Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta

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a river valley through which the continuation of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowed to the Pacific Ocean. When sea levels rose again, ocean water backed up through the Carquinez Strait into the Central Valley; the combination of the narrow strait and tidal action pushing inland dramatically slowed the current of these rivers and forced them to drop sediment. The early delta was composed of shifting channels, sand dunes, alluvial fans and floodplains that underwent constant fluctuation because of rapidly rising seas – one inch (25 mm) per year. About 8,000 years ago, the rate of sea-level rise slackened, allowing wetland plants to take hold in the Delta, trapping sediment; the growth and decay of these plants began to form the vast peat deposits that make up the Delta islands. The Delta reached a stabilized form similar to its mid-1800s state about 2,000–3,000 years ago.

2536:. About half the total river flow in the state passes through this region, from which water is exported to other areas of the San Joaquin Valley, Southern California and portions of the Bay area to supply some 1,130,000 acres (1,770 sq mi; 4,600 km) of farmland and 23 million people in central and Southern California. The Delta provides an estimated seven million acre-feet (2.1 cu mi; 8.6 km) of water per year, of which about 100,000 acre-feet (0.030 cu mi; 0.12 km) are exported to the San Francisco Bay Area, 1.7 million acre-feet (0.50 cu mi; 2.1 km) are used locally, and over five million acre-feet (1.5 cu mi; 6.2 km) are exported to the San Joaquin Valley, coastal Central and Southern California. 2443:, which allowed for the transfer of title for wetlands to private owners on the conditions that the land would be reclaimed. In California, more than two million acres (3,100 sq mi; 8,100 km) of wetlands were partitioned under the Swampland Act, of which 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km) were in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, roughly the same amount of land that has been developed to date. Agricultural interests in the Delta were protected by the building of levees, a colossal effort first undertaken by Chinese laborers from the 1850s to the 1870s. The Board of Reclamation, formed in 1861, collectivized levee construction in the Delta by grouping islands into areas known as 2409: 3016: 222: 42: 3033: 2638: 2713: 22: 2815: 2471:

grown in the Delta include corn, grain, hay, sugar beets, alfalfa, tomatoes, asparagus, and safflower; various fruits are also raised here, as well as some livestock. Crops in the Delta cannot be irrigated using conventional methods due to the highly absorbent quality of the peat soil and irregularities caused by land subsidence. Irrigation is typically carried out periodically by piping water into small "spud ditches", which spread water over large areas and raise the local

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Sherman Island, some 14,000 acres (22 sq mi; 57 km), was diked and drained by a system of levees, flumes and floodgates. By the 1890s, the original levee system had been largely replaced with stronger embankments consisting of clay dredged from nearby river bottoms. By 1900, about 235,000 acres (367 sq mi; 950 km), or nearly half of the Delta's land area, had been reclaimed. Most of the farmable land in the Delta had been reclaimed by the 1920s.

2525: 3116: 8028: 2117: 8016: 2151: 2381:, with some estimates ranging up to 20,000. The Native Americans lived in villages of 200–1,000 people on the eastern edge of the Delta, where the land was higher and less susceptible to flooding. Their lives centered around the abundant reeds or tules that grew on the Delta islands, which they used to make houses, boats, and garments. Staple foods included tule roots and pollen, acorns, wild fruits and seeds, fish and game. 6856: 2782:, and various reeds that flourished in intermittently flooded, low-lying marshy areas. Over thousands of years, the growth and decay of the various swampland plants formed a layer of peat 50 feet (15 m) deep in places, hence the extremely high fertility of Delta soils. Sediment deposits formed natural levees around the borders of islands, where larger trees, mainly willows, were able to take root and form large 1165: 2041: 505: 2005: 689: 2063: 1925: 1395: 377: 321: 1719: 1261: 837: 581: 2099: 1947: 1791: 1319: 783: 1827: 1755: 1629: 1203: 891: 729: 487: 339: 285: 1987: 1967: 1865: 1773: 1647: 1573: 1493: 1453: 1435: 1377: 1359: 1223: 1147: 1109: 1001: 983: 963: 765: 653: 617: 431: 303: 2023: 1701: 1665: 1611: 1533: 1299: 1281: 1241: 1037: 945: 927: 909: 801: 747: 711: 635: 599: 563: 545: 469: 395: 2081: 1845: 1737: 1593: 1183: 1019: 855: 819: 449: 413: 265: 247: 229: 1885: 1809: 1683: 1553: 1513: 1473: 1415: 1127: 1091: 1073: 873: 671: 527: 1905: 1339: 1055: 357: 2744:

Commission. This study concluded that the Delta levee system is now relatively robust but should be improved to effectively eliminate the risk of failure in extreme floods and earthquakes. It emphasizes the significant value of the infrastructure that passes through the Delta, including water conveyance, in addition to life and property, and the value of the Delta as a Place.

2232:. The southwestern part of the Delta is also transected by the Middle River and Old River, former channels of the San Joaquin. These rivers transport more than 30 million acre-feet (8.9 cu mi; 37 km) of water through the Delta each year – about 50 percent of all California's runoff. 2743:

But, the significant improvements made to the Delta levee system since 1982 have reduced the incidence of failures to this one major failure in 30 years. The most up-to-date description and discussion of the Delta levee system can be found in the Economic Sustainability Plan of the Delta Protection

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The Delta is also a popular site for recreation and is used for sailing, waterskiing, houseboating, fishing, and hunting. The Delta is home to over 100 marinas and 25 yacht clubs. In 2010, over seven million 'annual visitor boating days' occurred on the Delta, according to a local government survey.

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Immediately before large-scale human development, most of the Delta islands had saucer-like cross sections, with low natural levees flanking a marshy interior "bowl" that flooded intermittently with the seasons and tides. The height of these natural levees, formed from overbank deposits of sediments

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The Delta in its contemporary (pre-1850s) state began to form about 10,000 years ago at the end of the last Ice Age. During the Ice Age global sea levels were about 300 ft (91 m) lower than today, and the Delta region, as well as Suisun Bay, the Carquinez Strait and San Francisco Bay, were

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The Delta consists of approximately 57 reclaimed islands and tracts but there are nearly 200 islands in the delta that are named or not named. These are all surrounded by 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of levees that border 700 miles (1,100 km) of waterways. The southwestern side of the Delta lies

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Diversions located at the southern end of the Delta, however, have negated some of the benefits of upstream dams. The powerful pumps that supply water for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project cause water in the Delta to flow from north to south instead of the natural direction of east

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Land subsidence also allows brackish water intrusion into the Delta, an issue compounded by the diversion of up to 25% of the freshwater flowing into the Delta. The decreased volume of freshwater in the Delta has had a profound effect on its ecology. In most years, large dams in the Delta watershed

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is a key indicator species for the health of the Delta's ecosystem. Delta fish populations have been significantly reduced due to the reclamation of marshland and diversions of fresh water. In 2004, the Delta smelt was found to be on the edge of extinction. The survival of the Delta smelt has been

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could also be found in the Delta. The extensive wetlands of the Delta supported massive bird populations, half the migrating waterfowl in California continue to pass through the Delta. A survey in 2012 recorded a spring duck population of 48.6 million, the highest since counts began in 1955. Large

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The levee system allowed farmers to drain and reclaim almost 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km) of the Delta, then a tidal marsh. Once the rivers were confined to their riverbeds, the peat soil of the former tidal marsh was exposed to oxygen. As the oxygen-rich peat soil decomposed

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Intrusion of brackish water into the Delta is a recurring natural phenomenon; however, it became a serious issue after the development of agriculture in the upper Sacramento and San Joaquin valley reduced inflows. Multiple droughts between 1910 and 1940 caused significant salinity intrusion in the

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have the ability to dominate the lower trophic levels hence why they are able to bloom. Additionally, when microcystins are present in the system then the consumers in the food web are at risk due to the effects of bioaccumulation. Fish that are present and active during cyanobacteria blooms can

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The Delta produces crops valued at about $ 650 million annually (for the 1998–2004 period), making it one of the most productive farming regions of the United States in terms of crop value per unit area. Agriculture provides secondary benefits of over $ 2 billion to the local economy. Major crops

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Altogether, the Delta covers 1,153 square miles (2,990 km), with 841 sq mi (2,180 km), or nearly 73 percent, devoted to agriculture. About 100 sq mi (260 km) of the Delta area is urban and 117 sq mi (300 km) are undeveloped land. The rivers,

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Although land holdings in the Delta were initially limited to 320 acres (0.50 sq mi; 1.3 km) per buyer, this limit was repealed in 1868, allowing large agricultural conglomerates to take entire islands and carry out massive reclamation projects. From 1868 to 1869, the entirety of

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mammals in the Delta have not fared so well; with most of their habitat converted to agriculture, remaining populations were highly susceptible to human impacts and natural disasters. Grizzlies were hunted to extinction, while the flood of 1878 wiped out the last of the elk herds in the Delta.

