2019:
expenditures for a wide variety of interest groups, and campaign-sponsored concerts boosted
Yeltsin to a 3 percent plurality over Zyuganov in the first round. The election campaign was largely sponsored by wealthy tycoons, for whom Yeltsin remaining at power was the key to protect their property acquired during the reforms of 1991-1996. After the first election round, Yeltsin took the tactically significant step of appointing first-round presidential candidate Aleksandr Lebed, who had placed third behind Yeltsin and Zyuganov, as head of the Security Council. Yeltsin followed the appointment of Lebed as the president's top adviser on national security by dismissing several top hard-line members of his entourage who were widely blamed for human rights violations in Chechnya and other mistakes. Despite his virtual disappearance from public view for health reasons shortly thereafter, Yeltsin was able to sustain his central message that Russia should move forward rather than return to its communist past. Zyuganov failed to mount an energetic or convincing second campaign, and three weeks after the first phase of the election, Yeltsin easily defeated his opponent, 54 percent to 40 percent.
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include managing municipal property, establishing and executing regional budgets, establishing and collecting regional taxes, and maintaining law and order. Some of the boundaries between joint and exclusively federal powers are vaguely prescribed; presumably, they would become clearer through the give and take of federal practice or through adjudication, as has occurred in other federal systems. Meanwhile, bilateral power-sharing treaties between the central government and the subunits have become an important means of clarifying the boundaries of shared powers. Many subnational jurisdictions have their own constitutions, however, and often those documents allocate powers to the jurisdiction inconsistent with provisions of the federal constitution. As of 1996, no process had been devised for adjudication of such conflicts.
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and most of the thirty-two ethnically based jurisdictions are demographically dominated by ethnic
Russians, as are all of the territories and oblasts. Many of the subnational jurisdictions are in the interior of Russia, meaning that they could not break away without joining a bloc of seceding border areas, and the economies of all such jurisdictions were thoroughly integrated with the national economy in the Soviet system. The 1993 constitution strengthens the official status of the central government in relation to the various regions, although Moscow has made significant concessions in bilateral treaties. Finally, most of the differences at the base of separatist movements are economic and geographic rather than ethnic.
3375:
sympathetic to the central government, and the legislatures (called soviets until late 1993, then called dumas or assemblies) have been the center of whatever separatist sentiment exists. Under the power given him in 1991 to appoint the chief executives of territories, oblasts, autonomous regions, and the autonomous oblast, Yeltsin had appointed virtually all of the sixty-six leaders of those jurisdictions. By contrast, republic presidents have been popularly elected since 1992. Some of
Yeltsin's appointees have encountered strong opposition from their legislatures; in 1992 and 1993, in some cases, votes of no-confidence brought about popular elections for the position of chief executive.
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report on draft laws to their houses, conduct hearings, and oversee implementation of the laws. As of early 1996, there were twenty-eight committees and several ad hoc commissions in the State Duma, and twelve committees and two commissions in the
Federation Council. The Federation Council has established fewer committees because of the part-time status of its members, who also hold political office in the subnational jurisdictions. In 1996 most of the committees in both houses were retained in basic form from the previous parliament. According to internal procedure, no deputy may sit on more than one committee. By 1996 many State Duma committees had established subcommittees.
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1991:
warning that many
Russians were disillusioned with voting and would not turn out. To make voter participation more appealing, the law required one voting precinct for approximately every 3,000 voters, with voting allowed until late at night. The conditions for absentee voting were eased, and portable ballot boxes were to be made available on demand. Strict requirements were established for the presence of election observers, including emissaries from all participating parties, blocs, and groups, at polling places and local electoral commissions to guard against tampering and to ensure proper tabulation.
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the
Central Russia Association; the Northwest Association; the Black Earth Association; the Cooperation Association of North Caucasus Republics, Territories, and Oblasts; the Greater Volga Association; the Ural Regional Association; and the Far East and Baikal Association. The Federation Council formally recognized these interjurisdictional organizations in 1994. Expansion of the organizations' activities is hampered by economic inequalities among their members and by inadequate interregional transportation infrastructure, but in 1996 they began increasing their influence in Moscow.
1979:, ratified in May 1995, establishes the legal basis for presidential elections. Based on a draft submitted by Yeltsin's office, the new law included many provisions already contained in the Russian Republic's 1990 election law; alterations included the reduction in the number of signatures required to register a candidate from 2 million to 1 million. The law, which set rigorous standards for fair campaign and election procedures, was hailed by international analysts as a major step toward democratization. Under the law, parties, blocs, and voters' groups register with the
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and decrees of the president establishing martial law or states of emergency. As the upper chamber, it also has responsibilities in confirming and removing the procurator general and confirming justices of the
Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the High Court of Arbitration, upon the recommendation of the president. The Federation Council also is entrusted with the final decision if the State Duma recommends removing the president from office. The constitution also directs that the Federation Council examine bills passed by the lower chamber dealing with
2677:, the government intended to sign power-sharing agreements with all of Russia's 89 subjects. Following the election of Vladimir Putin on 26 March 2000 and his subsequent overhaul of the federal system, the power-sharing treaties began to be abolished. The vast majority of treaties were terminated between 2001 and 2002 while others were forcibly annulled on 4 July 2003. Bashkortostan, Moscow, and Tatarstan's treaties expired on their own individual dates. On 24 July 2017, Tatarstan's power-sharing treaty expired, making it the last subject to lose its autonomy.
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Duma, the two chambers may form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation. The State Duma then votes on the compromise bill. If the State Duma objects to the proposals of the upper chamber in the conciliation process, it may vote by a two-thirds majority to send its version to the president for signature. The part-time character of the
Federation Council's work, its less developed committee structure, and its lesser powers vis-à-vis the State Duma make it more a consultative and reviewing body than a law-making chamber.
2660:
According to Prime
Minister Chernomyrdin, the charter gave Orenburg full power over its budget and allowed the oblast to participate in privatization decisions. By early 1996, similar charters had been signed with Krasnodar Territory and Kaliningrad and Sverdlovsk oblasts. In the summer of 1996, Yeltsin wooed potential regional supporters of his reelection by signing charters with Perm', Rostov, Tver', and Leningrad oblasts and with the city of St. Petersburg, among others, granting these regions liberal tax treatment and other economic advantages.
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out that Russia has been supplying gas to the states in question at prices that were significantly below world market levels, and in most cases remain so even after the increases. Politicians in Russia argued that it is not obligated to effectively subsidize the economies of post-Soviet states by offering them resources at below-market prices. Regardless of alleged political motivation, observers have noted that charging market prices is Russia's legitimate right, and point out that Russia has raised the price even for its close ally, Belarus.
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467:
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other nations. However, as
Yeltsin's standing with public opinion plummeted in 1995, Chernomyrdin became one of many Government officials who received public blame from the president for failures in the Yeltsin administration. As part of his presidential campaign, Yeltsin threatened to replace the Chernomyrdin Government if it failed to address pressing social welfare problems in Russia. After the mid-1996 presidential election, however, Yeltsin announced that he would nominate Chernomyrdin to head the new Government.
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adopted. Progressively, however, human rights violations in connection with religious groups labeled "extremist" by the government have been increasingly frequent. The right to a multiparty political system is upheld. The content of laws must be approved by the public before they take effect, and they must be formulated in accordance with international law and principles. Russian is proclaimed the state language, although the republics of the federation are allowed to establish their own state language.
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1995:
results of the first round are known, the runoff election must be held within fifteen days. A traditional provision allows voters to check off "none of the above," meaning that a candidate in a two-person runoff might win without attaining a majority. Another provision of the election law empowers the CEC to request that the Supreme Court ban a candidate from the election if that candidate advocates a violent transformation of the constitutional order or the integrity of the Russian Federation.
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3568:, who are numerous in several regions, generally appear to be in the minority and are unevenly dispersed. Some regions have even advocated greater centralization on some matters. By 1996 most experts believed that the federation would hold together, although probably at the expense of additional concessions of power by the central government. The trend is not toward separatism so much as the devolution of central powers to the localities on trade, taxes, and other matters.
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2320:, although it does not have the power to confirm Government ministers. The power to confirm or reject the prime minister is severely limited. According to the 1993 constitution, the State Duma must decide within one week to confirm or reject a candidate once the president has placed that person's name in nomination. If it rejects three candidates, the president is empowered to appoint a prime minister, dissolve the parliament, and schedule new legislative elections.
3686:
3437:, where the rebels were able to take more than 1,000 hostages. Dissatisfaction with Yeltsin's economic reforms also was a factor in the vote. A second motion of no confidence failed to carry in early July. In March 1996, the State Duma again incensed Yeltsin by voting to revoke the December 1991 resolution of the Russian Supreme Soviet abrogating the 1922 treaty under which the Soviet Union had been founded. That resolution had prepared the way for formation of the
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2122:, submits it to the State Duma, and issues a report on its implementation. In late 1994, the parliament successfully demanded that the Government begin submitting quarterly reports on budget expenditures and adhere to other guidelines on budgetary matters, although the parliament's budgetary powers are limited. If the State Duma rejects a draft budget from the Government, the budget is submitted to a conciliation commission including members from both branches.
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groups and some of his own officials to cancel or postpone the balloting because of the threat of violence. The high turnout indicated that voters had confidence that their ballots would count, and the election went forward without incident. The democratization process also was bolstered by Yeltsin's willingness to change key personnel and policies in response to public protests and by his unprecedented series of personal campaign appearances throughout Russia.
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1315:(RSFSR). Nominally, the borders of each subunit incorporated the territory of a specific nationality. The constitution endowed the new republics with sovereignty, although they were said to have voluntarily delegated most of their sovereign powers to the Soviet center. Formal sovereignty was evidenced by the existence of flags, constitutions, and other state symbols, and by the republics' constitutionally guaranteed "right" to secede from the union.
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sovereignty and accepted Russia's taxing authority, in return for Russia's acceptance of Tatar control over oil and other resources and the republic's right to sign economic agreements with other countries. This treaty has particular significance because Tatarstan was one of the two republics that did not sign the Federation Treaty in 1992. By mid-1996 almost one-third of the federal subunits had concluded power-sharing treaties or charters.
2185:(the upper house). Russia's legislative body was established by the constitution approved in the December 1993 referendum. The first elections to the Federal Assembly were held at the same time—a procedure criticized by some Russians as indicative of Yeltsin's lack of respect for constitutional niceties. Under the constitution, the deputies elected in December 1993 were termed "transitional" because they were to serve only a two-year term.
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35:
3452:, and judicial reform. Yeltsin also was critical of legislation that he had been forced to return to the parliament because it contravened the constitution and existing law, and of legislative attempts to pass fiscal legislation in violation of the constitutional stricture that such bills must be preapproved by the Government. He noted that he would continue to use his veto power against ill-drafted bills and his power to issue
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1851:(RCB) and may propose that the State Duma dismiss the chairman. In addition, the president submits candidates to the Federation Council for appointment as justices of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the High Court of Arbitration, as well as candidates for the office of procurator general, Russia's chief law enforcement officer. The president also appoints justices of federal district courts.
1539:, whom the parliament approved because he was viewed as more economically conservative than Gaidar. After contentious negotiations between the parliament and Yeltsin, the two sides agreed to hold a national referendum to allow the population to determine the basic division of powers between the two branches of government. In the meantime, proposals for extreme limitation of Yeltsin's power were tabled.
1216:. However, with the ascent of Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin, reforms to strengthen federal control were implemented, rolling back regional power gains, including in the 22 Republics. He has later come to dominate Russia's political system, starting an economic reform and strong foreign involvement, having now become the longest Russian leader in power after Stalin. His policies are called
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jurisdictions about their inferior status. In keeping with this new equality, republics no longer receive the epithet "sovereign," as they did in the 1978 constitution. Equal representation in the Federation Council for all eighty-nine jurisdictions furthers the equalization process by providing them meaningful input into legislative activities, particularly those of special local concern.
1983:(CEC) and designate their candidates. These organizations then are permitted to begin seeking the 1 million signatures needed to register their candidates; no more than 7 percent of the signatures may come from a single federal jurisdiction. The purpose of the 7 percent requirement is to promote candidacies with broad territorial bases and eliminate those supported by only one city or
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powers, and residual powers to be exercised primarily by the subunits. Because Russia's new constitution remained in dispute in the Federal Assembly at the time of ratification, the Federation Treaty and provisions based on the treaty were incorporated as amendments to the 1978 constitution. A series of new conditions were established by the 1993 constitution and by bilateral agreements.
1601:, tanks fired on the White House, and military forces occupied the building and the rest of the city. As Yeltsin was taking the unconstitutional step of dissolving the legislature, Russia came the closest to serious civil conflict since the revolution of 1917. This open, violent confrontation remained a backdrop to Yeltsin's relations with the legislative branch for the next three years.
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house, the Federation Council. These charges must be confirmed by a ruling of the Supreme Court that the president's actions constitute a crime and by a ruling of the Constitutional Court that proper procedures in filing charges have been followed. The charges then must be adopted by a special commission of the State Duma and confirmed by at least two-thirds of State Duma deputies.
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shift the balance of power away from the president. Faced with these setbacks, Yeltsin addressed the nation directly to announce a "special regime", under which he would assume extraordinary executive power pending the results of a referendum on the timing of new legislative elections, on a new constitution, and on public confidence in the president and vice president. After the
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grant amnesty to the leaders of the 1991 Moscow coup. Yeltsin vehemently denounced this action, although it was within the constitutional purview of the State Duma. In October 1994, both legislative chambers passed a law over Yeltsin's veto requiring the Government to submit quarterly reports on budget expenditures to the State Duma and adhere to other budgetary guidelines.
1883:. Yegorov had been appointed in early 1996, when Yeltsin reacted to the strong showing of antireform factions in the legislative election by purging reformers from his administration. Yeltsin now ordered Chubais, who had been included in that purge, to reduce the size of the administration and the number of departments overseeing the functions of the ministerial apparatus.
