages. Gram Oorja currently has an installed capacity of 45.7 kW and serves 230 households. They have also partnered with
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households are electrified in India. Rural areas in India are electrified non-uniformly, with richer states being able to provide a majority of the villages with power while poorer states still struggling to do so.
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share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development.
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702:. The results were that, according to the PNAD, by 1996, 79.9% of all households had access to an electric power supply and that proportion rose to 90.8% in 2002 and 98.9% in 2009.
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1508:, 2020 IEEE / ITU International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Good (AI4G), Geneva, Switzerland, 2020, pp. 164-169. Accepted version of this paper is available at
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filtration plants in rural India to help eliminate water insecurity. Only 18% of India's rural population have access to treated tap water, forcing locals to rely on unsafe
350:
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for lighting. In the early 1990s the average use of power in the countryside amounted to the equivalent of a 60W light bulb switched on for less than 30 minutes a day.
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program to expand the distribution of electricity in Brazilian domiciles, with a focus on rural households. From 2003 on, the program was reinforced and renamed
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and received consultation and guidance from the Shakti Foundation. They installed a solar power plant capable of producing 9.4 kilowatts of power with a backup
531:: especially for telecommunications worldwide. Fully commercial and the preferred option for remote telecommunications, commercially evolving for village power.
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1781:
769:
2320:
1467:, 2019 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Macao, Macao, 2019, pp. 1-5. Accepted version of this paper is available at
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GRID is an Indian start-up aimed at facilitating sustainable economic and social development through low-cost energy solutions in rural areas. Outside of
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2030:
1208:
2100:
1440:
1420:
1418:"Lessons learned from rural electrification initiatives in developing countries: Insights for technical, social, financial and public policy aspects"
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even the nation's most important hospitals were curtailing their services due to lack of fuel to power their own generators for on-site electricity.
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This graph shows the world rural electrification rate along with the electrification growth rate 1990–2016 and synthesizes data from the World Bank.
2217:
445:. In 2014, rural communities in India gained more than US$ 21 million from increased economic activity driven by recent additions of electricity.
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1605:
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2022 to increase electrification throughout the country. An estimated 300,000 jobs will need to be created in order to reach these lofty goals.
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fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population.
1989:
691:
2060:
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systems, GRID has utilized solar energy to solve a myriad of issues that plague rural communities. For example, GRID has set up solar-powered
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By 2015, 100 percent of Chinese people had access to electric power. In the early 1990s the countryside of China still suffered from extreme
1806:
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village location was determined historically based on soil, water, storage, etc., and might not be optimal for renewable energy generation.
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1953:
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The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) was created by executive order as an independent federal bureau in 1935, authorized by the
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and surrounding areas. TVA created the generation and wholesale transmission capabilities that enabled rural distribution systems through
1832:
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448:
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2013:
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Ethiopia rural electrification started in 1998 (although minor activities were there before 1995–1997 to electrify major cities called
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1482:
906:
839:
1105:
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1758:"Clean, relaible, grid electricity is possible! Solar powered microgrids, community-led development, and feminist electrification"
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1940:
850:
687:
357:
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Senegal's electricity sector was reformed in 1998. Since then the country has implemented several electrification initiatives:
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819:. Of the 6.3 million farms in the United States in January 1925, only 205,000 were receiving centralized electric services.
2256:
1910:
1501:
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1882:"The Red Wing Project on Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture: Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering"
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2720:
1541:"Identification and evaluation of cost optimal technology options for improvement of electricity access in rural Kenya"
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2123:
2070:
230:
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250:
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875:; more than 40 percent of rural Chinese had no access to power or electric lighting at all, depending instead on
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1933:
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state committee was organized to carry out a study of the costs and benefits of rural electrification. The
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is also widely used where a number of different technologies are combined to provide a single power source.