2567:; the latter, a part of the CVP, provides supplies of irrigation water in the fertile San Joaquin Valley. Although the vast majority of water supplied by these projects is used for agriculture and urban areas, some water is also provided for wildlife refuges and habitat conservation works. The 3028:

process which had offered several staged solutions. A first set of alternatives would maintain the Delta in its current condition and configuration. The second would restore parts of the Delta more closely to its natural state but include the construction of an additional Peripheral Canal to

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has become one of the most destructive plants to the Delta water way. Within one year it will spread and cover as much as 6,500 square feet (600 m) of water space in one growing season. It has become a challenge to the agricultural community to eliminate. The plants spread by budding and

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Originally a Delta farming island, Franks Tract flooded in 1936 and again in 1938. The levees were never repaired and the island remained submerged, becoming an expanse of open water dotted with remnants of the original levees now the only landforms. In 1959, the area became a state park.

3093:. However, the Peripheral Canal proposal has been criticized because it would further reduce the amount of freshwater flowing through the Delta. Farmers in the Delta are among the most opposed to the project because it would decrease the amount of water available to them for irrigation. 186: 2400:

sites in the Delta area. However, frequent military expeditions were made into the Delta from 1813 to 1845 in response to animosities between the Native Americans and the Spanish and later Mexicans; also several land grants were made in the vicinity of the Delta, including one to

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fully hold back spring runoff; as a result the Delta is most susceptible to salinity intrusion between February and June. However, regulation provided by dams helps boost freshwater flows during dry summers and autumns, reducing the risk of salinity intrusion in these months.

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to redirect water flowing from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers directly to the federal aqueducts that draw water from the southern end of the Delta. Currently, freshwater entering the Delta has to flow through a maze of river channels and sloughs before entering the

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Kraus, T.E.C., Bergamaschi, B.A., and Downing, B.D., 2017, An introduction to high-frequency nutrient and biogeochemical monitoring for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5071, 41 p.,

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After numerous rounds of mitigation following the 2005 Smelt Biological Opinion (BiOp) lead to pumping restrictions from the State and Federal projects from the Delta, a number of potential solutions to the Delta's problems have been proposed. These followed the

2883:. There is a separate safe eating advisory for the Northern part of the Delta. A 2010 study shows that the anglers in the Delta who ate these fish had higher levels of mercury in their system. Delta fish have also been found to have high levels of a toxin called 2871:

one of the largest environmental issues in California, as environmental measures enacted to protect its population have often reduced the amount of water available for federal water projects that depend on water pumped from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta.

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Lehman, P.W., Marr, K., Boyer, G.L., Acuna, S., and Teh, S.J. (2013) Long-term trends and causal factors associated with Microcystis abundance and toxicity in San Francisco Estuary and implications for climate change impacts. Hydrobiologia 718: 141–158.

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like reduced precipitation and increased temperatures could further increase the possibility of cyanobacteria blooms in the Delta. The high prevalence of nutrient concentrations in the Delta also plays a significant part in the increased frequency of

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The Contra Costa County Public Works Department is working with the California Coastal Commission and the Department of Boating and Waterways to protect the drinking water quality, prevent pollution, and promote the environmental health of the Delta.

2432:. Because of the flat terrain coupled with year-round availability of fresh water, irrigation here was cheaper and simpler than other fertile regions of California. As a result, the Delta remained California's richest farming region (alongside 2333:. The drainage of all the water through this narrow gap formed a bottleneck in the Central Valley's outflow; this constriction is essential to provoke the slowing of river current and the resulting sediment deposits that now make up the Delta. 4703:

Mioni, Cecile & Kudela, Raphael & Baxa, Dolores. (2011). Harmful cyanobacteria blooms and their toxins in Clear Lake and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California). Report Prepared for Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control

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spreading its seeds, and those seeds fall to the bottom of the water, where they can stay viable in the muck for years. The Hyacinth can form a mat up to 6 feet (1.8 m) thick, shutting off light and becoming acidic when they decompose.

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Delta because of the reduction of freshwater inflows. The growing Delta water quality issue provided the initial impetus for building dams on Central Valley rivers to boost dry-season freshwater flows. This eventually became the federal

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blooms in the Delta represents a continual threat for species at multiple trophic levels. The lower trophic levels are affected from both reduced diversity as well as reduced numbers through competition. When the conditions are met

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which can pose a risk to humans and animals upon contact. Because of this cyanobacteria blooms are seen as a threat that has the potential to impact human life. Several types of toxic cyanobacteria have appeared in the Delta, with

2736:. One of the most recent examples of levee failure in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta occurred in June 2004 when a levee breach caused more than 150,000 acre-feet (190,000,000 m) of water to flood the entire island of 4645:

Zegura, Bojana & Sedmak, Bojan & Filipic, Metka. (2003). Microcystin-LR induces oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 41. 41-8.

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are routinely dredged to allow the passage of large cargo ships. The Sacramento River corridor has been maintained to a depth of 7 ft (2.1 m) as early as 1899, and was deepened to 30 ft (9.1 m) in 1955. The

2491:, located on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, respectively, are the most important inland ports in California. The San Joaquin River throughout most of the Delta and the lower Sacramento River below its connection to the 2197:

streams, sloughs and waterways of the Delta total about 95 sq mi (250 km) of surface, although this fluctuates greatly with seasons and tides. Geologically, it is not considered a true river delta, but rather an

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The Spanish conscripted large numbers of Native Americans for labor on missions; many Native Americans fled deep into the Delta in order to escape their European masters. However, this did not protect them from diseases. A

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has issued a safe eating advisory for any fish caught in Central and South parts of the Delta due to elevated levels of mercury and PCBs. In addition, there is a notice of "DO NOT EAT" for any fish or shellfish from the

2436:) until the 1940s, when massive federal water projects finally made possible the full-scale irrigation of the main body of the Central Valley. Today, the Delta is still among the state's most productive farming regions. 2609:

offers boat launches and facilities that support fishing, windsurfing, waterskiing, and sailing, in addition to campsites, picnic areas and trails to allow visitors to explore the marshes and islands of the area.

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Berg M and Sutula M. 2015. Factors affecting the growth of cyanobacteria with special emphasis on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Technical Report 869 August

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to west. This has caused multiple environmental issues, such as the disruption of fish migration and salinity buildup in the eastern Delta, where salts can no longer be flushed to the sea by natural river flows.

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An 1873 map showing the river systems of the Central Valley, with wetlands marked in gray. The Delta, at roughly left center, was the largest area of contiguous, perennial wetlands in pre-development California.

129:. The narrowness of the Carquinez Strait coupled with tidal action has caused the sediment to pile up, forming expansive islands. Geologically, the Delta has existed for about 10,000 years, since the end of the 113:

is located on the San Joaquin River at the eastern edge of the delta. The total area of the Delta, including both land and water, is about 1,100 square miles (2,800 km). Its population is around 500,000.

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All solutions, however, aim to produce a Delta which simultaneously supports a vibrant ecosystem and continues to supply fresh water to the Central Valley Project, the State Water Project and the Bay Area.

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often have microcystin levels high enough to produce sublethal effects. Because microcystins can concentrate inside fish at multiple trophic levels it also represents a risk for human consumption as well.

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which originates from old gold rush era mines in the Sierras. In that same study, it was found that women along the delta were consuming high numbers of fish, making them more susceptible to poisoning.

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were found in Merced County in 2017 on the edge of the Delta. State officials are concerned that they will harm the infrastructure that sends water to San Joaquin Valley farms and urban areas.