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1997. (In July 1996, the State Duma advanced these elections to late 1996.) Observers noted that by calling for most of these elections to take place after the presidential election, Yeltsin prevented unfavorable outcomes from possibly reducing his reelection chances—even though voter apathy after the presidential election had the potential to help opposition candidates.
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ratified, the Federation Treaty was demoted to the status of a subconstitutional document. A transitional provision of the constitution provided that in case of discrepancies between the federal constitution and the Federation Treaty, or between the constitution and other treaties involving a subnational jurisdiction, all other documents would defer to the constitution.
2091:(chairman of the Government), deputy prime ministers, and federal ministers and their ministries and departments. Within one week of appointment by the president and approval by the State Duma, the prime minister must submit to the president nominations for all subordinate Government positions, including deputy prime ministers and federal ministers. The
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receive disproportionate representation in the lower house. (In the 1995 elections, Moscow Oblast received nearly 38 percent of the State Duma's seats based on the concentration of party-list candidates in the national capital.) Shumeyko contended that such misallocation fed potentially dangerous popular discontent with the parliament and politicians.
1972:
years of age, and a resident of the country for at least ten years. If a president becomes unable to continue in office because of health problems, resignation, impeachment, or death, a presidential election is to be held not more than three months later. In such a situation, the Federation Council is empowered to set the election date.
2011:
just-concluded attempt to overthrow his administration. Beginning in 1993, Zyuganov also led efforts by KPRF deputies to impeach Yeltsin. After the KPRF's triumph in the December 1995 legislative elections, Yeltsin announced that he would run for reelection with the main purpose of safeguarding Russia from a communist restoration.
1908:, sanatoriums, automobiles, office buildings, and other perquisites of high office for the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, a function that includes management of more than 200 state industries with about 50,000 employees. The Committee on Operational Questions, until June 1996 chaired by antireformist
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in the definitions of the five categories of subunit. On most details of the federal system, the constitution is vague, and clarifying legislation had not been passed by mid-1996. However, some analysts have pointed out that this vagueness facilitates the resolution of individual conflicts between the center and the regions.
1524:(CPD) retained its obvious power "to examine and resolve any matter within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation". In 1992 the Congress was even further empowered, gaining the ability to suspend any articles of the Constitution, per amended article 185 of the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation.
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legislative-executive relations. The convention, which included delegates from major political and social organizations and the 89 subnational jurisdictions, approved a compromise draft constitution in July 1993, incorporating some aspects of the parliament's draft. The parliament failed to approve the draft, however.
3980:" regulations. Although the rules were touted as a notification device rather than a control system, their implementation has produced many of the same results as the propiska system. The freedom to travel abroad and emigrate is respected although restrictions may apply to those who have had access to state secrets.
2365:
Government at a later time, a power that provides a degree of traditional legislative control over the purse. The two chambers of the legislature also have the power to override a presidential veto of legislation. The constitution requires at least a two-thirds vote of the total number of members of both chambers.
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election directly to the body in December 1993. But the law of 1995 provided for popular elections of chief executives in all subnational jurisdictions, including those still governed by presidential appointees. The individuals chosen in those elections then would assume ex officio seats in the Federation Council.
3599:. Their differences with Moscow center on resource control and taxes rather than demands for outright independence. A third, mixed group consists of republics along the Volga River, which straddle strategic water, rail, and pipeline routes, possess resources such as oil, and include large numbers of Russia's
1323:
Russian branches of trade unions, for example. As the titular nationalities of the other fourteen union republics began to call for greater republic rights in the late 1980s, however, ethnic Russians also began to demand the creation or strengthening of various specifically Russian institutions in the RSFSR.
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does not allow the prime minister to be removed without firing the whole cabinet. Kasyanov later went on to become a stark Putin critic. Although Russia's regions enjoy a degree of autonomous self-government, the election of regional governors was substituted by direct appointment by the president in
3560:
In the first half of the 1990s, observers speculated about the possibility that some of the jurisdictions in the federation might emulate the former Soviet republics and demand full independence. Several factors militate against such an outcome, however. Russia is more than 80 percent ethnic Russian,
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in late 1991. The parliament attempted several times during 1992-93 to repeal or curtail the activities of these appointees, whose powers are only alluded to in the constitution. The presence of Yeltsin's representatives helped bring out the local vote on his behalf in the 1996 presidential election.
3370:
The president retains the power to appoint and remove presidential representatives, who act as direct emissaries to the jurisdictions in overseeing local administrations' implementation of presidential policies. The power to appoint these overseers was granted by the Russian Supreme Soviet to Yeltsin
2606:
was signed in March 1992 by President Yeltsin and most leaders of the autonomous republics and other ethnic and geographical subunits. The treaty consisted of three separate documents, each pertaining to one type of regional jurisdiction. It outlined powers reserved for the central government, shared
2573:
In the Soviet period, some of Russia's approximately 100 nationalities were granted their own ethnic enclaves, to which varying formal federal rights were attached. Other smaller or more dispersed nationalities did not receive such recognition. In most of these enclaves, ethnic Russians constituted a
1994:
The Law on Presidential Elections requires that the winner receive more than 50 percent of the votes cast. If no candidate receives more than 50 percent of the vote (a highly probable result because of multiple candidacies), the top two vote-getters must face each other in a runoff election. Once the
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is composed of several competing, overlapping, and vaguely delineated hierarchies that historically have resisted efforts at consolidation. In early 1996, Russian sources reported the size of the presidential apparatus in Moscow and the localities at more than 75,000 people, most of them employees of
1476:
In October 1991, during the "honeymoon" period after his resistance to the Soviet coup, Yeltsin had convinced the legislature to grant him special executive (and legislative) powers for one year so that he might implement his economic reforms. In November 1991 Yeltsin appointed a new government, with
3860:
on charges of fraud, embezzlement and tax evasion was met with domestic and Western criticism that the arrest was political and that his trial was highly flawed. However, the move was met positively by the Russian public and has largely undeterred investment from the country, which continued to grow
3382:
Election results in the subnational jurisdictions held great significance for the Yeltsin administration because the winners would fill the ex officio seats in the Federation Council, which until 1996 was a reliable bastion of support. The election of large numbers of opposition candidates would end
3378:
After the Moscow confrontation of October 1993, Yeltsin sought to bolster his regional support by dissolving the legislatures of all federal subunits except the republics (which were advised to "reform" their political systems). Accordingly, in 1994 elections were held in all the jurisdictions whose
2631:
Despite constitutional language equalizing the regional jurisdictions in their relations with the center, vestiges of Soviet-era multitiered federalism remain in a number of provisions, including those allowing for the use of non-Russian languages in the republics but not in other jurisdictions, and
2364:
A constitutional provision dictating that draft laws dealing with revenues and expenditures may be considered "only when the Government's findings are known" substantially limits the Federal Assembly's control of state finances. However, the legislature may alter finance legislation submitted by the
2291:
The two chambers of the Federal Assembly possess different powers and responsibilities, with the State Duma the more powerful. The Federation Council, as its name and composition implies, deals primarily with issues of concern to the subnational jurisdictions, such as adjustments to internal borders
2270:
and commissions to deal with particular types of issues. Unlike committees and commissions in previous Russian and Soviet parliaments, those operating under the 1993 constitution have significant responsibilities in devising legislation and conducting oversight. They prepare and evaluate draft laws,
2212:
Deputies of the State Duma work full-time on their legislative duties; they are not allowed to serve simultaneously in local legislatures or hold Government positions. A transitional clause in the constitution, however, allowed deputies elected in December 1993 to retain their Government employment,
2072:
Most observers in Russia and elsewhere concurred that the election boosted democratization in Russia, and many asserted that reforms in Russia had become irreversible. Yeltsin had strengthened the institution of regularly contested elections when he rejected calls by business organizations and other
2010:
had worked hard to gain its relegalization. Despite Yeltsin's objections, the Constitutional Court cleared the way for the Russian communists to reemerge as the KPRF, headed by Zyuganov, in February 1993. Yeltsin temporarily banned the party again in October 1993 for its role in the Supreme Soviet's
1782:
and letters of recall of foreign representatives, conducts international talks, and signs international treaties. A special provision allowed Yeltsin to complete the term prescribed to end in June 1996 and to exercise the powers of the new constitution, although he had been elected under a different
1550:
Despite Yeltsin's change of heart, a second extraordinary session of the CPD took up discussion of emergency measures to defend the constitution, including impeachment of the president. Although the impeachment vote failed, the CPD set new terms for a popular referendum. The legislature's version of
1412:
that they believed would wreck the Soviet Union. Yeltsin defiantly opposed the coup plotters and called for Gorbachev's restoration, rallying the Russian public. Most importantly, Yeltsin's faction led elements in the "power ministries" that controlled the military, the police, and the KGB to refuse
3661:
Some limited cooperation has occurred among Russia's regional jurisdictions, and experts believe there is potential for even greater coordination. Eight regional cooperation organizations have been established, covering all subnational jurisdictions except Chechnya: the Siberian Accord Association;
2623:
Under the 1993 constitution, the republics, territories, oblasts, autonomous oblast, autonomous regions, and cities of federal designation are held to be "equal in their relations with the federal agencies of state power"; this language represents an attempt to end the complaints of the nonrepublic
2619:
The 1993 constitution presents a daunting list of powers reserved to the center. Powers shared jointly between the federal and local authorities are less numerous. Regional jurisdictions are only allocated powers not specifically reserved to the federal government or exercised jointly. Those powers
2558:
of criminal trials that protect the rights of defendants more adequately. In 2002, the introduction of the new code led to significant reductions in time spent in detention for new detainees, and the number of suspects placed in pretrial detention declined by 30%. Another significant advance in the
2125:
Besides the ministries, in 1996 the executive branch included eleven state committees and 46 state services and agencies, ranging from the State Space Agency (Glavkosmos) to the State Committee for Statistics (Goskomstat). There were also myriad agencies, boards, centers, councils, commissions, and
1890:
Another center of power in the presidential administration is the Security Council, which was created by statute in mid-1992. The 1993 constitution describes the council as formed and headed by the president and governed by statute. Since its formation, it apparently has gradually lost influence in
1828:
A two-thirds vote of the Federation Council is required for removal of the president. If the Federation Council does not act within three months, the charges are dropped. If the president is removed from office or becomes unable to exercise power because of serious illness, the prime minister is to
1824:
The executive-legislative crisis of the fall of 1993 prompted Yeltsin to emplace constitutional obstacles to legislative removal of the president. Under the 1993 constitution, if the president commits "grave crimes" or treason, the State Duma may file impeachment charges with the parliament's upper
1676:
was obsolete and self-contradictory and that Russia required a new constitution granting the president greater power. This assertion led to the submission and advocacy of rival constitutional drafts drawn up by the legislative and executive branches. The parliament's failure to endorse a compromise
3864:
In 2005, Russia started steadily increasing the price it sold heavily subsidized gas to ex-Soviet republics. Russia has recently been accused of using its natural resources as a political weapon. Russia, in turn, accuses the West of applying double standards relating to market principles, pointing
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on issues he deemed important, and that such decrees would remain in force until suitable laws were passed. The State Duma passed a resolution in March 1996 demanding that Yeltsin refrain from returning bills to the parliament for redrafting, arguing that the president was obligated either to sign
3428:
Although the 1993 constitution weakened their standing vis-à-vis the presidency, the parliaments elected in 1993 and 1995 nonetheless used their powers to shape legislation according to their own precepts and to defy Yeltsin on some issues. An early example was the February 1994 State Duma vote to
3413:
Formerly seats in Russia the Duma were elected half by proportional representation (with at least 5% of the vote to qualify for seats) and half by single member districts. However, President Putin passed a law that all seats are to be elected by proportional representation (with at least 7% of the
3386:
Faced with an escalating number of requests for such elections, Yeltsin decreed December 1996 as the date for most gubernatorial and republic presidential elections. This date was confirmed by a 1995 Federation Council law. The decree also set subnational legislative elections for June or December
2327:
in the Government by a majority vote of all members of the State Duma, but the president is allowed to disregard this vote. If, however, the State Duma repeats the no-confidence vote within three months, the president may dismiss the Government. But the likelihood of a second no-confidence vote is
2204:
The Federal Assembly is prescribed as a permanently functioning body, meaning that it is in continuous session except for a regular break between the spring and fall sessions. This working schedule distinguishes the new parliament from Soviet-era "rubber-stamp" legislative bodies, which met only a
2057:
Turnout in the first round was high, with about 70 percent of 108.5 million voters participating. Total turnout in the second round was nearly the same as in the first round. A contingent of almost 1,000 international observers judged the election to be largely fair and democratic, as did the
1971:
The constitution sets few requirements for presidential elections, deferring in many matters to other provisions established by law. The presidential term is set at six years, and the president may only serve two consecutive terms. A candidate for president must be a citizen of Russia, at least 35
1886:
The six administrative departments in existence at that time dealt with citizens' rights, domestic and foreign policy, state and legal matters, personnel, analysis, and oversight, and Chubais inherited a staff estimated at 2,000 employees. Chubais also received control over a presidential advisory
1786:
In the 1996 presidential election campaign, some candidates called for eliminating the presidency, criticizing its powers as dictatorial. Yeltsin defended his presidential powers, claiming that Russians desire "a vertical power structure and a strong hand" and that a parliamentary government would
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of June 1991 conferred legitimacy on the office, whereas Gorbachev had eschewed such an election and had himself appointed by the Soviet parliament. Despite Gorbachev's attempts to discourage Russia's electorate from voting for him, Yeltsin won the popular election to become the president, handily
2360:
Draft laws may originate in either legislative chamber, or they may be submitted by the president, the Government, local legislatures and the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, or the High Court of Arbitration within their respective competences. Draft laws are first considered in the State
1843:
The president is empowered to appoint the prime minister to chair the Government (called the cabinet or the council of ministers in other countries), with the consent of the State Duma. The President of the Russian Federation chairs the meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation. He can
1684:
Yeltsin then used his presidential powers to form a sympathetic constitutional assembly, which quickly produced a draft constitution providing for a strong executive, and to shape the outcome of the December 1993 referendum on Russia's new basic law. The turnout requirement for the referendum was
1424:
activities were suspended. Most of the union republics quickly declared their independence, although many appeared willing to sign Gorbachev's vaguely-delineated confederation treaty. The Baltic states achieved full independence, and they quickly received diplomatic recognition from many nations.
