1756:
1701:
145:
1710:
138:
367:
260:
42:
252:
512:
560:
There are five overlapping vegetation zones in the
Ruwenzori: the evergreen forest zone (up to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)); the bamboo zone (2,800 to 3,300 metres (9,200 to 10,800 ft)); the heather zone (3,000 to 3,800 metres (9,800 to 12,500 ft)); the alpine zone (3,500 to 4,500 metres
1731:
on the
Ruwenzori's glaciers. In 1906, forty-three named glaciers were distributed over six mountains with a total area of 7.5 square kilometres (2.9 sq mi), about half the total glacier area in Africa. By 2005, less than half of these were still present, on only three mountains, with an
436:
The first traverse of the six massifs of the
Ruwenzori was done in 1975, starting on 27 January and ending on 13 February. The traverse was done by Polish climbers Janusz Chalecki, Stanisław Cholewa and Leszek Czarnecki, with Mirosław Kuraś accompanying them on the last half of the traverse.
556:
plants when they need it. In addition, nightly frosts affect the sap transport in the plants and the intake of water by its roots. As the day begins, the air temperature and radiation level rise rapidly, putting strenuous demands on the exposed parts of the plants as they try to meet the
557:
transpiration demands of the leaves and maintain a proper water balance. To counter the effects of freezing, the afro-alpine plants have developed the insulation systems that give them such a striking appearance. These adaptations become more prominent as the elevation increases.
561:(11,500 to 14,800 ft)); and, the nival zone (4,400 to 5,000 metres (14,400 to 16,400 ft)). At higher elevations, some plants reach an unusually large size, such as lobelia and groundsels. The vegetation in the Ruwenzori is unique to equatorial alpine Africa.
551:
There is no water shortage in the
Ruwenzori; yet, several members of the afro-alpine family resemble species that normally thrive in desert climates. The reason lies in their similar water economy. Water is not always readily available to the
1704:
1906 (top left, archive) and 2022 (bottom left) comparative images of Mt
Stanley 2012 (top right) and 2022 (bottom right) comparative images of West Stanley Glacier - altitude 4910 m asl created by Klaus Thymann on Project Pressure
2608:
547:
that lives on one of its peaks. Most of the range is now a World
Heritage Site and is covered jointly by Rwenzori Mountains National Park in southwestern Uganda and the Virunga National Park in the eastern Congo.
476:
2651:
1820:
409:. The expedition scaled the highest peaks of the range, several of which were named by the duke, while Mount Luigi di Savoia was named in his honour. Accompanying the duke was photographer
3436:
2703:
2589:
Africa's World War : Congo, the
Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
490:
Militias aligned with the old
Rwenzururu movement's ideology occupied the Rwenzori Mountains from 1997 to June 2001. In 2020, after being defeated across the border by the
2879:
1094:
1419:
1061:
757:
1748:
creating comparative photographs to visually document the glacier recession, the findings were published in global media including BBC One Planet, The
Guardian and
3168:
1223:
871:
1457:
859:
734:
722:
716:
349:
3158:
919:
728:
2844:
2636:
1544:
1054:
3128:
1585:
1048:
491:
2854:
421:
of the
Ruwenzori demonstrated that the glaciers were already in retreat. Sella's photographic work is conserved at the Museo Nazionale della Montagna in
3020:
1349:
1937:
2874:
2696:
2098:
1752:. The alteration can be seen in comparative images. As the temperature rises and the glaciers recede, vegetation slowly creeps up the mountain.
1343:
3000:
2219:
3143:
81:
3083:
328:
The range is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) long and 65 kilometres (40 mi) wide. It consists of six massifs separated by deep gorges:
3108:
3098:
3025:
345:
2563:
2689:
341:
215:. The highest peak of the Ruwenzori reaches 5,109 metres (16,762 ft), and the range's upper regions are permanently snow-capped and
1736:, have attributed this retreat to global climate change and have investigated the impact of this change on the mountain's vegetation and
468:
306:
2429:
1997:
3426:
1695:
2376:
2597:
2541:
2075:
2048:
2010:
352:(4,627 metres (15,180 ft)). Mount Stanley has several subsidiary summits, with Margherita Peak being the highest point.