2097:
2608:
1857:"Light for all by 2017 - Paulwell says solar power will be employed to energise remote rural communities"
1603:"Institutional barriers to a 'perfect' policy: A case study of the Senegalese Rural Electrification Plan"
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505:
166:
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2613:
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and the challenges that arise. One solution is the combine numerical electricity system modeling with
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220:
1499:"Optimizing Networked Rural Electrification Design using Adaptive Multiplier-Accelerated A* Algorithm"
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1982:
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less dependent on larger-scale infrastructure and can be implemented faster and cheaper. Where an
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American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Historic Landmark: The Red Wing Project
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453:
43:
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1458:"Designing Optimal Network for Rural Electrification using Multiplier-accelerated A* Algorithm"
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to 1,000 townships, one of the largest of such programs in the world. This was followed by the
823:
744:
343:
240:
55:
2402:
632:), designed to increase private sector participation in rural electrification (details below);
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Karanja describes the role that a coordinated approach to rural electrification can play in
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1520:
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272:
2257:"How a Unique & Replicable Solution Lit up the Remotest Corners of Rural Maharashtra!"
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8:
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Solar Energy Estimator and Planner for off-grid rural electrification in Africa and Asia
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In 1981, 74.9% of Brazilian households were served by electric power, according to the
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2007:
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1782:"Haiti is breaking down renewable energy barriers and developers should take note"
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Jamaica Pegasus Hotel, on Tuesday, July 9, 2013, Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell
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1173:"Alternate electrification and non-potable water: A health concern for Jamaicans"
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China's Environmental Crisis: An Inquiry Into the Limits of National Development
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2190:"2020 Electricity Access and Benchmarking of distribution utilities in India"
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2233:"Electrified all villages, claims Modi; Rahul says yet another lie: Updates"
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of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher
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Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems
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801:
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Reduce isolation and marginalization through telephone lines and Television
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235:
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Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering: The Red Wing Project
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Improve safety with the implementation of street lighting, lit road signs.
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Powering American Farms: The Overlooked Origins of Rural Electrification
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780:), conducted an experiment, providing electricity to nine farms in the
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22:
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Bali, Vermani, Mishra, Nidhi, Sidhartha, Vaishali (October 2020).
1807:"Haiti hospitals prepare to close as gangs blockade fuel supplies"
1102:"Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) | Data"
1712:
AUTORITÉ NATIONALE DE RÉGULATION DU SECTEUR DE L’ÉNERGIE (ANARSE)
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area. Electricity was first delivered on December 24, 1923. The "
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1954:"USDA invests $ 400M in rural electricity upgrades, smart grids"
1734:""Ban m limyè, ban m lavi" : un programme aux grands défis"
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is often used. The following technologies are used extensively:
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and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal
970:
144:
112:
2025:
2023:
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was created, in part, to provide rural electrification in the
2109:
2031:"China achieves goal of electricity for all - Times of India"
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682:'s National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). In 2000, the
601:
2442:
1833:"Haiti's hospitals close to collapse as fuel remains scarce"
1438:"Rural electrification through mini-grids: Challenges ahead"
1392:"Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?"
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Reduce expenses on expensive fossil fuel lamps i.e. kerosene
2020:
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Before 1936, a small but growing number of farms installed
2403:
Rural electrification and the Millennium Development Goals
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Interactive Solar Radiation Maps for Rural Electrification
1975:
1657:"Are Private Markets Effective for Rural Electrification?"
1497:
Li, Jerry C.F., Zimmerle, Daniel and Young, Peter(2020),
1336:"Smart Power is Advancing Healthier Communities in India"
1307:"Alliance for Rural Electrification: Uses of electricity"
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is very widely implemented in Nepal, Vietnam, and China.
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G.R.I.D. (Grassroots and Rural Innovative Development)
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to continue to implement these projects across India.
