244:
29:
451:
217:, which was otherwise masked by the nacelle. Starting the engine required the prop to be swung from alongside the fuselage. The nacelle was hinged at the bottom to provide some access to the engine for maintenance, but this was insufficient, and additional sliding panels were added to the sides of the fuselage. A mesh screen behind the observer was intended to prevent propeller strikes. The first prototypes were unarmed, but the production S.A was soon eclipsed by more conventional fighter, such as the
429:
275:
407:
385:
192:
and, in multiple cases, parted company from the rest of the aircraft while in flight. Like many pushers, it also put the observer at risk of being crushed in even a relatively mild crash or "nose-over". A British evaluation of the type suggested "it would be expensive in observers if flown by indifferent pilots".
191:
types, giving the observer a clear field of view to the front and sides without the drag penalty of the typical pusher. However, communication between the pilot and the observer was nearly impossible. The pulpit (as it was known in
English) or basket (as it was referred to in Russian) vibrated badly
254:
The S.A-2's 110 hp engine frequently suffered from overheating, so the design reverted to the S.A-1s 80 hp Le Rhone in the S.A-4, with the same engine being retrofitted to some S.A-2s. Other changes included dispensing with the lower ailerons on the narrower chord lower wings and a larger
286:
and it was quickly replaced in service by less dangerous aircraft. Contemporary sources indicate that it was seldom used. Few details are available concerning the careers of the 42 S.A-2 airframes delivered, and it never supplied the entire equipment of an escadrille.
232:, but to prevent the long flying and landing wires from vibrating in flight, light vertical struts were added mid-bay to brace the wires, giving the aircraft the appearance of a two-bay biplane, much as was done for the later, more conventional
255:
tailplane to eliminate the need for a bungee to help with trimming. Russian models had minor structural differences to the top wing, incorporating a separate center section rather than each wing panel being joined along the centerline.
206:, was also produced with fixed forward-firing guns in the nose nacelle, without any occupant. The S.G.'s guns were not accessible to the pilot which caused problems when stoppages occurred and with cocking the guns for combat.
209:
On all but the earliest prototypes and the SPAD S.G, the nacelle was fitted with a light machine gun on a flexible tubular mount, and it incorporated air intakes on its sides and underside to redirect air toward the
182:
The aircraft was designed to carry not only its pilot in the normal position, but also an observer in a streamlined nacelle ahead of the propeller. This configuration was an attempt to combine the advantages of the
266:, having a delta-shaped tailplane, the fuselage being fitted with additional fairing stringers, wire trailing edges, reduced rib spacing, and proportions adjusted slightly. Most other design details were retained.
1045:
294:. During winter operations, Russian aircraft were fitted with skis instead of wheels. Although Russian crews also thought very little of the SPAD (not made any better by the acronym SPAD (
290:
The
Imperial Russian Air Service operated the SPAD S.A-2 and S.A-4 for a longer period of time due to a shortage of available aircraft. Some 57 S.A-2s and S.A-4s went to the
262:
fighter was a direct development of the A series. It had much in common. However, the differences included the pulpit being dispensed with, being re-engined with a
1082:
55:
1019:
999:
979:
959:
786:
179:, had been involved in designing that firm's successful monocoque racing monoplanes, and many design details were carried over from the Deperdussins.
596:
861:
Cony, Christophe (February 1997). "L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (deuxiĂšme partie)" [The
Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Two)].
878:
Cony, Christophe (April 1997). "L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (quatriĂšme partie)" [The
Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Four)].
844:
Cony, Christophe (January 1997). "L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (premiĂšre partie)" [The
Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part One)].
301:
On
November 25, 1916, Russian pilot Karpov and his gunner, Bratolyubov Jurij Aleksandrovich, claimed a German aircraft near the village of Vulka.
199:
to allow a gun to fire through the propeller were not yet available, and the observer's nacelle on the S.A-1 represented a temporary solution.
195:
While not originally designed explicitly as a gunner's position, early combat experience had shown a need for forward-firing machine guns. But
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1410:
228:
Aside from the unorthodox configuration, the aircraft was of standard wood and fabric construction for the period. The wings had a
1073:
895:
Cony, Christophe & Kulikov, Victor (January 1999). "Du nouveau sur les SPAD-Nacelles" [Again on the SPAD-Nacelles].
