218:
20:
198:
338:, which means, "forests of the goddess of prosperity", consists of dense forests and groves. From the former, people would collect dry wood, leaves, forest produce and a limited amount of timber, though natural ecosystem would not be unnecessarily disturbed. Groves were considered as spaces of forests from where harvesting could be done. Sometimes, specific trees like mango trees could be planted and nurtured here. Groves were associated with religious rites, festivals and recreation. Typical recreational activities associated with these groves included
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124:, or with burial grounds. Historically, sacred groves find their mention in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, from sacred tree groves in Hinduism to sacred bamboo groves and sacred deer parks in Buddhism for example. Sacred groves may be loosely used to refer to natural habitat protected on religious grounds. Other historical references to sacred groves can be obtained in
1305:
636:, last surviving natural forest of Delhi is protected by Gurjars of nearby area. 14,000 sacred groves have been reported from all over India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings. Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000.
269:
alone. A large number of distinct local art forms and folk traditions are associated with the deities of sacred groves, and are an important cultural aspect closely associated with sacred traditions. Ritualistic dances and dramatizations based on the local deities that protect the groves are called
72:
Around 14,000 sacred groves have been reported across India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings. Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000. Threats to the groves include urbanization, and
188:
and hunting elsewhere. Sacred groves often contain plant and animal species that have become extinct in neighboring areas. They therefore harbor great genetic diversity. Besides this, sacred groves in urban landscapes act as "lungs" to the city as well, providing much needed vegetation cover.
362:, the science of plant life and also a 10th-century treatise of that title on the subject ascribed to Surapala, dealt with various species of trees and their growth. Verses 9-23 from this text indicate how mystical beliefs and conservation of ecology was inter-connected.
51:
are forest fragments of varying sizes, which are communally protected, and which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community. Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these patches. Other forms of forest usage like
60:
collection are sometimes allowed on a sustainable basis. NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves. Traditionally, and in some cases even today, members of the community take turns to protect the grove. The introduction of the protected area category
1747:"A Framework for the Assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Sacred Natural Sites in the Hindu Kush Himalayas; Based on fieldwork in the Kailash Sacred Landscape regions of India and Nepal - ICIMOD Working Paper 2016/8 | HimalDoc"
2283:"ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India]; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India"
159:
medicines. Other uses involved a source of replenishable resources like fruits and honey. In most sacred groves it was taboo to hunt or chop wood. The vegetation cover helps reduce soil erosion and prevents
2229:. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi & Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal. Indian National Science Academy, Bhopal. Printed at : Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi. June 2001.
1625:
2102:
Ram Kumar Bhakat, Socio-religious and ecological perspective of a sacred grove from
Midnapore district, West Bengal, Science and Culture (Sci. Cult.), 2003, vol. 69, no 11-12, pp. 371-374
1790:
702:
of the
Government of India. Starred numbers are likely to increase. The centre also maintains a complete list of identified sacred groves in India, most of which is online.
695:
developed and published a framework in 2016, to assess the present day significance of such sites for their integration into formal conservation and development frameworks.
584:
Sacred groves are scattered all over the country, and are referred to by different names in different parts of India. Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from
4177:
3772:
2057:
Kent, E. (2009). Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and
Environmentalism in South India. *Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 13*(1), 1-29.
2275:"SACRED GROVES SOURCES; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India"
62:
350:, or a cluster of five trees that represented the forests, were maintained. These trees represented the five elements of Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space.
1724:
Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and
Srivastava, S., Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001
4192:
2086:
1858:
1570:
Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and
Srivastava, S., Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001
1399:
and excessive firewood collection), and environmental destruction due to religious practices. Other threats to the sacred groves include invasion by
1354:, which exists in various regions scattered across the Northeastern state of Manipur since ancient times. The holy as well as religious festival of
2266:
2224:"CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SACRED GROVES IN INDIA] By Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, Sanjeev Srivastava"
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168:. The groves are often associated with ponds and streams, and meet water requirements of local communities. They sometimes help in recharging
2311:
1652:
Vrukshayurveda, authored by
Surapala, translated by Nalini Sadhale, Agri-History Bulletin No.1, Asian Agri-History Foundation, Secunderabad
1501:
4237:
4207:
4172:
3245:
3262:
4222:
3825:
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3429:
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1821:
1541:"Community Forest Management and Joint Forest Management; An Ecological, Economic and Institutional Assessment in Western Ghats, India"
1540:
81:, in the recent past a number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples. Sacred groves are places of
66:
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3767:
3647:
3637:
3622:
2223:
2058:
3888:
3722:
3692:
3667:
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2255:. INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY AND DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE; © Development Alliance, New Delhi (www.dev-alliance.com); August, 2001.