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Stringfellow, William. (2013). Unprecedented Bloom of Toxin-Producing Cyanobacteria in the Southern Bay-Delta Estuary and its Potential Negative Impact on the Aquatic Food-Web (Report 4.5.1).

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A 2019 article states that "a catastrophic levee failure, defined as 20 islands flooding at once, has a 62 percent chance of occurring in the next two decades if subsidence isn’t addressed."

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Humans have inhabited the Delta for up to 4,300 years. The estimated indigenous population of the Delta at the time of first contact with Europeans was about 3,000–15,000, predominantly

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also take Delta water, supplying the nearby San Francisco Bay Area. Locally, the Delta provides water for cities and towns in five counties and for over 1,800 agricultural users.

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obliterated much of the existing Delta infrastructure, forcing landowners to rebuild their levees higher and stronger; more flooding in 1878 and 1881 reinforced these notions.

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Bolotaolo M, Kurobe T, Puschner B, et al. Analysis of Covalently Bound Microcystins in Sediments and Clam Tissue in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA.

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parameters during the cyanobacteria blooms and determined that the blooms appeared after reaching a threshold of 19 °C (66 °F) which was exacerbated by reduced

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from the east. The Calaveras and Mokelumne are both tributaries of the San Joaquin River. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers join at the western end of the Delta near

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in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. These numbers include multiple failures of a single levee structure. Levee failures, also known as breaches, can be caused by

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Using the Delta as the primary valve in a linear water system may have been convenient for a period, but that convenience has come at a high price for the environment.

4347: 3483:"The Devil Is in the Delta: Can California's Sacramento-San Joaquin river delta be saved? The state's cities and farms hope the answer is yes, but no one is in charge" 4433: 3833: 2361:

and Tyler Islands, located further east near the Mokelumne River. An estimated 60 percent of the Delta flooded for up to two hours each day at high tide; during

2201:, as it formed inward (sediments accumulating progressively inland) rather than outward. The only other major river delta in the world located this far inland is the 7923: 6716: 4629:

Mankiewicz-Boczek, Joanna & WALTER, ZOFIA & Zalewski, Maciej & Konopnickiej, M.. (2002). Natural toxins from cyanobacteria. Acta Biol. Cracov Bot. 45.

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The Delta is home to several state and regional parks, reflecting a variety of recreational activities. These include historical interpretative centers, including

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The Delta (located south of Sacramento, middle left, at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers) is central to California's water supply system.

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epidemic in 1833 decimated local native populations; this was probably exacerbated by the marshy geography of the area, which bred large amounts of mosquitoes.

7254: 6606: 6601: 6242: 4931: 4591: 2625:, a north–south route for migratory birds, crosses the Delta. The migratory birds provide both birdwatching and hunting opportunities. Including the northern 8103: 8083: 8053: 7329: 6804: 6526: 6013: 4041: 3715: 8118: 7613: 6018: 5305: 5204: 4900: 4772: 3855: 3623: 8108: 6124: 5990: 5544: 3925: 6736: 6516: 6174: 6169: 6139: 6129: 5760: 4173: 2994:

and dominate the lower trophic levels. There have also been large amounts of nutrients monitored in the Delta as a result of various human activities.

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Currently, most of the Delta is below sea level, with a great deal of the western and central Delta at least 15 feet (4.6 m) below sea level. The

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has been dredged since 1913; however, its present depth of 37 ft (11 m) was only achieved in 1987. The Delta is also home to the port of

2951:. Microcystins were detected in the tissue of clams at levels much higher than the ambient water around them because of microcystin's ability to 8113: 8058: 7339: 6104: 6038: 5970: 5298: 3206: 3100:

Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area was designated on March 12, 2019, the first such designation for California, as part of the

3079:. In addition, large numbers of Delta smelt and other endangered species are killed by the pumping plants that provide water for the aqueducts. 2159: 7026: 6761: 6676: 6551: 6313: 6247: 6227: 6212: 6189: 6068: 5980: 5975: 5504: 4865: 2958:

The increased occurrences of cyanobacteria blooms in the Delta can be attributed to a variety of factors with the most important being lowered

2802:, these oak woodlands grew in bands that stretched up to 3 miles (4.8 km) inland. Farther away from water sources, vegetation gave way to 2123: 5023: 3665: 3486: 2603:

that represented the largest domestic loss of life in the U.S. in World War II, and the impact it had on race relations in the U.S. military.

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Since the mid-19th century, most of the region has been gradually claimed for agriculture. Wind erosion and oxidation have led to widespread

5216: 4464: 8088: 8000: 7101: 6571: 6237: 6207: 6028: 6005: 5234: 3330: 4344:"Tissue Residues and Hazards of Waterborne Pesticides for Federally Listed and Candidate Fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta" 3586: 3055:, due to water shortages caused by the Delta's environmental problems, declining fish populations and aging levees, among other problems. 8093: 7979: 6845: 4369: 3529: 2762:, which includes both the irrigation water for its $ 17 billion agricultural economy and the drinking water for about 25 million people. 8063: 6756: 6671: 6616: 6591: 2680:

Land subsidence has endangered the Delta's system of protective levees, occasionally triggering levee failure and subsequent flooding.

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on the Central Delta islands; much of the Delta region today sits below sea level, behind levees earning it the nickname "California's

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In April 2009, the Sacramento River in the Delta was declared the nation's most endangered waterway system by the environmental group

7036: 6830: 6797: 6726: 6586: 6521: 6486: 4150: 4751:"An introduction to high-frequency nutrient and biogeochemical monitoring for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, northern California" 7522: 7289: 7046: 6706: 6631: 6621: 6561: 6252: 5224: 5191: 3739: 2786:. The riparian forests were most pronounced along the Sacramento River and the lower Mokelumne River below its confluence with the 2654: 2405:, who started the first significant European settlement in the Central Valley just north of the Delta near present-day Sacramento. 2263: 4212: 3378: 160:

is also derived from the Delta, via pumps located at the southern end of the Delta. The pumps deliver water for irrigation in the

7071: 6701: 6576: 6536: 4810: 3778: 3227: 7883: 7314: 7259: 6696: 6666: 6491: 6481: 2396:. For decades, the Delta was little utilized by the Spanish colonists. Expeditions from 1806 to 1812 failed to locate suitable 117:

The Delta was formed by rising sea level following glaciation, leading to the accumulation of Sacramento and San Joaquin River

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Cnet – Visiting SF Bay (and delta) in a warehouse. Article by Daniel Terdimen, photos by James Martin, Cnet News, Aug 27, 2007

5196: 5150:(Nine Mile Press, 2015). Oral histories and photographs of residents of Locke, California in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. 4750: 7274: 6636: 4343: 3751:, California Dept. of Transportation, Caltrans Office of System and Freight Planning, July 2012, retrieved November 24, 2018. 3431: 3184: 5183: 4582:"You think the rats at L.A. City Hall are bad? Officials have a $ 1.9-million plan to rid state marshlands of giant rodents" 3253: 2317:

The Delta was formerly located at the bottom of a large inland sea in the Central Valley, which formed as the uplift of the

7646: 7422: 7031: 6835: 6790: 6771: 6656: 6651: 6501: 6460: 6422: 6407: 4425: 3829: 2838:; their trails were so vast that early Spanish explorers supposed the area was inhabited by cattle. Significant numbers of 2606: 102: 4370:"Duck Populations Hit All-Time Record: Breeding Survey estimates 48.6 million ducks; Mallards at highest level since 1999" 2790:. More extensive woodlands were prominent on the fringes of the Delta bordering the riparian zones. Composed primarily of 8128: 7221: 7091: 6257: 5529: 2774:

in western North America. Before agricultural development of the Delta region, the Delta's many islands were forested by

2011: 401: 171: 7995: 7548: 7359: 6751: 6641: 6581: 6496: 6412: 5534: 4115: 2615: 2592: 2492: 2296:"The virgin California Delta was so vast, wild and confusing – its sloughs meandered everywhere and led nowhere – that 1247: 2826:

threatened species that has caused controversy over the amount of water that can be sustainably pumped from the Delta.

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An 1850 drawing of the Sacramento River in the Delta, showing the lush foliage that made up much of the virgin Delta.