1184:
at the end of 1991, Russia has seen serious challenges in its efforts to forge a political system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet governance. For instance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's political direction and the
3374:
The governments of the republics include a president or prime minister (or both) and a regional council or legislature. The chief executives of lower jurisdictions are called governors or administrative heads. Generally, in jurisdictions other than republics the executive branches have been more
2659:
The first power-sharing charter negotiated by the central government and an oblast was signed in December 1995 with Orenburg Oblast. The charter divided power in the areas of economic and agricultural policy, natural resources, international economic relations and trade, and military industries.
2655:
Flexibility is a goal of the constitutional provision allowing bilateral treaties or charters between the central government and the regions on power sharing. For instance, in the bilateral treaty signed with the Russian government in February 1994, the Republic of Tatarstan gave up its claim to
2361:
Duma. Upon adoption by a majority of the full State Duma membership, a draft law is considered by the Federation Council, which has fourteen days to place the bill on its calendar. Conciliation commissions are the prescribed procedure to work out differences in bills considered by both chambers.
2303:
In the consideration and disposition of most legislative matters, however, the Federation Council has less power than the State Duma. All bills, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma. If the Federation Council rejects a bill passed by the State
2188:
In April 1994, legislators, Government officials, and many prominent businesspeople and religious leaders signed a "Civic Accord" proposed by Yeltsin, pledging during the two-year "transition period" to refrain from violence, calls for early presidential or legislative elections, and attempts to
2129:
Chernomyrdin, who had been appointed prime minister in late 1992 to appease antireform factions, established a generally smooth working relationship with Yeltsin. Chernomyrdin proved adept at conciliating hostile domestic factions and at presenting a positive image of Russia in negotiations with
1990:
The law required that at least 50 percent of eligible voters participate in order for a presidential election to be valid. In State Duma debate over the legislation, some deputies had advocated a minimum of 25 percent (which was later incorporated into the electoral law covering the State Duma),
1950:
Vladimir Putin in 2002. The circumstances and procedures for the president to declare a state of emergency are more specifically outlined in federal law than in the constitution. In practice, the Constitutional Court ruled in 1995 that the president has wide leeway in responding to crises within
1688:
The 1993 constitution declares Russia a democratic, federative, law-based state with a republican form of government. State power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Diversity of ideologies and religions is sanctioned, and a state or compulsory ideology may not be
1542:
However, early 1993 saw increasing tension between Yeltsin and the parliament over the referendum and over power-sharing. In mid-March 1993, an emergency session of the CPD rejected Yeltsin's proposals on power-sharing and canceled the referendum, again opening the door to legislation that would
1440:
In late 1991, the Yeltsin government assumed budgetary control over Gorbachev's rump government. Russia did not declare its independence, and Yeltsin continued to hope for the establishment of some form of confederation. In December, one week after the Ukrainian Republic approved independence by
1211:
With a new constitution and a new parliament representing diverse parties and factions, Russia's political structure subsequently showed signs of stabilization. As the transition period extended into the mid-1990s, the power of the national government continued to wane as Russia's regions gained
2663:
By the mid-1990s, regional jurisdictions also had become bolder in passing local legislation to fill gaps in federation statutes rather than waiting for the Federal Assembly to act. For example, Volgograd Oblast passed laws regulating local pensions, the issuance of promissory notes, and credit
2627:
However, Federation Council officials have criticized the State Duma for failing to represent regional interests adequately. In mid-1995 Vladimir Shumeyko, then speaker of the Federation Council, criticized the current electoral system's party-list provision for allowing some parts of Russia to
2581:
The cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are independent of surrounding jurisdictions. Termed "cities of federal significance," they have the same status as the oblasts. The ten autonomous regions and Birobidzhan are part of larger jurisdictions, either an oblast or a territory. As the power and
2312:
to consider bills passed by the lower chamber resulted in its disapproval of about one-half of such bills, necessitating concessions by the State Duma or votes to override upper-chamber objections. In February 1996, the heads of the two chambers pledged to try to break this habit, but wrangling
1322:
era (ca 1947-1991), because of the Russians' dominance in the affairs of the union, the RSFSR failed to develop some of the institutions of governance and administration that were typical of public life in the other republics: a republic-level communist party, a Russian academy of sciences, and
2258:
and administrations in each of the eighty-nine subnational jurisdictions, hence a total of 178 seats. As composed in 1996, the Federation Council included about fifty chief executives of subnational jurisdictions who had been appointed to their posts by Yeltsin during 1991-92, then won popular
2216:
Despite its "transitional" nature, the Federal Assembly of 1994-95 approved about 500 pieces of legislation in two years. When the new parliament convened in January 1996, deputies were provided with a catalog of these laws and were directed to work in their assigned committees to fill gaps in
2577:
The Russian Federation has made few changes in the Soviet pattern of regional jurisdictions. The 1993 constitution establishes a federal government and enumerates eighty-nine subnational jurisdictions, including twenty-one ethnic enclaves with the status of republics. There are ten autonomous
2253:
The composition of the Federation Council was a matter of debate until shortly before the 2000 elections. The legislation that emerged in December 1995 over Federation Council objections clarified the constitution's language on the subject by providing ex officio council seats to the heads of
2014:
Although there was speculation that losing parties in the December 1995 election might choose not to nominate presidential candidates, in fact dozens of citizens both prominent and obscure announced their candidacies. After the gathering and review of signature lists, the CEC validated eleven
2615:
The constitution of 1993 resolved many of the ambiguities and contradictions concerning the degree of decentralization under the much-amended 1978 constitution of the Russian Republic; most such solutions favored the concentration of power in the central government. When the constitution was
1527:
Although Yeltsin managed to beat back most challenges to his reform program when the CPD met in April 1992, in December he suffered a significant loss of his special executive powers. The CPD ordered him to halt appointments of administrators in the localities and also the practice of naming
2018:
In the opinion polls of early 1996, Yeltsin trailed far behind most of the other candidates; his popularity rating was below 10 percent for a prolonged period. However, a last-minute, intense campaign featuring heavy television exposure, speeches throughout Russia promising increased state
1899:
assigned the Security Council a wide variety of new missions. The decree's description of the Security Council's consultative functions was especially vague and wide-ranging, although it positioned the head of the Security Council directly subordinate to the president. As had been the case
3448:, Yeltsin commended the previous parliament for passing a number of significant laws, and he noted with relief the "civil" resolution of the June 1995 no-confidence conflict. He complained, however, that the Federal Assembly had not acted on issues such as the private ownership of land, a
2200:
and Chelyabinsk Oblast boycotted the voting; this action, along with other discrepancies, resulted in the election of only 170 members to the Federation Council. However, by mid-1994 all seats were filled except those of Chechnya, which continued to proclaim its independence. All federal
1565:
the creation of a special constitutional convention to examine the draft constitution that he had presented in April. This convention was designed to circumvent the parliament, which was working on its own draft constitution. As expected, the two main drafts contained contrary views of
1456:
At that meeting, all parties declared that the 1922 treaty of union, which had established the Soviet Union, annulled and that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. Gorbachev announced the decision officially on 25 December 1991. Russia gained international recognition as the principal
1375:
During 1990-1991, the RSFSR enhanced its sovereignty by establishing republic branches of organizations such as the Communist Party, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, radio and television broadcasting facilities, and the Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoy
2574:
majority of the population, although the titular nationalities usually enjoyed disproportionate representation in local government bodies. Relations between the central government and the subordinate jurisdictions, and among those jurisdictions, became a political issue in the 1990s.
2672:
During Boris Yeltin's presidency, he signed a total of 46 power-sharing treaties with Russia's various subjects starting with Tatarstan on 15 February 1994 and ending with Moscow on 16 June 1998, giving them greater autonomy from the federal government. According to Prime Minister
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rather than the Government in such a situation. The Government's position is further buttressed by another constitutional provision that allows the Government at any time to demand a vote of confidence from the State Duma; refusal is grounds for the president to dissolve the Duma.
2006:(KPRF), which sought to oust Yeltsin from office and return to power. Yeltsin had banned the Communist Party of the Russian Republic for its central role in the August 1991 coup against the Gorbachev government. As a member of the Politburo and the Secretariat of the banned party,
1558:, Russians failed to provide this level of approval, but a majority of voters approved Yeltsin's policies and called for new legislative elections. Yeltsin termed the results, which delivered a serious blow to the prestige of the parliament, a mandate for him to continue in power.
1569:
In late September 1993, Yeltsin responded to the impasse in legislative-executive relations by repeating his announcement of a constitutional referendum, but this time he followed the announcement by dissolving the parliament and announcing new legislative elections for December
3676:
have been joined in supporting this proposal by some officials of the national Government and oblast and territory leaders who resent the privileges of the republics. Some have called for these new subunits to be based on the eight interregional economic associations.
1903:
Other presidential support services include the Control Directorate (in charge of investigating official corruption), the Administrative Affairs Directorate, the Presidential Press Service, and the Protocol Directorate. The Administrative Affairs Directorate controls
1829:
temporarily assume the president's duties; a presidential election then must be held within three months. The constitution does not provide for a vice president, and there is no specific procedure for determining whether the president is able to carry out his duties.
3829:" (with "some form of democratic government" in place) as late as 2007. The Russian Federation states that Russia is a democratic federal law-bound state with a republican form of government, which has been proven of not being acted upon today. Political scientist
2578:
regions, or okruga (sing., okrug ), and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast', also known as Birobidzhan). Besides the ethnically identified jurisdictions, there are six territories (kraya; sing., kray ) and forty-nine oblasts (provinces).
2213:
a provision that allowed many officials of the Yeltsin administration to serve in the parliament. After the December 1995 legislative elections, nineteen Government officials were forced to resign their offices in order to take up their legislative duties.
1593:), but 180 delegates refused to leave the building. After a two-week standoff, Rutskoy urged supporters outside the legislative building to overcome Yeltsin's military forces. Firefights and destruction of property resulted at several locations in Moscow.
3383:
the Federation Council's usefulness as a balance against the anti-Yeltsin State Duma and further impede Yeltsin's agenda. In 1995 some regions held gubernatorial elections to fill the administrative posts originally granted to Yeltsin appointees in 1991.
3848:
Maybe the Central Election Commission would find a problem with the signatures that the candidate collected in order to register, or maybe the candidate would be charged with a crime based on questionable evidence, but something would always happen ...
2274:
Committee positions are allocated when new parliaments are seated. The general policy calls for allocation of committee chairmanships and memberships among parties and factions roughly in proportion to the size of their representation. In 1994, however,
2307:
Because the Federation Council initially included many regional administrators appointed by Yeltsin, that body often supported the president and objected to bills approved by the State Duma, which had more anti-Yeltsin deputies. The power of the
3975:
The constitution guarantees citizens the right to choose their place of residence and to travel abroad. Some big-city governments, however, have restricted this right through residential registration rules that closely resemble the Soviet-era
3844:
Political actors who support the president are permitted to put their name on the ballot and to nominally run against him, but whenever a person arose who actually wanted to challenge the system, they always ran into bureaucratic barriers.
2501:, and for housing they must depend on local authorities in the jurisdiction where they sit. In 1995 the average salary for a judge was US$ 160 per month, substantially less than the earnings associated with more menial positions in
3432:
In the most significant executive-legislative clash since 1993, the State Duma overwhelmingly voted no confidence in the Government in June 1995. The vote was triggered by a Chechen rebel raid into the neighboring Russian town of
2527:. The 1993 constitution empowers the court to arbitrate disputes between the executive and legislative branches and between Moscow and the regional and local governments. The court also is authorized to rule on violations of
5015:
During a campaign swing through Perm Oblast late last week, President Yeltsin signed a power-sharing agreement with the oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, which is situated within the oblast, ITAR-TASS reported on 31
5800:
1369:
4638:
At a Kremlin ceremony on 27 May, President Yeltsin signed two power-sharing agreements: one with Irkutsk Oblast and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (AO), and another with the Republic of Chuvashiya, Russian media
2283:(Liberal'no-demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii—LDPR), which had won the second largest number of seats in the recent election, was denied all but one key chairmanship, that of the State Duma's Committee on Geopolitics.
1919:, the president approves defense doctrine, appoints and removes the high command of the armed forces, and confers higher military ranks and awards. The president is empowered to declare national or regional states of
2245:. Work on several bills that had been in committee or in floor debate in the previous legislature resumed in the new body. Similarly, several bills that Yeltsin had vetoed were taken up again by the new legislature.
1364:, a onetime Gorbachev protégé who had resigned/been exiled from the top party echelons because of his radical reform proposals and erratic personality, as president of the congress's permanent working body, the
3809:
has listed Russia as being "not free" since 2005. In 2004, Freedom House warned that Russia's "retreat from freedom marks a low point not registered since 1989, when the country was part of the Soviet Union."
1528:
additional local oversight emissaries (termed "presidential representatives"). Yeltsin also lost the power to issue special decrees concerning the economy, while retaining his constitutional power to issue
2189:
amend the constitution. This accord, and memories of the violent confrontation of the previous parliament with Government forces, had some effect in softening political rhetoric during the next two years.
4208:
4869:"Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the administration of the Irkutsk Region on the delimitation of powers in the field of notaries, advocacy and training of legal personnel"
2505:. These circumstances, combined with irregularities in the appointment process and the continued strong position of the procurators, deprived judges in the lower jurisdictions of independent authority.
1596:
The next day, on 3 October 1993 Yeltsin chose a radical solution to settle his dispute with parliament: he called up tanks to shell the parliament building. Under the direction of Minister of Defense
2460:
5092:"Agreement on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the city of federal significance Moscow"
1754:
The 1993 constitution created a dual executive consisting of a president and prime minister, with the president as the dominant figure. Russia's strong presidency sometimes is compared with that of
3379:
legislatures had been dismissed. In some cases, that process placed local executives at the head of legislative bodies, eliminating checks and balances between the branches at the regional level.