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is celebrated especially in regards of these holy sacred groves. The accounts of these holy sacred groves are found in the ancient
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By planting all kinds of other trees, useful for fruits and flowers, a person gets a reward of thousand cows adorned with jewels.
4212:
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3747:
3702:
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2035:, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 12, Number 2 / February, 2003, Springer Netherlands
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1609:
639:
It is estimated that around 1000 km of unexploited land is inside sacred groves. Some of the more famous groves are the
2115:
1941:
1839:
The
Arguments for Protection Series - Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation
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3717:
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3657:
3481:
2181:
1700:
69:
has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community held lands, which could include sacred groves.
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3727:
3612:
4134:
4317:
3838:
1587:
2070:
4332:
4291:
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2304:
2127:
1953:
1846:
2152:"Sacred Groves of Manipur, Northeast India: Biodiversity Value, Status and Strategies for Their Conservation |
1640:
Ranchor Prime, Vedic
Ecology: Practical Wisdom for Surviving the 21st Century, Mandala Publishing, Novato, CA, 2002
1913:
4312:
3999:
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412:
has performed several sacrifices. They has donated the earth. They would be considered a liberated soul forever.
3956:
3422:
1527:
1526:
Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. ; Sacred groves of India : A plea for continued conservation
Journal of
3737:
1965:
Waghchaure, Chandrakant K.; Tetali, Pundarikakshudu; Gunale, Venkat R.; Antia, Noshir H.; Birdi, Tannaz J.,
1948:, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram (
1446:
2122:, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram (
1980:
527:
One who has knowingly or unknowingly planted ambu is respected as a recluse even while staying in the house.
3506:
2297:
1486:
1362:
named
Karthong Lamlen. Interestingly, Manipur stands 8th rank among all the Indian States and 1st rank for
1090:
585:
2274:
2083:
155:
One of the most important traditional uses of sacred groves was that it acted as a repository for various
4187:
3981:
3501:
1662:
2093:, The Journal of American Science, 2(2), 2006, Anthwal et al., Sacred Groves: Conserving Plant Diversity
4322:
4139:
4104:
4051:
3971:
3551:
3391:
3126:
2344:
2240:
1686:
517:
1788:. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.
4281:
3536:
3461:
3453:
3415:
3100:
1506:
3437:
4119:
4004:
3961:
3941:
3883:
3798:
3586:
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3320:
1966:
1888:
334:("sanctuary") for flora and fauna as ordinary human beings are not allowed to enter these forests.
4129:
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4014:
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3843:
3486:
2354:
3793:
2212:
Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats
390:, in their family, the goddess of riches resides permanently passes on to the sons and grandsons
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3596:
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3541:
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3173:
282:. Often, elaborate rituals and traditions are associated with sacred groves, as are associated
217:
121:
1900:
1838:
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in having conserved biodiversity all across the Himalayas, the intergovernmental organization
19:
4232:
3858:
3581:
3561:
2724:
2084:
Sacred Groves: Traditional Way of Conserving Plant Diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal
261:) are also known. There are over 1000 deities associated with sacred groves in the states of
109:
78:
35:
1967:
Sacred Groves of Parinche Valley of Pune District of Maharashtra, India and their Importance
1547:
643:
s of Kerala, which are located in the Western Ghats and have enormous biodiversity; and the
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3571:
3521:
3511:
3310:
1441:
181:
2139:
1871:
8:
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1408:
1359:
994:
990:
688:
409:
197:
185:
57:
2159:
1784:
Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, and Sanjeev Srivastava (2001).
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242:
233:. Often these sacred deities are numerous nature spirits and guardians associated with
2033:
Woody species diversity of four sacred groves in the Pondicherry region of South India
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Planting and nurturing of trees had been a highly evolved practice in ancient India.
