814:
1987:
74:
60:
2054:, missionaries in Russian America applied a strategy that placed value on local cultures and encouraged indigenous leadership in parish life and missionary activity. When compared to later Protestant missionaries, the Orthodox policies "in retrospect proved to be relatively sensitive to indigenous Alaskan cultures." This cultural policy was originally intended to gain the loyalty of the indigenous populations by establishing the authority of Church and State as protectors of over 10,000 inhabitants of Russian America. (The number of ethnic Russian settlers had always been less than the record 812, almost all concentrated in Sitka and Kodiak).
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1501:, especially the competitive Americans. This strategy backfired since the Russian colony had become used to relying on American supply ships, and the United States had become a valued customer for furs. Eventually the Russian–American Company entered into an agreement with the Hudson's Bay Company, which gave the British rights to sail through Russian territory.
2338:
distant colony, reduced interest in the territory. In addition, Russia was in a difficult financial position and feared losing
Russian Alaska without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. The Russians believed that in a dispute with Britain, their hard-to-defend region might become a prime target for British aggression from
3226:
emperor. Some of the
Natives, evidently making up from a twelfth to an eighth of the adult population, belonged to the so-called kayury, whose position was in fact that of slaves, since they received nothing for their labor besides scanty clothing and food. However, this was not slavery as once existed in ancient Rome or in the American South ....
1463:
tenure
Baranov traded over 2 million rubles worth of furs for American supplies, to the consternation of the board of directors. From 1806 to 1818 Baranov shipped 15 million rubles worth of furs to Russia, only receiving under 3 million rubles in provisions, barely half of the expenses spent solely on the Saint Petersburg company office.
2394:" comprised the only land that Russia was entitled to sell. Other indigenous groups also argued that they had never given up their land; the Americans had encroached on it and taken it over. Native land claims were not fully addressed until the latter half of the 20th century, with the signing by Congress and leaders of the
1304:. Russian colonists took Koniag wives and started families whose surnames continue today, such as Panamaroff, Petrikoff, and Kvasnikoff. In 1795 Baranov, concerned by the sight of non-Russian Europeans trading with the natives in southeast Alaska, established Mikhailovsk six miles (10 km) north of present-day
3225:
The Aleuts and other dependent
Natives of the Russian colonies could never be considered slaves, or feudal serfs, or civilian workers in the usual sense of the terms. ... Up to the 1790s the Natives were obligated to pay tribute to the royal treasury, demonstrating personal dependence on the Russian
2337:
By the 1860s, the
Russian government was ready to abandon its Russian America colony. Over-hunting had severely reduced the fur-bearing animal population, and competition from the British and Americans exacerbated the situation. This, combined with the difficulties of supplying and protecting such a
2085:
A side effect of the missionary strategy was the development of a new and autonomous form of indigenous identity. Many native traditions survived within local "Russian" Orthodox tradition and in the religious life of the villages. Part of this modern indigenous identity is an alphabet and the basis
3105:
Russian merchants along the route from
Kamchatka to Kiakhta must have been elated when Vitus Bering's expedition returned in 1742 to report that the northern coast of America was nearby and that its waters teemed with fur seals and sea otters. By the following year, the first commercial vessel had
3174:
described the process .... Two methods of colonization were primary: 'fur colonization,' with hunters harvesting and depleting the habitats of fur animals and moving further and further across
Siberia all the way to Alaska; and 'fishing colonization,' which supplied Russian centers with fresh- or
2125:
Observers noted that while their religious ties were tenuous, before the sale of Alaska there were 400 native converts to
Orthodoxy in New Archangel. Tlingit practitioners declined in number after the lapse of Russian rule, until there were only 117 practitioners in 1882 residing in the place, by
2006:
faith. This faith (with its liturgies and texts, translated into Aleut at a very early stage) had been informally introduced, in the 1740s–1780s. Some fur traders founded local families or symbolically adopted Aleut trade partners as godchildren to gain their loyalty through this special personal
1462:
in 1799, several RAC ships sank or were damaged in storms, leaving the RAC outposts with scant resources. On June 24, 1800, an
American vessel sailed to Kodiak Island. Baranov negotiated the sale of over 12,000 rubles worth of goods carried on the ship, averting "imminent starvation." During his
2038:
population of New
Archangel, Veniamiov prohibited any Lutheran priests from proselytizing to neighboring Tlingits. Veniamiov faced difficulties in exercising influence over the Tlingit people outside New Archangel, due to their political independence from the RAC leaving them less receptive to
793:, and unable to fully colonize the Americas to their satisfaction, the Russians concluded that their North American colonies were too expensive to retain. Eager to release themselves of the burden, the Russians sold Fort Ross in 1841, and in 1867, after less than a month of negotiations, the
2477:, such statements reappeared in Russian media. Those claims of illegitimacy derive from wrong or misleading interpretations of a policy of the Russian Federation to re-acquire formerly held properties. The Alaska Purchase Treaty clearly states that the agreement was for a complete Russian
1439:
A company ship visited the Russian American outposts only every two or three years to give provisions. Because of the limited stock of supplies, trading was incidental compared to trapping operations under the Aleutian laborers. This left the Russian outposts dependent upon British and
2057:
Difficulties arose in training Russian priests to attain fluency in any of the various Indigenous Alaskan languages. To redress this, Veniaminov opened a seminary for mixed race and native candidates for the Church in 1845. Promising students were sent to additional schools in either
946:
Due to the distance from central authority in St. Petersburg, and combined with the difficult geography and lack of adequate resources, the next state-sponsored expedition would wait more than two decades until 1766, when captains Pyotr Krenitsyn and Mikhail Levashov embarked for the
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harassed the Russian party and Shelekhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelekhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after
938:
to pieces. After the stranded crew wintered on the island, the survivors built a boat from the wreckage and set sail for Russia in August 1742. Bering's crew reached the shore of Kamchatka in 1742, carrying word of the expedition. The high quality of the
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ordered the Russians out of their homes in Sitka, maintaining that the dwellings were needed for the Americans. The Russians complained of rowdiness of and assaults by the American troops. Many Russians returned to Russia, while others migrated to the
844:. One legend holds that some of his boats were carried off course and reached Alaska. However, no evidence of settlement survives. Dezhnev's discovery was never forwarded to the central government, leaving open the question of whether or not
1444:
merchants for sorely needed food and materials; in such a situation Baranov knew that the RAC establishments "could not exist without trading with foreigners." Ties with Americans were particularly advantageous since they could sell furs at
2101:
The most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska is the nearly 90 Russian Orthodox parishes with a membership of over 20,000 men, women, and children, almost exclusively indigenous people. These include several
1219:
of 1783–1799 developed a monopoly, its use of skirmishes and violent incidents turned into systematic violence as a tool of colonial exploitation of the indigenous people. When the Aleutian serfs revolted and won some victories, the
1226:
retaliated, killing many and destroying their boats and hunting gear, leaving them no means of survival. The most devastating effects came from disease: during the first two generations (1741–1759 & 1781–1799) of Sibero-Russian
1312:, but in 1802, while Baranov was away, Tlingit from a neighboring settlement attacked and destroyed Mikhailovsk. Baranov returned with a Russian warship and razed the Tlingit village. He built the settlement of New Archangel (
788:
had brought the sea otter to near extinction, while the population of bears, wolves, and foxes on land was also nearing depletion. Faced with the reality of periodic Native American revolts, the political ramifications of the
2117:
Orthodox Christianity only after the Russian colonial period, in an area where there had been no Russian settlers nor missionaries. The widespread and continuing local Russian Orthodox practices are likely the result of the
700:
and Russians in the 1760s. The fur trade proved to be a lucrative enterprise, capturing the attention of other European nations. In response to potential competitors, the Russians extended their claims eastward from the
987:'s circumnavigation of 1814–1816, which provided substantial scientific information on Alaska's and California's flora and fauna, and important ethnographic information on Alaskan and Californian (among other) natives.
146:
1790:
off San Francisco. By 1818 Fort Ross had a population of 128, consisting of 26 Russians and of 102 Native Americans. The Russians maintained it until 1841, when they left the region. As of 2015 Fort Ross is a Federal
5412:
740:
Angered by encroachment on their land and other grievances, the indigenous peoples' relations with the Russians deteriorated. In 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, most notably
2405:, who had been guaranteed the privileges of citizens in the United States, were given the opportunity of becoming citizens within a three-year period, but few decided to exercise that option. General
2383:
After Russian America was sold to the US in 1867, for $ 7.2 million (2 cents per acre, equivalent to $ 156,960,000 in 2023), all the holdings of the Russian–American Company were liquidated.
918:
in southeast Alaska. He sent a group of men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to land on the northwestern coast of North America. On roughly July 16, Bering and the crew of
1390:
By 1804, Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on fur trade activities in the Americas following his suppression of the Tlingit clan at the
721:
missionaries began to arrive, evangelizing thousands of Native Americans, many of whose descendants continue to maintain the religion. By the late 1780s, trade relations had opened with the
2007:
bond. The missionaries soon opposed the exploitation of the indigenous populations, and their reports provide evidence of the violence exercised to establish colonial rule in this period.
144:
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to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization. The Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaska's coast, as stocks had been depleted by
2457:
At the beginning of the 21st century, a resurgence of Russian ultra-nationalism has spurred regret and recrimination over the sale of Alaska to the United States. There are periodic
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decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it had already occupied. Other traders were free to compete elsewhere. Catherine's decision was issued as the imperial
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Province. The fort was the northernmost Mexican outpost to halt any further Russian settlement southward. The restored Presidio and mission are in the present-day city of
2039:
Russian cultural influences than Aleuts. A smallpox epidemic spread throughout Alaska in 1835-1837 and the medical aid given by Veniamiov created converts to Orthodoxy.
1001:
Imperial Russia was unique among European empires for having no state sponsorship of foreign expeditions or territorial (conquest) settlement. The first state-protected
5407:
2066:, the later city becoming the original seminary's new location in 1858. The Holy Synod instructed for the opening of four missionary schools in 1841, to be located in
1014:
377:
6083:
6041:
3311:... before he died, Shelikhov had appointed Alexandr Baranov as governor of the Russian Alaska Company, the first functional and approved Russian monopoly in Alaska.
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6128:
4769:
8882:
7618:
6046:
7762:
7403:
5461:
4090:
Saul, Norman. "California-Alaska trade, 1851–1867: The American Russian commercial company and the Russian America company and the sale/purchase of Alaska."
