145:
502:
282:
1930:
34:
297:, also had the problem of the backplane taking up too much room. Attempting to avoid these problems, he placed the existing components in a case with additional "slots", so that the missing components could be plugged in later when they became available. The backplane is split into four separate cards, with the
453:
bus gained momentum, there was a need to develop a formal specification of the bus to help assure compatibility of products produced by different manufacturers. There was also a need to extend the bus so that it could support processors more capable than the Intel 8080 used in the original Altair
180:
of 100-pin printed circuit board edge connectors wired in parallel. Circuit cards measuring 5 in Ă— 10 in (13 cm Ă— 25 cm) serving the functions of CPU, memory, or I/O interface plugged into these connectors. The bus signal definitions closely follow those of an 8080
312:
A burgeoning industry of "clone" machines followed the introduction of the Altair in 1975. Most of these used the same bus layout as the Altair, creating a new industry standard. These companies were forced to refer to the system as the "Altair bus", and wanted another name in order to avoid
337:. Melen went over to them to convince them to adopt the same name. He had a beer in his hand and when the plane hit a bump, Melen spilt some of the beer on Marsh. Marsh agreed to use the name, which Melen ascribes to him wanting to get Melen to leave with his beer.
493:(ANSI) approved the IEEE standard on September 8, 1983. The computer bus structure developed by Ed Roberts for the Altair 8800 computer had been extended, rigorously documented, and now designated as the American National Standard IEEE Std 696–1983.
425:
bus signals were simple to create using an 8080 CPU, but increasingly less so when using other processors like the 68000. More board space was occupied by signal conversion logic. Nonetheless by 1984, eleven different processors were hosted on the
1099:
Whereas the early growth of the S-100 marketplace relied mainly on hobbyists and early personal computer users, the industry is now concentrating on OEM multiuser systems, and applications requiring more computer
470:
Bus. This proposed standard documented the 8-bit data path and 16-bit address path of the bus and stated that consideration was being given to extending the data path to 16 bits and the address path to 24 bits.
527:
in 1981 and followed it with increasingly capable models: the XT in 1983 and the AT in 1984. The success of these computers, which used IBM's own, incompatible bus architecture, cut deeply into the market for
235:
market as well, making the second bus superfluous. Later, these two 8-bit buses would be combined to support a 16-bit data width for more advanced processors, using the Sol's system to signal the direction.
289:
bus. It uses a
Motorola 68020 processor with 68881 co-processor and 16 Kbytes of high-speed cache memory. This CPU is used in the Cromemco CS-250 computer, widely deployed by the U.S. Air Force.
258:
line will tristate the address lines during direct memory access. Unassigned lines of the original bus specification were later assigned to support more advanced processors. For example, the
564:
bus products continued to contract through the early 1990s, as IBM-compatible computers became more capable. In 1992, the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, for example, replaced their
576:
bus industry had contracted sufficiently that the IEEE did not see a need to continue supporting the IEEE-696 standard. The IEEE-696 standard was retired on June 14, 1994.
1027:
However there is no doubt that the S-100 market can now be considered a mature industry with only moderate growth potential, compared to the IBM PC-compatible market.
538:: "there is no doubt that the S-100 market can now be considered a mature industry with only moderate growth potential, compared to the IBM PC-compatible market".
223:
The bi-directional 8-bit data bus of the Intel 8080 is split into two unidirectional 8-bit data buses. The processor could use only one of these at a time. The
1112:
293:
During the design of the Altair, the hardware required to make a usable machine was not available in time for the
January 1975 launch date. The designer,
479:
1967:
239:
The address bus is 16-bits wide in the initial implementation and later extended to 24-bits wide. A bus control signal can put these lines in a
482:
696 Working Group, chaired by Mark Garetz, continued to develop the specification which was proposed as an IEEE Standard and approved by the
926:
bus to 24 address bits and 16 data bits was recommended by Dave
Gustavson. Exactly how this will be done is presently under consideration.