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74:
632:. Thus, a Gurjjar settlement appears like a human-inhabited sacred grove. Similarly
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2020:
Tree diversity in sacred groves of the Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India
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in the south are specifically known for their large numbers of sacred groves. The
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2022:, Biodiversity and Conservation, Volume 12, Number 3, March 2003, pp. 583-597(15)
2006:
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1938:
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Sarpa Kavu: A Sarpakkavu or Snake Grove is a kind of holy grove found in Kerala.
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2019:
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The Oral Epics of the Women of the Dandakaranya Plateau: A Preliminary Mapping
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1969:, Anthropology & Medicine, Volume 13, Number 1, April 2006, pp. 55-76(22)
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138:
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of the Sacred Grove Restoration Project, Society for Ecological Restoration
1350:. There are more than 365 Umang Lais, affiliated to the ancient religion of
401:, wherever it may be, as per the prescribed mode, goes to the abode of Hari.
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3396:
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Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods, University of California Press, 2000 (
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209:
43:
1978:
1903:, 16th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Edinburgh, 2000
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651:– sacred groves associated with every village (two large groves being in
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Among the largest sacred groves of India are the ones in Hariyali, near
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trees or even prompts someone to plant them, rejoices in the lunar world
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2007:
Sacred groves of Manipur – ideal centres for biodiversity conservation
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attains the abode of Sun. Indeed! One resides there for a long period.
136:. There has been a growing interest in creating green patches such as
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for as many thousand years as the days they reside in a house where
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of resources. While many of the groves are looked upon as abodes of
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2182:"Lai Haraoba – Connecting Manipur's Mythology and Its Martial Art"
857:(बीड़), Bani (बणी), Bann (बण), Janglat (जंगलात), Shamlat (शामलात)
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184:, as various species seek refuge in the areas due to progressive
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102:
98:
32:
The Sacred Hindoo Grove near Chandod on the Banks of the Nerbudda
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1889:
http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/HimachalPradesh_2228.aspx
509:, has become free from diseases, and has worshipped all deities.
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2073:. Accessed on December 16, 2023 (Archived on December 16, 2023)
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trees as per the prescribed mode would go to the abode of Siva.
420:
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262:
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113:
2250:"SACRED GROVES OF INDIA : AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY]"
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2334:
1161:
1147:
1138:
762:
554:
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520:, and panasa, one experiences no affliction for seven births.
461:
383:
294:
The Hindu tradition considers forests to be of three types -
82:
53:
47:
1786:
Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India
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3153:
3120:
3037:
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2429:
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1778:
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is the traditional name given for Sacred groves across the
1317:
431:
1379:
2018:
Upadhaya, K.; Pandey, H.N. 2; Law, P.S.; Tripathi, R.S;
1745:
Pandey, Abhimanyu; Kotru, Rajan; Pradhan, Nawraj (2016).
813:
579:
4178:
Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation
1775:
253:(serpent guardians) and guardian tutelary deities (like
3090:
2729:
2676:
2140:
http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Manipur_890.aspx
1304:
2082:
Ashish Anthwal, Ramesh C. Sharma, and Archana Sharma,
1837:
Ed. N. Dudley, L. Higgins-Zogib, and S. Mansourian;
659:
Summary of number of sacred groves by states in India
1604:. Calcutta: Maha Bodhi Book Agency. pp. 30–34.
2005:Khumbongmayum, M.D., Khan, M.L., and Tripath, R.S,
1299:
687:. Seeing the importance of sacred groves and other
2173:
1914:"Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada"
1744:
354:Religious merits of planting and nurturing forests
192:
23:Ancient monoliths in Mawphlang sacred grove, India
4193:Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation
2248:Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Ketaki Das.
2208:
901:more than 500 " Jaherthan" in Godda of Jharkhand
449:trees a person doubtlessly obtains the fruits of
4304:
1979:C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai.
1876:C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai
4228:Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation
1841:, pp. 91-95; World Wide Fund for Nature, 2005 (
698:All numbers are quoted from the records of the
108:Indian sacred groves are often associated with
4203:Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation
4163:Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation
1342:(literally, "Forest Deities"): A form of holy
624:people of Rajasthan have a unique practice of
221:Sacred grove surrounded by paddy fields, India
128:an ancient treatise, ancient classics such as
3423:
2305:
2009:, Current Science, Vol 87, No 4, 25 Aug 2004
562:
541:By planting one asvattha, one picumanda, one
2265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1648:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1578:
1576:
1502:List of types of formally designated forests
479:trees or even one. One attains the abode of
4238:West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation
4208:Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
4173:Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation
2048:Current Science, Vol 89, No 3, 10 Aug 2005
2031:M.P. Ramanujam and K. Praveen Kumar Cyril,
655:and Mausmai) to appease the forest spirit.