4923: 3885: 2555:, two of the state's largest water conveyance facilities, both draw water from the southern end of the Delta at the 8078: 7953: 7863: 7432: 7061: 7041: 6511: 4581: 4273: 3951: 3409: 3304: 2674: 2445: 4033: 3996: 7412: 7309: 7304: 7294: 7284: 7264: 6766: 6506: 5337: 4207: 3708: 2544:(CVP), California's first major statewide water system, most of which was built between the 1930s and the 1960s. 2174: 1911: 5201: 4892: 3807: 3627: 2208:

The main source rivers include the Sacramento River from the north, the San Joaquin from the southeast, and the

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Silver, Elana; Kaslow, Jessica; Lee, Diana; Lee, Sun; Lynn Tan, May; Weis, Erica; Ujihara, Alyce (July 2007).

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of the aquatic microbial community. Additionally, the cyanobacteria blooms in the Delta have led to decreased

8019: 7938: 7903: 7797: 7668: 7502: 7349: 6427: 6346: 5559: 5342: 5229: 5143: 4986:"President signs bill establishing Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta as California's first National Heritage Area" 4535:"Fish consumption and advisory awareness among low-income women in California's Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta" 3859: 2408: 2178: 2105: 7802: 7746: 7663: 7598: 7354: 7324: 7319: 6971: 6566: 6402: 5935: 5900: 5765: 5715: 4237: 3129: 3015: 2866:. About two-thirds of California's salmon pass through the Delta on their way upstream to spawn. The small 2497: 2275: 897: 493: 291: 4716:

Noriko Takamura, Toshio Iwakuma, Masayuki Yasuno, Uptake of 13 C and 15 N (ammonium, nitrate and urea) by

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Otten, T.G., Paerl, H.W., Dreher, T.W., Kimmerer, W.J. and Parker, A.E. (2017), The molecular ecology of

3104:. The Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area is managed by the Delta Protection Commission. 3083: 2759: 2350: 1891: 1383: 1171: 1153: 1007: 969: 659: 309: 74: 46: 4869: 2901:

blooms with increasing frequency over the past two decades. Cyanobacteria have the potential to produce

2475:. The heightened groundwater is then gradually depleted by the crop until irrigation is required again. 8073: 8031: 7807: 7279: 7269: 7146: 5930: 5905: 5895: 5835: 5770: 5642: 5597: 5564: 5499: 2358: 1539: 1287: 807: 717: 641: 4094:"Subsidence reversal in a re-established wetland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA" 8068: 7507: 7487: 7392: 6063: 6033: 5880: 5875: 5775: 5662: 5607: 5554: 5352: 2186: 1097: 861: 825: 455: 271: 253: 235: 5239: 7822: 7467: 6453: 6053: 5920: 5910: 5695: 5680: 5657: 5458: 5015: 3654: 3482: 3134: 2513: 2325:

to the Pacific. About 560,000 years ago, water breached the mountains, carving out the present-day

1559: 1421: 1079: 677: 533: 511: 2449:. The early levees were built of peat, and were highly susceptible to wind and water erosion. The 7973: 7873: 7769: 7527: 7512: 7344: 6287: 5584: 5357: 5245:

Cnet – Engineering a massive cleanup of toxic waterways (photos), by James Martin, March 20, 2010

5213: 4534: 4487: 4456: 2318: 2190: 2166: 5244: 4634: 3326: 3032: 2483:

Delta waterways are also major transportation corridors for agricultural products; the ports of

2428:, when farmers planted orchards on Delta islands to provide fresh fruit for mining camps in the 7943: 7721: 7299: 7231: 7086: 6469: 6438: 6099: 5795: 5463: 5438: 5388: 5329: 3575: 3087: 2908: 2823: 2637: 2541: 2440: 2397: 2256: 2225: 106: 4373: 41: 25:

Northern California's Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. The Sacramento River flows into the

7928: 7908: 7787: 7674: 7334: 7196: 6915: 6356: 6086: 5433: 5428: 5393: 5378: 3064: 2775: 2600: 2556: 2509: 2349:

deposited by annual river floods, ranged from one foot (0.30 m) above mean high tide at

2300:

lost a whole regiment in there for several days, and some who ventured in just disappeared."

2271: 2248: 2217: 2047: 5240:

Cnet – Barge-scale cleanup in California waterways (photos), by James Martin, March 20, 2010

2990:

benefits greatly from anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen which allows it to out-compete other

7948: 7812: 7759: 5940: 5690: 5448: 5443: 5403: 5253: 4546: 4499: 4402: 2662: 2429: 2425: 2402: 2322: 2229: 2198: 2069: 1931: 1401: 110: 34: 5249: 5051:"A Geoarchaeological Analysis of the Prehistoric Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California" 4146: 2154:

The Old River, a former channel of the San Joaquin River located in the southwestern Delta

8: 7236: 7186: 7181: 7151: 6446: 6366: 6351: 6341: 6217: 5675: 5418: 5408: 5398: 5373: 3076: 3072: 2658: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2533: 2501: 2450: 2252: 2244: 201: 157: 130: 70: 6855: 4550: 4503: 4199: 3371: 2712: 7958: 7878: 7868: 7834: 7716: 7706: 7681: 7593: 7442: 7402: 6376: 6371: 6361: 5423: 5050: 2971: 2839: 2733: 2729: 2670: 2572: 2568: 2484: 2267: 161: 153: 4843: 4651: 3767: 3220: 2297: 137:, consisting of many shallow channels and sloughs surrounding low islands of peat and 21: 8015: 7963: 7764: 7588: 7021: 7016: 6956: 6875: 6813: 6741: 6119: 5885: 5705: 5574: 5453: 5383: 5290: 5078: 5071: 4799: 4766: 4630: 4586: 4562: 4515: 4012: 3967: 3200: 3121: 3068: 2618:

is accessible only by water and is used for fishing, waterfowl hunting, and boating.

2588: 2560: 2330: 2279: 2240: 2202: 1267: 843: 695: 587: 90: 82: 30: 8123: 7827: 7711: 7696: 7623: 7558: 7427: 7382: 7201: 7161: 7066: 7001: 6961: 6930: 6381: 6149: 6144: 6114: 6023: 5870: 5785: 5622: 5413: 4742: 4725: 4688: 4664: 4647: 4614: 4554: 4507: 4105: 4076: 3059: 3037: 2991: 2880: 2505: 2488: 2326: 2283: 2236: 2221: 1953: 1725: 1325: 789: 122: 78: 4230: 4110: 3176: 2974:

concentrations. They also determined that the negative attributes associated with

2770:

About 500 plant and animal species inhabit the Delta, which is one of the largest

7817: 7792: 7563: 7532: 7462: 7387: 7206: 7136: 6920: 6308: 6073: 5985: 5855: 5519: 5484: 5220: 5208: 5187: 5180: 5147: 4558: 4511: 3929: 3748: 2948: 2855: 2385: 2213: 2209: 2170: 1833: 1797: 1209: 735: 345: 145: 7913: 7888: 7858: 7701: 7691: 7553: 7211: 7096: 6976: 6910: 6905: 6816: 6556: 5965: 5925: 5860: 5825: 5810: 5725: 5700: 5652: 5617: 5524: 5509: 5094:"Early Reclamation and Abandonment of the Central Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta" 3086:, entails building twin tunnels under the delta and is closely associated with 2975: 2847: 2807: 2787: 2755: 2622: 2224:, which was first used by steamboats in the 19th century as a shortcut between 1993: 1973: 1761: 1635: 1579: 1499: 1459: 1441: 1365: 1229: 1115: 989: 771: 623: 437: 6782: 4668: 4618: 3162:

Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California

2389: 8047: 7736: 7578: 7573: 7517: 7472: 7171: 7131: 7121: 7111: 6996: 6986: 6885: 6661: 6159: 5845: 5840: 5627: 5612: 5549: 5489: 5276: 5263: 4729: 3139: 2967: 2963: 2952: 2925: 2898: 2884: 2859: 2783: 2504:, an automobile and bulk shipping facility. Petroleum is shipped to both the 2365:

or river floods, it was not uncommon for the entire Delta to be under water.

2354: 2029: 1779: 1653: 1305: 1043: 951: 933: 915: 753: 605: 569: 551: 475: 126: 98: 94: 4080: 7933: 7618: 7583: 7568: 7452: 7447: 7437: 7166: 7141: 7116: 7076: 7051: 6991: 6300: 6000: 5780: 5750: 5590: 5579: 5569: 5494: 5479: 4692: 4566: 4519: 4093: 4075:

sp. blooms in the San Francisco Estuary. Environ Microbiol, 19: 3619–3637.