3798:—scored a landslide victory. According to analysts, the country was now effectively ruled by a "tandem", with a constitutionally powerful President and an influential and popular Prime Minister.
2539:
proceedings against the president. The July 1994 Law on the Constitutional Court prohibits the court from examining cases on its own initiative and limits the scope of issues the court can hear.
1916:
3414:
vote to qualify for seats) to take effect in the December 2007 elections. By doing this Putin has eliminated independents and made it more difficult for small parties to be elected to the Duma.
2554:
more compatible with its Western counterparts and are seen by most as an accomplishment in human rights. The reforms have reintroduced jury trials in certain criminal cases and created a more
5448:
5151:
4270:
3445:
1887:
group with input on the economy, national security, and other matters. Reportedly that group had competed with Korzhakov's security service for influence in the Yeltsin administration.
1554:
Under the CPD's terms, Yeltsin would need the support of 50 percent of eligible voters, rather than 50 percent of those actually voting, to avoid an early presidential election. In the
3650:, which in 1993 proclaimed itself an autonomous republic as a protest against receiving fewer privileges in taxation and resource control than the republics, and strategically vital
7202:
3672:, or large province, which would incorporate several smaller subunits on the basis of geography and population rather than ethnic considerations. Russian ultranationalists such as
5058:
4994:
2452:
4804:
5797:
1976:
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changed from 50 percent of the electorate to simply 50 percent of participating voters. The referendum vote resulted in approval by 58.4 percent of Russia's registered voters.
3766:
and his cabinet were dismissed by Putin. Pundits in Russia believed this not to be due to the president's displeasure with the government, but with Kasyanov himself, as the
4724:"Agreements on the distribution of powers between public authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation"
3747:
and following Yeltsin's resignation was acting president of Russia, won in the first round with 53% of the vote in what were judged generally free and fair elections. (See
1844:
also dismiss the government entirely. Upon the advice of the prime minister, the president can appoint or remove Government members, including the deputy prime ministers.
1336:
4754:
3818:
human rights division) stated in 2004 that "the fledgling Russian democracy is still, of course, far from perfect, but its existence and its successes cannot be denied."
3759:
reported that the elections were generally organized professionally, there was criticism of unequal treatment of candidates by State-controlled media among other issues.
1420:
control of much of a sometimes recalcitrant Soviet administrative apparatus. Although Gorbachev returned to his position as Soviet president, events began to bypass him.
4843:
3575:
pressing claims for greater subunit rights fall into three groups. The first is composed of those jurisdictions most vociferous in pressing ethnic separatism, including
2444:
1912:, has been described as a "government within a government". Also attached to the presidency are more than two dozen consultative commissions and extrabudgetary "funds".
5606:
1413:
to obey the orders of the coup plotters. The opposition led by Yeltsin, combined with the irresolution of the plotters, caused the coup to collapse after three days.
1400:
Yeltsin used his role as president of Russia to trumpet Russian sovereignty and patriotism, and his legitimacy as president was a major cause of the collapse of the
5724:
1864:
state-owned enterprises directly under presidential control. This structure is similar to, but several times larger than, the top-level apparatus of the Soviet-era
920:
2201:
jurisdictions participated in the December 1995 legislative elections, although the fairness of voting in Chechnya was compromised by the ongoing conflict there.
5314:
4659:
4198:
5079:
During a 16 June meeting in the Kremlin, Yeltsin and Moscow Mayor Yurii Luzhkov signed a power-sharing agreement on behalf of the federal and city authorities.
3655:
3646:
In addition to the republics, several other jurisdictions have lobbied for greater rights, mainly on questions of resource control and taxation. These include
1891:
competition with other power centers in the presidential administration. However, the June 1996 appointment of former army general and presidential candidate
7726:
5518:
3756:
5629:
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influence of the central government have become diluted, governors and mayors have become the only relevant government authorities in many jurisdictions.
2115:. If the Government issues implementing decrees and directives that are at odds with legislation or presidential decrees, the president may rescind them.
2030:
It was argued Yeltsin won the 1996 Russian presidential election thanks to the extensive assistance provided by the team of media and PR experts from the
7419:
5798:
Roderic Lyne, Strobe Talbott, Koji Watanabe: Engaging With Russia – The Next Phase, A Report to The Trilateral Commission; Washington, Paris, Tokyo; 2006
2456:
1339:
from 1985 to 1991) also encouraged nationalities in the union republics, including the Russian Republic, to assert their rights. These policies included
4415:
1497:, and from others calling for reform to be slowed or even halted in Russia. A locus of this opposition was increasingly the two-chamber parliament, the
7036:
5671:
5254:
5232:
1955:, and that Yeltsin's action in Chechnya did not require a formal declaration of a state of emergency. In 1994 Yeltsin declared a state of emergency in
1506:
653:
2217:
existing legislation as well as to draft new laws. A major accomplishment of the 1994-95 legislative sessions was passage of the first two parts of a
1551:
the referendum asked whether citizens had confidence in Yeltsin, approved of his reforms, and supported early presidential and legislative elections.
2502:
1774:
Russia's president determines the basic direction of Russia's domestic and foreign policy and represents the Russian state within the country and in
5440:
4262:
2050:
magazine in 1996 about their adventures working as political consultants in Russia. They also detailed the extent of their collaboration with the
1349:
also brought constitutional reforms that led to the election of new republic legislatures with substantial blocs of pro-reform representatives.
8035:
6177:
5378:
8103:
2519:
Numerous matters which are dealt with by administrative authority in European countries remain subject to political influence in Russia. The
1345:(literally, public "voicing"), which made possible open discussion of democratic reforms and long-ignored public problems such as pollution.
679:
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4237:
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unions. The constitution upholds regional legislative authority to pass laws that accord with the constitution and existing federal laws.
6916:
4292:
2494:" and had become accustomed to basing their verdicts on telephone calls from local CPSU bosses rather than on the legal merits of cases.
1798:, although the constitution notes that they must not contravene that document or other laws. Under certain conditions, the president may
1312:
821:
659:
228:
5066:
5002:
1581:
as president, and voted to impeach Yeltsin. On 27 September, military units surrounded the legislative building (popularly known as the
1185:
governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President
6876:
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4796:
1521:
1353:
1177:
5548:
4457:
3729:
2003:
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Many of the president's powers are related to the incumbent's undisputed leeway in forming an administration and hiring staff. The
1790:
Several prescribed powers put the president in a superior position vis-à-vis the legislature. The president has broad authority to
1535:
When the CPD rejected Yeltsin's attempt to secure the confirmation of Gaidar as prime minister (December 1992), Yeltsin appointed
1520:
After Russia added the office of president in 1991, the division of powers between the two branches remained ambiguous, while the
1469:
and positions in other international and regional organizations. The CIS states also agreed that Russia initially would take over
7338:
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1036:
99:
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71:
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1086:
7554:
7217:
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Natalia Arno, former head of the International Republican Institute's operations in Russia, describes elections in Russia's "
3423:
2524:
1574:
1470:
1193:
874:
870:
755:
620:
607:
568:
373:
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On 1 November 1997 he is to sign a power-sharing agreement with Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs.
4170:
2087:
The constitution prescribes that the Government of Russia, which corresponds to the Western cabinet structure, consist of a
7888:
7600:
6853:
6101:
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5698:
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On 30 January 1996 Yelagin and Yeltsin signed a power-sharing agreement between Orenburg Oblast and the Russian Federation.
4495:"We Never Said We're Independent": Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions
2221:, desperately needed to update antiquated Soviet-era provisions. The new code included provisions on contract obligations,
2082:
1610:
857:
851:
783:
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78:
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1462:
1421:
1255:
998:
52:
4185:"'It's a remarkable feat.' in power since 1999, how Vladimir Putin became a Russian leader rivaled only by Josef Stalin"
1449:(CIS). In response to calls by the Central Asian and other union republics for admission, another meeting took place in
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1999:
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1762:. The constitution spells out many prerogatives specifically, but some powers enjoyed by Yeltsin were developed in an
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7590:
6891:
6750:
5809:
4972:
4327:
3962:
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2099:. The ministries of the Government, which numbered 24 in mid-1996, execute credit and monetary policies and defense,
2096:
1896:
1791:
1562:
1529:
1357:
1281:
955:
945:
118:
5099:
4171:"On First Person this week, New Yorker staff writer Masha Gessen on how Vladimir Putin plans to rule Russia forever"
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1263:
85:
7514:
7497:
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6251:
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3320:
1106:
5036:
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1416:
Following the failed August coup, Gorbachev found a fundamentally changed constellation of power, with Yeltsin in
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2209:
open to the public, although joint meetings are held for important speeches by the president or foreign leaders.
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915:
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new Code is the transfer from the Procuracy to the courts of the authority to issue search and arrest warrants.
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1259:
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763:
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431:
311:
67:
56:
1778:. The president appoints and recalls Russia's ambassadors upon consultation with the legislature, accepts the
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committees. Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin's personal staff was reported to number about 2,000 in 1995.
1196:). This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional period, which was defined by the much-amended
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Regional and ethnic conflicts have encouraged proposals to abolish the existing subunits and resurrect the
2498:
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The first legislative elections under the new constitution included a few irregularities. The republics of
2182:
2134:
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1514:
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1180:, while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws. Since the collapse of the
993:
978:
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560:
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4231:"TIME: Yanks to the rescue. The secret story of how American advisers helped Yeltsin win. (July 15, 1996)"
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During 1992 Yeltsin and his reforms came under increasing attack from former members and officials of the
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over its natural resources and the primacy of Russia's laws over those of the central Soviet government.
1099:
844:
796:
647:
214:
5346:"Report by Mr Alvaro Gil-Robles, Commissioner for Human Rights, on his visits to the Russian Federation"
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2300:, and other fiscal measures, as well as issues dealing with war and peace and with treaty ratification.
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6906:
2170:
2051:
1932:
1875:
was appointed chief of the presidential administration (chief of staff) in July 1996. Chubais replaced
1807:
1134:
1041:
988:
983:
831:
816:
690:
639:
573:
267:
5810:
Heiko Pleines (ed.): How to explain Russia's post-Soviet Political and Economic System, September 2005
4118:
Krasnoyarsk, Evenk, and Taymyr had the same treaty as the latter two were administered by Krasnoyarsk.
3782:
8005:
7985:
7958:
7714:
7474:
7233:
7112:
7041:
6921:
6583:
6408:
6151:
5790:
2436:
1003:
735:
531:
177:
1799:
7519:
7358:
7328:
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7107:
7016:
6979:
6588:
6550:
6096:
6061:
6016:
5868:
5844:
5371:
4024:
3744:
3720:, United Russia reduced all other parties to minority status. Other parties retaining seats in the
3510:
2778:
2341:
The legislative process in Russia includes three hearings in the State Duma, then approvals by the
2323:
The State Duma's power to force the resignation of the Government also is severely limited. It may
2317:
2293:
2138:
2119:
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1735:
1498:
1365:
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328:
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6508:
5986:
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The first presidential elections were held on 26 March 2000. Putin, who had previously been made
3514:
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2547:
2428:
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1895:
to head the Security Council improved prospects for the organization's standing. In July 1996, a
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1008:
935:
809:
720:
448:
45:
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3936:
92:
7963:
7821:
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7625:
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6901:
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6478:
6438:
6418:
6398:
6301:
6106:
6081:
5996:
5976:
5926:
5896:
5886:
4965:
The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders
4004:
3802:
3767:
3278:
3076:
2416:
2108:
1666:
1656:
1502:
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Russia was the largest of the Union republics in terms of territory and population. During the
1205:
1145:
1051:
901:
578:
516:
274:
160:
4577:"The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia"
4296:
2435:
at the apex. As of 2014, the High Court of Arbitration has merged with the Supreme Court. The
1814:(a power previously reserved to the parliament), submitting draft laws to the State Duma, and
7990:
7731:
7704:
7665:
7605:
7404:
7373:
7283:
7031:
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6616:
6413:
6192:
6071:
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has rated Russia as "authoritarian" since 2011, whereas it had previously been considered a "
3689:
Vladimir Putin laid flowers at a memorial to the victims of Soviet-era political repression,
2536:
2205:
few days each year. The new constitution also directs that the two houses meet separately in
1759:
897:
882:
521:
5540:
5292:
4199:"The Guardian: Americans can spot election meddling because they've been doing it for years"
1408:. The coup leaders had attempted to overthrow Gorbachev in order to halt his plan to sign a
8020:
7928:
7923:
7675:
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7368:
7303:
7298:
7288:
7258:
7253:
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6636:
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2528:
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1832:
1582:
1458:
1031:
664:
615:
495:
363:
353:
224:
146:
6606:
2046:, "and Steven Moore (who came on later as a PR specialist) gave an exclusive interview to
1384:, following the example of Gorbachev, who had created such an office for himself in 1990.
8:
8015:
7771:
7721:
7640:
7544:
7378:
7323:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7223:
7183:
7148:
7090:
7004:
6935:
6797:
6528:
6518:
6468:
6428:
6381:
6376:
6366:
6351:
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6341:
6326:
6311:
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6291:
6286:
6281:
6166:
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6026:
6006:
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3572:
3400:
2674:
2412:
2374:
2354:
1947:
1880:
1717:
1536:
1405:
1381:
1189:
used military force to dissolve the parliament and called for new legislative elections (
1149:
748:
708:
551:
424:
291:
3833:, writing in 2015, stated "no serious scholar would consider Russia today a democracy".
3658:, defied central economic and political policies on a number of well-publicized issues.
3634:
7943:
7918:
7908:
7898:
7883:
7868:
7826:
7756:
7741:
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6809:
6631:
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6483:
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6433:
6403:
6371:
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6331:
6267:
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5961:
5921:
5906:
5901:
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3474:
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2490:(in office 1982-84) remained in place in the mid-1990s. Such arbiters were trained in "
2297:
2162:
1924:
1661:
1510:
1157:
1046:
695:
526:
318:
263:
2523:
was reconvened in March 1995 following its suspension by President Yeltsin during the
1900:
previously, the Security Council was required to hold meetings at least once a month.