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821:
The earliest written accounts indicate that the Eurasian Russians were the first Europeans to reach Alaska. There is an unofficial assumption that Eurasian
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in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. These claims were later abandoned at the turn of the 19th century following the aftermath of the
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1497:. Most naval officers did not have any experience in the fur trade, so the company suffered. The second charter also tried to cut off all contact with
1121:, where Russia's east coast lies closest to Alaska's west coast. Early Russian colonization occurred well south of the strait, in the Aleutian Islands.
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as the only remaining outpost on mainland Alaska. This failed to expel the Russians, who re-established their presence two years later following the
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761:, a situation that, with few interruptions, lasted for the duration of Russian presence in Alaska.) In 1808, Redoubt Saint Michael was rebuilt as
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was never very profitable because of the costs of transportation, most Russian traders were determined to keep the land for themselves. In 1784,
7316:
4153:
Smith-Peter, Susan (2013). ""A Class of People Admitted to the Better Ranks": The First Generation of Creoles in Russian America, 1810s–1820s".
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1174:. As word spread of the potential riches in furs, competition among Russian companies increased and a large number of Aleuts were apparently
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already been constructed in Kamchatka and had set off for a two-year voyage to the Aleutians. A rush of fur-seeking expeditions followed
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fostered by the Russian fur-trade, were increasingly coerced into taking greater and greater risks in the highly dangerous waters of the
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2376:. The cost was set at 2 cents an acre, which came to a total of $ 7,200,000 on April 9, 1867. The canceled check is in the present day
2086:
for written literature in nearly all of the ethnic-linguistic groups in the Southern half of Alaska. Father Ivan Veniaminov (later St.
1991:
1953:
1886:
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in June 1741. They were soon separated, but each continued sailing east. On July 15, Chirikov sighted land, probably the west side of
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3988:] (in French). Paris: thesis, University of Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne (available in limited editions in specialized libraries).
1618:
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By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russia's North American colonies were in steep decline. Competition with the British
59:
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communities, and quite nearly all of the Aleut and Alutiiq populations. Among the few Tlingit Orthodox parishes, the large group in
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in 1821, on the condition that the company would financially support missionary efforts. The company board ordered chief manager
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north of latitude 54°40'N, with the American rights and claims restricted to below that line. This division was repeated in the
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The first sighting of the Alaskan coastline was in 1732; this sighting was made by the Russian maritime explorer and navigator
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1897:(translated here): "In the year 1796, in the month of January, this bell was cast on the Island of Kodiak by the blessing of
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International Conference on European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment EMSSESE, 2019
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1846:(Sonoma Mission, 1823) specifically responded to the presence of the Russians at Fort Ross; and Mexico established the
1838:. After declaring their independence in 1821, the Mexicans also asserted themselves in opposition to the Russians: the
1563:
4083:
Saul, Norman E. "Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California."
2082:. Veniamiov established the curriculum, which included Russian history, literacy, mathematics, and religious studies.
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Wheeler, Mary E. (1971). "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company".
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1986:
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for $ 7.2 million (equivalent to $ 157 million in 2023) ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas.
4337:
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2401:
At the height of Russian America, the Russian population had reached 700, compared to 40,000 Aleuts. They and the
1394:. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska. For the most part, they clung to the coast and shunned the interior.
1153:
to do the work for them, often by taking hostage family members in exchange for hunted seal-furs. This pattern of
1059:, and came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Commerce of Imperial Russia. Siberian merchants based in
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Alaska Historical Society - Dedicated to the promotion of Alaska history by the exchange of ideas and information
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2473:, but only leased for 99 years (= to 1966), or 150 years (= to 2017)—and would be returned to Russia. During the
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1841:
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headed back to Russia in October with news of the land they had found. In November, Bering's ship was wrecked on
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1921:
1835:
1690:. Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers continued to establish trading posts in mainland Alaska, on the
1628:
1359:
expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and to carry out an expanded colonization program.
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5239:
4968:
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4789:
4744:
4390:
4345:
4312:
3570:
Kan, Sergei (1985). "Russian Orthodox Brotherhoods among the Tlingit: Missionary Goals and Native Response".
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1902:
1800:
1728:
for their fur. The peak population of the Russian colonies was about 4,000 although almost all of these were
1483:
1467:
1401:
1335:
As Baranov secured the Russians' settlements in Alaska, the Shelekhov family continued to work among the top
1293:
278:
4282:
4173:
Savelev, Ivan. "Patterns in the Adoption of Russian Linguistic and National Traditions by Alaskan Natives."
3213:]. Translated by Bland, Richard L. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (published 2018). p. 198.
3203:
Grinëv, Andrei Val'terovic (2016). "Russian Promyshlenniki in Alaska at the end of the Eighteenth Century".
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to manage his Alaskan fur-enterprise. Baranov moved the colony to the northeast end of Kodiak Island, where
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2489:, take issue with the legitimacy of colonial rule itself rather than the purchase from the Russian Empire.
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on the Alaskan mainland; they turned westward toward Russia soon afterward. Meanwhile, Chirikov and the
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1332:) on the ruins of Mikhailovsk. It became the capital of Russian America – and later the city of Sitka.
645:
501:
1408:, played an active role in the Russian–American Company and was the first governor of Russian America.
729:(RAC) was formed in order to monopolize the fur trade, also serving as an imperialist vehicle for the
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8317:
8157:
5895:
5439:
5333:
5133:
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4355:
3528:
Nordlander, David (1995). "Innokentii Veniaminov and the Expansion of Orthodoxy in Russian America".
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2019:
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3920:
Imperial Russia in frontier America: the changing geography of supply of Russian America, 1784–1867
3911:
Gibson, James R. "Old Russia in the New World: adversaries and adversities in Russian America." in
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1352:
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and became the capital of Russian America after the previous colonial headquarters were moved from
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in 1990 and 1991 to mark the 250th anniversary of the first sighting of and claiming domain over
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2003:
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were initial major stockholders, but soon replaced by Russia's nobility and aristocracy based in
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567:
3439:. California natural history guides. Vol. 61. University of California Press. p. 375.
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3406:
2750:
2590:
2350:
2282:
1494:
1417:
1022:
798:
598:
5083:
4380:
4127:
Grinëv, Andrei V. "Natives and Creoles of Alaska in the maritime service in Russian America."
3122:
2015:
8517:
8451:
8366:
7870:
7408:
7118:
6196:
6123:
5994:
5625:
5585:
5345:
5274:
4723:
4599:
4533:
4370:
3930:
3858:
2824:
2616:
2584:
2271:
2031:
2011:
1971:
1941:
1755:
1749:
1479:
1429:
1413:
586:
195:
7326:
7056:
3963:
Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799
3206:
Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799
3086:
2945:
1478:, a parallel agreement with the British in 1825 (which also settled most of the border with
8962:
8813:
8587:
8535:
8408:
8330:
8193:
8163:
8113:
7885:
7880:
7802:
7628:
7524:
7479:
7442:
7437:
7393:
6585:
6088:
5907:
5808:
5798:
5158:
4831:
4728:
4698:
2365:
2103:
1655:
1193:
856:
477:
466:
397:
4095:
8:
8718:
8662:
8523:
8390:
8263:
8223:
8123:
8045:
7217:
7197:
7163:
6068:
6034:
5873:
5818:
5733:
5663:
5520:
5048:
4983:
4754:
4573:
4268:
3954:
Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich. "The External Threat to Russian America: Myth and Reality."
3430:
2787:
2772:
2622:
2235:
2051:
1925:
1890:
1779:
1699:
1056:
1052:
1021:
during the 1780s. Shelikhov petitioned the government for exclusive control, but in 1788
907:
774:
706:
670:
489:
3974:
3259:, outsiders whom they acquired through trading and warfare with people from other areas.
753:. (Peace negotiations between the Russians and Native Americans would later establish a
8912:
8686:
8599:
8169:
8151:
7839:
7489:
7484:
5863:
5813:
5723:
5705:
5658:
5640:
5620:
5259:
5011:
4909:
4881:
4764:
4749:
4619:
4528:
4497:
4492:
4264:
4200:
4178:
4060:
3892:
3867:
Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká/Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804
3862:
3587:
3545:
3399:
3379:
3293:
Mathews-Benham, Sandra K. (2008). "5: From the Aleutian Chain to Northern California".
2909:
Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity Through Two Centuries
2792:
2406:
2343:
2087:
2027:
1898:
1871:
1849:
1238:
1167:
1163:
968:
693:
641:
483:
124:
1367:
656:
made sight of the North American mainland. Bering claimed the Alaskan country for the
8654:
8396:
8281:
8133:
8102:
8040:
7875:
7865:
7706:
7499:
7178:
5775:
5630:
5570:
5377:
5303:
5281:
5180:
5058:
4871:
4851:
4846:
4836:
4671:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4191:
Gibson, James R. (1972). "Russian America in 1833: The Survey of Kirill Khlebnikov".