3923:

http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/delta%20rec%20proposal_08_02_11.pdf

2933: 2851: 2814: 2725: 2626: 2393: 2374: 2305: 1851: 1707: 1671: 1617: 1189: 1025: 419: 4486:

Shilling, Fraser; White, Aubrey; Lippert, Lucas; Lubell, Mark (May 2010).

2524: 2193:

Counties. The total human population of the Delta was 515,264 as of 2000.

7918: 7608: 7603: 7497: 7482: 7457: 7417: 7156: 7126: 7106: 7081: 6900: 6895: 6746: 6323: 5865: 5830: 5820: 5800: 5647: 5153: 4426:"Delta Smelt Deaths Means Less Water for Central and Southern California" 3919:

Recreation Proposal for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh

3881: 3403: 3090: 2937: 2917: 2867: 2846:

The Delta is home to approximately 22 species of fish, including several

2819: 2737: 2666: 2472: 2362: 2087: 1743: 1599: 1519: 1479: 1133: 879: 383: 327: 149: 62: 26: 4746: 4269: 3988: 3943: 3296: 2750:

Simultaneous levee failures on the Delta's 57 islands in the wake of an

2384:

Europeans first entered the Delta region in 1772, when Spanish explorer

7968: 7893: 7477: 6966: 6880: 6318: 5915: 5755: 5637: 4174:"California's Mixing Bowl: The Delta's Crucial Role in a Thirsty State" 3058:

Since the 1940s, various groups have lobbied for the construction of a

2959: 2947:. There is also concern for further spread throughout the food web via 2902: 2799: 2791: 2717: 2632: 2559:. Built in the mid-twentieth century, the former supplies water to the 2353:

on the Sacramento River, to seven to eight feet (2.1 to 2.4 m) at

2160:

List of islands of California § Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta

1815: 1689: 1345: 1061: 363: 203: 86: 2220:, at the head of Suisun Bay, although they are linked upstream by the 3803: 2803: 2795: 2150: 4488:"Contaminated fish consumption in California's Central Valley Delta" 2424:

The agricultural value of the Delta was first recognized during the

5016:"John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act" 3159: 2863: 2835: 2716:

Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta at flood stage, spring 2009. Photo by

118: 5170: 5165: 2286:

to the San Joaquin's confluence with the Sacramento near Antioch.

5138: 2944: 2779: 2771: 2758:

San Francisco Bay waters could threaten the water supply for the

2418: 66: 6468: 4800:"Dealing with the Delta: Envisioning Futures, Finding Solutions" 4200:"Delta Subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the State" 3102:

John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act

3025: 2891: 2116: 3768:"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: The sinking heart of the state" 3765: 2920:

which are hepatotoxins that can cause liver cancer. Frequent

5250:

San Joaquin Delta Land Reclamation Photographs, ca. 1904–1907

2650:

of the land resulted, of up to 25 feet since the late 1800s.

2378: 134: 49:, with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below 5175: 5154:

San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science (online journal)

3858:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. March 15, 2013. Archived from 2677:

to reduce subsidence and restore the wetlands in the Delta.

2340: 2289: 4149:. California Department of Water Resources. July 24, 2012. 3303:. California Department of Water Resources. July 18, 2008. 3029:

maintain the water supply currently provided by the Delta.

2940: 2924:

blooms have impacted the food web of the Delta at multiple

2876:

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

2831: 138: 4485: 4238:"Levee Failures in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta" 3408:(Map). Cartography by USGS. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. 2962:. From 2004 through 2008 researchers collected different 133:. In its natural state, the Delta was a large freshwater 4809:. Public Policy Institute of California. February 2007. 3830:"California's Water: Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta" 3583:

Envisioning Futures for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

4092:

Miller, R.; Fram, M. S.; Fuji, R.; Wheeler; G. (2008).

2278:

is a dredged and partially straightened section of the

5320: 5140:

Bitter Melon: Inside America's Last Rural Chinese Town

4091: 2629:, there are over 150 private duck clubs in the area. 16:

Inland river delta and estuary in Northern California

5197:

Bay-Delta: Levees, Climate Change, and Water Quality

4034:"Want to Prevent California's Katrina? Grow a Marsh" 3297:"Where Rivers Meet-The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta" 3111: 2633:

Effects of the levee system and freshwater diversion

164:

and municipal water supply for Southern California.

85:

rivers and lies just east of where the rivers enter

5103:. University of California Berkeley. Archived from 4893:"The Peripheral Canal: What It Means for the Delta" 2830:The Delta was formerly populated by large herds of 2669:. In addition, shallow flooding of land to restore 5070: 4532: 4868:. California Water Impact Network. Archived from 3655:"Agriculture in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta" 73:. The Delta is formed at the western edge of the 8045: 5202:What is this place called the Delta? (slideshow) 5048: 4866:"Peripheral Canals: Way Past, Past, and Present" 4771:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4171: 4147:"Subsidence in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta" 3884:. San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority. 3524: 3522: 105:. Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta was designated a 101:. The Delta is recognized for protection by the 7340:San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park 6812: 5073:A Dangerous Place: California's Unsettling Fate 4401:. California Coastal Commission. Archived from 3251: 2932:blooms in the Delta were found to decrease the 5091: 4921: 4890: 3987:California, California State Parks, State of. 3942:California, California State Parks, State of. 3709:"Context Memorandum: Agriculture in the Delta" 3649: 3647: 3645: 6798: 6454: 5306: 5166:California Delta Chambers and Visitors Bureau 5068: 4753:. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 4399:"Keep the Delta Clean, Clean Boating Program" 4338: 4336: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3519: 3480: 2597:Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial 2392:observed the Delta from the summit of nearby 2274:, on the northwestern side of the Delta. The 2259:, is located just to the north of the Delta. 187: 125:, the sole outlet from the Central Valley to 8104:Landforms of Contra Costa County, California 8084:Geography of the Central Valley (California) 8054:National Heritage Areas of the United States 8001:Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area 4423: 4243:. California Department of Water Resources. 4031: 4017:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3972:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3832:. Association of California Water Agencies. 3806:. California Department of Water Resources. 3741:Freight Planning Fact Sheet: Port of Benicia 3160:State Water Resources Control Board (1974). 3036:The launch of 100 floating sensors into the 2657:has experimented with re-flooding areas for 2599:offers visitors a chance to learn about the 2282:cutting directly through the Delta from the 2040: 8119:Landforms of San Joaquin County, California 7980:San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 4952: 4098:San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 3642: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3205:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2646:and then released carbon dioxide, profound 2532:The Delta is often considered the nexus of 8109:Landforms of Sacramento County, California 6805: 6791: 6461: 6447: 5313: 5299: 4836:"Delta rivers top U.S. most-troubled list" 4724:, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 151–165, 4333: 3917:California State Parks Planning Division, 3754: 3618: 3616: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 2516:, a facility that supports the U.S. Navy. 194: 180: 4687:. 2020;12(3):178. Published 2020 Mar 13. 4270:"Center for Business and Policy Research" 4109: 3585:. Public Policy Institute of California. 3573: 2439:In 1850, Congress passed the Arkansas or 2290:Geology, formation and natural conditions 504: 7290:Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve 6418:Sherman Island Waterfowl Management Area 6253:Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel 5230:SFGate: Deluge in the Delta (4 Jun 2004) 5225:California Department of Water Resources 5192:California Department of Water Resources 5171:Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Conservancy 4393: 4391: 4346:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. 3664:. University of California Davis. 1979. 3574:Lund, Jay; et al. (February 2007). 3552: 3357: 3345: 3221:"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, U.S.G.S." 3031: 3014: 2813: 2711: 2655:California Department of Water Resources 2636: 2523: 2460: 2407: 2339: 2264:Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel 2149: 40: 20: 8099:Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area 7924:Conservation and Development Commission 4794: 4792: 4372:. Delta Waterfowl. 2012. Archived from 3810:from the original on September 10, 2013 3613: 3530:"A Short History of the Delta (Part 1)" 3489:from the original on September 10, 2013 3465: 3010: 2641:Land subsidence in the Delta as of 1995 2563:and coastal central California via the 2169:, while to the northwest sit the lower 2004: 688: 8114:Landforms of Solano County, California 8046: 7884:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model 7315:Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge 7260:San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge 4983: 4594:from the original on February 16, 2019 4467:from the original on February 23, 2019 4436:from the original on February 16, 2013 4250:from the original on September 4, 2012 3986: 3954:from the original on November 25, 2018 3941: 3888:from the original on September 4, 2013 3540:from the original on November 13, 2012 3174: 2589:Delta Meadows and Locke Boarding House 2062: 7275:Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center 6786: 6692:Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley 6547:Crossroads of the American Revolution 6442: 5294: 4712: 4710: 4679: 4677: 4657: 4639: 4623: 4454: 4388: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4044:from the original on October 19, 2019 3999:from the original on December 1, 2018 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3766:Ingebritsen, S.E.; Ikehara, Marti E. 3721:from the original on January 25, 2017 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3252:Boxall, Bettina (November 24, 2010). 2912:being one of the most common types. 2724:Since 1900, there have been over 160 1924: 1394: 175: 7255:Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge 6423:Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge 6408:Brannan Island State Recreation Area 5137:Gillenkirk, Jeff and Motlow, James. 4984:Larson, Elizabeth (March 13, 2019). 4965:from the original on August 17, 2013 4924:"The return of the peripheral canal" 4816:from the original on August 19, 2012 4789: 4606: 4180:from the original on August 21, 2013 4153:from the original on October 1, 2013 3836:from the original on October 1, 2013 3784:from the original on August 27, 2013 3592:from the original on October 1, 2013 3432:"The Formation of San Francisco Bay" 3264:from the original on October 1, 2013 3233:from the original on August 27, 2013 3153: 2970:, reduced streamflow, and increased 2607:Brannan Island State Recreation Area 2251:to the southwest, and Pittsburg and 103:California Bays and Estuaries Policy 45:Part of the Delta viewed from above 8089:Geography of the San Joaquin Valley 7330:National Estuarine Research Reserve 7222:Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel 6737:Southern Campaign of the Revolution 6258:Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel 5133:. Water Education Foundation. 2010. 5026:from the original on March 18, 2019 4996:from the original on August 5, 2020 4903:from the original on March 14, 2013 4579: 4455:Admin, OEHHA (September 21, 2018). 4172:Harless, William (August 2, 2012). 4118:from the original on March 26, 2021 4085: 3777:. United States Geological Survey. 3626:. Restore The Delta. Archived from 3412:from the original on March 29, 2012 3333:from the original on April 23, 2014 3187:from the original on August 2, 2019 3175:US EPA, REG 09 (December 4, 2012). 3082:The current proposal, known as the 2534:California's statewide water system 376: 320: 13: 8094:Geography of the Sacramento Valley 8059:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 7360:Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve 7217:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 6413:Franks Tract State Recreation Area 5322:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 5181:Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Atlas 5123: 4707: 4674: 4424:Quinton, Amy (February 12, 2013). 4276:from the original on April 5, 2013 4218:from the original on July 10, 2011 4056: 3900: 3671:from the original on July 20, 2014 3444:from the original on July 19, 2014 3384:from the original on July 10, 2011 3276: 3019:Water tower in Isleton, California 2616:Franks Tract State Recreation Area 2593:Old Sacramento State Historic Park 2514:Port Chicago Marine Ocean Terminal 2493:Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel 1718: 1260: 836: 580: 208:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 55:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 14: 8145: 8064:River deltas of the United States 6982:Creeks (discharging into the Bay) 5159: 4934:from the original on May 11, 2013 4580:Fry, Hannah (February 16, 2019). 4350:from the original on May 26, 2014 3714:. Delta Vision. August 10, 2007. 3485:. American Planning Association. 3307:from the original on July 1, 2013 3071:, where water is pumped into the 2707: 2478: 2270:, with its terminus located near 2098: 1946: 1790: 1318: 782: 8027: 8026: 8014: 7062:Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio 6854: 4922:Kazakoff, Lois (July 24, 2012). 3377:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2000. 