2255:
2160:
3035:
2263:
1902:
1732:
area of about 1.5 square kilometres (0.58 sq mi). Recent scientific studies, such as those by Richard Taylor of
2462:
2187:
3431:
2618:
1965:
3256:
2297:
1801:
240:
212:
171:
2644:
1755:
455:, the Rwenzururu movement reemerged and continued its struggle until signing a peace deal with Ugandan President
379:
228:
224:
2531:
2557:
464:
406:
3456:
137:
74:
3421:
1303:
1012:
2230:
3441:
2849:
3226:
2573:
1828:
1733:
1728:
3446:
2522:, Williams, Richard S. Jr. (editor) In: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1991, pp.G1-G70
949:
495:
460:
17:
2325:"Recent glacial recession in the Rwenzori Mountains of East Africa due to rising air temperature"
1035:
3246:
3216:
2947:
640:
390:. Modern European explorers observed the range beginning in the late nineteenth century, with
484:
3261:
3241:
2781:
1485:
877:
236:
1700:
2912:
2869:
2382:
2339:
2323:
Taylor, R. G.; Mileham, L.; Tindimugaya, C.; Majugu, A.; Muwanga, A.; Nakileza, B. (2006).
2226:
2215:
1769:
1749:
1281:
1163:
1121:
865:
463:(NRA) rebel force operated in the mountains. After the NRA seized power in Uganda in 1986,
405:
mounted an expedition to the Ruwenzori, the account of which was subsequently published by
337:
322:
314:
2664:
8:
3451:
3385:
3336:
3251:
2942:
2816:
2759:
1850:
1824:
1391:
913:
634:
524:
448:
430:
383:
310:
2343:
1994:
3400:
3370:
3321:
3133:
2922:
2859:
2801:
2610:
Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa
2574:
Dr Taylor's Homepage, with information about the impact of climate change on Ruwenzori.
2508:
2355:
1942:
1881:
1720:
1550:
1183:
1127:
681:
3206:
2681:
2324:
2185:
3341:
3301:
3291:
3276:
3231:
3211:
3148:
3118:
3103:
3050:
2995:
2990:
2975:
2614:
2593:
2537:
2437:
2071:
2044:
2006:
1864:
Wayland, E. J. (July–December 1934). "Rifts, Rivers, Rains and Early Man in Uganda".
1797:
819:
779:
2289:
1709:
3296:
3271:
3266:
2937:
2917:
2864:
2839:
2773:
2754:
2744:
2500:
2359:
2347:
1873:
1745:
536:
472:
452:
395:
394:
reporting what he called the "Blue Mountains" looming in the distance in 1864, and
196:
3196:
2568:
3365:
3201:
3068:
3040:
2927:
2821:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2718:
2587:
2267:
2164:
2065:
2038:
2023:
2001:
1629:
1529:
1263:
672:
572:
532:
444:, the Rwenzori Mountains have repeatedly become sanctuaries to rebel groups. The
402:
371:
2670:
2491:
Day, Christopher R. (July 2011). "The Fates of Rebels: Insurgencies in Uganda".
1910:
3380:
3331:
3306:
3286:
3188:
3163:
2985:
2932:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2504:
2301:
441:
410:
398:
visiting the range in 1875 and 1888, when he recorded the name as "Ruwenzori".
204:
2186:
Dino Mahtani; Nelleke van de Walle; Piers Pigou; Meron Elias (18 March 2021).
3415:
3326:
3281:
3221:
3178:
3173:
2965:
2811:
2739:
2727:
2441:
2404:
1741:
1713:
1463:
1318:
1312:
976:
356:
329:
264:
96:
83:
57:
2040:
Managing ethnic conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for cooperation
3138:
3123:
3113:
3058:
3030:
3015:
3010:
2980:
2786:
2749:
2733:
1796:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 327.
1737:
1716:
1437:
853:
456:
445:
391:
366:
3236:
3153:
3093:
3078:
3005:
2970:
2372:
2351:
1872:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 333–352.
1595:
1371:
1257:
1041:
941:
553:
333:
318:
284:
207:
of mountains in eastern equatorial Africa, located on the border between
2663:
2550:, Kaser, G., Osmaston, H.A. 2002, Cambridge University Press, UK. 207 p.
2512:
1969:
487:
began to wage an insurgency against Mobutu from the Rwenzori Mountains.