1925:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
329:. While on a flight to attend the Atlantic City PC '76 microcomputer conference in August 1976, they shared the cabin with Bob Marsh and
1370:
478:
Bus
Interface Devices." In this specification the data path was extended to 16 bits and the address path was extended to 24 bits. The
1898:
549:
bus computers were used, for example, to process the trades at the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange; the United States Air Force deployed
1527:
769:
305:. The 100-pin bus was created by an anonymous draftsman, who selected the connector from a parts catalog and arbitrarily assigned
1390:
1197:
695:
1001:
490:
301:
on a fifth. He then looked for an inexpensive source of connectors, and he came across a supply of military surplus 100-pin
1578:
1249:
1137:
1284:
474:
In July 1979 Kells
Elmquist, Howard Fullmer, David Gustavson, and George Morrow published a "Standard Specification for
1631:
1470:
1400:
231:. The direction of the bus, in or out, was signaled using the otherwise unused DBIN pin. This became universal in the
212:
line driver ICs, +12 V for disk drive motors. The onboard voltage regulation is typically performed by devices of the
1460:
735:
679:
659:
609:
1558:
725:
349:
306:
285:
The
Cromemco XXU processor board, introduced in 1986. At 16.7 MHz, it is the fastest CPU ever developed for the
144:
1350:
294:
62:
1957:
1902:
1553:
1522:
501:
1175:
1500:
227:
used a variation that had only a single 8-bit bus and used the now-unused pins as signal grounds to reduce
113:
computers, consisting of processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufacturers. The
1826:
1765:
1620:
513:
201:
1425:
1190:
1795:
133:
microcomputers ran the gamut from hobbyist toy to small business workstation and were common in early
1480:
455:
361:
532:
bus products. In May 1984, Sol Libes (who had been a member of the IEEE-696 Working Group) wrote in
372:
Bus would be described as "the most used busing standard ever developed in the computer industry."
1962:
1952:
1933:
1908:
1800:
1455:
1040:
557:
bus machines for the hobbyist, for personal use, and even for small business was on the decline.
533:
298:
1490:
266:
118:
20:
601:
594:
553:
bus machines for their mission planning systems. However throughout the 1980s the market for
1754:
1707:
1563:
1335:
1183:
671:
633:
569:
524:
483:
459:
353:
193:
bus can be grouped into four types: 1) Power, 2) Data, 3) Address, and 4) Clock and control.
138:
939:
886:
855:
1750:
1603:
1485:
395:
387:
340:
The term first appeared in print in a
Cromemco advertisement in the November 1976 issue of
334:
8:
1662:
1217:
403:
196:
Power supplied on the bus is bulk unregulated +8 Volt DC and ±16 Volt DC, designed to be
751:
1977:
1206:
962:
913:
391:
938:
Elmquist, Kells A.; Fullmer, Howard; Gustavson, David B.; Morrow, George (July 1979).
434:. In 1986, Cromemco introduced the XXU card, designed by Ed Lupin, utilizing a 32-bit
254:
Clock and control signals are used to manage the traffic on the bus. For example, the
1972:
1652:
1274:
1210:
1052:
997:
867:
731:
675:
664:
605:
240:
197:
177:
1385:
1151:
989:
966:
954:
917:
905:
810:
marketplace are
Cromemco ($ 50M), Vector Graphics ($ 30M) and North Star ($ 25M)".
244:
228:
217:
1515:
1365:
1345:
1220:
1141:
1070:"USAF will equip its tactical fighter squadrons with a mission planning system".
655:
365:
341:
330:
1816:
1510:
1435:
1360:
1264:
1239:
1134:
993:
383:
302:
281:
1946:
1888:
1775:
1667:
1615:
1598:
1380:
1279:
1269:
1244:
1205:
1056:
871:
545:
machines moved up-scale to more powerful OEM and multiuser systems. Banks of
357:
318:
148:
134:
106:
958:
909:
1625:
1568:
1420:
1325:
1161:
399:
251:
card that retrieved digital images from memory using direct memory access.
94:
1128:
1893:
1872:
1790:
1635:
1573:
1548:
1475:
1259:
1254:
431:
322:
152:
98:
1712:
269:
line that the Intel 8080 processor does not. One unassigned line of the
1746:
1445:
1234:
1131:, A website containing many photos of cards, documentation, and history
620:
bus, the bus signal definitions closely follow those of an 8080 system.
273:
bus then was reassigned to support the non-maskable interrupt request.