549:trees, the group of three, viz., kapittha,
483:and enjoys the company of gods by doing so.
180:In modern times, sacred groves have become
4223:Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation
3430:
3416:
2312:
2298:
289:
67:Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002
4218:Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation
1772:at the CPR Environmental Education Centre
1734:Eco Destination . Mawphlang Sacred Forest
1643:
1631:
1573:
628:planting and worshipping as abode of God
245:deities, such as nature spirits known as
1378:
1303:
566:
216:
208:
196:
145:
26:
18:
2319:
516:If one plants ksirini, dadimi, rambha,
4305:
4213:Odisha Tourism Development Corporation
4198:Kerala Tourism Development Corporation
2179:
1833:
1831:
1820:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1593:
580:Distribution of sacred groves in India
4168:Assam Tourism Development Corporation
4158:India Tourism Development Corporation
3411:
2293:
2209:M. D. Subash Chandran. "Twenty-two".
1972:
700:C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre
322:refers to the grand natural forests.
310:are forests associated with penance (
229:are associated with the concept of a
4287:
468:and lives happily forever like gods.
1901:Santal autonomy as a social ecology
1828:
1718:
1628:, J. Soc. Sci., 8(2): 93-104 (2004)
1599:
314:), and are inhabited by saints and
150:
13:
2202:
14:
4344:
2046:Kabi sacred grove of North Sikkim
1336:, the centuries-old ritual dance.
16:Forest fragments of varying sizes
4286:
4277:
4276:
3439:
1300:Select examples of sacred groves
575:grove in Himachal Pradesh, India
490:One who personally plants eight
213:Sacred grove in Mawphlang, India
2144:
2133:
2105:
2096:
2076:
2063:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1959:
1931:
1906:
1893:
1882:
1864:
1852:
1763:
1738:
1727:
1693:
1679:
1366:, for having highest number of
193:Religious beliefs and practices
2113:Sacred Groves of North Malabar
1939:Sacred Groves of North Malabar
1655:
1618:
1564:
1533:
1528:Bombay Natural History Society
1520:
434:trees a person well-versed in
175:
1:
1981:"Sacred Groves - Maharashtra"
1514:
1447:List of Banyan trees in India
1387:Threats to the grove include
557:trees, one never visits hell.
397:One who plants even a single
1916:. 2017-03-31. Archived from
1546:. 2007-06-10. Archived from
1487:Tree hugger (disambiguation)
225:Typically, sacred groves in
7:
4188:Haryana Tourism Corporation
3467:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1672:of articles in the journal
1427:
1231:Kailash C. Malhotra et al.
735:Kailash C. Malhotra et al.
464:trees attains the abode of
460:One who plants five or six
419:One who plants a couple of
249:(numerous nature spirits),
201:Banyan Tree at a temple in
10:
4349:
1872:"Sacred Groves in Gujarat"
1374:
563:Locations of sacred groves
382:And if one properly grows
4318:Communal forests of India
4272:
4246:
4150:
4095:
4027:
3990:
3932:
3834:Archaeoastronomical Sites
3824:
3817:
3781:
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3452:
3379:
3339:
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3281:
3255:
3182:
3136:
3066:
3015:
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2415:
2408:
2327:
1602:Buddhist remains in India
1530:, 72 : 314-320, 1975
1383:Threats – mining projects
716:
713:
710:
707:
626:neem (Azadirachta indica)
4333:Sacred trees in Hinduism
1332:. Kavus are notable for
1005:Waghchaure et al. Envis
553:, and amalaka, and five
278:, among other names, in
4087:Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava
3889:National Heritage Sites
3340:Fruits and other plants
475:One should plant seven
367:A person is honored in
330:are considered to be a
290:Types of sacred forests
227:Indian-origin religions
87:Indian-origin religions
4313:Sacred groves of India
2239:: CS1 maint: others (
2186:www.thebetterindia.com
2180:Milaap (22 May 2017).