4106:
4070:
4064:
4039:
4020:
3998:
3966:
3941:
3898:
3870:
3840:
3440:
3410:
3300:
3244:
3214:
3155:
3128:
3094:
3034:
2951:
2926:
2916:
2829:
2650:
2486:
2411:
2361:
2354:
2050:, the origins of which were in early Christianity's need to adapt to the cultures of
1783:
1687:
1527:
1249:
1175:
1010:
923:
710:
702:
447:
7212:
3279:
3211:
Predposylki rossiisoi kolonizatsii Alyaski, ee otkrytie i pervonachal'noye osnovanie
3124:'Times Are Altered with Us': American Indians from First Contact to the New Republic
1998:
At Three Saints Bay, Shelekov built a school to teach the natives to read and write
8818:
8426:
8402:
8336:
8311:
8269:
8128:
8030:
7597:
7539:
7447:
6051:
5615:
5560:
5466:
5207:
4978:
4948:
4914:
4759:
4583:
4578:
4487:
4436:
4385:
4256:
4241:
4162:
3579:
3537:
3371:
3171:
2745:
2740:
2638:
2533:
2516:
2510:
2339:
2251:
2177:
2160:
2154:
2095:
2079:
2059:
1999:
1906:
1894:
1787:
1759:
1691:
1421:
1348:
1313:
1286:
1269:
1257:
1171:
1107:
1093:
1064:
1048:
948:
903:
879:
714:
653:
625:
558:
7673:
3788:"There Are Two Versions of the Story of How the U.S. Purchased Alaska From Russia"
92:
8830:
8623:
8541:
8499:
8463:
8305:
8287:
8275:
8181:
8138:
8118:
8060:
8035:
7549:
7274:
7201:
5853:
5803:
5635:
5382:
5234:
5202:
4876:
4856:
4624:
4538:
4502:
4482:
4446:
4431:
4375:
4242:"A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years"
4137:
3434:
3294:
3204:
3149:
2890:
2755:
2723:
2718:
2566:
2527:
2482:
2470:
2439:
2369:
2332:
2325:
2210:
2171:
2071:
1967:
1865:
1813:
1721:
1493:
was renewed in 1821, it stipulated that the chief managers from then on be naval
1449:, closed to the Russians at the time. The downside was that American hunters and
1391:
1383:
1344:
1207:
As the animal populations declined, the Aleuts, already too dependent on the new
1018:
1002:
980:
883:
802:
750:
633:
471:
332:
116:
97:
3711:"Analysis: Russian decree on its assets overseas (no, Alaska was not mentioned)"
1482:). However, the agreements soon went by the wayside, and with the retirement of
8785:
8581:
8555:
8251:
8055:
7370:
7168:
5868:
5718:
5545:
5308:
5298:
4675:
4563:
4543:
4012:
3854:
3832:
2671:
2628:
2572:
2546:
2451:
2402:
2387:
2373:
2241:
2216:
2190:
2111:
2047:
1909:
1878:
1737:
1733:
1645:
1458:
1375:
1301:
1281:
1144:
1132:
1097:
1044:
841:
833:
829:
766:
742:
734:
722:
687:
657:
602:
542:
382:
174:
106:
65:
43:
4260:
4211:
Golovin, Pavel Nikolaevich, Basil Dmytryshyn, and E. A. P. Crownhart-Vaughan.
2497:
2138:
2002:, and introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen who spread the
8871:
8505:
8257:
8238:
7860:
7661:
7474:
5678:
5515:
5153:
4548:
4166:
3965:
Translated by Richard L. Bland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
2930:
2846:
2699:
2685:
2578:
2540:
2502:
2447:
2222:
2184:
2143:
2127:
2075:
2023:
1957:
1913:
1806:
Spanish concern about Russian colonial intrusion prompted the authorities in
1441:
1305:
1261:
1212:
1118:
964:
952:
931:
860:
794:
762:
756:
730:
661:
629:
606:
582:
546:
424:
231:
218:
180:
8529:
8384:
8378:
7559:
7466:
7462:
7278:
5900:
5890:
5434:
4958:
4924:
4679:
4558:
4426:
3299:. Cultures in the American West. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 246.
2760:
2634:
2427:
2309:
2247:
1729:
1433:
895:
875:
864:
837:
817:
A 1773 map of northwestern America based on reports from Russian explorers.
697:
637:
5195:
3091:
The Fur Farms of Alaska: Two Centuries of History and a Forgotten Stampede
1946:
983:
in 1803–1806, and was instrumental in the outfitting of the voyage of the
673:. The decree also provided monopolistic privileges to the state-sponsored
8858:
Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia
8469:
8354:
8348:
8050:
7469:
6063:
5540:
5269:
5190:
5123:
4953:
4441:
4327:
3186:
2713:
2610:
2443:
2229:
1498:
1424:. By the 1830s, the Russian monopoly on trade was weakening. The British
1154:
790:
613:
553:. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas are collectively known as
495:
5963:
4204:
3397:
Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978). Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S. (eds.).
3331:
1963:
951:, eventually reaching their destination after initially been wrecked on
769:. A year later, the RAC began expanding its operations to more abundant
8845:
8593:
8549:
7431:
7142:
5575:
5525:
5444:
5313:
4287:
3549:
3497:
3383:
2458:
2415:
2324:
A map depicting the territory of Alaska in 1867, immediately after the
2119:
2091:
1775:
1336:
1072:
590:
4103:
Russian America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire, 1804–1867
3591:
2342:, and would be easily captured. So following the Union victory in the
8840:
8457:
7554:
7264:
5858:
5163:
2107:
1807:
1725:
1471:
1446:
1234:
940:
825:
navigators reached the coast of Alaska long before the 18th century.
778:
770:
8071:
5744:
3659:"150 Years After Sale of Alaska, Some Russians Have Second Thoughts"
3541:
3375:
1289:, permanently settled since 1774) on the island's Three Saints Bay.
1256:
that developed into the Alaskan colonial administration, arrived in
1237:; these were by then endemic among Eurasians, but the Aleuts had no
8293:
7772:
5728:
5590:
4220:
Colonial Russian America: Kyrill T. Khlebnikov's Reports, 1817–1832
3762:"Transcription of the English text of the Alaska Treaty of Cession"
3583:
1978:
1821:
1450:
1340:
1300:
was available. The site later developed as what is now the city of
1141:
Rather than hunting the marine life themselves, the Sibero-Russian
1047:, which granted the company monopolistic control over trade in the
669:
which established the southern border of Russian America along the
550:
4213:
The end of Russian America: Captain PN Golovin's last report, 1862
1428:
was leased the southern edge of Russian America in 1839 under the
1106:
began to sail from the shores of the Russian Pacific coast to the
705:
to the shores of Alaska. In 1784, with encouragement from Empress
7108:
3154:. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013). p. 68.
2552:
Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793
2478:
2364:
in the beginning of March 1867. At the instigation of Seward the
2196:
Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793
2063:
1490:
1379:
1356:
1347:, had acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from Emperor
1309:
1197:
1113:
1060:
845:
190:
3607:"Not An April Fools' Joke: Russians Petition To Get Alaska Back"
2320:
605:
settlements were concentrated in Alaska, including the capital,
8440:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
7148:
4667:
3468:"Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association"
2520:
2466:
2462:
2435:
2313:
2164:
1917:
1829:
1695:
1683:
1297:
1245:
1233:
contact, 80 percent of the Aleut population died from Eurasian
1208:
1068:
1067:. The company constructed settlements in what is today Alaska,
871:
594:
578:
429:
39:
3982:
La Colonization russe en Amérique du Nord: 18 - 19 ème siècles
1740:. The number of Russians rarely exceeded 500 at any one time.
660:. Russia later confirmed its rule over the territory with the
7086:
4293:
Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association
2950:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
2947:
In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire Along the Inside Passage
2594:
2286:
2067:
2035:
1371:
1201:
1150:
1028:
822:
619:
3995:
Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America
3241:
Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America
3170:
that the history of Russia was the history of colonization,
934:. There Bering fell ill and died, and high winds dashed the
4038:(2nd ed.). Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
2347:
1803:, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of San Francisco.
1041:
8748:
3986:
Russian Colonization in North America, 18th-19th Centuries
3885:
Fort Ross: California Outpost of Russian Alaska, 1812–1841
3243:. Ithaca: Cornell University (published 2010). p. 2.
2606:
Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817
2298:
Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi – 1817
1486:
in 1818, the Russian hold on Alaska was further weakened.
886:
called for another expedition. As a part of the 1733–1743
4227:
Russian America: Statistical and ethnographic information
3853:
2492:
2090:), famous throughout Russian America, developed an Aleut
1881:
bronze church bell was unearthed in an orange grove near
1786:. The Fort Ross colony included a sealing station on the
943:
pelts they brought sparked Russian settlement in Alaska.
713:
founded Russia's first permanent settlement in Alaska at
628:
began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the
2094:
for hundreds of language and dialect words based on the
2133:
1343:
on Alaska's fur trade. In 1799 Shelekhov's son-in-law,
1036:
The Shelikhov-Golikov Company formed the basis for the
1005:
for sponsoring such activities in the Americas was the
2353:
instructed the Russian minister to the United States,
1040:(RAC). Its charter was laid out in a 1799, by the new
5462:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4054:
Russian America, 1741–1867: A Biographical Dictionary
1327:
572:
8237:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
3913:
European Settlement and Development in North America
3405:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp.
3093:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 8.
2871:
2661:
1453:
encroached on territory Russians considered theirs.
577:; 1799 to 1867). It consisted mostly of present-day
7703:
3915:(University of Toronto Press, 2019) pp. 46–65.
3151:
Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience
3633:"After Crimea, Russians Say They Want Alaska Back"
3429:
3398:
3187:Stephen W. Haycox, Mary Childers Mangusso (2011).
1862:as the Commandant of the Northern Frontier of the
4288:Official Website of Fort Ross State Historic Park
4139:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867
3938:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867
2386:Following the transfer, many elders of the local
696:, which instigated several conflicts between the
8869:
5477:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
4807:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
3180:
3116:
3114:
3006:. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from
2865:
1017:. A number of other companies were operating in
8421:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
5923:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
5596:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
5511:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
3630:
648:was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a
7619:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States
4240:Grinëv, Andrei. V.; Bland, Richard L. (2010).
3292:
2469:was not sold to the United States in the 1867
8883:States and territories disestablished in 1867
8734:
8087:
7689:
7072:
5979:
5760:
5450:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
4651:
4313:
4019:. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
3940:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
3839:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
3631:Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (March 31, 2014).
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3191:. University of Washington Press. p. 27.
3111:
2847:
2485:peoples, in their struggle for democracy and
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1769:
1763:
1663:
1228:
1221:
1158:
1142:
1130:
1026:
692:(trappers and hunters) quickly developed the
685:
662:
610:
522:
133:
125:
29:
23:
7798:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
7624:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
3925:Gibson, James R. "Russian America in 1821."
3436:Natural History of the Islands of California
2897:(London: Harrison and Sons, 1893), pp. 25–27
2010:The RAC's monopoly was continued by Emperor
8948:Russian exploration in the Age of Discovery
5403:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
5398:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
4239:
4152:
4100:
3825:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
3656:
3087:"Chapter One: The Russian Period 1749–1866"
3033:. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 26–33.
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2887:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1799:. It is preserved—restored in California's
1754:The Russians established an outpost called
1470:recognized exclusive Russian rights to the
754:
111:Russian possessions in North America (1835)
8878:States and territories established in 1741
8741:
8727:
8094:
8080:
7696:
7682:
7079:
7065:
5986:
5972:
5767:
5753:
4719:Military history of the Russian Federation
4658:
4644:
4320:
4306:
4147:Alutiiq villages under Russian and US rule
4141:, Andreĭ Valʹterovich Grinev (GoogleBooks)
3527:
3504:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3189:An Alaska Anthology: Interpreting the Past
3059:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2803:History of the west coast of North America
2505:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837
2146:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837
2042:Inspired by the same pastoral theology as
1670:
1656:
1292:In 1790, Shelekhov, back in Russia, hired
874:in 1741 during the Russian exploration by
840:and around the eastern tip of Asia to the
529:
515:
105:
91:
8898:Colonization history of the United States
7088:Former colonies and territories in Canada
5993:
4969:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
4105:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3709:Stepanova, Alexandra (January 31, 2024).