3114: 2675:sedimentation enhancing strategy 2255:to the west. The state capital, 2173:. Most of the Delta lies within 2115: 2097: 2079: 2061: 2039: 2021: 2003: 1985: 1965: 1945: 1923: 1903: 1883: 1863: 1843: 1826: 1825: 1807: 1789: 1771: 1754: 1753: 1735: 1717: 1699: 1681: 1663: 1645: 1628: 1627: 1609: 1591: 1571: 1551: 1531: 1511: 1491: 1471: 1451: 1433: 1413: 1393: 1375: 1357: 1337: 1317: 1297: 1279: 1259: 1239: 1221: 1202: 1201: 1181: 1163: 1145: 1125: 1107: 1089: 1071: 1053: 1035: 1017: 999: 981: 961: 943: 925: 907: 890: 889: 871: 853: 835: 817: 799: 781: 763: 745: 728: 727: 709: 687: 669: 651: 633: 615: 597: 579: 561: 543: 525: 503: 486: 485: 467: 447: 429: 411: 393: 375: 355: 338: 337: 319: 301: 284: 283: 263: 245: 227: 220: 152:". Much of the water supply for 7310:Point Pinole Regional Shoreline 7305:Brooks Island Regional Preserve 7295:Point Isabel Regional Shoreline 7285:McLaughlin Eastshore State Park 7265:Eden Landing Ecological Reserve 6607:Kenai Mountains - Turnagain Arm 6602:Journey Through Hallowed Ground 5008: 4977: 4946: 4915: 4884: 4858: 4828: 4779: 4734: 4697: 4573: 4526: 4479: 4448: 4417: 4362: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4262: 4208:United States Geological Survey 4192: 4165: 4139: 4130: 4025: 3980: 3935: 3874: 3848: 3822: 3796: 3733: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3624:"Overview of Delta Agriculture" 3604: 3576:"The Legacies of Delta History" 3510: 3501: 3456: 3424: 3042:Floating Sensor Network project 2519: 1986: 1966: 1864: 1772: 1646: 1572: 1492: 1452: 1434: 1376: 1358: 1222: 1164: 1146: 1108: 1000: 982: 962: 764: 652: 616: 430: 302: 109:on March 12, 2019. The city of 7770:San Francisco Bay Ferry (WETA) 6717:Shenandoah Valley Battlefields 6522:Bronzeville – Black Metropolis 5131:Layperson's guide to the Delta 5049:Pierce, Patricia (June 1988). 5042: 3932:, retrieved November 23, 2018. 3662:California Agriculture Journal 3481:Shigley, Paul (January 2012). 3396: 3319: 3245: 3213: 3168: 2465: 2321:blocked off drainage from the 2022: 1700: 1664: 1610: 1532: 1298: 1280: 1240: 1036: 944: 926: 908: 800: 746: 710: 634: 598: 562: 544: 468: 394: 1: 7939:Citizens for East Shore Parks 7904:Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve 7350:Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline 6428:Woodbridge Ecological Reserve 6347:C.W. Bill Jones Pumping Plant 4953:Newton, Jim (June 25, 2012). 4899:. San Joaquin Delta College. 4652:10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00207-6 4111:10.15447/sfews.2008v6iss3art1 3146: 2578: 2080: 1844: 1736: 1592: 1182: 1018: 854: 818: 448: 412: 264: 246: 228: 7803:Hunters Point Naval Shipyard 7355:Big Break Regional Shoreline 7325:Middle Harbor Shoreline Park 7320:Coyote Point Recreation Area 6597:llinois & Michigan Canal 6403:Big Break Regional Shoreline 4842:. April 2009. Archived from 4722:Journal of Plankton Research 4559:10.1016/j.envres.2007.03.003 4512:10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.002 3130:Big Break Regional Shoreline 2897:The Delta has seen numerous 1884: 1808: 1682: 1552: 1512: 1472: 1414: 1126: 1090: 1072: 872: 670: 526: 167: 7: 6387:Bay Delta Conservation Plan 3536:. California Delta Events. 3107: 3084:Bay Delta Conservation Plan 1904: 1338: 1054: 356: 10: 8150: 8129:Dikes in the United States 7808:Mare Island Naval Shipyard 7755:Angel Island–Tiburon Ferry 7280:Crown Memorial State Beach 7270:Hayward Regional Shoreline 6852: 6612:Lackawanna Heritage Valley 5207:December 11, 2012, at the 5101:Sacramento History Journal 5056:. Calfed Bay-Delta Program 4807:Research Brief, Issue #114 4457:"Delta, Central and South" 4330:"Water Hyacinth" Tegtmeier 4032:Velasquez-Manoff, Moises. 3928:February 23, 2019, at the 3329:. Sacramento River Delta. 3327:"Delta Counties Coalition" 2997:The increased presence of 2765: 2754:which allow the inflow of 2368: 2266:connects the Delta to the 2239:and Stockton to the east, 2157: 8009: 7846: 7778: 7745: 7632: 7541: 7368: 7245: 6944: 6863: 6823: 6477: 6395: 6332: 6280: 6198: 5956: 5949: 5472: 5366: 5328: 5277:38.067975°N 121.8427354°W 4669:10.13140/RG.2.1.3730.3768 4619:10.1007/s10750-013-1612-8 3775:Drainage of Organic Soils 2692:The Devil Is in the Delta 214: 77:by the confluence of the 61:, is an expansive inland 7823:Oyster Point Marina/Park 7652:Eastern span replacement 6677:Ohio & Erie Canalway 6527:Cache La Poudre Corridor 3856:"Central Valley Project" 3135:CALFED Bay-Delta Program 2840:California grizzly bears 2673:conditions is used as a 2512:by water. Nearby is the 2165:at the foothills of the 8079:Estuaries of California 7974:San Francisco Baykeeper 7874:San Leandro Oyster Beds 6762:Upper Housatonic Valley 6722:Silos & Smokestacks 6470:National Heritage Areas 6288:California Coast Ranges 5282:38.067975; -121.8427354 5146:April 16, 2015, at the 5092:Thompson, John (2006). 4891:Piazza, Tamara (2012). 4081:10.1111/1462-2920.13860 3747:April 29, 2017, at the 2319:California Coast Ranges 2167:California Coast Ranges 33:from the south through 29:from the north and the 7944:Friends of Five Creeks 7232:Laguna Creek Watershed 7157:Marin (Alameda County) 6627:Mississippi Gulf Coast 5186:June 16, 2017, at the 5176:Delta Wetlands Project 5069:Reisner, Marc (2004). 4730:10.1093/plankt/9.1.151 4720:in Lake Kasumigaura , 4693:10.3390/toxins12030178 4539:Environmental Research 4492:Environmental Research 3164:. State of California. 3044: 3020: 2999:Microcystis aeruginosa 2914:Microcystis aeruginosa 2909:Microcystis aeruginosa 2827: 2824:Endangered Species Act 2721: 2687: 2642: 2542:Central Valley Project 2529: 2413: 2345: 2302: 2235:Nearby cities include 2155: 107:National Heritage Area 50: 38: 8134:Regions of California 7929:The Watershed Project 7909:Cosco Busan oil spill 7788:Port of San Francisco 7760:Blue & Gold Fleet 7675:Dumbarton Rail Bridge 7647:San Francisco–Oakland 7335:China Camp State Park 7197:Clifton Court Forebay 7192:Straits and estuaries 6916:Richmond Inner Harbor 6357:Clifton Court Forebay 5996:Disappointment Slough 5530:Browns (Contra Costa) 5219:July 8, 2011, at the 4211:. ca.water.usgs.gov. 3177:"About the Watershed" 3065:Clifton Court Forebay 3035: 3018: 2817: 2715: 2683: 2640: 2557:Clifton Court Forebay 2527: 2498:Stockton Ship Channel 2461:Economy and human use 2446:reclamation districts 2411: 2343: 2294: 2276:Stockton Ship Channel 2153: 44: 24: 7949:Urban Creeks Council 7813:Port of Redwood City 7732:Posey/Webster Street 7007:Coyote (Santa Clara) 6472:of the United States 6243:North Victoria Canal 5711:McCormack Williamson 5535:Browns (San Joaquin) 5254:The Bancroft Library 4872:on September 6, 2013 3944:"Brannan Island SRA" 3011:Conservation efforts 2426:California Gold Rush 2403:John Augustus Sutter 2199:inverted river delta 7986:Estuary Partnership 7659:Richmond–San Rafael 7237:Guadalupe watershed 7187:Lafayette Reservoir 7182:Calaveras Reservoir 7152:Fluvius Innominatus 6841:List of tributaries 6757:Tennessee Civil War 6672:Northern Rio Grande 6617:Maritime Washington 6592:Hudson River Valley 6552:Delaware and Lehigh 6367:Delta-Mendota Canal 6352:California Aqueduct 6342:Banks Pumping Plant 6218:Delta Cross Channel 6014:Fourteenmile Slough 5273: / 4747:10.3133/sir20175071 4551:2007ER....104..410S 4504:2010ER....110..334S 4376:on October 23, 2012 3804:"Delta Initiatives" 3507:Thompson, pp. 45–46 3301:State Water Project 3077:Delta-Mendota Canal 3073:California Aqueduct 2659:wetland restoration 2565:State Water Project 2553:Delta-Mendota Canal 2549:California Aqueduct 2451:Great Flood of 1862 158:Southern California 131:Last Glacial Period 89:, which flows into 71:Northern California 7959:Greenbelt Alliance 7879:Richmond Shipyards 7869:Humphrey the Whale 7835:Foster City Marina 6647:Mountains to Sound 6572:Freedom's Frontier 6487:Alabama Black Belt 6377:South Bay Aqueduct 6372:Mokelumne Aqueduct 6362:Contra Costa Canal 6019:French Camp Slough 4136:Reisner, pp. 21–22 3989:"Franks Tract SRA" 3610:Reisner, pp. 18–19 3534:Commodore's Corner 3437:. Saving the Bay. 3372:"Delta Fact Sheet" 3045: 3021: 2828: 2734:structural failure 2722: 2643: 2573:North Bay Aqueduct 2569:Contra Costa Canal 2530: 2434:Los Angeles County 2414: 2346: 2268:Port of Sacramento 2156: 162:San Joaquin Valley 154:Central California 51: 39: 8074:San Joaquin River 8041: 8040: 7964:The Bay Institute 7765:Golden Gate Ferry 7664:San Mateo–Hayward 7503:Brisbane Baylands 7493:Peninsulas/infill 7300:César Chávez Park 6876:San Francisco Bay 6814:San Francisco Bay 6780: 6779: 6742:Southern Maryland 6707:Santa Cruz Valley 6632:Mississippi Hills 6622:Mississippi Delta 6507:Aviation Heritage 6436: 6435: 6276: 6275: 6125:Sand Mound Slough 6120:San Joaquin River 5991:Connection Slough 5681:Little Mandeville 5077:. Penguin Books. 4959:Los Angeles Times 4846:on April 21, 2009 4587:Los Angeles Times 3630:on March 10, 2013 3258:Los Angeles Times 3142:, Delta landowner 3122:California portal 2992:primary producers 2561:Los Angeles Basin 2510:Martinez Refinery 2331:San Francisco Bay 2310:A Dangerous Place 2280:San Joaquin River 2203:Pearl River Delta 2147: 2146: 1977: 1957: 1937: 1915: 1895: 1875: 1855: 1583: 1563: 1543: 1523: 1503: 1483: 1463: 1425: 1405: 1349: 1329: 1309: 1271: 1251: 1213: 1193: 1137: 973: 517: 459: 367: 275: 91:San Francisco Bay 31:San Joaquin River 8141: 8069:Sacramento River 8030: 8029: 8018: 7992: 7900: 7855: 7839: 7828:Westpoint Harbor 7798:Port of Richmond 7728: 7687:Benicia–Martinez 7643: 7494: 7409: 7379: 7228: 7202:Carquinez Strait 7193: 7178: 7087:San Francisquito 6983: 6953: 6931:Yerba Buena Cove 6927: 6892: 6872: 6858: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6712:Schuylkill River 6702:Sangre de Cristo 6687:Path of Progress 6537:Champlain Valley 6517:Blackstone River 6463: 6456: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6396:Designated areas 6382:Peripheral Canal 6303: 6296: 6175:Tom Paine Slough 6170:Threemile Slough 6150:Stockton Channel 6145:Steamboat Slough 6140:Snodgrass Slough 6130:Sevenmile Slough 6115:Sacramento River 6089: 6082: 6024:Georgiana Slough 5954: 5953: 5806:Sargent Barnhart 5367:Cities and towns 5315: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5134: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5110:on July 18, 2013 5109: 5098: 5088: 5076: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4990:Lake County News 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4928:The Opinion Shop 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4815: 4804: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4738: 4732: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4681: 4672: 4661: 4655: 4643: 4637: 4627: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4405:on July 20, 2014 4395: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4176:. PBS Newshour. 