8061:
7813:
7781:
7776:
7761:
7736:
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7534:
7484:
7414:
7392:
7237:
7021:
6957:
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6814:
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6758:
6703:
6543:
6498:
6423:
6393:
6221:
6197:
6116:
6076:
6051:
6031:
5966:
5941:
5931:
5916:
5637:
5487:
4968:
4934:"Newsline - May 20, 1996 Yeltsin Promises to Maintain Stability, Plays Regional Card"
4348:
4323:
4074:
4019:
3837:
3815:
3811:
3713:
3647:
3470:
3186:
2603:
2384:
2379:
1755:
1740:
1578:
1442:
1332:
1169:
773:
603:
338:
5499:
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in a largely free and competitive vote. Upon convening in May, the congress elected
8010:
7948:
7903:
7846:
7751:
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7635:
7444:
7095:
6994:
6802:
6036:
6001:
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5951:
5860:
5814:
5479:
4136:
Irkutsk and Ust-Orda had the same treaty as the latter was administered by Irkutsk.
3854:
3763:
3357:
3255:
3214:
3034:
2922:
2885:
2459:, and its management is aided by the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court, the
2234:
2007:
1847:
The president submits candidates to the State Duma for the post of chairman of the
1586:
1409:
960:
887:
5571:
4691:"Newsline - May 22, 1998 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions"
2508:
8070:
8030:
7933:
7873:
7863:
7851:
7796:
7615:
7009:
6984:
6763:
5804:
5176:
4203:
4127:
Perm and Komi-Permyak had the same treaty as the latter was administered by Perm.
3791:
3772:
3705:
3685:
3666:
3241:
3145:
3104:
3062:
3020:
2857:
2483:
2448:
2112:
1943:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1795:
1161:
458:
5694:
4755:"F&P RFE/RL Archive - Yeltsin Praises Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions"
4374:"Newsline - May 30, 1996 Rostov, Sakhalin Oblasts Sign Power-Sharing Agreements"
2550:
and other judicial reforms during its 2001 session. These reforms help make the
7968:
7841:
7102:
7068:
6792:
6745:
4030:
3795:
3651:
3639:
3596:
3580:
3483:
3228:
3172:
3048:
2978:
2964:
2936:
2871:
2648:
2590:
2242:
1984:
1909:
1722:
683:
556:
471:
301:
197:
4106:
Terminated on the basis of Article 5 of the Federal Law passed on 4 July 2003.
3654:("Maritime Territory") on the Pacific coast, whose governor in the mid-1990s,
2640:
2328:
virtually precluded by the constitutional provision allowing the president to
466:
8092:
8075:
7980:
7489:
7228:
6819:
6215:
5779:
5641:
5491:
5029:"Newsline - August 4, 1997 Power-Sharing Agreement Signed with Samara Oblast"
3830:
3826:
3806:
3776:
3737:
3709:
3608:
3592:
3159:
3131:
2751:
2695:
2644:
2491:
2487:
2420:
2400:
2350:
2039:
2031:
1960:
1815:
1598:
1361:
1208:, creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in December 1993.
1186:
1153:
1077:
862:
441:
281:
5345:
7856:
6841:
6831:
5470:
Diamond, Larry (January 1, 2015). "Facing Up to the Democratic Recession".
4064:
3006:
2174:
2022:
1928:
1478:
1181:
1173:
475:
187:
5483:
3771:
2005. In September 2007, Putin accepted the resignation of Prime minister
2497:
For court infrastructure and financial support, judges must depend on the
2241:, as well as other legal standards essential to support the creation of a
1477:
himself as acting prime minister, a post he held until the appointment of
7051:
6858:
6735:
6225:
5784:
5630:"Why US double standards on Israel and Russia play into a dangerous game"
5091:
3725:
3587:. The second group consists of large, resource-rich republics, including
3200:
3117:
3090:
2908:
2440:
2346:
2309:
2238:
2158:
2104:
2043:
1936:
1920:
1818:
1803:
930:
243:
204:
167:
5177:"Mikhail Kasyanov: Russia labels ex-PM and Putin critic 'foreign agent'"
5059:"F&P RFE/RL Archive - Yeltsin, Luzhkov Sign Power-Sharing Agreement"
1917:
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
1619:
7080:
6740:
6730:
5028:
4933:
4903:
4868:
4797:"Yeltsin Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Russian Regions"
4690:
4617:
4373:
3721:
2843:
2543:
2472:
2178:
1956:
1879:, a hard-line associate of deposed Presidential Security Service chief
1811:
1779:
1397:
defeating five other candidates with more than 57 percent of the vote.
1131:
673:
253:
5441:"The Death of Russian Democracy Under Putin by Jordan Nakdimon @ UCLA"
4904:"Newsline - June 14, 1996 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements"
4345:
The NEBI Yearbook 2001/2002: North European and Baltic Sea Integration
2266:
to control the internal procedures of the house. The houses also form
2095:
carries out administration in line with the constitution and laws and
1942:
The regime of martial law is defined by federal law "On Martial law",
6725:
6236:
5819:
4263:"Spinning Hillary: a history of America and Russia's mutual meddling"
3669:
3624:
3565:
3434:
2806:
2723:
2226:
2193:
1915:
The president also has extensive powers over military policy. As the
1672:
During 1992-93 Yeltsin had argued that the existing, heavily amended
1434:
414:
5515:"Putin Is Losing the War in Ukraine, But Winning the Battle at Home"
4151:
Politics for Profit: Business, Elections, and Policymaking in Russia
3878:
3499:
2479:
remains the most powerful component of the Russian judicial system.
1577:). The CPD again met in emergency session, confirmed Vice President
1233:
1168:, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval.
34:
5829:
4408:"Tatarstan, the Last Region to Lose Its Special Status Under Putin"
3690:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3576:
3487:
3417:
2820:
2709:
2197:
1952:
1905:
1450:
1404:
by hard-line government and party officials against Gorbachev, the
1341:
1319:
1217:
1137:
6663:
5825:
Erik Herron's Guide to Politics of East Central Europe and Eurasia
3794:—whose nomination was supported by the popular outgoing President
1484:
1202:
Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
7203:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
7085:
5778:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3616:
3588:
2792:
2764:
2513:
2222:
1547:
declared his announcement unconstitutional, Yeltsin backed down.
1426:
474:
has been the central location of Russian political affairs since
4322:. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University. p. 9.
3479:
6694:
3600:
3343:
2532:
1430:
1213:
1141:
399:
5541:"In Russia, Khodorkovsky Case Drawing Comparisons to Sakharov"
4995:"F&P RFE/RL Archive - Another Power-Sharing Treaty Signed"
4836:"Moscow Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Regions"
4618:"Newsline - May 28, 1996 More Power-Sharing Agreements Signed"
2111:
and civil rights; protect property; and take measures against
4963:
Orttung, Robert; Lussier, Danielle; Paretskaya, Anna (2000).
3693:
3453:
2610:
2595:
2026:
Boris Yeltsin campaigning in the Moscow-region on May 7, 1996
950:
5152:"Putin Fires Premier, Cabinet In Surprise Pre-Election Move"
4967:. New York, United States: EastWest Institute. p. 415.
2002:
was a major episode in the struggle between Yeltsin and the
1337:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3584:
3571:
Some experts observe that the Russia's ethnically distinct
2585:
2230:
1517:, the parliament was the supreme organ of power in Russia.
1441:
referendum, Yeltsin and the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus
1425:
Gorbachev's rump government recognized the independence of
1401:
4465:
The National Council for Soviet and East European Research
3751:.) Putin won a second full term without difficulty in the
1935:
must be notified immediately. The Federation Council, the
5203:"St. Petersburg Times: Zubkov's Rating Rise After a Week"
1377:
965:
5122:""OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report""
4962:
3762:
After the election, on 24 February 2004, Prime Minister
1650:
1307:
between various Soviet republics. Under the treaty, the
5285:"Russia | Country report | Freedom in the World | 2005"
2467:, and the various courts' chairpersons. There are many
2383:
President Putin meeting Russia's highest courts heads (
1963:, two republics beset by intermittent ethnic conflict.
5372:"Democracy Index 2015: Democracy in an age of anxiety"
4652:"Russia Signs Power-Sharing Treaty with Komi Republic"
1380:). In 1991 Russia created a new executive office, the
5150:
Baker, Peter; Glasser, Susan B. (February 25, 2005).
5721:"Belarus: What Does Future Hold For Gazprom's Deal?"
3757:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3365:
2248:
2064:
1939:, has the power to confirm or reject such a decree.
1854:
5405:"Index of democracy by Economist Intelligence Unit"
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
3903:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3786:
Anti-Putin protesters march in Moscow, 13 June 2012
2313:appeared to intensify in the months that followed.
1810:. The president has the prerogatives of scheduling
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4347:. New York, United States: Springer. p. 307.
4342:
3390:
1513:, became Yeltsin's most vocal opponent. Under the
5820:Deputy prime ministers & Ministries of Russia
5315:"Russia Downgraded to "Not Free" | Freedom House"
2667:
1223:
8090:
3418:Executive-legislative power struggles, 1993–1996
2594:Russian President Putin with local residents in
2562:
5599:"Rice tells Russia not to use energy as weapon"
5512:
5255:"New Russian president: I will work with Putin"
4501:
2316:The State Duma confirms the appointment of the
1485:Post-Soviet development under Yeltsin 1991-1993
5815:Library of Congress: Russian Political Profile
5195:
4458:"Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining"
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4114:
4112:
1951:Russia, such as lawlessness in the separatist
1787:result in indecisive talk rather than action.
6679:
6252:
5845:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
1107:
5149:
4726:(in Russian). Politika. 2002. Archived from
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4612:
4610:
4608:
1309:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
4989:
4987:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4718:
4716:
4430:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4343:Hedegaard, Lars; Lindström, Bjarne (2002).
4109:
3790:In the 2008 Russian Presidential election,
3528:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2535:from various bodies, and to participate in
2103:, and state security functions; ensure the
2015:candidates, one of whom later dropped out.
1453:, on 21 December, to form an expanded CIS.
1352:In the RSFSR a new legislature, called the
1313:Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
1262:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1164:exercised by the government, headed by the
6686:
6672:
6259:
6245:
5852:
5838:
4819:
4780:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4644:
4087:
3490:and a leader of the Chechen rebel movement
2611:Local jurisdictions under the constitution
2336:
1178:Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
1114:
1100:
139:Государственный строй Российской Федерации
5396:
4674:
4605:
4401:
4399:
3963:Learn how and when to remove this message
3730:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3548:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1966:
1604:
1326:
1303:, as promulgated in 1924, incorporated a
1294:
1282:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4984:
4891:
4863:
4861:
4713:
4405:
4361:
3781:
3684:
3633:
3478:
2639:
2589:
2586:The Federation Treaty and regional power
2507:
2482:Many judges appointed by the regimes of
2378:
2152:
2042:, Richard Dresner, a close associate of
2021:
1831:
1660:
1212:political and economic concessions from
465:
7339:Collective Security Treaty Organization
5692:
5627:
5609:from the original on September 13, 2012
5596:
5469:
4742:
4455:
3805:during Putin's and Medvedev's tenures.
3704:Russian politics has been dominated by
3680:
2423:with a hierarchical structure with the
2076:
1522:Congress of People's Deputies of Russia
1481:as acting prime minister in June 1992.
633:
14:
8091:
6266:
5628:Wintour, Patrick (December 26, 2023).
5572:"Why business is still wary of Russia"
5569:
5551:from the original on December 31, 2016
5421:from the original on September 7, 2019
5343:
5128:from the original on December 20, 2016
4492:
4486:
4418:from the original on December 29, 2018
4396:
4211:from the original on February 12, 2022
2169:The 616-member parliament, termed the
1981:Central Electoral Commission of Russia
1849:Central Bank of the Russian Federation
1769:
1301:first constitution of the Soviet Union
151:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation
6897:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
6667:
6240:
5833:
5578:from the original on January 22, 2008
5451:from the original on January 24, 2021
5209:from the original on October 25, 2007
5183:from the original on January 25, 2024
5145:
5143:
5102:from the original on October 28, 2020
4858:
4701:from the original on November 5, 2021
4662:from the original on October 28, 2020
4273:from the original on December 2, 2018
4243:from the original on November 7, 2021
3607:populations. These republics include
3424:Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
2286:
2181:(the lower house) and the 166-member
2143:
1677:was an important factor in Yeltsin's
1651:Constitution and government structure
1575:Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
1194:Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
591:
8036:Unified Sports Classification System
5859:
5727:from the original on January 9, 2008
5513:MICHAEL WASIURA (January 25, 2023).
5229:"Russia votes for Putin's successor"
4317:
3901:adding citations to reliable sources
3872:
3526:adding citations to reliable sources
3493:
3263:
2083:Government of the Russian Federation
1614:
1260:adding citations to reliable sources
1227:
229:Chairwoman of the Federation Council
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
6693:
5693:Simpson, Emma (February 14, 2006).
5661:
4879:from the original on March 27, 2022
4037:Russian presidential administration
3579:and perhaps other republics of the
2512:An arbitration court of appeals in
2451:. The judiciary is governed by the
1871:Former first deputy prime minister
1866:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1794:that have the force of law without
1692:
1509:. The Chair of the Supreme Soviet,
1491:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1461:to the Soviet Union, receiving the
1130:take place in the framework of the
24:
7334:Commonwealth of Independent States
5701:from the original on March 8, 2008
5674:from the original on July 25, 2008
5384:from the original on March 5, 2016
5352:from the original on March 4, 2016
5235:from the original on March 5, 2008
5140:
4761:. October 31, 1997. Archived from
4593:from the original on March 8, 2019
4574:
4143:
3749:2000 Russian presidential election
3734:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
3439:Commonwealth of Independent States
3405:2018 Russian presidential election
3217:30 October 1997 – 31 December 2001
2925:30 October 1997 – 21 December 2001
2525:October 1993 constitutional crisis
2368:
2281:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
1532:in accordance with existing laws.