1985:www.cpreecenvis.nic.in
1384:
1312:
576:
222:
214:
206:
39:
24:
4233:Uttar Pradesh Tourism
1382:
1307:
679:grove in Shipin near
570:
220:
212:
200:
182:biodiversity hotspots
146:Uses of sacred groves
30:
22:
3924:World Heritage Sites
3864:Geological Monuments
1600:Sen, Dr. A. (2008).
1442:Environment of India
1308:Mannan Purath Kavu,
689:sacred natural sites
501:One who has planted
408:One who has planted
286:and folk mythology.
2321:Worship in Hinduism
1467:Sacred natural site
1409:Chromolaena odorata
1395:of resources (like
1370:across the country.
1360:Manipuri Manuscript
346:. In the villages,
186:habitat destruction
3738:Thiruvananthapuram
2740:Om Namo Narayanaya
2118:2009-03-26 at the
2089:2007-07-06 at the
1944:2009-03-26 at the
1668:2007-02-03 at the
1624:Chris A. Gregory,
1421:Prosopis juliflora
1385:
1313:
596:maintained by the
577:
223:
215:
207:
63:community reserves
40:
25:
4323:Indian traditions
4300:
4299:
4140:Mountain Railways
4037:Atithi Devo Bhava
4023:
4022:
3507:Jammu and Kashmir
3405:
3404:
3375:
3374:
3366:Tulasi Vrindavana
2617:
2616:
2579:Panchayatana puja
1687:"Sacred Forestry"
1611:978-81-87032-78-6
1507:Superlative trees
1393:over-exploitation
1297:
1296:
1103:Ramanujam et al.
741:Arunachal Pradesh
616:in the north and
445:By planting four
134:Vikramuurvashiiya
75:over-exploitation
4340:
4290:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4259:Incredible India
3899:Rock-cut Temples
3894:Pilgrimage sites
3822:
3821:
3502:Himachal Pradesh
3446:Tourism in India
3444:
3443:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3286:
3285:
3174:Pilgrimage sites
2735:Om Namah Shivaya
2584:Prana Pratishtha
2564:Kumbhabhishekham
2413:
2412:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2158:. Archived from
2155:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1987:. Govt. of India
1976:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1796:. Archived from
1795:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1703:. Archived from
1697:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1676:on sacred groves
1659:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1462:Sacred mountains
1401:invasive species
1364:North East India
1188:to monasteries)
1064:Upadhyay et al.
865:Himachal Pradesh
823:SERBC document
754:to monasteries)
731:Pavitraskhetralu
705:
704:
685:Himachal Pradesh
669:Chamoli District
614:Himachal Pradesh
505:has propitiated
386:, which pleases
151:Traditional uses
122:pilgrimage sites
85:(pilgrimage) in
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4268:
4242:
4183:Gujarat Tourism
4146:
4105:Aerial Tramways
4091:
4057:Indian diaspora
4019:
4005:Protected Areas
3986:
3928:
3813:
3777:
3743:Tiruchirappalli
3601:
3552:Northeast India
3448:
3438:
3436:
3406:
3401:
3371:
3335:
3277:
3251:
3178:
3132:
3062:
3011:
2910:
2744:
2706:
2682:Sandhyavandanam
2635:
2613:
2589:Sandhyavandanam
2532:
2464:
2404:
2323:
2318:
2281:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2203:Further reading
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2120:Wayback Machine
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2091:Wayback Machine
2081:
2077:
2069:TNBB Document.
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1946:Wayback Machine
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1899:Marine Carrin,
1898:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:"Archived copy"
1789:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:Wayback Machine
1660:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1453:Sacred related
1430:
1377:
1302:
1287:
1278:
1257:Anthwal et al.
1253:
1251:
1215:TNBB document
1192:
1187:
1186:(since attached
1185:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1058:
1034:
1029:
989:
981:
970:
922:
905:Marine Carrin
799:
753:
752:(since attached
751:
661:
582:
565:
430:After planting
356:
292:
231:presiding deity
195:
178:
162:desertification
153:
148:
56:collection and
17:
12:
11:
5:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4015:Tiger Reserves
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:National Parks
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:Cave Paintings
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3826:Archaeological
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Madhya Pradesh
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Andhra Pradesh
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3256:Sacred animals
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Dhvajastambham
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Pillaiyar Suḻi
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Gayatri Mantra
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2245:
2220:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2172:
2143:
2132:
2111:M. Jayarajan,
2104:
2095:
2075:
2062:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1971:
1958:
1937:M. Jayarajan,
1930:
1905:
1892:
1881:
1863:
1851:
1827:
1774:
1762:
1751:lib.icimod.org
1737:
1726:
1717:
1692:
1678:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1617:
1610:
1592:
1588:978-0520222359
1572:
1563:
1532:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:India related
1429:
1426:
1415:Lantana camara
1405:invasive weeds
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1337:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:R. K. Bhakat
1291:
1289:Santalburithan
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:(sacred alpine
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:Dudley et al.