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4113: 4089: 4083: 4069: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3915: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3862:on June 15, 2011 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3783: 3772: 3763: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3670: 3659: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3620: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3478: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3405:The National Map 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3355: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3293: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3060:Peripheral Canal 3038:Sacramento River 2955:bind to tissue. 2930:Microcystis spp. 2881:Port of Stockton 2784:riparian forests 2695: 2663:sequester carbon 2506:Benicia Refinery 2327:Carquinez Strait 2313: 2284:Port of Stockton 2222:Georgiana Slough 2214:Mokelumne Rivers 2134: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2101: 2100: 2090: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2032: 2025: 2024: 2014: 2007: 2006: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1775: 1774: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1692: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1602: 1595: 1594: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 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507: 506: 496: 489: 488: 478: 471: 470: 460: 457: 451: 450: 440: 433: 432: 422: 415: 414: 404: 397: 396: 386: 379: 378: 368: 365: 359: 358: 348: 341: 340: 330: 323: 322: 312: 305: 304: 294: 287: 286: 276: 273: 267: 266: 256: 249: 248: 238: 231: 230: 224: 202:Map: Islands of 196: 189: 182: 173: 172: 123:Carquinez Strait 59:California Delta 8149: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8005: 7990: 7898: 7853: 7842: 7832: 7818:Berkeley Marina 7793:Oakland Seaport 7780: 7774: 7741: 7726: 7722:Bay Farm Island 7641: 7634: 7628: 7537: 7533:Steamboat Point 7492: 7407: 7398:Treasure Island 7377: 7370: 7364: 7248:protected areas 7247: 7241: 7226: 7207:Oakland Estuary 7191: 7176: 6981: 6951: 6940: 6925: 6921:San Leandro Bay 6890: 6870: 6859: 6850: 6819: 6811: 6781: 6776: 6697:Rivers of Steel 6667:Northern Plains 6492:Arabia Mountain 6482:Abraham Lincoln 6473: 6467: 6437: 6432: 6391: 6334: 6328: 6309:Montezuma Hills 6299: 6292: 6272: 6200: 6194: 6155:Sycamore Slough 6110:Prospect Slough 6095:New York Slough 6085: 6078: 6074:Mokelumne River 6059:Mayberry Slough 5986:Calaveras River 5958: 5945: 5796:Rough and Ready 5468: 5362: 5324: 5319: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5221:Wayback Machine 5214:Delta Waterways 5209:Wayback Machine 5188:Wayback Machine 5162: 5148:Wayback Machine 5129: 5126: 5124:Further reading 5113: 5111: 5107: 5096: 5085: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4739: 4735: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4682: 4675: 4662: 4658: 4644: 4640: 4628: 4624: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4574: 4531: 4527: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321:Pierce, pp. 8–9 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303:Thompson, p. 44 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4090: 4086: 4070: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4026: 4010: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3930:Wayback Machine 3916: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749:Wayback Machine 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3698:Thompson, p. 43 3697: 3693: 3689:Thompson, p. 48 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3572: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3466: 3462:Pierce, pp. 4–5 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3430: 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Frémont 2292: 2171:Montezuma Hills 2162: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2013:Rough and Ready 2012: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1596: 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170: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8147: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8023: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7991:Transportation 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7954:1971 oil spill 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7914:Thicktail chub 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7889:Harold Gilliam 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7864:Discovery Site 7861: 7859:Delta and Dawn 7856: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7212:Raccoon Strait 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7012:Coyote (Marin) 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:San Rafael Bay 6908: 6906:Richardson Bay 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6727:South Carolina 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6637:Mormon Pioneer 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6587:Gullah/Geechee 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6557:Downeast Maine 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6335:infrastructure 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6284: 6282: 6281:Other features 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6268:Woodward Canal 6265: 6263:Victoria Canal 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6223:Fishermans Cut 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6185:Whiskey Slough 6182: 6180:Trapper Slough 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Lookout Slough 6046: 6044:Lindsey Slough 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:American River 5962: 5960: 5957:Rivers, creeks 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5941:Wright-Elmwood 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:Little Tinsley 5683: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5211: 5199: 5194: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5160:External links 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5135: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5089: 5083: 5066: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5007: 4976: 4945: 4914: 4883: 4857: 4840:Sacramento Bee 4827: 4788: 4778: 4733: 4706: 4696: 4685:Toxins (Basel) 4673: 4656: 4638: 4622: 4605: 4572: 4545:(3): 410–419. 4525: 4498:(4): 334–344. 4478: 4447: 4416: 4387: 4361: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4294:Reisner, p. 20 4287: 4261: 4229: 4191: 4164: 4138: 4129: 4084: 4055: 4024: 3993:CA State Parks 3979: 3948:CA State Parks 3934: 3899: 3873: 3847: 3821: 3795: 3753: 3732: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3641: 3612: 3603: 3551: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3464: 3455: 3423: 3395: 3356: 3354:Reisner, p. 18 3344: 3318: 3275: 3244: 3212: 3167: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3109: 3106: 3012: 3009: 2976:climate change 2926:trophic levels 2848:Pacific salmon 2808:water hyacinth 2788:Cosumnes River 2767: 2764: 2760:Central Valley 2726:levee failures 2709: 2708:Levee failures 2706: 2682: 2661:, in order to 2634: 2631: 2623:Pacific Flyway 2580: 2577: 2521: 2518: 2480: 2479:Transportation 2477: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2370: 2367: 2351:Sherman Island 2293: 2291: 2288: 2247:to the south, 2145: 2144: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2071:Little Holland 2068: 2067: 2060: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1983: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1963: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1549: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1529: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1469: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1161: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1033: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 988: 987: 980: 979: 968: 967: 960: 959: 950: 949: 942: 941: 932: 931: 924: 923: 914: 913: 906: 905: 896: 895: 888: 887: 878: 877: 870: 869: 860: 859: 852: 851: 842: 841: 834: 833: 824: 823: 816: 815: 806: 805: 798: 797: 788: 787: 780: 779: 770: 769: 762: 761: 752: 751: 744: 743: 734: 733: 726: 725: 716: 715: 708: 707: 694: 693: 686: 685: 676: 675: 668: 667: 658: 657: 650: 649: 640: 639: 632: 631: 622: 621: 614: 613: 604: 603: 596: 595: 586: 585: 578: 577: 568: 567: 560: 559: 550: 549: 542: 541: 532: 531: 524: 523: 510: 509: 502: 501: 492: 491: 484: 483: 474: 473: 466: 465: 454: 453: 446: 445: 436: 435: 428: 427: 418: 417: 410: 409: 400: 399: 392: 391: 382: 381: 374: 373: 362: 361: 354: 353: 344: 343: 336: 335: 326: 325: 318: 317: 308: 307: 300: 299: 290: 289: 282: 281: 270: 269: 262: 261: 252: 251: 244: 243: 234: 233: 226: 225: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 212: 211: 199: 198: 191: 184: 176: 169: 166: 75:Central Valley 47:Sherman Island 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8146: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8034: 8033: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7523:Hunters Point 7521: 7519: 7518:Fleming Point 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7473:Marin Islands 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7378:Major islands 7376: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7172:Mission Creek 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6886:San Pablo Bay 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6847: 6846:List of lakes 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6773: 6772:Yuma Crossing 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662:Northern Neck 6660: 6658: 6657:Niagara Falls 6655: 6653: 6652:Muscle Shoals 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Freedom's Way 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562:Erie Canalway 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542:Coal Heritage 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502:Augusta Canal 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6160:Taylor Slough 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Potato Slough 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Latnam Slough 6037: 6035: 6034:Indian Slough 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Beaver Slough 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Little Venice 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Little Franks 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5084:0-679-42011-8 5080: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 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Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta

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