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https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections
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Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
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1005:
844:
Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994
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330:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
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2313:"Solar RO Plant for healthier & stronger India"
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1369:"Renewable Energy Technologies for rural areas"
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754:In 1892, Guy Beardslee, the original owner of
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2216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1456:Li, Jerry C.F. and Zimmerle, Daniel (2019),
662:Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan
644:Programme d'Urgence d'Électrification Rurale
626:Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan
608:to explore various mixes of grid extension,
2154:"Financing India's Clean Energy Transition"
2098:Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update
1943:. pp. 790–809. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
1304:
965:households. Gram Oorja raised funding from
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1180:North American Journal of Medical Sciences
1034:Indoor air pollution in developing nations
732:Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell disclosed
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358:
344:
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907:Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
840:Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994
2443:Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE)
2362:Rural electrification in Ireland 1946–78
804:, which have usable winds on most days.
688:Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration
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412:
16:Bringing electrical power to rural areas
2382:Observatoire Méditerranéen de l'Energie
2348:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022)
2263:from the original on September 20, 2020
1941:United States Department of Agriculture
1539:Karanja, Tabitha N (30 December 2019).
1538:
2778:
2450:"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years"
2428:Photovoltaics in Rural Electrification
2012:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1684:"Access to electricity service | IADB"
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1298:
1296:
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1283:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1238:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1189:from the original on November 27, 2010
1171:Tazhmoye V. Crawford (December 2009).
1156:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
950:
911:Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
887:China Township Electrification Program
646:), both led and funded largely by the
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2113:, published 2006, accessed 2007-05-16
2079:from the original on 24 November 2021
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1929:
1927:
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1447:, Energy Policy, Vol. 132, pp. 27-31.
1436:Peters J, Sievert M, Toman M (2019),
1305:Electrification, Alliance for Rural.
895:China Village Electrification Program
563:Networked Rural Electrification Model
2230:
2124:"The rural electrification in India"
2058:
1389:
1363:
1361:
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454:Rural Electrification Administration
2166:from the original on 9 January 2020
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13:
2721:Renewable energy commercialization
2338:
2178:
1924:
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1398:from the original on 29 March 2019
1373:Alliance for Rural Electrification
1346:from the original on 23 March 2019
656:led by NGOs and private companies.
14:
2797:
2731:United States energy independence
2355:
1655:Mawhood, B. and Gross, R. (2015)
1601:Mawhood, R. and Gross, R. (2014)
1390:Ginn, Claire (8 September 2016).
1358:
570:National initiatives by continent
2448:Doug Reinemann (July 18, 2018).
2293:from the original on 7 June 2020
2134:from the original on 7 July 2018
1578:
1008:
749:
2604:Flexible AC transmission system
2412:Electricity planning in Senegal
2323:from the original on 2020-10-29
2305:
2275:
2249:
2224:
2146:
2052:
2041:from the original on 2020-10-22
1995:from the original on 2013-05-25
1964:from the original on 2018-09-28
1946:
1913:from the original on 2009-07-03
1899:
1888:from the original on 2009-07-24
1874:
1849:
1824:
1799:
1774:
1750:
1726:
1708:"Lancement du programme PHARES"
1700:
1627:
1491:
1450:
1430:
1410:
1383:
1266:from the original on 2021-11-24
1221:from the original on 2019-02-03
1139:from the original on 2019-08-16
1108:from the original on 2018-09-17
1039:List of energy storage projects
725:Rural Electrification Programme
464:
2517:Smartgrids Technology Platform
2416:Electricity costing in Senegal
1416:Almeshqab F, Ustun TS (2019),
1328:
1246:
1201:
1119:
1094:
1081:
851:U.S. Department of Agriculture
561:To mitigate these issues, the
1:
2670:Renewable Energy Certificates
2421:Electricity planning in Kenya
1074:
955:
795:. These generally used a 40V
774:Northern States Power Company
552:
498:
2578:Nonintrusive load monitoring
1670:. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
684:Federal government of Brazil
426:
422:Social and economic benefits
7:
2597:Other technologies/concepts
2231:Team, BS Web (2018-04-30).