1447:Commonwealth of Independent States
1331:Certain policies of Soviet leader
374:Mikhail Mishustin's Second Cabinet
135:Politics of the Russian Federation
25:
8115:
5767:
5751:United States Department of State
5695:"Russia wields the energy weapon"
5597:Pleming, Sue (October 22, 2007).
5521:from the original on May 10, 2023
5402:
3409:2016 Russian legislative election
3366:Presidential power in the regions
3328:
3009:30 October 1997 – 24 January 2002
2249:Structure of the Federal Assembly
1855:Informal powers and power centers
8104:History of Russia (1991–present)
6220:
6211:
6210:
5773:
5664:"Russia, Ukraine argue over gas"
5039:from the original on May 3, 2019
4944:from the original on May 3, 2019
4914:from the original on May 3, 2019
4846:from the original on May 2, 2019
4807:from the original on May 2, 2019
4628:from the original on May 3, 2019
4456:Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996).
4406:Smirnova, Lena (July 24, 2017).
4384:from the original on May 3, 2019
4054:Mikhail Fradkov's Second Cabinet
3877:
3753:March 2004 presidential election
3498:
3350:
3336:
3321:Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug
3313:
3299:
3285:
3271:
3248:
3235:
3221:
3207:
3193:
3179:
3166:
3162:1 August 1997 – 22 February 2002
3152:
3138:
3124:
3111:
3097:
3083:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2999:
2985:
2971:
2957:
2943:
2929:
2915:
2901:
2878:
2864:
2850:
2846:29 November 1996 – 15 March 2002
2836:
2813:
2799:
2785:
2781:23 March 1995 – 2 September 2002
2771:
2758:
2744:
2730:
2716:
2702:
2688:
2635:
1681:of that body in September 1993.
1618:
1611:History of Russia (1991–present)
1387:
1232:
1071:
494:
145:
33:
5739:
5713:
5686:
5655:
5621:
5590:
5563:
5533:
5506:
5463:
5433:
5364:
5337:
5307:
5277:
5247:
5221:
5169:
5114:
5084:
5065:. June 16, 1998. Archived from
5051:
5033:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5021:
4956:
4938:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4926:
4908:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4695:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4622:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4378:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4293:"Legislative process in Russia"
4130:
4121:
3888:needs additional citations for
3868:
3391:Political parties and elections
3258:30 October 1997 – 15 March 2002
3203:13 June 1996 – 19 February 2002
2874:30 January 1996 – 12 April 2002
2809:15 February 1994 – 24 July 2017
2712:11 July 1995 – 15 February 2002
2461:Judicial Qualification Collegia
2325:express a vote of no-confidence
1839:protest in Moscow, 1 March 2015
1467:United Nations Security Council
1368:. The next month, the Congress
916:United Nations Security Council
44:needs additional citations for
6178:British Indian Ocean Territory
5570:Arnold, James (May 31, 2005).
5001:. June 3, 1996. Archived from
4493:Turner, Cassandra (May 2018).
4336:
4311:
4285:
4255:
4223:
4191:
4177:
4163:
4070:Post–World War II anti-fascism
3295:31 May 1996 – 21 December 2001
3244:21 May 1998 – 22 February 2002
3120:31 May 1996 – 21 December 2001
3107:30 January 1996 – 4 April 2002
3093:19 May 1996 – 21 December 2001
3023:21 May 1998 – 19 February 2002
2967:21 May 1998 – 26 February 2002
2860:24 April 1996 – 12 August 2002
2767:21 May 1998 – 31 December 2001
2668:List of power-sharing treaties
2651:, a federal subject of Russia.
2521:Constitutional Court of Russia
2453:All-Russian Congress of Judges
2118:The Government formulates the
1437:in August and September 1991.
1224:Historical background, 1924-93
544:
13:
1:
7244:Political abuse of psychiatry
4157:
4153:. Cambridge University Press.
4060:Electoral geography of Russia
4015:History of post-Soviet Russia
3990:Law of the Russian Federation
3642:, the former separatist rebel
3460:
3309:1 November 1997 – 4 July 2003
3293:Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
3281:1 November 1997 – 4 July 2003
3189:12 January 1996 – 4 July 2003
3175:4 July 1997 – 9 February 2002
3065:30 October 1997 – 20 May 2003
3051:4 July 1997 – 30 January 2002
2995:12 January 1996 – 31 May 2002
2953:4 July 1997 – 2 February 2002
2888:1 November 1997 – 4 July 2003
2823:17 October 1995 – 4 July 2003
2569:Political divisions of Russia
2563:Local and regional government
2148:
2000:presidential election of 1996
1977:Law on Presidential Elections
1665:The Presidential copy of the
1473:and other properties abroad.
1463:Soviet Union's permanent seat
1394:Russian presidential election
1370:declared Russia's sovereignty
1354:Congress of People's Deputies
1057:Political abuse of psychiatry
911:Russia and the United Nations
7889:Traditions and superstitions
5603:International Business Times
3995:Federation Council of Russia
3728:of the legislature, are the
3037:13 June 1996 – 18 April 2002
2680:
2135:Russian Council of Ministers
2067:for a summary of the results
1792:issue decrees and directives
7:
7555:Water supply and sanitation
4320:Regional Politics in Russia
4000:Foreign relations of Russia
3983:
3823:Economist Intelligence Unit
3397:Political parties in Russia
3360:13 June 1996 – 4 April 2002
3346:16 June 1998 – 16 June 2008
3231:4 July 1997 – 15 March 2002
3134:29 May 1996 – 15 March 2002
2939:4 July 1997 – 9 August 2002
2911:21 May 1998 – 18 March 2002
2754:20 March 1996 – 20 May 2002
2740:1 July 1994 – 8 August 2002
2698:3 August 1994 – 7 July 2005
2038:reported that Joe Shumate,
1861:presidential administration
1758:(in office 1958-69) in the
1674:1978 constitution of Russia
852:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
756:Central Election Commission
569:Presidential Administration
10:
8120:
5445:www.democratic-erosion.com
4048:Yevgeny Primakov's Cabinet
4042:Sergei Kiriyenko's Cabinet
3779:as the new Prime minister.
3718:2003 legislative elections
3712:party, and Prime Minister
3702:2000 presidential election
3464:
3421:
3394:
3148:29 May 1996 – 4 March 2002
3079:8 June 1996 – 6 April 2002
2893:
2795:29 June 1995 – 4 July 2003
2566:
2372:
2132:
2080:
1654:
1608:
268:Chairman of the State Duma
8055:
7812:
7576:
7567:
7400:
7391:
7144:
7135:
6943:
6934:
6869:
6711:
6702:
6645:
6597:
6559:
6274:
6206:
6165:
6125:
5867:
5791:Federal Research Division
3446:State of the Union speech
3323:27 May 1996 – 6 July 2002
2981:27 May 1996 – 6 July 2002
2726:27 May 1996 – 4 July 2003
2439:are the primary criminal
2433:High Court of Arbitration
2389:High Court of Arbitration
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1590:
822:Heads of federal subjects
454:
447:
437:
430:
420:
413:
405:
395:
387:
379:
369:
359:
352:
344:
334:
324:
317:
307:
297:
287:
280:
273:
259:
249:
242:
234:
220:
210:
203:
193:
183:
173:
166:
156:
144:
133:
7329:Prime Minister of Russia
5927:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4080:
4025:Public Chamber of Russia
3853:The arrest of prominent
3745:Prime Minister of Russia
2828:
2486:(in office 1964-82) and
2268:Parliamentary committees
2139:Prime Minister of Russia
1499:Supreme Soviet of Russia
1027:Administrative divisions
7767:Social entrepreneurship
7656:Forced public apologies
7591:Anti-American sentiment
6188:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5803:March 27, 2009, at the
5786:Russia: A Country Study
5156:The Wall Street Journal
3861:at double digit rates.
3457:bills or to veto them.
3307:Taymyr Autonomous Okrug
2552:Russian judicial system
2548:Criminal Procedure Code
2337:The legislative process
2330:dissolve the State Duma
2157:South Korean President
1800:dissolve the State Duma
1507:Soviet of Nationalities
774:Gubernatorial elections
7515:Social security system
7498:Science and technology
7164:Classified information
6990:Central Russian Upland
6317:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5231:. CNN. March 2, 2008.
5063:Friends & Partners
4999:Friends & Partners
4759:Friends & Partners
4318:Ross, Cameron (2002).
4149:David Szakonyi. 2020.
4005:Human rights in Russia
3851:
3803:democratic backsliding
3787:
3697:
3643:
3583:, and the Republic of
3491:
3279:Evenk Autonomous Okrug
3077:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2652:
2599:
2516:
2408:
2166:
2027:
1967:Presidential elections
1840:
1783:constitutional order.
1669:
1657:Constitution of Russia
1605:Development since 1993
1503:Soviet of the Republic
1327:Gorbachev, 1985 - 1991
1295:The Soviet inheritance
1146:Constitution of Russia
871:Diplomatic missions of
764:Presidential elections
479:
161:Constitution of Russia
7976:Russian tsars regalia
7309:Intelligence agencies
7032:Great Russian Regions
6776:Expansion (1500-1800)
5723:. Radio Free Europe.
5484:10.1353/jod.2015.0009
5348:. Council of Europe.
5179:. November 25, 2023.
3842:
3785:
3688:
3637:
3482:
3444:In his February 1996
2643:
2593:
2529:constitutional rights
2511:
2469:officers of the court
2415:is defined under the
2382:
2156:
2025:
1835:
1760:French Fifth Republic
1664:
1561:In June 1993 Yeltsin
1358:elected in March 1990
769:Legislative elections
522:Russian Criminal Code
469:
8043:World Heritage sites
7420:Droughts and famines
6973:Environmental issues
6721:Proto-Indo-Europeans
6102:United Arab Emirates
5472:Journal of Democracy
5344:Gil-Robles, Alvaro.
5295:on December 31, 2016
4803:. November 3, 1997.
4730:on February 25, 2005
4467:: 12. Archived from
4010:Corruption in Russia
3912:"Politics of Russia"
3897:improve this article
3858:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
3801:Russia has suffered
3768:Russian constitution
3681:Putin administration
3674:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
3656:Yevgeniy Nazdratenko
3522:improve this section
3467:Separatism in Russia
2779:North Ossetia–Alania
2425:Constitutional Court
2405:Constitutional Court
2277:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
2262:Each house elects a
2097:presidential decrees
2077:Government (cabinet)
1953:Republic of Chechnya
1698:Main office-holders
1667:Russian Constitution
1545:Constitutional Court
1495:extreme nationalists
1311:became known as the
1256:improve this section
827:Regional parliaments
716:Constitutional Court
665:Valentina Matviyenko
432:Constitutional Court
364:Government of Russia
225:Valentina Matviyenko
68:"Politics of Russia"
53:improve this article
7894:Forms of addressing
7503:Academy of Sciences
7460:Financial districts
7324:President of Russia
7249:Political divisions
7209:Freedom of assembly
7091:West Siberian Plain
6837:Great Patriotic War
6798:February Revolution
6560:States with limited
6268:Politics of Europe
6129:limited recognition
4207:. January 5, 2017.
3486:, Chechen militant
3401:Elections in Russia
2675:Viktor Chernomyrdin
2647:, president of the
2499:Ministry of Justice
2465:Ministry of Justice
2413:Judiciary of Russia
2375:Judiciary of Russia
2237:, partnership, and
2052:Clinton White House
1897:presidential decree
1881:Alexander Korzhakov
1806:of parliament, the
1770:Presidential powers
1699:
1537:Viktor Chernomyrdin
1406:August coup of 1991
1150:President of Russia
1144:. According to the
792:Electoral geography
425:Judiciary of Russia
312:Direct popular vote
8099:Politics of Russia
7944:Russian given name
7530:Telecommunications
7480:Petroleum industry
7344:State of emergency
7189:Far-right politics
7154:Capital punishment
7000:Meshchera Lowlands
6854:Russian Federation
6810:October Revolution
5447:. March 14, 2018.
5325:on January 1, 2017
5035:. August 1, 1997.
4658:. March 21, 1996.
4474:on August 28, 2017
4269:. August 3, 2016.
3814:(then head of the
3788:
3698:
3644:
3638:Chechen President
3492:
3475:Second Chechen War
2993:Kaliningrad Oblast
2951:Chelyabinsk Oblast
2738:Kabardino-Balkaria
2653:
2600:
2556:adversarial system
2517:
2477:Prosecutor General
2409:
2393:Vyacheslav Lebedev
2343:Federation Council
2287:Legislative Powers
2256:local legislatures
2183:Federation Council
2167:
2163:Russian State Duma
2144:Legislative branch
2028:
1925:state of emergency
1841:
1837:Russian opposition
1697:
1670:
1630:. You can help by
1511:Ruslan Khasbulatov
1206:A new constitution
1158:multi-party system
1128:politics of Russia
779:Regional elections
726:Prosecutor General
696:Vyacheslav Volodin
648:Federation Council
487:Politics of Russia
480:
319:Head of government
264:Vyacheslav Volodin
238:Indirect elections
215:Federation Council
168:Legislative branch
18:Russian politician
8084:
8083:
8051:
8050:
7631:Domestic violence
7563:
7562:
7485:Russian oligarchs
7410:Aircraft industry
7387:
7386:
7364:Mass surveillance
7354:Search and rescue
7319:Political parties
7199:Foreign relations
7131:
7130:
6930:
6929:
6922:Historical cities
6781:Tsardom of Russia
6661:
6660:
6234:
6233:
6171:other territories
5861:Politics of Asia
4910:. June 14, 1996.
4697:. June 20, 2008.