205:
182:
117:
bus formed the basis for homebrew computers whose builders (e.g., the
1770:
1760:
1727:
1722:
1657:
1532:
1320:
1300:
466:
Bus" noting that 150 vendors were already supplying products for the
313:
referring to their competitor when describing their own system. The "
262:
33:
1780:
1717:
1450:
1310:
506:
435:
375:
326:
216:
family (for example, a 7805 device to produce +5 volts). These are
156:
986:
An American National Standard: IEEE 696 Standard Interface Devices
1913:
1867:
1851:
1677:
1495:
1440:
1375:
1330:
1113:"CME Taps Datacode To Distribute Quotation Data To Floor Traders"
727:
Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer
1846:
1737:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
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1395:
1355:
1315:
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1415:
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259:
1836:
1821:
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1430:
1041:"Cromemco Systems Network Transactions at Chaotic Exchange"
541:
As the IBM PC products captured the low-end of the market,
213:
126:
122:
185:
microprocessor was the first microprocessor hosted on the
1785:
1410:
1405:
806:
Libes, Sol (September–October 1981). "The leaders in the
520:
940:"Standard Specification for S-100 Bus Interface Devices"
616:
Although many other processors have been adapted to the
666:
Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer
856:"New XXU Processor Offers Enormous Speed Advantage"
430:bus, from the 8-bit Intel 8080 to the 16-bit Zilog
1089:Libes, Sol (May 1984). "S-100 Product Directory".
1017:Libes, Sol (May 1984). "S-100 Product Directory".
663:
593:
1944:
724:Swaine, Michael; Freiberger, Paul (2014-10-20).
723:
654:
317:" name, short for "Standard 100", was coined by
1528:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
767:
1191:
884:
418:/IEEE-696" products from over 150 companies.
243:condition to allow direct memory access. The
885:Morrow, George; Fullmer, Howard (May 1978).
596:Introduction to Microprocessor System Design
980:
978:
976:
1198:
1184:
644:. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 7, 18.
390:. Other innovators were companies such as
220:which are commonly mounted on heat sinks.
32:
1135:""Cromemco" based, S-100 micro-computer"
1039:Breeding, Gary (January–February 1984).
1038:
973:
670:(Second ed.). McGraw-Hill. p.
500:
280:
143:
793:Microprocessors - From Chips to Systems
591:
462:published a "Proposed Standard for the
1968:Computer-related introductions in 1974
1945:
1166:Bus Documentation and Manuals Archive"
827:
825:
585:
1179:
1144:, Robert Kuhmann's images of several
1115:. WatersTechnology. January 27, 1992.
1088:
1016:
831:
805:
631:
491:American National Standards Institute
1072:Aviation Week & Space Technology
790:
768:Robert Reiling (December 10, 1976).
444:
414:product directory listing over 500 "
105:bus was the first industry standard
953:(7). IEEE Computer Society: 28–52.
904:(5). IEEE Computer Society: 84–90.
822:
744:
309:names to groups of connector pins.
13:
1154:, Herbert Johnson's collection of
866:(4): 1, 9. August–September 1986.
600:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
97:designed in 1974 as a part of the
14:
1989:
1122:
774:Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter
181:microprocessor system, since the
1929:
1928:
632:Libes, Sol (February 18, 1980).
352:, was held November 20, 1976 at
109:for the microcomputer industry.
1105:
1082:
1063:
1032:
1010:
931:
878:
848:
706:(1): 10. September–October 1980
638:Bus: Past, Present, and Future"
167:
799:
784:
761:
717:
688:
648:
625:
200:on the cards to +5 V (used by
1:
1523:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
579:
496:
398:, Godbout Electronics (later
344:. The first symposium on the
1501:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
1491:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
7:
887:"Proposed Standard for the
514:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
382:manufacturers, followed by
368:. Just one year later, the
356:with a panel consisting of
247:, for example, is an early
46:; 50 years ago
10:
1994:
1486:Compute Express Link (CXL)
994:10.1109/IEEESTD.1983.81971
410:published a comprehensive
276:
189:bus. The 100 lines of the
121:) implemented drivers for
18:
1922:
1881:
1860:
1809:
1723:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
1645:
1638:logical device interface)
1541:
1293:
1227:
204:ICs), -5 V and +12 V for
68:
58:
40:
31:
1078:(22): 105. June 1, 1987.