3708:
3605:Nelson, Soraya Sarhaddi (April 1, 2014).
3396:
3120:
1854:or Sonoma Barracks in 1836, with General
1720:was formed in 1799 with the influence of
1412:From 1812 to 1841, the Russians operated
1102:Beginning in 1743, small associations of
1051:and the North America mainland, south to
4215:(Oregon Historical Society Press, 1979.)
3997:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3979:
3897:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3894:Bering: The Russian Discovery of America
3887:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1991.)
3734:
3401:A History of the Russia-American Company
2988:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
2964:
2943:
2496:
2319:
2308:
2137:
1985:
1977:
1962:
1945:
1396:
1366:
1192:
1180:
1124:
1112:
870:The first landfall happened in southern
812:
4930:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
4800:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
4229:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1980)
4056:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1990)
3361:
3346:
3255:The people of Kodiak kept some slaves,
3077:
3061:. National Park Service. Archived from
3031:First Approaches to the Northwest Coast
3028:
1078:
8903:European colonization of North America
8870:
8750:European colonization of North America
5551:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5482:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
5341:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
5319:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
5033:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
4709:Military history of the Russian Empire
4559:Redoubt Saint Dionysius (Fort Stikine)
4190:
4033:
4017:Orthodox Alaska: A Theology of Mission
4011:
3992:
3935:
3737:"The Purchase of Alaska: 1867 or 1971"
3682:
3604:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3239:Gwenn, Miller (2015). "Introduction".
3202:
3147:
2906:
2357:, to enter into negotiations with the
1931:
1033:(proclamation) of September 28, 1788.
717:. Ten years later, the first group of
8893:Russian colonization of North America
8722:
8647:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
8101:
8075:
7677:
7060:
5967:
5774:
5748:
5701:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
5079:Russian colonization of North America
4639:
4301:
4069:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
4059:
3890:
3831:
3768:. The United States National Archives
3685:"Russian extremists want Alaska back"
3238:
3127:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 231–232.
3047:
2983:
2573:Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska
2304:
2217:Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska
1456:Starting with the destruction of the
973:Russia's first naval circumnavigation
8476:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4714:Military history of the Soviet Union
4330:Russian colonization of the Americas
4225:baron Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich.
3780:
3728:
3702:
3657:Gershkovich, Evan (March 30, 2017).
3084:
2880:
2876:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18.
2820:Flag of the Russian-American Company
2603:near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817
2493:Russian settlements in North America
2368:approved the purchase, known as the
2295:near Hanalei, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi – 1817
2134:Russian settlements in North America
2122:of local beliefs with Christianity.
1797:National Register of Historic Places
1489:When the Russian-American Company's
8933:Pre-statehood history of California
5918:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
5455:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
4283:The Russian-American Treaty of 1867
4149:(University of Alaska Press, 2008.)
4092:Journal of Russian American Studies
3936:Grinev, Andrei Valterovich (2008).
3735:Metcalfe, Peter (August 24, 2017).
3569:
3556:
2442:. The commemoration consisted of a
2396:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2106:groups of the interior, very large
585:, but also included the outpost of
13:
8918:Pre-Confederation British Columbia
8908:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
5501:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4867:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
4184:
4085:Journal of American Ethnic History
3956:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
3869:. University of Washington Press.
3821:Bibliography of California history
3814:
3296:American Indians in the Early West
1883:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
990:
14:
8974:
8679:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
8160:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)
6035:Genocide of indigenous population
5366:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
4564:Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka)
4276:
4233:
4222:(Oregon Historical Society, 1976)
1686:in Alaska was founded in 1784 by
1624:Colonization of the United States
1436:which began siphoning off trade.
8703:
8702:
8482:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
7771:
7705:
7655:
7643:
7642:
7614:Territorial evolution after 1867
6079:Interim government of California
5832:
5809:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
5784:
5420:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
5213:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5149:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4945:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
4887:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
4034:Oleksa, Michael J., ed. (2010).
2692:
2678:
2664:
2359:United States Secretary of State
1639:
1526:
1083:
848:was connected to North America.
454:
404:
375:
142:
72:
58:
8953:Territorial evolution of Russia
8938:History of European colonialism
8928:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
5819:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
5706:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
5351:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
5292:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
4193:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
4036:Alaskan Missionary Spirituality
3922:(Oxford University Press, 1976)
3754:
3676:
3650:
3624:
3598:
3490:
3460:
3423:
3390:
3316:
3286:
3264:
3231:
3195:
3141:
2778:Territorial evolution of Russia
2378:United States National Archives
2316:used for the purchase of Alaska
2263:Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska – 1844
1893:. It has an inscription in the
1842:Mission San Francisco de Solano
1362:
1215:to hunt for more otter. As the
859:on the eastern boundary of the
5814:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
5388:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
5038:War of the Austrian Succession
3683:Haycox, Steve (May 18, 2017).
3433:; Feldmeth, C. Robert (1999).
3022:
2992:
2937:
2913:University of Washington Press
2900:
1308:. He bought the land from the
894:under the Danish-born Russian
808:
1:
8321:
5824:Recent history (1959–present)
5611:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
5489:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5240:Russian invasion of Manchuria
5230:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5176:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
5171:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
5114:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
5104:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
5069:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
5064:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
5054:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
5044:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5022:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
5017:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
4994:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
4989:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
4964:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4940:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4935:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4920:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
4795:List of wars involving Russia
4790:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3961:Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich.
3837:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867
3085:Isto, Sarah Crawford (2012).
2986:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867
2872:Charles P. Wohlforth (2011).
2858:
2798:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
2432:series of commemorative coins
1903:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1801:Fort Ross State Historic Park
1743:
1468:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
1404:, called "Lord of Alaska" by
1402:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1294:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1137:(hunter-trapper frontiersmen)
1055:. The RAC was Russia's first
961:several expeditions to Alaska
832:sailed from the mouth of the
801:'s offer to sell Alaska. The
8427:Province of British Columbia
7520:British Columbia (1866–1871)
7515:British Columbia (1858–1866)
5566:Eritrean War of Independence
5536:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5531:East German uprising of 1953
5472:Eastern Front (World War II)
5361:Red Army invasion of Georgia
5356:Red Army invasion of Armenia
5324:Estonian War of Independence
5265:Russian occupation of Tabriz
5186:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
5144:War of the Seventh Coalition
5027:War of the Polish Succession
4974:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3472:www.fortrossinterpretive.org
3121:Carpenter, Roger M. (2015).
3000:""The People You May Visit""
1793:National Historical Landmark
1164:practices in their expansion
7:
7984:Archaeology of the Americas
5804:Russian America (1733–1867)
5606:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
5556:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5425:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
5393:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
5329:Latvian War of Independence
5218:Russian conquest of Bukhara
5109:War of the Fourth Coalition
5094:War of the Second Coalition
3927:Oregon Historical Quarterly
3175:salt-water fish and caviar.
2848:
2657:
2645:Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska
2623:Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska
2609:Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at
2501:New Archangel (present-day
2475:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2258:Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska
2236:Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska
2228:Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at
2142:New Archangel (present-day
1770:
1724:for the purpose of hunting
1504:
1355:. As part of the deal, the
1328:
1250:Grigory Ivanovich Shelekhov
1229:
1222:
1159:
1143:
1131:
1027:
977:Adam Johann von Krusenstern
975:under the joint command of
888:Second Kamchatka expedition
882:. In the early 1720s, Tsar
686:
663:
611:
573:
134:
30:
10:
8979:
8606:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
8415:Colony of British Columbia
7427:British Arctic Territories
5601:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5139:War of the Sixth Coalition
5129:War of the Fifth Coalition
5099:War of the Third Coalition
4704:Military history of Russia
4666:Armed conflicts involving
4177:. (Atlantis Press, 2019).
4121:
4101:Vinkovetsky, Ilya (2011).
3818:
3148:Etkind, Alexander (2011).
2835:Russian–American Telegraph
2330:
1982:An Aleutian man and woman.
1935:
1850:El Presidio Real de Sonoma
1818:Province settlement, with
1747:
1709:
1476:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
1087:
994:
855:from sea near present-day
626:Russian expansion eastward
8854:
8756:
8698:
8642:
8633:
8576:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803
8494:Captaincy General of Cuba
8447:
8436:
8318:New England Confederation
8247:
8233:
8147:
8109:
8012:
7976:
7935:
7894:
7853:
7780:
7769:
7718:
7637:
7606:
7583:
7402:
7379:
7358:
7335:
7302:
7250:
7127:
7094:
6571:
6268:
6252:
6215:
6162:
6104:
6005:
6001:
5896:Aleutian Islands campaign
5841:
5830:
5791:
5782:
5714:
5649:
5440:Soviet invasion of Poland
5250:
5134:French invasion of Russia
5002:
4900:
4819:
4745:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
4737:
4694:
4687:
4592:
4511:
4475:
4419:
4336:
4269:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
4261:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
4249:Pacific Historical Review
3993:Miller, Gwenn A. (2010).
3530:Pacific Historical Review
3364:Pacific Historical Review
3324:"Alaska History Timeline"
2944:Campbell, Robert (2007).
2783:Great Northern Expedition
2736:List of Russian explorers
2641:(now Fort Stikine) – 1834
2421:
2254:(now Fort Stikine) – 1834
1864:
1858:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
1856:
1812:
1764:
1705:
1378:allied forces defeat the
1345:Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov
1317:
1273:
1217:Shelekhov-Golikov Company
1007:Shelikhov-Golikov Company
562:
420:
354:
350:
346:
342:
329:
320:Great Northern Expedition
316:
312:
304:
300:
296:
284:
274:• 1799–1818 (first)
272:
268:
258:
251:
247:
208:
201:
189:
167:
126:
122:
115:
104:
90:
54:
49:
38:
24:
20:
8488:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
8300:Massachusetts Bay Colony
7994:North American timelines
5849:Russian-American Company
5581:South African Border War
5506:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
5408:Chechen uprising of 1932
5089:Russo-Persian War (1796)
4610:Russian-American Company
4519:Fort Elizabeth (Hawai'i)
4167:10.1215/00141801-2140758
4066:Russia's American Colony
2984:Black, Lydia T. (2004).