3375:
3360:
3073:
2831:
1885:
1479:
1407:
1217:
387:
475:
rebel group. In the early 1990s, a Congolese rebel group known as the
3395:
3390:
3351:
1821:"Climate Change and the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Rwenzori Mountains"
996:
886:
467:
broke out. This time, the Rwenzori Mountains hosted the bases of the
451:
fought an insurgency in the mountains in the 1960s. In course of the
292:
1995:
Flowers of the Moon, Afroalpine vegetation of the Rwenzori Mountains
1877:
413:, who had previously visited the mountains. His photographs of the
3088:
1297:
1177:
813:
624:
272:
2163:. United Nations Environment Programme. March 2003. Archived from
2141:
2528:, Osmaston,H.A., Pasteur,D. 1972, Mountain Club of Uganda. 200 p.
1143:
773:
666:
540:
516:
418:
414:
299:
288:
276:
259:
232:
219:. Rivers fed by mountain streams form one of the sources of the
216:
41:
511:
471:(NALU) and the "Partie de Liberation Congolaise" (PLC), an anti-
251:
3063:
2889:
2769:
2656:
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries Digital Collections
1968:. Rwenzori Abruzzi Centenary Celebrations. 2006. Archived from
1519:
528:
426:
280:
271:
The mountains formed about three million years ago in the late
208:
167:
64:
2669:
2378:
In the Mountains of the Moon, A Trek to Africa’s Last Glaciers
2322:
1759:
Comparative Image 2012. Mount Stanley (right) and Speke (left)
378:
The mountains are occasionally identified with the legendary "
2220:"Common plants of the Rwenzori, particularly the upper zones"
2188:"Understanding the New U.S. Terrorism Designations in Africa"
1609:
531:
to snow. The range supports its own species and varieties of
422:
2067:
Subnationalism in Africa: ethnicity, alliances, and politics
2957:
2430:"The race to map Africa's forgotten glaciers – in pictures"
544:
523:
The Ruwenzori are known for their vegetation, ranging from
515:
Lower Bigo Bog at 3400 m in the Ruwenzori, with giant
425:
and at the Istituto di Fotografia Alpina Vittorio Sella in
220:
3311:
298:
The Rwenzori mountains are the highest non-volcanic, non-
2536:, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI,
3437:
Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2711:
2533:
Recession of Equatorial Glaciers. A Photo Documentation
1696:
Retreat of glaciers since 1850 § Tropical glaciers
2652:
UWM.edu: 1937 aerial photographs of Rwenzori Mountains
2463:"For Uganda's Vanishing Glaciers, Time Is Running Out"
2405:"One Planet - In Search of Africa's Ice - BBC Sounds"
2129:
1792:
Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
243:
in southwestern Uganda are located within the range.
2099:"UNLA commander John Ogole's account of Luweero war"
492:
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2634:
459:'s government. In the Bush War's later stages, the
2117:
2394:, Tropical Glaciology Group, Innsbruck University
1744:led an expedition with the environmental charity
481:Conseil National de Résistance pour la Démocratie
275:epoch and are the result of an uplifted block of
3413:
2564:Greenpeace article "The Death of the Ice Giants"
1787:
1785:
1958:
1866:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1791:
433:, Uganda, also has a selection of his images.
2697:
2643:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
2005:, Schutyser S., 2007, 5 Continents Editions,
1932:
1930:
1928:
1782:
2569:BBC Article "Fabled ice field set to vanish"
2294:Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project
2214:
477:National Council of Resistance for Democracy
2043:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 90.
27:Mountain range of eastern equatorial Africa
2704:
2690:
2316:
2282:
2256:"RWENZORI MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, UGANDA"
2210:
2208:
2161:"Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda"
1925:
539:and even has a 6 metres (20 ft) tall
469:National Army for the Liberation of Uganda
2036:
1989:
1987:
1938:"Abruzzi's Conquest of Lofty "Ruwenzori""
1897:
1895:
1754:
1719:on a Ruwenzori expedition under flag of
1708:
1699:
510:
365:
258:
250:
227:linked the Ruwenzori with the legendary
2606:
2585:
2205:
2147:
2135:
2063:
2057:
2016:
1863:
255:Rwenzori in larger geographical context
14:
3414:
2520:Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa
1984:
1892:
2685:
2661:
2290:"Forest Resources of Tropical Africa"
1815:
1813:
440:Since Uganda's independence from the
309:and created three of the present-day
3036:West and Central African Rift System
2264:United Nations Environment Programme
2248:
1689:
348:(4,715 metres (15,469 ft)) and
2712:Major African geological formations
2592:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2490:
2225:. Institute for Systematic Botany,
2123:
2027:, Wojtera T., Taternik iss 3. 1976.