1189:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
961:
958:
952:
951:
950:M. Jayarajan
948:
939:
936:
930:
929:
928:Gadgil et al.
926:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
895:
892:
886:
885:
883:
870:
867:
861:
860:
858:
848:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
819:
816:
810:
809:
807:
789:
786:
780:
779:
777:
768:
765:
759:
758:
757:Dudley et al.
755:
746:
743:
737:
736:
733:
728:
725:
723:Andhra Pradesh
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
660:
657:
581:
578:
564:
561:
560:
559:
537:
536:
530:
529:
523:
522:
512:
511:
497:
496:
486:
485:
471:
470:
456:
455:
441:
440:
426:
425:
415:
414:
404:
403:
393:
392:
378:
377:
360:Vrukshayurveda
355:
352:
291:
288:
274:in Kerala and
194:
191:
177:
174:
152:
149:
147:
144:
126:Vrukshayurveda
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4345:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Sacred groves
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Luxury Trains
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Indianisation
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Sacred Groves
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Hill stations
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:Visakhapatnam
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
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3309:
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3282:Sacred plants
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2652:Brahmamuhurta
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2187:
2183:
2176:
2162:on 2019-10-21
2161:
2157:
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2136:
2129:
2128:81-87621-95-8
2125:
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2099:
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2047:
2044:S. S. Dash,
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1954:81-87621-95-8
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1934:
1920:on 2017-03-31
1919:
1915:
1909:
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1847:2-88085-270-6
1844:
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1823:
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1803:on 2014-08-08
1799:
1792:
1787:
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1735:
1730:
1721:
1707:on 2016-03-04
1706:
1702:
1696:
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1675:
1674:Down to Earth
1671:
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1664:
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1607:
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1579:
1577:
1567:
1553:on 2007-06-10
1549:
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1499:
1497:
1493:
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1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Sacred rivers
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Sacred groves
1455:
1454:
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1448:
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1369:
1368:sacred groves
1365:
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1357:
1353:
1349:
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1327:
1323:
1322:Malabar Coast
1319:
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1207:
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1199:
1198:
1195:
1190:
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1183:Gumpa forests
1181:
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1039:Khumbongmayum
1037:
1033:
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1020:
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749:Gumpa forests
747:
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732:
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711:No of groves
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627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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606:Western Ghats
603:
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595:
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587:
586:scrub forests
574:
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143:
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139:Nakshatravana
135:
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106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Hindu deities
76:
70:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
49:
45:
44:Sacred groves
37:
33:
29:
21:
4009:
3859:Fossil Parks
3487:Chhattisgarh