4354:978-3-642-07700-5
4075:Tsarist autocracy
4020:Economy of Russia
3973:
3972:
3965:
3947:
3838:managed democracy
3816:Council of Europe
3812:Alvaro Gil-Robles
3714:Mikhail Mishustin
3648:Sverdlovsk Oblast
3558:
3557:
3550:
3471:First Chechen War
3264:Autonomous Okrugs
3187:Sverdlovsk Oblast
2604:Federation Treaty
2457:Council of Judges
2385:Veniamin Yakovlev
2177:, the 450-member
1927:. In both cases,
1756:Charles de Gaulle
1752:
1751:
1741:Mikhail Mishustin
1648:
1647:
1579:Aleksandr Rutskoy
1515:1978 constitution
1501:, comprising the
1333:Mikhail Gorbachev
1292:
1291:
1284:
1172:is vested in the
1170:Legislative power
1135:semi-presidential
1124:
1123:
1078:Russia portal
893:Visa requirements
845:Foreign relations
797:Political parties
604:Mikhail Mishustin
532:Mental Health Law
464:
463:
339:Mikhail Mishustin
260:Presiding officer
221:Presiding officer
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
8111:
8064:
8011:Russian language
7954:National symbols
7574:
7573:
7493:
7450:Fishing industry
7440:Economic regions
7435:Defence industry
7398:
7397:
7142:
7141:
7096:Russian Far East
6995:Northwest Russia
6953:Cities and towns
6941:
6940:
6803:Russian Republic
6709:
6708:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6598:Dependencies and
6534:Northern Ireland
6275:Sovereign states
6261:
6254:
6247:
6238:
6237:
6224:
6214:
6213:
6183:Christmas Island
5869:Sovereign states
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5794:
5777:
5776:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5409:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5321:. Archived from
5319:freedomhouse.org
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5291:. Archived from
5289:freedomhouse.org
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5265:on March 5, 2008
5261:. Archived from
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5010:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4940:. May 20, 1996.
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4842:. July 7, 1997.
4832:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4793:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4751:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4687:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4624:. May 28, 1996.
4614:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4584:Demokratizatsiya
4581:
4575:Chuman, Mizuki.
4572:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4462:
4453:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4412:The Moscow Times
4403:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4380:. May 30, 1996.
4370:
4359:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:on July 15, 2011
4295:. Archived from
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4107:
4104:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3905:
3881:
3873:
3764:Mikhail Kasyanov
3553:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3502:
3494:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3256:Yaroslavl Oblast
3254:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3215:Ulyanovsk Oblast
3213:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3035:Leningrad Oblast
3033:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2923:Astrakhan Oblast
2921:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2886:Krasnoyarsk Krai
2884:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2598:, Sakha Republic
2449:appellate courts
2447:are the primary
2171:Federal Assembly
2161:speaking in the
2107:and respect for
2008:Gennady Zyuganov
1808:Federal Assembly
1748:16 January 2020
1700:
1696:
1693:Executive branch
1643:
1640:
1622:
1615:
1592:
1556:vote on 25 April
1471:Soviet embassies
1410:New Union Treaty
1287:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1236:
1228:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1042:Accounts Chamber
832:Local government
817:Federal subjects
640:Federal Assembly
574:Security Council
498:
482:
481:
275:Executive branch
178:Federal Assembly
149:
131:
130:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8080:
8067:
8060:
8047:
8006:Public holidays
8001:Political jokes
7986:Personification
7939:Names of Russia
7808:
7727:Life expectancy
7559:
7491:
7383:
7234:Law enforcement
7127:
7113:Protected areas
7010:Smolensk Upland
7005:Oka–Don Lowland
6985:European Russia
6926:
6865:
6751:Mongol invasion
6698:
6692:
6662:
6657:
6641:
6599:
6593:
6579:Northern Cyprus
6561:
6555:
6449:North Macedonia
6270:
6265:
6235:
6230:
6202:
6170:
6161:
6142:Northern Cyprus
6128:
6121:
5863:
5858:
5805:Wayback Machine
5783:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5662:Simpson, Emma.
5660:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5511:
5507:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5148:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5072:
5070:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5008:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4975:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4902:
4901:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4834:
4833:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4768:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4631:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4579:
4573:
4502:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4460:
4454:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4355:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4204:TheGuardian.com
4197:
4196:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4146:
4144:Further reading
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4088:
4083:
3986:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3906:
3904:
3894:
3882:
3871:
3792:Dmitry Medvedev
3773:Mikhail Fradkov
3683:
3597:Sakha (Yakutia)
3554:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3519:
3503:
3477:
3463:
3426:
3420:
3411:
3395:Main articles:
3393:
3368:
3363:
3351:
3349:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3314:
3312:
3300:
3298:
3286:
3284:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3249:
3247:
3242:Voronezh Oblast
3236:
3234:
3222:
3220:
3208:
3206:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3153:
3151:
3146:Sakhalin Oblast
3139:
3137:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3110:
3105:Orenburg Oblast
3098:
3096:
3084:
3082:
3070:
3068:
3063:Murmansk Oblast
3056:
3054:
3042:
3040:
3028:
3026:
3021:Kostroma Oblast
3014:
3012:
3000:
2998:
2986:
2984:
2972:
2970:
2958:
2956:
2944:
2942:
2930:
2928:
2916:
2914:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2863:
2858:Khabarovsk Krai
2851:
2849:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2784:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2745:
2743:
2731:
2729:
2717:
2715:
2703:
2701:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2638:
2613:
2588:
2571:
2565:
2503:Russian society
2484:Leonid Brezhnev
2445:regional courts
2437:district courts
2377:
2371:
2369:Judicial branch
2339:
2289:
2251:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2085:
2079:
1969:
1944:signed into law
1893:Alexander Lebed
1877:Nikolay Yegorov
1873:Anatoly Chubais
1857:
1796:judicial review
1776:foreign affairs
1772:
1695:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1628:needs expansion
1613:
1607:
1487:
1422:Communist Party
1390:
1329:
1305:treaty of union
1297:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1253:
1237:
1226:
1200:adopted by the
1162:executive power
1120:
1091:
1087:Other countries
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1022:
1014:
1013:
970:
927:
907:
883:Nationality law
879:
867:
847:
837:
836:
812:
802:
801:
788:
784:Local elections
760:
751:
741:
740:
736:Law enforcement
711:
701:
700:
684:8th convocation
669:
643:
636:
626:
625:
612:
611:
602:
594:
584:
583:
565:
564:
555:
547:
537:
536:
512:
489:
459:Irina Podnosova
415:Judicial branch
370:Current cabinet
152:
140:
137:
136:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8066:
8065:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7520:Space industry
7517:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7495:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7359:Urban planning
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7211:
7206:
7196:
7194:Federal budget
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7103:North Caucasus
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7037:Highest points
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6980:Extreme points
6977:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6795:
6793:Russian Empire
6790:
6789:
6788:
6778:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697: articles
6691:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6653:European Union
6649:
6647:
6646:Other entities
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6601:
6600:other entities
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6524:United Kingdom
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6337:Czech Republic
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6218:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5795:
5769:
5768:External links
5766:
5764:
5763:
5747:"Turkmenistan"
5738:
5712:
5685:
5654:
5620:
5589:
5562:
5532:
5505:
5478:(1): 141–155.
5462:
5432:
5395:
5363:
5336:
5306:
5276:
5246:
5220:
5194:
5168:
5139:
5113:
5098:(in Russian).
5083:
5069:on May 3, 2019
5050:
5020:
5005:on May 3, 2019
4983:
4973:
4955:
4925:
4890:
4875:(in Russian).
4857:
4818:
4779:
4765:on May 3, 2019
4741:
4712:
4673:
4643:
4604:
4500:
4485:
4429:
4395:
4360:
4353:
4335:
4328:
4310:
4284:
4254:
4222:
4190:
4176:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4108:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4034:
4031:Project Russia
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3971:
3970:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3796:Vladimir Putin
3682:
3679:
3652:Primorsky Krai
3640:Ramzan Kadyrov
3581:North Caucasus
3556:
3555:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3484:Shamil Basayev
3462:
3459:
3422:Main article:
3419:
3416:
3392:
3389:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3358:St. Petersburg
3347:
3332:
3330:
3329:Federal Cities
3327:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3296:
3282:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3245:
3232:
3229:Vologda Oblast
3218:
3204:
3190:
3176:
3173:Saratov Oblast
3163:
3149:
3135:
3121:
3108:
3094:
3080:
3066:
3052:
3049:Magadan Oblast
3038:
3024:
3010:
2996:
2982:
2979:Irkutsk Oblast
2968:
2965:Ivanovo Oblast
2954:
2940:
2937:Bryansk Oblast
2926:
2912:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2875:
2872:Krasnodar Krai
2861:
2847:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2796:
2793:Sakha Republic
2782:
2768:
2755:
2741:
2727:
2713:
2699:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2669:
2666:
2649:Sakha Republic
2637:
2634:
2612:
2609:
2587:
2584:
2567:Main article:
2564:
2561:
2373:Main article:
2370:
2367:
2338:
2335:
2318:prime minister
2288:
2285:
2250:
2247:
2243:market economy
2219:new civil code
2173:, consists of
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2120:federal budget
2101:foreign policy
2093:prime minister
2089:prime minister
2081:Main article:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2069:
1985:ethnic enclave
1968:
1965:
1910:Oleg Soskovets
1856:
1853:
1771:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1736:Prime Minister
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:Vladimir Putin
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1623:
1609:Main article:
1606:
1603:
1486:
1483:
1389:
1386:
1366:Supreme Soviet
1335:(in office as
1328:
1325:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1166:Prime Minister
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:Related topics
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
926:
925:
924:
923:
918:
906:
905:
895:
890:
885:
878:
877:
866:
865:
854:
848:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
794:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
758:
752:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
687:
677:
668:
667:
656:
651:
637:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
621:Cabinet (57th)
618:
599:Prime Minister
596:
595:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
557:Vladimir Putin
549:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
491:
490:
485:
472:Moscow Kremlin
462:
461:
456:
452:
451:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
411:
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403:
402:
397:
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389:
385:
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383:Prime Minister
381:
377:
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371:
367:
366:
361:
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350:
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342:
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336:
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329:Prime Minister
326:
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321:
315:
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309:
305:
304:
302:Vladimir Putin
299:
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198:Moscow Kremlin
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9:
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8027:
8026:Seven Wonders
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7991:Playing cards
7989:
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7686:Mental health
7684:
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7646:Ethnic groups
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7349:Civil defense
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7307:
7305:
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7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:Media freedom
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7280:
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7207:
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7185:
7182:
7180:
7179:Criminal code
7177:
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7170:
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7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:Civil Service
7157:
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6848:
6845:
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6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Russian state
6818:
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6808:
6804:
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6799:
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6613:
6612:Faroe Islands
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:South Ossetia
6582:
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6409:Liechtenstein
6407:
6405:
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6380:
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6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:South Ossetia
6150:
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6140:
6138:
6135:
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6130:
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6118:
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5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5780:public domain
5772:
5771:
5752:
5748:
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5700:
5696:
5689:
5673:
5669:
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5593:
5577:
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5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5417:
5413:
5412:The Economist
5406:
5403:Kekic, Laza.
5399:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5324:
5320:
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5310:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5213:September 25,
5208:
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5000:
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4988:
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4976:
4974:0-7656-0559-7
4970:
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4792:
4790:
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4786:
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4776:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4734:September 24,
4729:
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4684:
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4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4497:. p. 49.
4496:
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4459:
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4383:
4379:
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4369:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:0-7190-5890-2
4325:
4321:
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4294:
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4272:
4268:
4264:
4258:
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3967:
3964:
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3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914: –
3913:
3909:
3908:Find sources:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3886:This article
3884:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3831:Larry Diamond
3828:
3827:hybrid regime
3824:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3807:Freedom House
3804:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:Viktor Zubkov
3775:, appointing
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3738:A Just Russia
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:United Russia
3707:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:Bashkortostan
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:Komi Republic
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3564:Advocates of
3562:
3552:
3549:
3541:
3538:December 2016
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3507:This section
3505:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3455:
3451:
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3398:
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3333:
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3308:
3297:
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3257:
3246:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3205:
3202:
3191:
3188:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3160:Samara Oblast
3150:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3132:Rostov Oblast
3122:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3011:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2983:
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2822:
2811:
2808:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2769:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2752:Komi Republic
2742:
2739:
2728:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2697:
2696:Bashkortostan
2686:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2645:Yegor Borisov
2642:
2636:Power sharing
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:, to examine
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:socialist law
2489:
2488:Yuri Andropov
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:Supreme Court
2426:
2422:
2421:law of Russia
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2401:Valery Zorkin
2398:
2397:Supreme Court
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:sign into law
2348:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2305:
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2110:
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2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:George Gorton
2037:
2033:
2032:United States
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1961:North Ossetia
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:, as well as
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1852:
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1715:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1642:
1639:November 2023
1633:
1629:
1626:This section
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1599:Pavel Grachev
1594:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1540:
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1523:
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1508:
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1500:
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1454:
1452:
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1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1388:Yeltsin, 1991
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:bezopasnosti—
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Boris Yeltsin
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1272:November 2023
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1241:This section
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:Boris Yeltsin
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:head of state
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Civic Chamber
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:Arctic policy
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:United States
972:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
908:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:Sergey Lavrov
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:
841:
840:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
806:
805:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
750:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Supreme Court
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:
705:
704:
697:
693:
692:
688:
685:
681:
678:
676:
675:
671:
670:
666:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:
645:
644:
642:
641:
635:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
593:
588:
587:
580:
579:State Council
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
546:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:
493:
492:
488:
484:
483:
477:
473:
468:
460:
457:
453:
450:
449:Supreme Court
446:
443:
442:Valery Zorkin
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:Head of state
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:Meeting place
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
148:
143:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
8086:
7964:Coat of arms
7924:Martial arts
7832:Army culture
7822:Architecture
7792:Witch trials
7747:Prostitution
7693:Human rights
7626:Demographics
7540:Trade unions
7510:Shipbuilding
7470:Homelessness
7430:Central Bank
7425:Car industry
7264:Conservatism
7174:Constitution
7169:Conscription
7136:
6842:Eastern Bloc
6832:Soviet Union
6825:Russian SFSR
6755:Feudal Rus'
6589:Transnistria
6551:Vatican City
6473:
6167:Dependencies
6097:Turkmenistan
6062:Saudi Arabia
6056:
5785:
5754:. Retrieved
5750:
5741:
5731:December 31,
5729:. Retrieved
5715:
5705:December 27,
5703:. Retrieved
5688:
5678:December 31,
5676:. Retrieved
5668:Taipei Times
5667:
5657:
5645:. Retrieved
5634:The Guardian
5633:
5623:
5613:December 27,
5611:. Retrieved
5602:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5565:
5555:December 30,
5553:. Retrieved
5545:PBS NewsHour
5544:
5535:
5523:. Retrieved
5517:. Newsweek.