498:moved into the Rwenzori Mountains.
24:
2260:Protected Areas and World Heritage
1903:"Rwenzori Mountains National Park"
1810:
501:
305:This uplift divided the paleolake
267:is the highest point in the range.
25:
3468:
2635:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
2628:
2580:International Book of Climatology
2560:. 1909. Constable, London. 408 p.
2298:Food and Agriculture Organization
344:(4,798 metres (15,741 ft)),
340:(4,843 metres (15,889 ft)),
336:(4,890 metres (16,040 ft)),
332:(5,109 metres (16,762 ft)),
144:
2677:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
2672:The New Student's Reference Work
2662:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
2613:. New York City: PublicAffairs.
2218:; Gehrke, Berit (2 March 2006).
361:
241:Rwenzori Mountains National Park
213:Democratic Republic of the Congo
172:Democratic Republic of the Congo
143:
136:
40:
2455:
2422:
2397:
2388:
2366:
2179:
2153:
2091:
2030:
231:, claimed by the Greek scholar
3427:Albertine Rift montane forests
1857:
1843:
13:
1:
2484:
2037:Rothchild, Donald S. (1997).
1909:. 27 May 2006. Archived from
69:5,109 m (16,762 ft)
2332:Geophysical Research Letters
2266:. March 1994. Archived from
2070:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
1794:Natural Wonders of the World
235:as the source of the Nile.
7:
2641:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1851:"The Mountains of the Moon"
1763:
1304:Aningeria adolfi-friederici
1013:Dendrosenecio erici-rosenii
10:
3473:
2850:Central African Shear Zone
2505:10.5129/001041511796301623
2304:. 1984. UN 32/6.1301–78–04
2192:International Crisis Group
2024:Wielka Grań Ruwenzori 1975
1740:. In 2012, 2020 and 2022;
1727:An ongoing concern is the
1693:
354:
246:
3432:Mountain ranges of Uganda
3350:
3227:Central Pangean Mountains
3187:
3049:
2956:
2888:
2880:Western Meseta Shear Zone
2830:
2768:
2717:
2000:24 September 2015 at the
1829:University College London
1734:University College London
1607:
1583:
1542:
1518:
1483:
1455:
1417:
1389:
1341:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1279:
1261:
1221:
1181:
1161:
1119:
1092:
1059:
1033:
1010:
995:
974:
947:
940:
911:
884:
857:
852:
817:
777:
755:
714:
679:
670:
665:
632:
163:
130:
125:
117:
112:
73:
63:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2586:Prunier, Gérard (2009).
2064:Forrest, Joshua (2004).
1775:
1729:impact of climate change
1095:Helichchrysum stuhlmanii
950:Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus
506:
496:Allied Democratic Forces
461:National Resistance Army
302:mountains in the world.
239:in eastern DR Congo and
121:120 km (75 mi)
2607:Stearns, Jason (2012).
2385:Report, 4 February 2010
1420:Rapanea rhododendroides
1062:Helichchrysum guilelmii
1036:Dendrosenecio adnivalis
758:Alchemilla argyrophylla
494:, some elements of the
3247:Eastern Rift mountains
3169:Tanzania Coastal Basin
2948:Terra Australis Orogen
2578:Kaser et al. 2006, in
2526:Guide to the Ruwenzori
1760:
1724:
1706:
1224:Allophylus abyssinicus
872:Neoboutonia macrocalyx
641:Mimulopsis arborescens
520:
375:
268:
256:
200:
3262:Great Karas Mountains
3242:Eastern Arc Mountains
2782:Arabian-Nubian Shield
1758:
1712:
1703:
1486:Strombosia scheffleri
1458:Ranunculus oreophytus
878:Symphonia globulifera
860:Casearia battiscombei
735:Alchemilla johnstonii
723:Alchemilla stuhlmanii
717:Alchemilla subnivalis
514:
429:, both in Italy. The
386:as the source of the
380:Mountains of the Moon
369:
355:Further information:
350:Mount Luigi di Savoia
262:
254:
237:Virunga National Park
229:Mountains of the Moon
3159:Somali Coastal Basin
2870:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
2493:Comparative Politics
2383:Yale Environment 360
2352:10.1029/2006GL025962
2296:(reprint ed.).