2059:Smil, Vaclav (6 May 1993).
1622:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.047
1001:
668:
521:Wind mechanical water pumps
506:electric power distribution
436:Productivity and efficiency
373:is the process of bringing
10:
2802:
2655:Carbon capture and storage
1521:the author's personal page
1480:the author's personal page
1059:Renewable energy in Africa
1029:Category:Energy by country
941:
904:
809:Tennessee Valley Authority
793:small wind-electric plants
718:
615:
612:, and standalone systems.
529:solar hybrid power systems
2739:
2693:
2675:Renewable Energy Payments
2647:
2596:
2548:
2506:
2283:"G.R.I.D. Solar RO Model"
2087:– via Google Books.
1640:14 September 2013 at the
1558:10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0276
1054:Power line communications
936:
828:Rural Electrification Act
673:
574:
2634:Power-line communication
2366:Electricity Supply Board
1762:EarthSpark International
1064:Stand-alone power system
900:
866:
705:
606:geographical information
595:
510:single wire earth return
460:, United States, in 1942
2680:Renewable energy policy
2629:Phasor measurement unit
2535:Pickens Plan super grid
2399:of Columbia University
2237:Business Standard India
1907:"ASABE Historic Events"
1624:Retrieved 24 June 2014.
861:
849:In September 2018, the
836:Rural Utilities Service
772:, working jointly with
767:University of Minnesota
474:Healthcare improvements
2609:HVDC bulk transmission
1786:Renewable Energy World
1069:Universal Service Fund
1024:Distributed generation
824:United States Congress
745:Solar Power in Jamaica
461:
418:
2786:Rural electrification
2747:Electricity economics
2726:Rural electrification
1668:The Energy Collective
891:renewable electricity
817:electric cooperatives
648:Government of Senegal
451:
416:
371:Rural electrification
2550:Efficient energy use
1813:. September 27, 2022
1091:, License: CC BY 4.0
221:Types of communities
2397:Modi Research Group
1861:jamaica-gleaner.com
1714:. September 2, 2020
951:Successful examples
889:in 2001 to provide
700:Lula administration
654:Individual projects
640:Emergency Programme
524:Small wind electric
508:grid can be set up
483:Additional benefits
456:lineman at work in
2540:Unified Smart Grid
2344:Hirsh, Richard F.
2289:. 17 August 2017.
2103:2011-07-18 at the
2035:The Times of India
1662:2015-01-19 at the
1608:2015-09-24 at the
1526:2021-01-21 at the
1515:2021-08-29 at the
1504:2021-01-18 at the
1485:2021-02-24 at the
1474:2021-11-24 at the
1463:2020-09-21 at the
1443:2021-11-24 at the
1423:2021-11-24 at the
1342:. 27 August 2014.
967:Bosch Solar Energy
462:
419:
135:Indigenous peoples
2773:
2772:
2558:Demand management
2364:, section of the
2130:. 29 April 2018.
1958:Smart Cities Dive
1811:www.aljazeera.com
856:Smart Cities Dive
443:food preservation
368:
367:
2793:
2765:Renewable energy
2685:Soft energy path
2498:Modernizing the
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2454:pbswisconsin.org
2393:(WBG) initiative
2391:World Bank Group
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2259:. June 1, 2017.
2253:
2247:
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2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:
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2120:
2114:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1897:
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1894:
1893:
1878:
1872:
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1869:
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1853:
1847:
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1844:
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1828:
1822:
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1803:
1797:
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1573:
1560:
1536:
1530:
1495:
1489:
1454:
1448:
1434:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:. Archived from
1365:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1313:. Archived from
1302:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
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1199:
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1155:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1018:
1013:
1012:
960:Like many other
926:Saubhagya Scheme
915:Saubhagya scheme
813:Tennessee Valley
786:Red Wing Project
756:Beardslee Castle
375:electrical power
360:
353:
346:
318:Peasant movement
308:Nomadic conflict
56:Delivery service
19:
18:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2735:
2711:Energy security
2701:Electrification
2689:
2643:
2619:Load management
2592:
2563:Demand response
2544:
2522:SuperSmart Grid
2502:
2500:electrical grid
2496:
2458:
2456:
2387:Lighting Africa
2358:
2341:
2339:Further reading
2336:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2317:gridindia.co.in
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:www.niti.gov.in
2192:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2105:Wayback Machine
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2065:. M.E. Sharpe.
