316:, and Haji Qasim. If the governor failed to present himself and the merchants, Shivaji threatened to burn Surat, which commenced on the former's noncompliance.After two days of nervous deliberation, the Mughal Governor Inayat Khan sent a young officer to assassinate Shivaji. Pretending to negotiate the surrender of the fort, the officer entered Shivaji's tent for a meeting. Shivaji, recalling past taunts, playfully mocked the Governor's cowardice. Angered by Shivaji's banter, the officer attacked with a dagger, but a Maratha guardsman intervened, severing the officer's hand. Despite the skirmish, a rumor spread that
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eventually let the
Englishman go for 300 rupees. However the English factors refused to readmit him, and sent him back to Shivaji as his servant. Shivaji sent messages to the English factory that they should escape ruin by paying him tribute with their goods, but his requests were denied. The English factory and the house of Haji Zaid Beg (whose house was plundered on the first day of the sack) were divided by a single wall. The Marathas sought to burn the ward where the English factory was located to induce them to surrender, but in a small skirmish led by
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In recognition of the losses faced by the Surat merchants, Aurangzeb waived the custom duty on imports and exports for a year for native and foreign merchants of the city. The
English and Dutch in particular were granted after the year a reduction in their custom duty from 2.5% to 2%. This reduction
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with fear and anxiety, prompting many to flee the town. Surat's
Governor, Inayat Khan, failed to take adequate measures to protect the town, leaving it vulnerable to Shivaji's impending arrival. Shivaji, through special agents, conveyed his intention to the Governor and local merchants, emphasizing
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The viceroy of
Gujarat, Mahabat Khan marched forth for Surat with an army to face Shivaji at Surat, but once Shivaji learnt of the army's movement his forces left the city, and Mahabat Khan turned back at Bharuch. The English factory was praised by the local townsfolk, Mahabat Khan's officers, and
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planned to attack Surat, a key Moghal administrative centre and a wealthy port town that generated a million rupees in taxes. His aim was to capture and loot the wealthy port city and bring all the loot to his Raigad Fort. In the rainy season of 1663, he focused on targeting Surat, Shivaji's spies
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ransacked houses and chests, accumulating a vast amount of loot, primarily gold, silver, pearls, and diamonds. Shivaji swiftly departed Surat upon learning of an approaching Mughal force, leaving behind heaps of clothing and household articles for the town's residents. The value of the plunder
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On the first day of the sack, an
Englishman of the factory named Anthony Smith was travelling alone from Surwali to Surat, where he was captured by Maratha forces and taken to Shivaji. He was initially threatened with death, and then made prisoner. Shivaji demanded ransom for his release, and
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man. Similarly, Shivaji did not plunder the houses of the foreign missionaries. Shivaji and the
Marathas resorted to torture and mutilation to extract ransoms and confessions from their prisoners. Those who did not produce adequate tributes had one or sometimes two hands chopped off.
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his need for funds due to his conflict with the
Emperor. He demanded a substantial amount from Surat's wealthy merchants, warning of dire consequences for refusal. However, Inayat Khan, his nobles, and elite citizens fled to the Surat castle and ordinary townsfolk fled the city.
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Despite the distance of over two hundred miles and the lack of good roads, Shivaji was undeterred. He strategically positioned military camps in the vicinity of Danda
Rajpuri, Pen, and Nasik, with troops totaling about four thousand. Under the guise of suppressing the
227:, Surat was attacked by Shivaji on 5 January 1664; the attack was so sudden that the population had no chance to flee, the violent plunder of the Mahratta forces continued for six days & two-thirds of the city was burnt down. The loot was then transferred to
267:, seeking out the weakest point for a new assault as open war between them had commenced. With accurate intelligence in hand, Shivaji planned to strike Surat, intending to tarnish the Emperor's reputation by raising a significant disturbance. While Surat had a
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ordered the execution of four Mughal prisoners by beheading and the amputation of the hands of twenty-four others. Shivaji ordered a general sack of the town instead of massacre, leading to widespread plunder and devastation over the next few days.
293:, these troops mobilized from their stations towards Surat in early January 1664. Shivaji himself departed from Nasik and led his forces through a circuitous route, uniting all detachments near Gandevi, about 28 miles south of Surat.
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the Mughal emperor for their defense of their local ward. When Inayat Khan eventually emerged from Surat Castle, he was derided by an angry mob of citzens who hurled dirt at him. Inayat Khan's son decided to take revenge and shot a
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Shivaji would continue to threaten the town with plunder unless
Aurangzeb granted him the chauth, or 40% of the annual revenues, of the Surat district. This eventually led to the second Sack of Surat in 1670.
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for the
European merchants would by later taken away by Aurangzeb fifteen years later. Oxenden and his subordinates were given sizable bonuses by the East India Company for their defense of the factory.
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Upon Shivaji's arrival outside Surat, he sent a message to the governor Inayat Khan to come to the Maratha camp and bring with him the three most prominent merchants of the city: Haji Zahid Beg,
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the Marathas were driven back, and Shivaji decided to not further molest the English. The Dutch factory was nearly burnt down in the general burning of the city but was spared by chance.
223:. The city was populated mostly by Hindus, but there were Muslims & others as well; including the officials of the Moghal administration at the city. According to historian
305:, the president of the English factory at Surat, decided to defend his position and fortified the factory with artillery to protect goods worth £80,000 that the
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trading centers. The Maratha soldiers took away cash, gold, silver, pearls, rubies, diamonds & emeralds from the houses of rich merchants such as
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carried away was estimated to be substantial, possibly exceeding a crore of rupees. The plunder was utilized to fortify
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for more than three years fighting the Marathas, and their financial condition was dire. So to improve his finances,
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forces arrived at Surat, only to find the town defaced and looted by Shivaji's forces.