5508:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5455:November 21,
5453:. Retrieved
5444:
5435:
5425:December 27,
5423:. Retrieved
5411:
5398:
5388:December 30,
5386:. Retrieved
5366:
5356:December 27,
5354:. Retrieved
5339:
5329:December 30,
5327:. Retrieved
5323:the original
5318:
5309:
5299:December 30,
5297:. Retrieved
5293:the original
5288:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5263:the original
5258:
5249:
5237:. Retrieved
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5197:
5187:February 10,
5185:. Retrieved
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5155:
5132:December 13,
5130:. Retrieved
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5095:
5086:
5078:
5071:. Retrieved
5067:the original
5062:
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5032:
5023:
5014:
5007:. Retrieved
5003:the original
4998:
4978:
4964:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4937:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4907:
4883:February 11,
4881:. Retrieved
4872:
4848:. Retrieved
4839:
4809:. Retrieved
4800:
4774:
4767:. Retrieved
4763:the original
4758:
4732:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4703:. Retrieved
4694:
4664:. Retrieved
4655:
4646:
4637:
4630:. Retrieved
4621:
4595:. Retrieved
4583:
4494:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4469:the original
4464:
4420:. Retrieved
4411:
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4344:
4338:
4319:
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4297:the original
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4267:The Guardian
4266:
4257:
4245:. Retrieved
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4179:
4165:
4150:
4132:
4123:
4065:Anti-fascism
4029:
3974:
3959:
3950:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3907:
3895:Please help
3890:verification
3887:
3869:Other issues
3863:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3820:
3800:
3789:
3761:
3755:. While the
3742:
3699:
3664:
3660:
3645:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3544:
3535:
3520:Please help
3508:
3443:
3431:
3427:
3412:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3007:Kirov Oblast
2671:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2541:
2518:
2496:
2481:
2471:, including
2441:trial courts
2417:Constitution
2410:
2363:
2359:
2340:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2290:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2168:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2086:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2017:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1941:
1914:
1906:state dachas
1902:
1889:
1885:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1819:federal laws
1816:promulgating
1789:
1785:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1687:
1683:
1671:
1636:
1632:adding to it
1627:
1595:
1571:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1488:
1479:Yegor Gaidar
1475:
1455:
1439:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1391:
1374:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1317:
1298:
1278:
1269:
1254:Please help
1242:
1210:
1198:constitution
1190:
1182:Soviet Union
1127:
1125:
1052:Human rights
1032:Armed forces
856:
731:Legal system
689:
672:
658:
646:
638:
597:
550:
517:Constitution
486:
396:Headquarters
157:Constitution
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
8016:tea culture
7869:Fairy tales
7732:Open access
7705:Immigration
7666:Gun control
7405:Agriculture
7374:Term limits
7284:Martial law
7279:Nationalism
7274:Irredentism
7269:Imperialism
7052:Caspian Sea
6968:Environment
6963:Earthquakes
6859:Union State
6847:Dissolution
6746:Kievan Rus'
6736:Early Slavs
6627:Isle of Man
6562:recognition
6509:Switzerland
6444:Netherlands
6226:Asia portal
6127:States with
6047:Philippines
5987:South Korea
5982:North Korea
5877:Afghanistan
5525:January 25,
5106:October 24,
4303:January 18,
4056:(2004–2007)
4050:(1998–1999)
3726:lower house
3667:tsarist-era
3201:Tver Oblast
3118:Perm Oblast
3091:Omsk Oblast
2909:Amur Oblast
2537:impeachment
2347:upper house
2310:upper house
2239:trusteeship
2159:Moon Jae-in
2105:rule of law
2044:Dick Morris
1937:upper house
1929:both houses
1921:martial law
1812:referendums
1804:lower house
1780:credentials
1730:7 May 2012
1679:dissolution
1583:White House
1443:met to form
1156:, and of a
931:Union State
898:Visa policy
634:Legislature
455:Chief judge
438:Chief judge
244:Lower house
205:Upper house
8093:Categories
8021:Television
7996:Philosophy
7929:Mass media
7919:Literature
7914:Inventions
7676:Healthcare
7611:Corruption
7601:Censorship
7492:(currency)
7369:Separatism
7314:Opposition
7299:Neo-Nazism
7289:Monarchism
7259:Liberalism
7254:Propaganda
7214:Government
7081:North Asia
6882:Journalism
6741:East Slavs
6731:Sarmatians
6479:San Marino
6439:Montenegro
6419:Luxembourg
6399:Kazakhstan
6302:Azerbaijan
6107:Uzbekistan
6082:Tajikistan
5997:Kyrgyzstan
5977:Kazakhstan
5897:Bangladesh
5887:Azerbaijan
4277:January 9,
4247:January 9,
4215:January 9,
4158:References
3923:newspapers
3840:" thusly,
3722:State Duma
3700:Since the
3696:camp, 2002
3465:See also:
3461:Separatism
2844:Altai Krai
2544:State Duma
2475:, but the
2443:, and the
2179:State Duma
2175:two houses
2149:Parliament
2133:See also:
1957:Ingushetia
1933:parliament
1382:presidency
1174:two houses
1047:Opposition
810:Federalism
674:State Duma
660:Chairwoman
616:Government
545:Presidency
406:Ministries
254:State Duma
109:March 2021
79:newspapers
7879:Festivals
7772:Sociology
7722:Languages
7641:Education
7545:Transport
7379:Terrorism
7224:Judiciary
7218:Apparatus
7184:Elections
7149:Anarchism
7123:Far North
7074:Volcanoes
7059:Mountains
6936:Geography
6815:Civil war
6726:Scythians
6617:Gibraltar
6414:Lithuania
6193:Hong Kong
6147:Palestine
6072:Sri Lanka
6067:Singapore
5947:Indonesia
5642:0261-3077
5492:1086-3214
5161:August 7,
4840:Jamestown
4801:Jamestown
4656:Jamestown
4639:reported.
4422:August 7,
3953:July 2019
3716:. At the
3670:guberniya
3625:Tatarstan
3573:Republics
3566:secession
3509:does not
3435:Budenovsk
2807:Tatarstan
2724:Chuvashia
2681:Republics
2546:passed a
2355:President
2294:budgetary
2227:insurance
2194:Tatarstan
1948:president
1718:President
1591:Белый дом
1459:successor
1435:Lithuania
1243:does not
1204:in 1978.
888:Passports
875:in Russia
749:Elections
709:Judiciary
592:Executive
552:President
391:President
388:Appointer
348:President
345:Appointer
335:Currently
308:Appointer
298:Currently
292:President
235:Appointer
188:Bicameral
8071:Category
7949:Nobility
7909:Internet
7904:Heraldry
7899:Graffiti
7884:Folklore
7827:Armorial
7757:Religion
7742:Polygamy
7681:HIV/AIDS
7661:Funerals
7651:Feminism
7621:Deafness
7606:Citizens
7596:Cannabis
7581:Abortion
7525:Taxation
7465:Gambling
7455:Forestry
7304:Military
7137:Politics
7118:Wildlife
7064:Caucasus
7027:Glaciers
6907:Military
6892:Internet
6870:By topic
6764:Vladimir
6759:Novgorod
6713:Timeline
6637:Svalbard
6622:Guernsey
6569:Abkhazia
6539:Scotland
6494:Slovenia
6489:Slovakia
6464:Portugal
6322:Bulgaria
6216:Category
6137:Abkhazia
6087:Thailand
6042:Pakistan
6022:Mongolia
6017:Maldives
6012:Malaysia
5912:Cambodia
5801:Archived
5756:June 28,
5725:Archived
5699:Archived
5672:Archived
5647:June 28,
5607:Archived
5576:Archived
5549:Archived
5519:Archived
5500:38581334
5449:Archived
5416:Archived
5379:Archived
5350:Archived
5269:March 3,
5239:March 1,
5233:Archived
5207:Archived
5181:Archived
5126:Archived
5100:Archived
5037:Archived
4942:Archived
4912:Archived
4877:Archived
4844:Archived
4805:Archived
4699:Archived
4660:Archived
4626:Archived
4588:Archived
4416:Archived
4382:Archived
4271:Archived
4238:Archived
4209:Archived
3984:See also
3978:propiska
3855:oligarch
3691:Norillag
3629:Udmurtia
3621:Mordovia
3613:Kalmykia
3605:Buddhist
3577:Chechnya
3488:Islamist
3450:tax code
2821:Udmurtia
2710:Buryatia
2455:and its
2264:chairman
2207:sessions
2198:Chechnya
2036:Guardian
1868:(CPSU).
1766:manner.
1505:and the
1451:Alma-Ata
1418:de facto
1347:Glasnost
1342:glasnost
1320:Cold War
1218:Putinism
1138:republic
858:Minister
691:Chairman
527:Tax Code
8062:Outline
7874:Fashion
7864:Fashion
7852:Cuisine
7814:Culture
7802:in army
7787:Wedding
7782:Suicide
7777:Smoking
7762:Slavery
7737:Orphans
7710:Illegal
7586:Alcohol
7569:Society
7535:Tourism
7415:Banking
7393:Economy
7238:Prisons
7086:Siberia
7042:Islands
7022:Geology
6958:Climate
6948:Borders
6912:Outline
6887:Judaism
6877:Economy
6704:History
6529:England
6519:Ukraine
6469:Romania
6429:Moldova
6387:Ireland
6382:Iceland
6377:Hungary
6367:Germany
6362:Georgia
6352:Finland
6347:Estonia
6342:Denmark
6327:Croatia
6312:Belgium
6307:Belarus
6297:Austria
6292:Armenia
6287:Andorra
6282:Albania
6112:Vietnam
6027:Myanmar
6007:Lebanon
5937:Georgia
5892:Bahrain
5882:Armenia
5697:. BBC.
5582:May 22,
5574:. BBC.
4586:: 146.
3937:scholar
3617:Mari El
3589:Karelia
3530:removed
3515:sources
3454:decrees
2894:Oblasts
2765:Mari El
2533:appeals
2514:Vologda
2407:), 2003
2403:of the
2395:of the
2387:of the
2353:by the
1931:of the
1703:Office
1587:Russian
1563:decreed
1530:decrees
1493:, from
1465:on the
1427:Estonia
1264:removed
1249:sources
1176:of the
1132:federal
994:Ukraine
979:Finland
902:history
680:Members
654:Members
354:Cabinet
93:scholar
8076:Portal
8031:Sports
7959:Anthem
7847:Cinema
7842:Ballet
7752:Racism
7715:Labour
7671:Health
7636:Doping
7490:Ruble
7475:Mining
7445:Energy
7108:Rivers
7017:Fjords
6917:Postal
6769:Moscow
6695:Russia
6632:Jersey
6574:Kosovo
6514:Turkey
6504:Sweden
6484:Serbia
6474:Russia
6459:Poland
6454:Norway
6434:Monaco
6404:Latvia
6372:Greece
6357:France
6332:Cyprus
6157:Taiwan
6092:Turkey
6057:Russia
5992:Kuwait
5972:Jordan
5962:Israel
5922:Cyprus
5907:Brunei
5902:Bhutan
5782:.
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5073:May 3,
5043:May 3,
5009:May 3,
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4948:May 2,
4918:May 2,
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4811:May 2,
4769:May 3,
4705:May 2,
4666:May 2,
4632:May 3,
4597:May 2,
4478:May 2,
4388:May 2,
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1148:, the
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478:times.
476:Soviet
400:Moscow
380:Leader
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7797:Women
7698:LGBTQ
7616:Crime
7550:Waste
7069:Urals
7047:Lakes
6607:Åland
6544:Wales
6499:Spain
6424:Malta
6394:Italy
6198:Macau
6117:Yemen
6077:Syria
6052:Qatar
6032:Nepal
5967:Japan
5942:India
5932:Egypt
5917:China
5496:S2CID
5419:(PDF)
5408:(PDF)
5382:(PDF)
5375:(PDF)
5096:Codex
4873:Codex
4591:(PDF)
4580:(PDF)
4472:(PDF)
4461:(PDF)
4241:(PDF)
4234:(PDF)
4081:Notes
3944:JSTOR
3930:books
3706:Putin
3694:gulag
2829:Krais
2596:Lensk
2231:loans
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2113:crime
2109:human
2065:below
2058:CEC.
1706:Name
1160:with
989:India
984:China
951:BRICS
325:Title
288:Title
100:JSTOR
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7969:Flag
7857:Wine
7837:Arts
6902:LGBT
6786:Army
6037:Oman
6002:Laos
5957:Iraq
5952:Iran
5758:2024
5733:2007
5707:2007
5680:2007
5649:2024
5638:ISSN
5615:2007
5584:2010
5557:2016
5527:2023
5488:ISSN
5457:2019
5427:2007
5390:2016
5358:2007
5331:2016
5301:2016
5271:2008
5241:2008
5215:2007
5189:2024
5163:2022
5134:2016
5108:2020
5075:2019
5045:2019
5016:May.
5011:2019
4969:ISBN
4950:2019
4920:2019
4885:2020
4852:2019
4813:2019
4771:2019
4736:2019
4707:2019
4668:2019
4634:2019
4599:2019
4480:2019
4424:2017
4390:2019
4349:ISBN
4324:ISBN
4305:2011
4279:2019
4249:2019
4217:2019
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1998:The
1975:The
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956:APEC
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