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:"Archived copy"
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
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1727:
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1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1664:Wayback Machine
1654:
1647:
1642:Wayback Machine
1632:
1628:
1610:Wayback Machine
1600:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1537:
1533:
1528:Wayback Machine
1517:Wayback Machine
1506:Wayback Machine
1496:
1492:
1487:Wayback Machine
1476:Wayback Machine
1465:Wayback Machine
1455:
1451:
1445:Wayback Machine
1435:
1431:
1425:Wayback Machine
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1384:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:"Archived copy"
1252:
1251:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:"Archived copy"
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:"Archived copy"
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1044:Microgeneration
1014:
1007:
1004:
992:reverse osmosis
984:
976:Bank of America
958:
953:
944:
939:
917:
903:
869:
864:
752:
721:
708:
690:, launched the
676:
671:
618:
598:
577:
572:
555:
501:
485:
476:
467:
438:
429:
424:
391:Electrification
383:market failures
364:
335:
334:
291:
283:
282:
268:
258:
257:
184:
174:
173:
108:
100:
99:
61:Electrification
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2694:Related issues
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Feed-in tariff
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Load following
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Dynamic demand
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2356:External links
2354:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2304:
2274:
2248:
2223:
2177:
2145:
2115:
2090:
2071:
2051:
2019:
1974:
1945:
1939:. Washington:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1773:
1749:
1738:Le Nouvelliste
1725:
1699:
1688:hubenergia.org
1672:
1645:
1626:
1585:
1551:(4): 678–701.
1531:
1490:
1449:
1429:
1409:
1382:
1379:on 2016-03-07.
1357:
1327:
1290:
1245:
1200:
1163:
1118:
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1079:
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1076:
1073:
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1031:
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1019:
1003:
1000:
983:
980:
957:
954:
952:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
902:
899:
877:kerosene lamps
873:energy poverty
868:
865:
863:
860:
751:
748:
720:
717:
707:
704:
696:Luz para Todos
675:
672:
670:
667:
658:
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651:
633:
617:
614:
597:
594:
576:
573:
571:
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492:
489:
484:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
437:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
401:to reduce the
387:national grids
366:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
333:
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171:
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169:
167:in Agriculture
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137:
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131:
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125:
120:
118:Family farmers
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106:
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29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Energy policy
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Energy crisis
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
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2683:
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2559:
2556:
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2553:
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2515:
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2509:
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2398:
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2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:online review
2347:
2343:
2342:
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2318:
2314:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2262:
2258:
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2227:
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2191:
2184:
2182:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2072:9780765633361
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Energy Policy
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1522:
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1514:
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1507:
1503:
1500:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1317:on 2016-03-07
1316:
1312:
1311:ruralelec.org
1308:
1301:
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1297:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1262:
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1159:
1153:
1135:
1128:
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1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1067:
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1050:
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1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:Energy portal
1011:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
989:
979:
977:
972:
968:
963:
948:
934:
930:
927:
921:
916:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
888:
885:launched the
884:
880:
878:
874:
859:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:In 1933, the
805:
803:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
759:
757:
750:United States
747:
746:
741:
738:
733:
730:In June 2012
728:
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697:
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649:
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631:
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623:
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2583:Smart grid
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2242:2022-05-16
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1999:2013-05-28
1968:2018-09-27
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313:Parliament
231:By Country
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1340:YouTube
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