2617:Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska
2579:Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska
2223:Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska
1901:, during the sojourn of
1718:Russian-American Company
1353:Russian-American Company
1254:Russian-American Company
1187:Russian-American Company
1090:Russian-American Company
1038:Russian-American Company
1015:Ivan Larionovich Golikov
997:Russian-American Company
955:. Between 1774 and 1800
727:Russian-American Company
675:Russian-American Company
286:• 1863–1867 (last)
210: • Coordinates
8618:Scottish Darien Company
8562:Hospitaller Saint Croix
8361:Dominion of New England
8343:North-Western Territory
7989:North America by period
7828:Portuguese colonization
7712:History of the Americas
7530:North-Western Territory
7505:Queen Charlotte Islands
5995:History of California
5881:Alaska boundary dispute
5223:Khivan campaign of 1873
5074:Russo-Polish War (1792)
4615:St. Michael's Cathedral
3980:Kobtzeff, Oleg (1985).
3796:Smithsonian Institution
3029:Pethick, Derek (1976).
2895:Behring Sea Arbitration
2891:"Text of Ukase of 1779"
2841:Slavic Voice of America
2815:Alaska boundary dispute
2390:tribe maintained that "
1938:Russian Orthodox Church
1712:Alaska boundary dispute
1252:, who later set up the
679:Russian Orthodox Church
545:laid claim to northern
541:From 1732 to 1867, the
442:Part of a series on the
8958:History of colonialism
8671:Of Plymouth Plantation
8393:(1779–1783; 1814–1815)
8302:(1629–1686; 1689–1691)
8278:(1620–1686; 1689–1691)
8190:(1664–1673; 1702–1776)
7943:Pre-Columbian cultures
6074:Conquest of California
5886:1925 serum run to Nome
5696:Western Libya campaign
5371:East Karelian uprising
4892:Wagner Group rebellion
4827:Uprising of Bolotnikov
4534:Fort Ross (California)
4462:Demid Ilyich Kulikalov
4351:Ludwig von Hagemeister
4218:Khlebnikov, Kyrill T.
4131:82.3 (2020): 328–345.
3891:Frost, Orcutt (2003).
3883:Essig, Edward Oliver.
3004:Russia's Great Voyages
2751:Johan Hampus Furuhjelm
2506:
2481:of the territory. The
2328:
2317:
2147:
2044:Bartolomé de las Casas
1995:
1992:St.Michael's Cathedral
1983:
1975:
1960:
1922:Roman Catholic Mission
1877:In 1920 a one-hundred-
1848:
1840:
1828:
1820:
1810:to initiate the upper
1619:Colonization of Canada
1418:Russian Fort Elizabeth
1409:
1387:
1241:against the diseases.
1204:
1190:
1157:resembled some of the
1138:
1122:
916:Prince of Wales Island
818:
755:
642:overhunting in Siberia
599:Russian Fort Elizabeth
140:("God Save the Tsar!")
8452:Columbian Viceroyalty
7999:Mesoamerica by period
7813:European colonization
7793:Indigenous population
6235:Santa Catalina Island
6207:Territorial evolution
5691:Intervention in Syria
5626:Tajikistani Civil War
5334:Lithuanian–Soviet War
5275:Battle of Robat Karim
4724:Post-Soviet conflicts
4549:New Archangel (Sitka)
4371:Ferdinand von Wrangel
3958:30.2 (2017): 266–289.
3276:The Aleut Corporation
2825:Alaskan Creole people
2635:Redoubt St. Dionysius
2585:Fort Ross, California
2539:Fort St. Nicholas in
2500:
2323:
2312:
2272:Fort Ross, California
2248:Redoubt St. Dionysius
2183:Fort St. Nicholas in
2141:
1989:
1981:
1966:
1949:
1942:Alaskan Creole people
1936:Further information:
1912:church artifact from
1750:Fort Ross, California
1518:European colonization
1480:British North America
1420:was operating in the
1416:. From 1814 to 1817,
1414:Fort Ross, California
1400:
1370:
1351:. Rezanov formed the
1196:
1184:
1155:colonial exploitation
1128:
1116:
1088:Further information:
816:
745:(Old Sitka), leaving
743:Redoubt Saint Michael
593:, and three forts in
8814:Fridtjof Nansen Land
8588:Dutch Virgin Islands
8536:Spanish West Florida
8530:Spanish East Florida
8409:Stickeen Territories
8114:New England Colonies
8004:Mesoamerica timeline
7917:Indigenous languages
7833:British colonization
7818:Spanish colonization
7803:Christopher Columbus
7758:Andean South America
7629:Population of Canada
7480:Prince Edward Island
6057:Mexican–American War
6042:Spanish colonization
5948:History of Fairbanks
5936:History of Anchorage
5908:Alaska Statehood Act
5674:Annexation of Crimea
5378:Central Asian Revolt
5287:Ukrainian–Soviet War
5159:Russo-Circassian War
4842:Pugachev's Rebellion
4785:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
4729:Russian Armed Forces
4699:Early modern warfare
3792:Smithsonian Magazine
3689:Anchorage Daily News
3431:Schoenherr, Allan A.
3282:on November 2, 2007.
2907:Sergei, Kan (2014).
2366:United States Senate
2034:was planned for the
1834:(villages), and the
1426:Hudson's Bay Company
1264:with two ships, the
1079:Russian colonization
857:Cape Prince of Wales
786:Hudson's Bay Company
677:and established the
478:Department of Alaska
399:Department of Alaska
135:Bozhe Tsarya khrani!
8809:Erik the Red's Land
8524:Provincias Internas
8500:Spanish Saint Croix
8124:Chesapeake Colonies
8046:Classical Antiquity
7823:French colonization
7422:Newfoundland (1583)
6260:San Fernando Valley
6230:San Fernando Valley
6069:California Republic
5734:Sphere of influence
5664:Russo-Ukrainian War
5521:First Indochina War
5494:Soviet–Japanese War
5430:Xinjiang War (1937)
5299:Kazakhstan Campaign
5084:Kościuszko Uprising
4984:Second Northern War
4862:Coup attempt (1991)
4755:Soviet-Finnish wars
4087:36.3 (2017): 91–93.
4061:Starr, S. Frederick
4052:Pierce, Richard A.
3863:Dauenhauer, Richard
3334:on October 27, 2005
3065:on October 18, 2007
2788:California Fur Rush
2773:Russian Colonialism
2557:Hinchinbrook Island
2549:(now Kodiak) – 1791
2547:Pavlovskaya, Alaska
2526:Fort St. George in
2201:Hinchinbrook Island
2193:(now Kodiak) – 1791
2191:Pavlovskaya, Alaska
2170:Fort St. George in
2052:Classical antiquity
2016:Arvid Adolf Etholén
1932:Missionary activity
1926:Southern California
1891:Southern California
1887:San Fernando Valley
1836:California missions
1780:Northern California
1700:Northern California
1512:Part of a series on
1244:Though the Alaskan
1235:infectious diseases
1057:joint stock company
867:. He did not land.
781:was built in 1812.
775:Northern California
707:Catherine the Great
671:55th parallel north
632:. In 1725, Emperor
549:territories in the
490:Territory of Alaska
228: /
8687:Quintipartite Deed
8600:Danish West Indies
8568:French Saint Croix
7948:Indigenous peoples
7840:Columbian Exchange
7788:Indigenous peoples
7453:Nova Scotia (1710)
7317:Nova Scotia (1621)
7119:L'Anse aux Meadows
6084:United States rule
6030:Later explorations
6025:First explorations
6015:Native Californian
5792:Timeline of Alaska
5724:Russian Revolution
5659:Russo-Georgian War
5641:Second Chechen War
5621:Georgian Civil War
5260:Russo-Japanese War
5012:Great Northern War
4910:Russo-Crimean Wars
4882:Second Chechen War
4780:Russo-Turkish wars
4775:Russo-Swedish wars
4765:Russo-Persian Wars
4750:Russo-Crimean Wars
4529:Fort Nikolaevskaia
4498:Innocent of Alaska
4493:Juvenaly of Alaska
4396:Aleksander Rudakov
4145:Luehrmann, Sonja.
4094:2.1 (2018): 1–14.
4013:Oleksa, Michael J.
3663:The New York Times
2874:Alaska For Dummies
2581:(now Sitka) – 1804
2507:
2463:Russian Federation
2430:(USSR) released a
2407:Jefferson C. Davis
2344:American Civil War
2329:
2318:
2305:Purchase of Alaska
2225:(now Sitka) – 1804
2148:
2088:Innocent of Alaska
2048:St. Francis Xavier
1996:
1984:
1976:
1968:St.Peter the Aleut
1961:
1899:Juvenaly of Alaska
1872:Sonoma, California
1682:The first Russian
1646:History portal
1410:
1388:
1205:
1191:
1139:
1123:
1053:55° north latitude
969:Nikolay Rumyantsev
906:set sail from the
902:under the Russian
819:
725:, and in 1799 the
719:Orthodox Christian
694:maritime fur trade
636:ordered navigator
484:District of Alaska
232:57.050°N 135.317°W
8865:
8864:
8716:
8715:
8691:
8683:
8675:
8667:
8659:
8655:Mayflower Compact
8651:
8636:Related Documents
8518:Spanish Louisiana
8397:Columbia District
8320:(1643–1654; 1675–
8206:Massachusetts Bay
8134:Southern Colonies
8103:Thirteen Colonies
8069:
8068:
8041:Pre-Columbian era
7866:Pre-Columbian era
7671:
7670:
7662:Canada portal
7500:Columbia District
7327:Port Royal Colony
7294:Pacific Northwest
7104:Named territories
7054:
7053:
6248:
6247:
6129:Industrial growth
5961:
5960:
5842:Topics and events
5776:History of Alaska
5742:
5741:
5631:First Chechen War
5586:Soviet–Afghan War
5571:Angolan Civil War
5346:Polish–Soviet War
5304:Finnish Civil War
5282:Russian Civil War
5181:November Uprising
5119:Anglo-Russian War
5059:Bar Confederation
4872:First Chechen War
4852:Russian Civil War
4847:Decembrist revolt
4837:Bulavin Rebellion
4832:Razin's Rebellion
4815:
4814:
4770:Russo-Polish Wars
4738:Lists by opponent
4633:
4632:
4467:Lavrenty Zagoskin
4457:Evstratii Delarov
4452:Grigory Shelikhov
4401:Stepan Voyevodsky
4391:Nikolay Rosenberg
4346:Alexander Baranov
4328:Russian America:
4112:978-0-19-539128-2
4076:978-0-8223-0688-7
4045:978-0-88141-340-3
4026:978-0-88141-092-1
4004:978-0-8014-4642-9
3971:978-1-4962-0762-3
3947:978-0-8032-2071-3
3929:(1976): 174–188.