1390:
356:â slightly larger aircraft with an additional gunner position behind pilot, powered by a 220-hp Renault 8Fg engine â one built
1400:
769:
693:
592:
940:
825:
921:
1415:
336:â dual-control trainer, with both pilot and observer being given flexible gun mounts â two built with 110 hp
258:
In spite of its lack of success, the design brought valuable experience to BĂ©chereau and his team. The successful
304:
At least one example survived to be used briefly by the Soviet Union before they retired all obsolete types.
171:
The SPAD A.1 prototype was the first aircraft produced by SPAD following its reorganization from the pre-war
644:
419:
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243:
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28:
159:
in the fighter and reconnaissance roles. It was a unique aircraft that carried its observer in a
1395:
1059:
618:
184:
149:
1258:
1253:
298:) in Russian meaning "slump" or "plummet"), at least two crews achieved successes with it.
196:
188:
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8:
362:â S.A with observer replaced by guns mounted in the nacelle â one built and one modified.
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229:
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176:
66:
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936:
917:
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883:
866:
849:
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439:
251:
The SPAD S.A.2 was an improved version of the S.A.1 which first flew on 21 May 1915.
450:
397:
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263:
156:
155:
first flown in 1915. It was used by France and Russia in the early stages of the
622:
587:
1 x .303 in (7.7 mm) light aircraft machine gun â types used include
489:
9.55 m (31 ft 4 in) some sources give 9.10 m (29.9 ft)
412:
100:
520:
347:
337:
327:
317:
1384:
935:. Great War Aircraft in Profile 7. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press.
904:
887:
870:
853:
639:
274:
214:
914:
The
Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I
434:
368:â unbuilt development without pulpit, precursor to SPAD S.V (5), which was
1173:
1153:
237:
222:
218:
172:
326:â main production variant with constant chord tailplane and 110 hp
211:
1168:
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1128:
627:
369:
259:
233:
820:. Windsock Mini Datafile 4. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications.
1203:
1178:
1163:
1143:
764:. Mountain View California: Flying Machines Press. pp. 474â479.
688:. Mountain View California: Flying Machines Press. pp. 482â483.
588:
523:
9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 82 kW (110 hp)
462:
French aircraft of the First World War, Aviafrance : SPAD S.A-2
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203:
132:
160:
152:
390:
104:
202:
As well as the 2-seat S.A versions a single seat fighter, the
282:
The S.A had a short and inauspicious career in the French
950:
Somer, Ellic (February 1990). "Pulpit SPADs: A-series".
912:
Durkota, Alan; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor (1995).
569:
3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 23 minutes 30 seconds
566:
2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 12 minutes 30 seconds
911:
563:
1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 6 minutes 30 seconds
544:
140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn) at sea level
454:
colour 3-view drawing of SPAD S.A.2 two-seat fighter
709:
707:
705:
634:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
1081:
36:French SPAD S.A-2 of Escadrille N49 in Corzieux.
1382:
702:
760:Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997).
684:Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997).
1067:
759:
683:
346:â an improved A.2 with a less powerful 80-hp
316:â initial production variant with 80 hp
916:. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press.
897:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
880:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
863:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
846:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
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677:
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320:engine and tapered tailplane â 11 built.
273:
242:
933:SPAD Two-seater Fighters Of World War I
834:
785:Parmentier, Bruno (25 September 1997).
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930:
762:French Aircraft of the First World War
753:
728:
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686:French Aircraft of the First World War
668:
659:
269:
56:Société Pour l'Aviation et ses Dérivés
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529:2-bladed wooden fixed-pitch propeller
163:ahead of wing, engine and propeller.
877:
860:
843:
501:25.36 m (273.0 sq ft)
13:
954:(127). WW1 Aeroplanes, Inc: 10â27.
483:7.3 m (23 ft 11 in)
14:
1427:
1039:
247:SPAD S.A-2 at Somme-Vesle in 1915
495:2.6 m (8 ft 6 in)
440:Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet
427:
405:
383:
27:
1411:Single-engined tractor aircraft
809:
1334:Trainers & sports aircraft
1:
1391:1910s French fighter aircraft
652:
175:company. The chief designer,
1401:Aircraft first flown in 1915
645:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9
420:Imperial Russian Air Service
376:
292:Imperial Russian Air Service
7:
750:Bruce, 1996, p.4-5 & 12
607:
513:674 kg (1,486 lb)
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16:French WW1 fighter aircraft
10:
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1085:and Blériot-SPAD aircraft
899:(in French) (70): 37â44.
882:(in French) (49): 32â38.
865:(in French) (47): 28â33.
848:(in French) (46): 28â35.
835:Connors, John F. (1989).