2227:University of Zurich
1770:1966 Toro earthquake
1750:Yale Environment 360
1282:Galium ruwenzoriense
1164:Peucedanum kerstenii
1122:Senecio transmarinus
920:Hypericum bequaertii
866:Croton macrostachyus
729:Alchemilla triphylla
370:House and people in
97:0.38583°N 29.87167°E
3457:Mountains of Uganda
3337:Teffedest Mountains
3252:Ethiopian Highlands
2943:Pan-African orogens
2913:East African Orogen
2845:Broodkop Shear Zone
2817:West African Craton
2760:Victoria Microplate
2344:2006GeoRL..3310402T
2105:. 22 September 2018
1853:. 20 February 2021.
1831:. 15 September 2007
1825:Makerere University
1545:Carex runssoroensis
1392:Subularia monticola
1055:Lobelia wollastonii
914:Hypericum revolutum
635:Mimulopsis elliotii
566:
565:Flora vs elevation
525:tropical rainforest
485:André Kisase Ngandu
449:Rwenzururu movement
431:Makerere University
311:African Great Lakes
263:Margherita Peak on
223:. Because of this,
201:Milima ya Ruwenzori
93: /
3422:Rwenzori Mountains
3401:List of inselbergs
3371:Jugurtha Tableland
3322:Sankwala Mountains
3317:Rwenzori Mountains
3134:Ouled Abdoun Basin
3129:Orange River Basin
3051:Sedimentary basins
2860:Foumban Shear Zone
2802:Saharan Metacraton
2582:24: 329–339 (2004)
2150:, Chapter 6: Mzee.
1946:. 15 November 1908
1943:The New York Times
1761:
1725:
1721:The Explorers Club
1707:
1586:Poa ruwenzoriensis
1551:Festuca abyssinica
1184:Syzygium guineense
1128:Senecio mattirolii
1049:Lobelia bequaertii
682:Hagenia abyssinica
564:
521:
407:Filippo De Filippi
376:
269:
257:
225:European explorers
49:Highest point
3442:Great Rift Valley
3409:
3408:
3342:Tibesti Mountains
3302:Mitumba Mountains
3292:Mandara Mountains
3277:Imatong Mountains
3232:Chaillu Mountains
3212:Bambouk Mountains
3149:Rio del Rey Basin
3119:Niger Delta Basin
3104:Iullemmeden Basin
2996:Gulf of Suez Rift
2991:East African Rift
2976:Bahr el Arab rift
2923:Gondwanide Orogen
2855:Chuan Shear Zones
2665:"Ruwenzori"
2599:978-0-19-970583-2
2548:Tropical Glaciers
2542:978-0-9729033-3-2
2077:978-1-58826-227-1
2050:978-0-8157-7593-5
2011:978-88-7439-423-4
1690:Glacial recession
1686:
1682:
1681:
820:Alangium chinense
780:Albizia gummifera
465:another civil war
277:crystalline rocks
177:
176:
102:0.38583; 29.87167
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3297:Marrah Mountains
3272:Hoggar Mountains
3267:Guinea Highlands
3257:Great Escarpment
3021:Sangha Aulacogen
2938:Mauritanide Belt
2865:Kandi Fault Zone
2840:Aswa Dislocation
2755:Seychelles Plate
2745:Madagascar Plate
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2648:
2647:on 8 March 2010.
2624:
2603:
2516:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2270:on 25 March 2008
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2229:. Archived from
2224:
2216:Linder, H. Peter
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2014:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1966:"Vittorio Sella"
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1907:Rwenzori Abruzzi
1899:
1890:
1889:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1746:Project Pressure
1684:
1350:Erica johnstonii
567:
563:
453:Ugandan Bush War
396:Henry M. Stanley
382:", described in
147:
146:
140:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3447:Kasese District
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3366:Mount Gorongosa
3346:
3207:Aurès Mountains
3202:Atlas Mountains
3189:Mountain ranges
3183:
3069:Blue Nile Basin
3045:
3041:White Nile rift
2952:
2918:Eburnean Orogen
2884:
2875:Todi Shear Zone
2826:
2822:Zimbabwe Craton
2807:Tanzania Craton
2797:Kalahari Craton
2792:Kaapvaal Craton
2764:
2713:
2710:
2631:
2621:
2600:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2436:. 2 June 2012.