3918:Gibson, James R.
3904:978-0-300-10059-4
3876:978-0-295-98601-2
3846:978-1-889963-05-1
3250:978-1-5017-0069-9
3134:978-1-118-73315-8
3100:978-1-60223-171-9
3010:on April 13, 2003
2957:978-0-8122-4021-4
2830:Russian Americans
2651:Ninilchik, Alaska
2575:near Sitka – 1799
2565:near present-day
2487:indigenous rights
2412:Pacific Northwest
2362:William H. Seward
2355:Eduard de Stoeckl
2219:near Sitka – 1799
2209:near present-day
1990:The Sanctuary of
1928:remains unknown.
1784:San Francisco Bay
1688:Grigory Shelikhov
1680:
1679:
1430:RAC-HBC Agreement
1422:Kingdom of Hawaii
1326:
1011:Grigory Shelikhov
924:Mount Saint Elias
863:opposite Russian
797:accepted Emperor
711:Grigory Shelekhov
703:Commander Islands
571:
539:
538:
448:History of Alaska
437:
436:
416:
415:
412:
411:
390:
389:
279:Alexander Baranov
160:
127:Боже, Царя храни!
8970:
8943:Overseas empires
8923:History of Yukon
8819:Sverdrup Islands
8743:
8736:
8729:
8720:
8719:
8706:
8705:
8689:
8681:
8673:
8665:
8663:Mourt's Relation
8657:
8649:
8574:French Louisiana
8403:Red River Colony
8326:
8323:
8270:Berkeley Hundred
8129:Tobacco Colonies
8096:
8089:
8082:
8073:
8072:
8031:Three-age system
7775:
7710:
7709:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7675:
7674:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7646:
7645:
7598:Sverdrup Islands
7594:
7546:
7510:Vancouver Island
7418:
7390:
7367:
7346:
7323:
7313:
7285:
7271:
7261:
7194:
7138:
7115:
7105:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7058:
7057:
6716:Rancho Cucamonga
6691:Huntington Beach
6144:Legal revolution
6052:California Trail
6003:
6002:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5836:
5835:
5788:
5787:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5616:Transnistria War
5561:War of Attrition
5467:Continuation War
5416:
5208:January Uprising
5049:Seven Years' War
4949:Time of Troubles
4915:Russo-Kazan Wars
4760:Russo-Kazan Wars
4692:
4691:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4579:Three Saints Bay
4488:Herman of Alaska
4437:Gerasim Izmailov
4386:Mikhail Tebenkov
4366:Pyotr Chistyakov
4322:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4272:
4246:
4208:
4170:
4116:
4080:
4049:
4030:
4008:
3989:
3951:
3908:
3880:
3859:Dauenhauer, Nora
3850:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3798:. March 29, 2017
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3637:The Moscow Times
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3525:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3474:. Archived from
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3359:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3330:. Archived from
3328:Kodiakisland.net
3320:
3314:
3313:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3278:. Archived from
3268:
3262:
3261:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2904:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2851:
2746:Mikhail Tebenkov
2741:Herman of Alaska
2708:Native Americans
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2639:Wrangell, Alaska
2534:St. Paul, Alaska
2517:Three Saints Bay
2511:Unalaska, Alaska
2340:British Columbia
2252:Wrangell, Alaska
2178:St. Paul, Alaska
2161:Three Saints Bay
2155:Unalaska, Alaska
2126:then renamed as
2096:Russian alphabet
2060:Saint Petersburg
2004:Russian Orthodox
1951:Russian Orthodox
1907:Russian Orthodox
1895:Russian language
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1788:Farallon Islands
1773:
1767:
1766:
1692:Aleutian Islands
1672:
1665:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1484:Alexandr Baranov
1331:
1329:Novo-Arkhangelsk
1321:
1319:
1318:Ново-Архангельск
1275:
1258:Three Saints Bay
1232:
1225:
1172:Russian Far East
1162:
1148:
1136:
1108:Aleutian islands
1094:Aleutian Islands
1065:Saint Petersburg
1049:Aleutian Islands
1032:
949:Aleutian Islands
880:Aleksei Chirikov
760:
715:Three Saints Bay
691:
666:
654:Aleksei Chirikov
618:), which is now
617:
576:
574:Russkaya Amerika
566:
564:
531:
524:
517:
458:
457:
439:
438:
408:
407:
400:
394:
393:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
356:
355:
243:
242:
240:
239:
238:
237:57.050; -135.317
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
211:
181:Novo-Arkhangelsk
162:
161:
137:
129:
128:
109:
95:
83:
76:
66:Flag (1806–1867)
62:
33:
31:Russkaya Amerika
27:
26:
18:
17:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8888:Russian America
8868:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8850:
8752:
8747:
8717:
8712:
8694:
8638:
8629:
8624:Russian America
8542:Alta California
8512:Las Californias
8464:Spanish Florida
8443:
8432:
8324:
8243:
8229:
8143:
8139:United Colonies
8119:Middle Colonies
8105:
8100:
8070:
8065:
8036:Ancient history
8008:
7972:
7931:
7890:
7849:
7776:
7767:
7738:Central America
7714:
7704:
7702:
7672:
7667:
7656:
7654:
7633:
7602:
7592:
7579:
7545:Important sites
7544:
7416:
7407:
7398:
7388:
7375:
7365:
7354:
7350:Russian America
7344:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7298:
7283:
7275:Fort San Miguel
7270:Important sites
7269:
7259:
7246:
7202:Annapolis Royal
7193:Important sites
7192:
7136:
7123:
7113:
7103:
7090:
7085:
7055:
7050:
6936:San Luis Obispo
6567:
6473:San Luis Obispo
6264:
6244:
6211:
6158:
6134:Postwar culture
6100:
5997:
5992:
5962:
5957:
5913:1964 earthquake
5854:Alaska Purchase
5837:
5833:
5828:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5743:
5738:
5710:
5651:
5645:
5636:War of Dagestan
5410:
5383:August Uprising
5252:
5246:
5235:Boxer Rebellion
5203:Amur Annexation
5004:
4998:
4902:
4896:
4877:War of Dagestan
4857:August Uprising
4811:
4733:
4683:
4664:
4634:
4629:
4625:Battle of Sitka
4620:Awa'uq Massacre
4605:Orthodox Church
4588:
4569:Russian Mission
4507:
4503:Iakov Netsvetov
4483:Ioasaph Bolotov
4471:
4447:Nikolai Rezanov
4432:Mikhail Gvozdev
4415:
4411:Dmitri Maksutov
4406:Johan Furuhjelm
4376:Ivan Kupreyanov
4361:Matvey Muravyev
4356:Semyon Yanovsky
4332:
4326:
4279:
4244:
4236:
4187:
4185:Primary sources
4124:
4119:
4113:
4077:
4046:
4027:
4005:
3948:
3905:
3877:
3855:Black, Lydia T.
3847:
3833:Black, Lydia T.
3827:
3817:
3815:Further reading
3812:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3603:
3599:
3568:
3557:
3542:10.2307/3640333
3526:
3505:
3498:"Fort Ross SHP"
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3478:on May 28, 2010
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3395:
3391:
3376:10.2307/3637703
3360:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3272:"Aleut History"
3270:
3269:
3265:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3200:
3196:
3185:
3181:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3119:
3112:
3101:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2923:
2905:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2793:Awa'uq Massacre
2756:Nikolai Rezanov
2724:Jacob Netsvetov
2719:Peter the Aleut
2698:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2637:in present-day
2613:, Alaska – 1819
2595:Kaua'i, Hawai'i
2567:Yakutat, Alaska
2559:, Alaska – 1793
2528:Kasilof, Alaska
2495:
2471:Alaska Purchase
2461:stories in the
2454:in both years.
2452:palladium coins
2440:Russian America
2424:
2370:Alaska Purchase
2335:
2333:Alaska Purchase
2326:Alaska Purchase
2307:
2287:Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi
2250:in present-day
2232:, Alaska – 1819
2211:Yakutat, Alaska
2203:, Alaska – 1793
2172:Kasilof, Alaska
2136:
2032:Lutheran church
1972:Aleutian Creole
1956:in present-day
1944:
1934:
1866:Alta California
1814:Las Californias
1774:) in 1812 near
1752:
1746:
1738:Native Alaskans
1722:Nikolay Rezanov
1714:
1708:
1676:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1520:of the Americas
1519:
1507:
1432:, establishing
1406:Hector Chevigny
1392:Battle of Sitka
1384:Battle of Sitka
1365:
1129:Sibero-Russian
1100:
1086:
1081:
1019:Russian America
1003:trading company
999:
993:
991:Trading company
981:Nikolai Rezanov
904:Alexei Chirikov
884:Peter the Great
811:
803:Alaska Purchase
751:Battle of Sitka
634:Peter the Great
563:Русская Америка
555:Russian America
535:
506:
496:State of Alaska
472:Russian America
455:
405:
398:
383:
376:
338:18 October 1867
335:
333:Alaska Purchase
322:
291:Dmitry Maksutov
287:
275:
236:
234:
230:
227:
222:
219:
217:
215:
214:
209:
185:
163:
143:
139:
132:
110:
96:
86:
85:
84:
79:
77:
69:
68:
63:
34:
28:
25:Русская Америка
21:Russian America
12:
11:
5:
8976:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8746:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8723:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8684:
8676:
8668:
8660:
8652:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8582:New Netherland
8579:
8578:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8556:French Florida
8547:
8546:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8455:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8424:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8367:Indian Reserve
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8221:
8218:South Carolina
8215:
8212:North Carolina
8209:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8056:Modern history
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7845:Decolonization
7842:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7701:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7651:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7413:
7411:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7371:Oregon Country
7368:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7213:Trois-Rivières
7210:
7205:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7179:Pays d'en Haut
7176:
7171:
7169:Domaine du roy
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:San Bernardino
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6453:San Bernardino
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6011:
6009:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Russian Winter
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Vlora incident
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
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5309:Sochi conflict
5306:
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4524:Fort Alexander
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4277:External links
4275:
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4273:
4255:(2): 265–278.
4235:
4234:Historiography
4232:
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4209:
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4161:(3): 363–384.