832:Libes, Sol (May 1984). "
137:until the advent of the
959:10.1109/mc.1979.1658813
910:10.1109/c-m.1978.218190
592:Garland, Harry (1979).
568:bus computers with the
454:Computer. In May 1978,
378:was the largest of the
1285:List of bus bandwidths
517:
290:
267:non-maskable interrupt
164:
119:Homebrew Computer Club
21:S-100 (disambiguation)
795:. Sybex. p. 302.
791:Zaks, Rodnay (1977).
525:IBM Personal Computer
504:
484:IEEE Computer Society
354:Diablo Valley College
284:
147:
1958:Early microcomputers
1728:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
1466:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
1152:"Herb's S-100 Stuff"
836:Product Directory".
696:"The Cromemco Story"
396:IMS Associates, Inc.
388:North Star Computers
335:Processor Technology
91:(inactive-withdrawn)
19:For other uses, see
1569:Parallel ATA (PATA)
404:Ithaca InterSystems
28:
1476:PCI Express (PCIe)
1172:manuals collection
1140:2012-02-10 at the
518:
486:on June 10, 1982.
392:Alpha Microsystems
348:bus, moderated by
291:
165:
26:
16:Early computer bus
1940:
1939:
1926:
1653:Apple Desktop Bus
1630:PCI Express (via
1589:Serial ATA (SATA)
1275:Network on a chip
1168:, Howard Harte's
1003:978-0-7381-4244-9
750:Herbert Johnson,
445:IEEE-696 Standard
325:, co-founders of
218:linear regulators
178:passive backplane
155:, co-founders of
76:
75:
1985:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1386:HP Precision Bus
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1171:
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1157:
1147:
1129:"S100 Computers"
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656:Freiberger, Paul
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265:processor has a
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1718:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
1641:
1537:
1516:Infinity Fabric
1346:Europe Card Bus
1289:
1223:
1204:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1145:
1142:Wayback Machine
1125:
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758:, 15 March 2008
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660:Swaine, Michael
653:
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572:. By 1994, the
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560:The market for
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523:introduced the
512:Systems at the
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475:
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411:
406:. In May 1984,
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369:
366:Lee Felsenstein
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331:Lee Felsenstein
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303:edge connectors
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208:CPU IC, ±12 V
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1123:External links
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922:Extending the
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570:IBM model PS/2
498:
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460:Howard Fullmer
446:
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384:Vector Graphic
278:
275:
169:
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135:home computers
93:, is an early
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56:
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9:
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1776:Parallel SCSI
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1668:Commodore bus
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1270:Bus mastering
1268:
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770:"Random Data"
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739:
737:9781680503524
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681:0-07-135892-7
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456:George Morrow
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367:
363:
362:George Morrow
359:
358:Harry Garland
355:
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343:
342:Byte magazine
338:
336:
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328:
324:
320:
319:Harry Garland
310:
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159:, holding an
158:
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149:Harry Garland
146:
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136:
128:
124:
120:
108:
107:expansion bus
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:IEEE 696-1983
85:
81:
71:
69:Width in bits
67:
64:
61:
57:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1421:TURBOchannel
1305:
1211:
1162:"IEEE-696 /
1107:
1098:
1094:
1091:Microsystems
1090:
1084:
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1044:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1019:Microsystems
1018:
1012:
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933:
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897:
880:
863:
859:
850:
841:
838:Microsystems
837:
815:
812:Microsystems
811:
801:
792:
786:
777:
773:
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752:"Origins of
746:
726:
719:
708:. Retrieved
703:
699:
690:
665:
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627:
615:
595:
587:
559:
540:
535:Microsystems
534:
519:
488:
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448:
420:
408:Microsystems
407:
374:
339:
311:
292:
255:
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238:
222:
195:
171:
168:Architecture
95:computer bus
90:
87:
83:
79:
77:
41:Year created
1894:CoreConnect
1873:ExpressCard
1801:Thunderbolt
1791:Camera Link
1574:Bus and Tag
1260:Address bus
1255:Control bus
1250:Daisy chain
844:(5): 59–78.
780:(11–12): 1.
441:processor.