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2371:
2367:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2222:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2002:Wayback Machine
1992:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1913:on 5 March 2008
1901:
1900:
1893:
1878:10.2307/2843813
1862:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1766:
1717:James P. Chapin
1698:
1692:
1632:
1548:
1530:Yushania alpina
1461:
1347:
1344:Erica silvatica
1316:
1264:Tabernaemontana
1125:
1052:
1046:
1039:
917:
891:
875:
869:
863:
732:
726:
720:
673:Prunus africana
638:
571:
533:giant groundsel
527:through alpine
509:
504:
502:Natural history
483:, CNRD) led by
403:Duke of Abruzzi
372:Kasese District
364:
359:
249:
183:, also spelled
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
148:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
80:
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Mont Niénokoué
3383:
3381:Mulanje Massif
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Serra da Chela
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Nuba Mountains
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Loma Mountains
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Blue Mountains
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Taoudeni Basin
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Lamu Embayment
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Blue Nile rift
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Kibaran Orogen
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Cape Fold Belt
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:Minor plates:
2730:
2726:Major plates:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2649:
2630:
2629:External links
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:978-1610391597
2619:
2604:
2598:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2499:(4): 439–458.
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2454:
2421:
2396:
2387:
2365:
2338:(10): L10402.
2315:
2302:United Nations
2281:
2247:
2236:on 30 May 2008
2204:
2178:
2167:on 10 May 2008
2152:
2140:
2128:
2126:, p. 447.
2116:
2090:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2029:
2015:
1983:
1957:
1924:
1891:
1856:
1842:
1809:
1802:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1694:Main article:
1691:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
973:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
910:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
883:
881:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
754:
752:
750:
747:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
678:
676:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
631:
629:
627:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
508:
505:
503:
500:
442:British Empire
411:Vittorio Sella
363:
360:
248:
245:
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
150:
149:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
110:
109:
77:
71:
70:
67:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Serra da Leba
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Rif Mountains
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Jebel Uweinat
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Cameroon line
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Aïr Mountains
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3179:Turkana Basin
3177:
3175:
3174:Tindouf Basin
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Reggane Basin
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Afar Triangle
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Kuunga Orogen
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Damara Orogen
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Alpine Orogen
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Tuareg Shield
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Lwandle Plate
2738:Microplates:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:African Plate
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:De Filippi, F
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2410:
2409:www.bbc.co.uk
2406:
2400:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2138:, p. 83.
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2104:
2103:Daily Monitor
2100:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1972:on 8 May 2008
1971:
1967:
1961:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1803:0-89577-087-3
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:Klaus Thymann
1739:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:Ornithologist
1711:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:Arabis alpina
1460:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:Erica trimera
1315:
1314:
1313:Erica arborea
1308:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
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537:giant lobelia
534:
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519:in foreground
518:
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401:In 1906, the
399:
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381:
373:
368:
362:Human history
358:
357:Lake Rwizongo
353:
351:
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343:
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331:
330:Mount Stanley
326:
324:
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316:
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265:Mount Stanley
261:
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68:
66:
62:
59:
58:Mount Stanley
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3354:(aka koppie)
3316:
3139:Owambo Basin
3124:Ogaden Basin
3114:Murzuq Basin
3084:Douala Basin
3059:Angola Basin
3031:Urema Valley
3016:Red Sea Rift
3011:Muglad Basin
2981:Benue Trough
2787:Congo Craton
2750:Rovuma Plate
2734:Somali Plate
2671:
2655:
2645:the original
2640:
2637:"Ruwenzoris"
2609:
2588:
2579:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2496:
2492:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2434:The Guardian
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2390:
2377:
2368:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2259:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2155:
2148:Stearns 2012
2143:
2136:Prunier 2009
2131:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2066:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2022:
2018:
1993:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1941:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1906:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1793:
1738:biodiversity
1726:
1683:
1608:
1584:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1484:
1462:
1456:
1438:Ranunculales
1418:
1390:
1348:
1342:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1280:
1262:
1222:
1182:
1162:
1126:
1120:
1093:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1011:
975:
948:
918:
912:
885:
876:
870:
864:
858:
854:Malpighiales
818:
778:
756:
733:
727:
721:
715:
680:
671:
639:
633:
559:
550:
522:
489:
480:
457:Milton Obote
446:secessionist
439:
435:
400:
392:Samuel Baker
377:
327:
304:
297:
270:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
29:
3237:Drakensberg
3154:Sirte Basin
3109:Kufra Basin
3099:Gabon Basin
3094:Karoo Basin
3079:Congo Basin
3026:Atbara rift
3006:Melut Basin
2971:Anza trough
2832:Shear zones
2373:Tom Knudson
1705:Expeditions
1596:Lecanorales
1372:Brassicales
1258:Gentianales
1042:Helichrysum
942:Asparagales
543:covered in
346:Mount Gessi
338:Mount Baker
334:Mount Speke
323:Lake George
319:Lake Edward
315:Lake Albert
285:amphibolite
100: /
75:Coordinates
3452:North Kivu
3416:Categories
3376:Mount Mabu
3361:Anti-Atlas
3352:Inselbergs
3074:Chad Basin
2485:References
2414:27 January
1950:20 October
1835:2 February
1480:Santalales
1408:Primulales
1218:Sapindales
554:afroalpine
388:Nile River
342:Mount Emin
279:including
193:Rwenzururu
113:Dimensions
88:29°52′18″E
85:00°23′09″N
3396:Zuma Rock
3391:Wase Rock
2554:Ruwenzori
2544:, 144 pp.