4150:
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4098:
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4075:
4063:, ed. (1987).
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3584:10.2307/481921
3578:(3): 196–222.
3555:
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3370:(4): 419–441.
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3194:
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3166:Agreeing with
3160:
3140:
3133:
3110:
3099:
3076:
3055:"Russian Fort"
3046:
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2672:History portal
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2629:Nulato, Alaska
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2601:Fort Alexander
2598:
2591:Fort Elizabeth
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2483:Alaskan Native
2423:
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2374:Russian Empire
2331:Main article:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
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2299:
2296:
2293:Fort Alexander
2290:
2283:Fort Elizabeth
2277:
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2264:
2261:
2255:
2245:
2242:Nulato, Alaska
2239:
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2197:
2194:
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2175:
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1933:
1930:
1765:Крѣпость Россъ
1748:Main article:
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1629:Decolonization
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1364:
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1282:Alaska Natives
1230:promyshlenniki
1223:promyshlenniki
1209:barter-economy
1160:promyshlenniki
1145:promyshlenniki
1133:promyshlenniki
1098:promyshlenniki
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
995:Main article:
992:
989:
830:Semyon Dezhnev
810:
807:
735:Alaska Natives
688:promyshlenniki
658:Russian Empire
652:by Bering and
603:Russian Creole
543:Russian Empire
537:
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519:
511:
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498:(1959–present)
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98:Russian Creole
88:
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44:Russian Empire
36:
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8506:Spanish Texas
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8337:Rupert's Land
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8239:United States
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8158:New Hampshire
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7966:South America
7964:
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7961:North America
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7869:
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7864:
7862:
7861:Paleo-Indians
7859:
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7856:
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7846:
7843:
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7838:
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7754:
7753:South America
7751:
7749:
7748:Latin America
7746:
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7731:
7729:
7728:North America
7726:
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7555:Avalon (1620)
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7498:
7496:
7495:New Caledonia
7493:
7491:
7490:United Canada
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7475:New Brunswick
7473:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Rupert's Land
7446:
7444:
7443:New Yorkshire
7441:
7439:
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7378:
7372:
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7364:
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7309:
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7295:
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7276:
7273:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7258:
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7255:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7241:List of forts
7238:
7236:
7235:
7234:List of towns
7231:
7229:
7226:
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7059:
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7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7011:Crescent City
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
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6982:
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6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:Santa Barbara
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
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6839:
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6834:
6832:
6829:
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6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:Thousand Oaks
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Santa Clarita
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6681:Moreno Valley
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
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6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:San Francisco
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
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6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:Santa Barbara
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:San Francisco
6461:
6459:
6456:
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6449:
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6409:
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6404:
6401:
6399:
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4129:The Historian
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3975:online review
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3766:Our Documents
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2700:Russia portal
2690:
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2686:Alaska portal
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912:Petropavlovsk
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
861:Bering Strait
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
815:
806:
804:
800:
796:
795:United States
792:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:New Archangel
759:
758:
757:modus vivendi
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:Russification
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
689:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
659:
655:
651:
650:second voyage
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Pacific Ocean
627:
623:
621:
616:
615:
608:
607:New Archangel
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:United States
580:
575:
569:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Pacific Coast
544:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
510:
509:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
462:
461:
453:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:United States
423:
421:Today part of
419:
403:
401:
396:
395:
392:
386:
381:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
328:
324:
321:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
289:
283:
280:
277:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
241:
213:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
192:
188:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
170:
166:
136:
130:
121:
118:
114:
108:
103:
99:
94:
89:
82:
75:
67:
61:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
16:
8635:
8612:Krabbeninsel
8385:West Florida
8379:East Florida
8200:Pennsylvania
8176:Rhode Island
7653:
7641:
7575:Fort Langley
7560:York Factory
7550:Cuper's Cove
7289:Newfoundland
7279:Nootka Sound
7239:
7232:
7154:Isle St-Jean
7141:
6901:Redwood City
6876:Santa Monica
6701:Garden Grove
6308:Contra Costa
6047:Mexican rule
5953:Other topics
5929:Exxon Valdez
5928:
5901:Project Hula
5891:World War II
5435:World War II
5078:
4959:Smolensk War
4925:Livonian War
4476:Missionaries
4427:Vitus Bering
4329:
4252:
4248:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4174:
4158:
4155:Ethnohistory
4154:
4146:
4138:
4128:
4102:
4091:
4084:
4065:
4053:
4035:
4016:
3994:
3985:
3981:
3962:
3955:
3937:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3893:
3884:
3866:
3836:
3800:. Retrieved
3791:
3782:
3772:November 26,
3770:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:
3704:
3694:November 26,
3692:. Retrieved
3688:
3678:
3668:November 26,
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3652:
3642:November 26,
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3616:November 26,
3614:. Retrieved
3610:
3600:
3575:
3572:Ethnohistory
3571:
3536:(1): 19–35.
3533:
3529:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3471:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3435:
3425:
3400:
3392:
3367:
3363:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:the original
3327:
3318:
3310:
3295:
3288:
3280:the original
3275:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3165:
3150:
3143:
3123:
3104:
3090:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3063:the original
3058:
3049:
3030:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
3003:
2994:
2985:
2946:
2939:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2839:
2809:Other topics
2808:
2807:
2766:
2765:
2761:Vitus Bering
2729:
2728:
2707:
2706:
2456:
2428:Soviet Union
2425:
2400:
2385:
2382:
2351:Alexander II
2336:
2124:
2100:
2084:
2056:
2041:
2009:
1997:
1905:." How this
1876:
1805:
1753:
1715:
1681:
1598:
1488:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1434:Fort Stikine
1411:
1389:
1363:1800 to 1867
1334:
1291:
1277:
1266:Three Saints
1265:
1243:
1206:
1189:(1806–1881).
1185:Flag of the
1140:
1101:
1035:
1023:Catherine II
1000:
984:
945:
935:
927:
919:
899:
896:Vitus Bering
891:
876:Vitus Bering
869:
865:Cape Dezhnev
853:Ivan Fedorov
850:
842:Anadyr River
838:Arctic Ocean
836:through the
834:Kolyma River
827:
820:
799:Alexander II
783:
739:
683:
646:first voyage
638:Vitus Bering
624:
597:, including
554:
540:
502:Other topics
365:Succeeded by
364:
359:
325:15 July 1741
81:Coat of arms
15:
8963:Colonialism
8796:Hospitaller
8674:(1630–1651)
8626:(1799–1867)
8614:(1689–1693)
8608:(1685–1754)
8602:(1672–1917)
8596:(1638–1655)
8590:(1625–1672)
8584:(1614–1667)
8570:, 1665–1733
8564:, 1651–1665
8558:, 1562–1565
8554:1534–1763;
8544:, 1804–1821
8538:, 1783–1821
8532:, 1783–1821
8526:, 1776–1821
8520:, 1769–1801
8514:, 1767–1804
8508:, 1690–1821
8502:, 1650–1651
8496:, 1607–1801
8490:, 1598–1821
8484:, 1580–1898
8478:, 1565–1898
8472:, 1565–1821
8470:New Navarre
8466:, 1565–1763
8462:1521–1821;
8454:(1492–1535)
8429:(1871–1903)
8423:(1866–1871)
8417:(1863–1866)
8411:(1862–1863)
8405:(1811–1818)
8399:(1810–1846)
8391:New Ireland
8387:(1763–1783)
8381:(1763–1783)
8375:(1763–1783)
8369:(1763–1783)
8363:(1686–1689)
8357:(1674–1702)
8355:West Jersey
8351:(1674–1702)
8349:East Jersey
8345:(1670–1870)
8339:(1670–1811)
8333:(1663–1712)
8325: 1680
8314:(1638–1664)
8308:(1635–1644)
8296:(1629–1663)
8290:(1625–1650)
8288:Saint Croix
8284:(1622–1658)
8266:(1607–1699)
8260:(1607–1608)
8254:(1585–1590)
8226:(1732–1776)
8220:(1712–1776)
8214:(1712–1776)
8208:(1691–1776)
8202:(1681–1776)
8196:(1664–1776)
8184:(1664–1776)
8178:(1636–1776)
8172:(1636–1776)
8170:Connecticut
8166:(1632–1776)
8154:(1607–1776)
8051:Middle Ages
7808:Exploration
7733:Mesoamerica
7485:Cape Breton
7438:New Britain
7284:Expeditions
7184:Terre Neuve
7041:Nevada City
7001:Placerville
6866:Santa Maria
6826:Victorville
6816:Santa Clara
6801:Simi Valley
6646:Chula Vista
6621:Bakersfield
6581:Los Angeles
6488:Santa Clara
6468:San Joaquin
6368:Los Angeles
6154:Present day
6139:Development
6119:Engineering
6064:Californios
6007:Before 1900
5541:Vietnam War
5411: [
5270:World War I
5191:Crimean War
5124:Finnish War
5040:(1740–1748)
5029:(1733–1738)
4954:Ingrian War
4670:(including
4574:St. Michael
4512:Settlements
4442:Ivan Kuskov
4199:(1): 1–13.
3482:January 15,
2911:. Seattle:
2714:Juana Maria
2611:Bristol Bay
2444:silver coin
2392:Castle Hill
2372:, from the
2268:California
2230:Bristol Bay
2026:for bishop
2020:a residency
2012:Alexander I
1782:, north of
1579:Hospitaller
1149:forced the
1104:fur-traders
809:Exploration
791:Crimean War
773:grounds in
709:, explorer
681:in Alaska.