323:Roger Melen
153:Roger Melen
99:Altair 8800
1947:Categories
1747:ACCESS.bus
1646:Peripheral
1446:InfiniBand
1441:HP GSC bus
1235:System bus
756:computers"
710:2013-02-22
580:References
497:Retirement
350:Jim Warren
295:Ed Roberts
256:DO Disable
206:Intel 8080
183:Intel 8080
84:Altair bus
63:Ed Roberts
59:Created by
1978:S-100 bus
1708:Lightning
1658:Atari SIO
1533:SpaceWire
1366:Zorro III
1306:S-100 bus
1301:SS-50 bus
1294:Standards
1214:standards
1207:Technical
1097:(5): 59.
1057:0274-9998
1051:(6): 20.
1025:(5): 59.
872:0274-9998
642:InfoWorld
505:Racks of
241:tri-state
198:regulated
176:bus is a
129:. These
80:S-100 bus
27:S-100 bus
1973:Cromemco
1934:Category
1909:Wishbone
1882:Embedded
1861:Portable
1781:Profibus
1713:DMX512-A
1599:Parallel
1451:Ethernet
1361:Zorro II
1311:Multibus
1212:de facto
1138:Archived
1045:I/O News
947:Computer
898:Computer
860:I/O News
700:I/O News
662:(2000).
507:Cromemco
436:Motorola
400:CompuPro
376:Cromemco
327:Cromemco
157:Cromemco
1914:SLIMbus
1868:PC Card
1852:TOSLINK
1542:Storage
1496:RapidIO
1376:FASTBUS
1331:STD Bus
1228:General
1158:history
967:9797254
918:2023052
818:(5): 8.
602:159–169
516:in 1984
449:As the
402:), and
277:History
49: (
1847:S/PDIF
1738:1-Wire
1703:RS-485
1698:RS-423
1693:RS-422
1688:RS-232
1549:ST-506
1506:NVLink
1356:STEbus
1316:Unibus
1100:power.
1055:
1000:
965:
916:
870:
734:
678:
608:
432:Z-8000
364:, and
307:signal
225:Sol-20
210:RS-232
139:IBM PC
101:. The
1842:McASP
1810:Audio
1755:SMBus
1751:PMBus
1733:UNI/O
1673:HP-IL
1626:SATAe
1611:ESCON
1584:HIPPI
1416:NuBus
1371:CAMAC
1341:Q-Bus
1336:SMBus
1321:VAXBI
1218:wired
1170:S-100
1164:S-100
1156:S-100
1148:cards
1146:S-100
963:S2CID
943:(PDF)
924:S-100
914:S2CID
894:(PDF)
889:S-100
834:S-100
808:S-100
754:S-100
636:S-100
634:"The
618:S-100
574:S-100
566:S-100
562:S-100
555:S-100
551:S-100
547:S-100
543:S-100
530:S-100
510:S-100
476:S-100
468:S-100
464:S-100
451:S-100
439:68020
428:S-100
423:S-100
416:S-100
412:S-100
380:S-100
370:S-100
346:S-100
315:S-100
287:S-100
271:S-100
260:Zilog
249:S-100
233:S-100
191:S-100
187:S-100
174:S-100
161:S-100
131:S-100
115:S-100
111:S-100
103:S-100
1899:AMBA
1837:MADI
1822:AES3
1683:MIDI
1636:NVMe
1632:AHCI
1594:SCSI
1579:DSSI
1554:ESDI
1431:SBus
1391:EISA
1326:MBus
1216:for
1209:and
1053:ISSN
998:ISBN
891:Bus"
868:ISSN
732:ISBN
676:ISBN
606:ISBN
489:The
480:IEEE
458:and
421:The
386:and
321:and
263:Z-80
214:78xx
172:The
151:and
127:MP/M
125:and
123:CP/M
78:The
51:1974
44:1974
1903:AXI
1832:I²S
1786:USB
1771:D²B
1766:SPI
1761:I3C
1743:I²C
1678:HIL
1663:DCB
1634:or
1621:SSA
1604:SAS
1564:SMD
1559:IPI
1481:AGP
1471:PXI
1461:PCI
1456:UPA
1436:VLB
1426:MCA
1411:VPX
1406:VXS
1401:VXI
1396:VME
1381:LPC
1351:ISA
1076:126
990:doi
955:doi
906:doi
521:IBM
333:of
299:CPU
202:TTL
82:or
1949::
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1749:,
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