2467:Yale E360
2442:0261-3077
997:Asterales
887:Hypericum
384:antiquity
293:quartzite
217:glaciated
181:Ruwenzori
151:Ruwenzori
126:Geography
65:Elevation
35:Ruwenzori
3089:El Djouf
2513:23040638
2197:27 March
2124:Day 2011
1998:Archived
1976:9 August
1764:See also
1685:Sources:
1298:Ericales
1178:Myrtales
814:Cornales
625:Lamiales
419:moraines
415:glaciers
374:, Uganda
307:Obweruka
300:orogenic
273:Pliocene
211:and the
203:) are a
189:Rwenjura
185:Rwenzori
18:Rwenzori
2890:Orogens
2774:shields
2770:Cratons
2472:5 March
2360:1081063
2340:Bibcode
2300:of the
1886:2843813
1144:Apiales
774:Fabales
667:Rosales
541:heather
529:meadows
517:lobelia
289:granite
247:Geology
233:Ptolemy
197:Swahili
164:Country
3064:Aoukar
2719:Plates
2674:
2617:
2596:
2540:
2511:
2440:
2358:
2308:12 May
2240:6 June
2171:3 June
2083:6 June
2074:
2047:
2009:
1884:
1800:
1723:, 1925
1633:Meters
1520:Poales
570:Meters
473:Mobutu
427:Biella
321:, and
281:gneiss
209:Uganda
168:Uganda
118:Length
2958:Rifts
2509:JSTOR
2447:2 May
2356:S2CID
2328:(PDF)
2274:8 May
2234:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2109:3 May
1917:6 May
1882:JSTOR
1776:Notes
1678:5100
1630:Order
1610:Usnea
619:5100
573:Order
507:Flora
423:Turin
205:range
191:, or
2772:and
2615:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2474:2024
2449:2022
2438:ISSN
2416:2023
2310:2008
2276:2008
2242:2017
2199:2021
2173:2008
2111:2021
2085:2009
2072:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1978:2008
1952:2022
1919:2008
1837:2014
1827:and
1798:ISBN
1675:5000
1672:4800
1669:4600
1666:4400
1663:4200
1660:4000
1657:3800
1654:3600
1651:3400
1648:3200
1645:3000
1642:2500
1639:2000
1636:1500
616:5000
613:4800
610:4600
607:4400
604:4200
601:4000
598:3800
595:3600
592:3400
589:3200
586:3000
583:2500
580:2000
577:1500
545:moss
535:and
417:and
291:and
221:Nile
187:and
179:The
54:Peak
2501:doi
2348:doi
1874:doi
1267:sp.
1045:sp.
890:sp
3418::
2668:.
2654:–
2639:.
2556:,
2507:.
2497:43
2495:.
2465:.
2432:.
2407:.
2381:,
2375:,
2354:.
2346:.
2336:33
2334:.
2330:.
2292:.
2262:.
2258:.
2207:^
2190:.
2101:.
1986:^
1940:.
1927:^
1905:.
1894:^
1880:.
1870:64
1868:.
1823:.
1812:^
1784:^
325:.
317:,
313::
295:.
287:,
283:,
199::
170:,
2705:e
2698:t
2691:v
2658:.
2623:.
2602:.
2515:.
2503::
2476:.
2451:.
2418:.
2362:.
2350::
2342::
2312:.
2278:.
2244:.
2201:.
2175:.
2113:.
2087:.
2053:.
2013:.
1980:.
1954:.
1921:.
1888:.
1876::
1839:.
1806:.
479:(
195:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