644:. Bering's
614:Arkhangelsk
492:(1912–1959)
486:(1884–1912)
480:(1867–1884)
474:(1733–1867)
360:Preceded by
235: /
177:(1799–1804)
138:(1833–1867)
100:settlements
8872:Categories
8826:Portuguese
8805:Norwegian
8594:New Sweden
8550:New France
8188:New Jersey
7977:Chronology
7957:Conflicts
7953:Population
7781:Settlement
7432:New Albion
7394:Nova Dania
7223:Louisbourg
7198:Port Royal
7159:Île Royale
7143:New France
6991:Marysville
6966:Susanville
6921:San Rafael
6916:Santa Cruz
6846:Costa Mesa
6706:Santa Rosa
6611:Long Beach
6606:Sacramento
6523:Stanislaus
6493:Santa Cruz
6448:San Benito
6443:Sacramento
6124:Water wars
6106:Since 1900
6020:Precontact
5799:Prehistory
5576:Ogaden War
5526:Korean War
5445:Winter War
5314:Heimosodat
4901:Tsardom of
4554:New Russia
3819:See also:
3338:August 31,
2859:References
2563:New Russia
2459:mass media
2450:, and two
2416:California
2207:New Russia
2120:syncretism
2104:Athabascan
2092:dictionary
2028:Veniaminov
1924:Church in
1776:Bodega Bay
1744:California
1736:and other
1726:sea otters
1710:See also:
1594:Portuguese
1539:First wave
1499:foreigners
1276:) and the
1073:California
908:Kamchatkan
747:New Russia
591:California
467:Prehistory
252:Government
8913:Fur trade
8458:New Spain
8312:New Haven
8264:Jamestown
8026:By region
8021:By period
7922:Epidemics
7912:Geography
7854:Societies
7743:Caribbean
7585:Norwegian
7540:Red River
7534:districts
7265:New Spain
7228:Plaisance
7174:Louisiana
6981:Red Bluff
6956:Hollister
6941:El Centro
6906:Yuba City
6861:Fairfield
6851:Inglewood
6811:Roseville
6781:Fullerton
6771:Sunnyvale
6766:Escondido
6731:Elk Grove
6726:Lancaster
6711:Oceanside
6636:Riverside
6631:Santa Ana
6586:San Diego
6478:San Mateo
6458:San Diego
6438:Riverside
6388:Mendocino
6318:El Dorado
6313:Del Norte
6298:Calaveras
6270:By county
6217:By region
6192:Railroads
6172:Etymology
6149:Tech boom
6094:Civil War
6089:Gold Rush
5931:oil spill
5874:Fairbanks
5196:Åland War
5164:Murid War
5003:18th–19th
4338:Governors
3715:annie lab
3452:April 27,
3237:Compare:
3201:Compare:
3083:Compare:
2931:901270092
2018:to build
1954:cathedral
1826:(forts),
1822:presidios
1808:New Spain
1472:fur trade
1447:Guangzhou
1339:to win a
1323:romanized
1278:St. Simon
959:also led
941:sea otter
928:Sv. Pavel
900:Sv. Pavel
828:In 1648,
779:Fort Ross
771:sea otter
587:Fort Ross
568:romanized
50:1741–1867
8836:Scottish
8771:Curonian
8708:Category
8331:Carolina
8306:Saybrook
8294:Carolana
8276:Plymouth
8194:New York
8182:Delaware
8164:Maryland
8152:Virginia
7763:Genetics
7648:Category
7570:Victoria
7525:Stickeen
7359:American
7304:Scottish
7218:Montreal
7031:Lakeport
6996:Piedmont
6976:Oroville
6951:Martinez
6926:Woodland
6836:Berkeley
6831:El Monte
6776:Pasadena
6756:Torrance
6736:Palmdale
6686:Glendale
6641:Stockton
6591:San Jose
6548:Tuolumne
6508:Siskiyou
6408:Monterey
6383:Mariposa
6338:Imperial
6333:Humboldt
6240:Yosemite
6225:Bay Area
6187:Missions
6182:Maritime
6177:Highways
6164:By topic
5941:timeline
5864:Klondike
5729:Cold War
5591:Gulf War
4947:and the
4820:Internal
4676:Imperial
4584:Unalaska
4205:40488966
4015:(1992).
3865:(2008).
3835:(2004).
3172:Shchapov
3168:Soloviev
2730:Russians
2658:See also
2555:Fort on
2279:Hawaiʻi
2199:Fort on
2080:Nushagak
1734:Tlingits
1604:Scottish
1554:Curonian
1505:Colonies
1495:officers
1451:trappers
1442:American
1372:Aleutian
1341:monopoly
1287:Unalaska
1239:immunity
1176:enserfed
1170:and the
967:. Count
936:Sv. Petr
922:sighted
920:Sv. Petr
910:port of
898:and the
892:Sv. Petr
777:, where
723:Tlingits
684:Russian
551:Americas
260:Governor
223:135°19′W
8846:Swedish
8841:Spanish
8831:Russian
8766:Belgian
8761:British
8252:Roanoke
8224:Georgia
7927:Slavery
7907:Culture
7895:Related
7720:History
7607:Related
7565:Halifax
7409:British
7404:English
7337:Russian
7252:Spanish
7109:Vinland
7046:Alturas
7036:Jackson
7016:Willows
6931:Hanford
6871:Redding
6856:Ventura
6821:Vallejo
6806:Concord
6796:Visalia
6761:Hayward
6746:Salinas
6721:Ontario
6676:Fontana
6666:Modesto
6651:Fremont
6626:Anaheim
6616:Oakland
6573:By city
6553:Ventura
6538:Trinity
6278:Alameda
6253:Regions
6202:Slavery
6197:Ranchos
5669:Outline
5652:century
5253:century
5005:century
4688:Related
4672:Tsarist
4539:Kasilof
4122:Natives
3802:May 22,
3746:May 22,
3720:May 22,
3550:3640333
3384:3637703
3069:July 4,
2852:of 1821
2767:History
2479:cession
2403:Creoles
2388:Tlingit
2151:Alaska
2115:adopted
2072:Chiniak
2064:Irkutsk
2036:Finnish
2030:When a
2000:Russian
1885:in the
1830:pueblos
1795:on the
1760:Russian
1614:Swedish
1609:Spanish
1599:Russian
1584:Italian
1549:British
1491:charter
1459:Phoenix
1386:, 1804.
1382:at the
1376:Russian
1357:Emperor
1337:leaders
1325::
1314:Russian
1310:Tlingit
1270:Russian
1198:Tlingit
1168:Siberia
1061:Irkutsk
971:funded
846:Siberia
667:of 1799
581:in the
570::
559:Russian
331:•
318:•
305:History
220:57°03′N
191:Demonym
168:Capital
42:of the
8791:French
8781:German
8776:Danish
8690:(1676)
8682:(1638)
8666:(1622)
8658:(1620)
8650:(1584)
8620:(1698)
8373:Quebec
8272:(1619)
8258:Popham
8061:Future
7881:Muisca
7593:Claims
7470:Canada
7458:Quebec
7417:Claims
7389:Claims
7381:Danish
7366:Claims
7345:Claims
7312:Claims
7260:Claims
7208:Quebec
7164:Canada
7149:Acadia
7137:Claims
7129:French
7114:Sites:
7026:Sonora
7021:Colusa
6986:Auburn
6961:Eureka
6946:Lompoc
6911:Madera
6891:Merced
6841:Downey
6786:Orange
6751:Pomona
6741:Corona
6671:Oxnard
6656:Irvine
6601:Fresno
6543:Tulare
6533:Tehama
6528:Sutter
6518:Sonoma
6513:Solano
6503:Sierra
6498:Shasta
6433:Plumas
6428:Placer
6423:Orange
6418:Nevada
6393:Merced
6373:Madera
6363:Lassen
6323:Fresno
6303:Colusa
6288:Amador
6283:Alpine
4979:Deluge
4903:Russia
4682:times)
4680:Soviet
4668:Russia
4544:Kodiak
4420:People
4267:
4203:
4179:online
4133:online
4109:
4096:online
4073:
4042:
4023:
4001:
3969:
3944:
3931:online
3901:
3873:
3843:
3592:481921
3590:
3548:
3443:
3413:
3382:
3303:
3247:
3217:
3158:
3131:
3097:
3037:
2954:
2929:
2919:
2653:– 1847
2647:– 1837
2631:– 1834
2625:– 1833
2619:– 1832
2597:– 1817
2587:– 1812
2569:– 1796
2543:– 1791
2536:– 1788
2530:– 1786
2523:– 1784
2521:Alaska
2513:– 1774
2467:Alaska
2436:Alaska
2422:Legacy
2289:– 1817
2274:– 1812
2260:– 1837
2244:– 1834
2238:– 1833
2213:– 1796
2187:– 1791
2180:– 1788
2174:– 1786
2167:– 1784
2165:Alaska
2157:– 1774
2112:Juneau
2108:Yup'ik
2078:, and
1918:Alaska
1910:Kodiak
1730:Aleuts
1706:Alaska
1698:, and
1696:Hawaii
1684:colony
1574:German
1569:French
1559:Danish
1544:Basque
1374:&
1349:Paul I
1302:Kodiak
1298:timber
1246:colony
1151:Aleuts
1096:, and
1071:, and
1069:Hawaii
1045:Paul I
985:Riurik
890:, the
872:Alaska
823:Slavic
767:Kodiak
698:Aleuts
595:Hawaii
579:Alaska
430:Alaska
308:
264:
175:Kodiak
117:Anthem
40:Colony
8801:Norse
8786:Dutch
8282:Maine
7936:Lists
7871:Aztec
7467:Upper
7463:Lower
7322:Sites
7096:Norse
7006:Yreka
6971:Ukiah
6886:Chico
6398:Modoc
6378:Marin
6353:Kings
6328:Glenn
6293:Butte
6114:Labor
5415:]
4593:Other
4265:JSTOR
4245:(PDF)
4201:JSTOR
3984:[
3588:JSTOR
3546:JSTOR
3407:63–64
3380:JSTOR
3257:kalgi
3209:[
2849:Ukase
2465:that
2314:Check
2128:Sitka
2076:Kenai
2068:Amlia
1958:Sitka
1879:pound
1589:Norse
1564:Dutch
1306:Sitka
1202:Sitka
1166:into
1029:ukase
957:Spain
664:Ukase
620:Sitka
612:Novo-
7902:Maps
7886:Inca
7876:Maya
7465:and
6896:Napa
6563:Yuba
6558:Yolo
6413:Napa
6403:Mono
6358:Lake
6348:Kern
6343:Inyo
5869:Nome
5650:21st
5251:20th
4678:and
4107:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3942:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3823:and
3804:2024
3774:2019
3748:2024
3722:2024
3696:2019
3670:2019
3644:2019
3618:2019
3484:2022
3454:2015
3441:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3340:2005
3301:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3071:2008
3035:ISBN
3016:2005
2952:ISBN
2927:OCLC
2917:ISBN
2446:, a
2426:The
2414:and
2348:Tsar
1940:and
1716:The
1466:The
1117:The
1042:Tsar
1013:and
979:and
878:and
202:Area
8017:Era
7434:(?)
7406:and
4257:doi
4163:doi
3611:NPR
3580:doi
3538:doi
3372:doi
2893:in
2062:or
2046:or
2022:in
1916:in
1889:of
1778:in
1260:on
1009:of
733:of
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