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had been killed, prompting calls for revenge in the Maratha camp. To quell the uproar,
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commander. The Marathas defeated the Mughal military unit posted at Surat.
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and agents meticulously observed the northern Mughal territories between
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The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire
192:, was a land battle that took place on 5 January 1664, near the city of
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Rana, Bhawan Singh (5 October 2016). "Chapter Two: Administration".
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Surat was under attack for nearly three days, during this time the
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prisoners and the amputation of the hands of twenty-four others.
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Early 20th century depiction of the Sack of Surat by Shivaji.
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on the river Tapti, the city as a whole had poor defenses.
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looted all the wealth from the traders of the Mughal
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1421:. Om Books International. p. 95.
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296:The news of Shivaji's approach struck
1602:"VII. The Merchant Prince Virji Vora"
1569:. Cosmo Publications. pp. 506–.
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1640:. Cosmo Publications. p. 506.
466:Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011).
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455:Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946).
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1608:. Popular Prakashan. p. 25.
458:New History Of The Marathas Vol.1
1606:Surat In The Seventeenth Century
1380:. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd.
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481:. London: Collins. p. 171.
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336:and others such as the
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614:Ramchandra Pant Amatya
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188:, also known as the
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1006:Invasions of Bengal
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535:Maratha Confederacy
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472:. pp. 500–512.
394:boy with an arrow.
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438:Battle of Purandar
428:Battle of Sinhagad
307:East India Company
1742:Conflicts in 1664
1709:Commissariat 1980
1697:Commissariat 1980
1685:Commissariat 1980
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1661:Commissariat 1980
1647:978-81-7755-286-7
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1619:. Retrieved
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1515:Kincaid 1937
1442:Kincaid 1937
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649:Raghunathrao
586:Pratap Singh
543:Chhatrapatis
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330:Maratha Army
327:
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248:Shaista Khan
246:
237:Poona (Pune)
210:
189:
185:
183:
158:4000 cavalry
101:Belligerents
18:
1621:25 November
1582:14 December
1355: /
1199:Adversaries
1134:Farrukhabad
1084:Gajendragad
1034:3rd Panipat
1001:Katwa (2nd)
991:Katwa (1st)
881:Pavan Khind
674:Bhat family
659:Baji Rao II
644:Narayan Rao
229:Rajgad fort
221:Arabian Sea
176:Imperialist
148:Inayat Khan
1721:Categories
1297:Sindhudurg
1211:Qutb Shahi
1206:Adil Shahi
921:Bhupalgarh
886:Umberkhind
871:Pratapgarh
777:Parvatibai
767:Lakshmibai
710:hereditary
688:Pratinidhi
669:Nana Sahib
629:Baji Rao I
576:Rajaram II
380:Sindhudurg
350:charitable
342:Virji Vora
338:Portuguese
314:Virji Vora
291:Portuguese
243:Background
1396:cite book
1267:Pratapgad
1139:Bharatpur
1119:3rd Delhi
1021:2nd Delhi
802:Soyarabai
797:Sakvarbai
782:Putalabai
747:Gopikabai
742:Anandibai
664:Amrut Rao
561:Rajaram I
365:Aftermath
265:Burhanpur
213:port city
1600:(1979).
1292:Shivneri
1272:Purandar
1154:Mahidpur
1149:Koregaon
1099:Chaksana
1054:Pachgaon
1030:Peshawar
971:Mandsaur
906:Sinhagad
901:Purandar
876:Kolhapur
812:Baka Bai
762:Kashibai
752:Jankibai
581:Shahu II
556:Sambhaji
406:See also
371:Marathas
289:and the
153:Strength
60:Location
29:Part of
1343:72°50′E
1340:21°10′N
1323:Shivrai
1262:Panhala
1129:Laswari
1079:Savanur
1064:Wadgaon
1059:Saunshi
1039:Alegaon
1011:Burdwan
961:Palkhed
951:Raigarh
926:Bijapur
863:Battles
787:Ramabai
772:Mastani
757:Jijabai
596:Peshwas
571:Shahu I
566:Tarabai
551:Shivaji
449:Sources
322:Shivaji
318:Shivaji
309:owned.
256:Shivaji
219:in the
202:Shivaji
198:Gujarat
172:Shivaji
139:Shivaji
77:Gujarat
1644:
1612:
1573:
1425:
1384:
1302:Rajgad
1282:Rajgad
1277:Raigad
1257:Mangad
1241:Mysore
1144:Khadki
1124:Assaye
1109:Kharda
1094:Lalsot
1074:Badami
1016:Narela
976:Bhopal
946:Khelna
941:Satara
916:Kalyan
911:Salher
891:Chakan
792:Saibai
686:&
684:Amatya
392:Baniya
384:Mughal
376:Raigad
275:Battle
269:castle
252:Deccan
206:Mughal
89:Result
1316:Coins
1307:Torna
1250:Forts
1114:Poona
1104:Patan
1069:Adoni
981:Vasai
966:Malwa
956:Torna
936:Jinji
896:Surat
730:Women
298:Surat
287:Siddi
261:Poona
235:near
194:Surat
81:India
75:(Now
65:Surat
1642:ISBN
1623:2011
1610:ISBN
1584:2011
1571:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1402:link
1382:ISBN
1163:Wars
369:The
263:and
184:The
52:Date
1723::
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708:(
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508:v
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83:)
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