507:414 kg (913 lb)
35:
26:
21:
148:) was a French two-seat
1416:Rotary-engined aircraft
837:SPAD Fighters in action
468:General characteristics
455:
446:Specifications (S.A-2)
279:
278:SPAD S.A-2 "Ma Jeanne"
248:
240:single-seat fighters.
167:Design and development
1197:Fighters & racers
931:Herris, Jack (2005).
619:Deperdussin Monocoque
453:
277:
246:
816:Bruce, J.M. (1996).
1026:. 25 September 1997
966:. 17 September 1997
613:Related development
350:engine. â 59 built.
284:Aviation Militaire,
270:Operational history
97:Primary users
1046:Essais du SPAD SAL
839:. Squadron/Signal.
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280:
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771:978-0-9637110-4-5
713:Somer, 1990, p.18
695:978-0-9637110-4-5
554:Time to altitude:
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1188:Blériot-SPAD
1097:
1028:. Retrieved
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968:. Retrieved
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810:Bibliography
795:. Retrieved
790:
787:"SPAD S.A-2"
780:
761:
755:
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120:Number built
1048:(in French)
1030:29 November
1020:"SPAD S-G2"
1010:29 November
1000:"SPAD S-A4"
990:29 November
980:"SPAD S-A2"
970:29 November
960:"SPAD S-A1"
797:28 December
793:(in French)
535:Performance
527:Propellers:
521:Le RhĂŽne 9J
517:Powerplant:
348:Le RhĂŽne 9C
338:Le RhĂŽne 9J
328:Le RhĂŽne 9J
318:Le RhĂŽne 9C
238:SPAD S.XIII
223:Nieuport 11
219:Nieuport 10
173:Deperdussin
1385:Categories
653:References
628:SPAD S.VII
548:Endurance:
499:Wing area:
370:SPAD S.VII
344:SPAD S.A-4
334:SPAD S.A-3
324:SPAD S.A-2
314:SPAD S.A-1
234:SPAD S.VII
230:single bay
197:mechanisms
114:1915â1916
1268:Airliners
905:1243-8650
888:1243-8650
871:1243-8650
854:1243-8650
597:Hotchkiss
487:Wingspan:
459:Data from
377:Operators
372:prototype
129:Variants
111:Produced
63:Designer
22:SPAD S.A
1406:Biplanes
1190:aircraft
952:WW1 Aero
608:See also
577:Armament
366:SPAD S.H
360:SPAD S.G
354:SPAD S.D
308:Variants
212:Le RhĂŽne
204:SPAD S.G
187:and the
142:SPAD S.A
133:SPAD S.G
92:retired
550:3 hours
493:Height:
481:Length:
185:tractor
161:nacelle
153:biplane
150:tractor
89:Status
58:(SPAD)
44:Fighter
1174:S.XVII
1154:S.XIII
939:
920:
903:
886:
869:
852:
824:
768:
692:
601:Madsen
432:
410:
391:France
388:
189:pusher
146:S.A.L.
105:France
1325:S.126
1320:S.116
1259:S.710
1254:S.510
1169:S.XVI
1159:S.XIV
1149:S.XII
1139:S.VII
589:Lewis
585:Guns:
475:Crew:
260:S.VII
84:1915
76:1915
41:Role
1366:S.72
1361:S.54
1356:S.42
1351:S.34
1346:S.30
1341:S.29
1315:S.86
1310:S.66
1305:S.56
1300:S.50
1295:S.48
1290:S.46
1285:S.45
1280:S.33
1275:S.27
1249:S.91
1244:S.81
1239:S.71
1234:S.70
1229:S.61
1224:S.58
1219:S.51
1214:S.41
1209:S.26
1204:S.20
1179:S.XX
1164:S.XV
1144:S.XI
1083:SPAD
1032:2019
1012:2019
992:2019
972:2019
937:ISBN
918:ISBN
901:ISSN
884:ISSN
867:ISSN
850:ISSN
822:ISBN
799:2019
766:ISBN
690:ISBN
599:and
593:Colt
519:1 Ă
296:ĐĄĐĐĐ
236:and
221:and
140:The
124:107
1134:S.V
1129:S.H
1124:S.G
1119:S.F
1114:S.E
1109:S.D
1104:S.C
1098:S.A
477:Two
1387::
1022:.
1002:.
982:.
962:.
789:.
730:^
718:^
704:^
595:,
591:,
225:.
1075:e
1068:t
1061:v
1034:.
1014:.
994:.
974:.
945:.
926:.
907:.
890:.
873:.
856:.
830:.
801:.
774:.
698:.
621:/
603:.
340:.
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