3397:Temple dance
3330:
3316:Kalpavriksha
3244:
3125:
2906:Yajnopavitam
2881:Prayer beads
2725:Hare Krishna
2662:Jai Shri Ram
2518:Purushamedha
2435:Panchamakara
2211:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2146:
2135:
2107:
2098:
2078:
2065:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1984:
1974:
1961:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1908:
1895:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1854:
1805:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1785:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1729:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1695:
1681:
1673:
1657:
1620:
1601:
1595:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1535:
1522:
1492:Tree worship
1482:Sacred trees
1419:
1413:
1407:
1389:urbanization
1386:
1344:Sacred grove
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1248:
1244:
1214:
1213:Eliza Kent
1208:
1193:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1116:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1059:
1054:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1018:
971:
967:
963:
945:
941:
923:
918:
900:
897:
881:Bakhu Devban
880:
876:
872:
854:
850:
804:
800:
795:
791:
784:Chhattisgarh
774:
770:
748:
730:
699:
697:
662:
644:
640:
638:
602:rain forests
583:
572:
540:
533:
526:
515:
500:
489:
474:
459:
444:
429:
418:
407:
396:
381:
366:
359:
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343:
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323:
319:
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311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
275:
271:
258:
254:
230:
224:
179:
154:
137:
125:
107:
71:
42:
41:
36:James Forbes
31:
4264:Visa policy
3952:Coral Reefs
3597:West Bengal
3592:Uttarakhand
3542:Maharashtra
3387:Firewalking
3352:Kusha grass
3296:Akshayavata
3159:Temple tank
3068:Iconography
3016:Instruments
2972:Panchagavya
2866:Panchamrita
2771:Banana leaf
2528:Viraja Homa
2460:Pushpanjali
2440:Panchamrita
2328:Main topics
1991:28 December
1477:Sacred site
1403:, like the
1397:overgrazing
1356:Lai Haraoba
1330:South India
1310:Nileshwaram
1284:Sabitrithan
1263:West Bengal
1237:Uttarakhand
1191:S. S. Dash
1153:Shamlat deh
1060:Law Lyngdoh
1055:Law Kyntang
1001:districts)
956:Maharashtra
717:References
714:Local name
673:Uttarakhand
645:law kyntang
634:Mangar Bani
590:Thar Desert
276:Nagmandalam
176:Modern uses
114:monasteries
4307:Categories
4125:Ghat Roads
4067:Indosphere
3982:Waterfalls
3919:Structures
3904:Sculptures
3768:Vijayawada
3648:Coimbatore
3638:Chandigarh
3623:Aurangabad
3582:Tamil Nadu
3562:Puducherry
3096:Panchaloha
3076:Ashtadhatu
2821:Agarabattī
2756:Puja thali
2642:Ajapa japa
2631:Meditation
2569:Nityakarma
2559:Karmakāṇḍa
2554:Ashvamedha
2508:Kamyakarma
2493:Agnikaryam
2483:Agnicayana
2191:18 January
2166:2019-10-21
1924:2018-08-07
1807:2014-07-20
1756:2022-12-07
1711:2014-05-29
1557:2018-08-07
1515:References
1437:Bodhi Tree
1352:Sanamahism
1209:Kovil Kadu
1201:Tamil Nadu
1099:Kovil Kadu
1091:Puducherry
1082:Thakuramma
1035:reserves)
995:Ahmednagar
991:Sindhudurg
946:Sarpa Kavu
919:Devarakadu
675:, and the
630:Devnarayan
453:sacrifice.
348:Panchavati
284:folk tales
89:, such as
65:under the
4097:Transport
4072:Languages
4052:Festivals
3972:Mountains
3914:Stepwells
3879:Monuments
3839:Buildings
3794:Ayurvedic
3723:Prayagraj
3693:Kozhikode
3668:Hyderabad
3628:Bangalore
3618:Ahmedabad
3577:Telangana
3572:Rajasthan
3522:Karnataka
3512:Jharkhand
3111:Shaligram
3048:Mridangam
3033:Karatalas
3028:Harmonium
2977:Rudraksha
2915:Materials
2831:Kamandalu
2766:Banalinga
2697:Third eye
2687:Śaktipāta
2549:Ashirvada
2513:Pravargya
2488:Agnihotra
2445:Parikrama
2425:Abhisheka
2355:Festivals
2156:Workshop"
1346:found in
1340:Umang Lai
1271:Garamthan
1254:meadows)
1222:Telangana
1121:Jaiselmer
1109:Rajasthan
1047:Meghalaya
1019:Umang Lai
978:Ratnagiri
911:Karnataka
890:Jharkhand
873:Dev Kothi
653:Mawphlang
649:Meghalaya
594:Rajasthan
543:nyagrodha
388:Lord Siva
375:is grown.
369:Vaikuntha
280:Karnataka
267:Karnataka
172:as well.
166:Rajasthan
157:Ayurvedic
4282:Category
4151:Agencies
4110:Airports
4082:Religion
3992:Wildlife
3758:Varanasi
3753:Vadodara
3673:Jabalpur
3653:Dehradun
3454:By state
3392:Samskara
3380:See also
3321:Parijata
3220:Sannyasa
3205:Purohita
3116:Swastika
3002:Turmeric
2957:Marigold
2922:Agarwood
2896:Tilakamu
2836:Khirapat
2786:Dhunachi
2657:Jagarana
2609:Upakarma
2544:Achamana
2498:Aupasana
2261:cite web
2235:cite web
2116:Archived
2087:Archived
1942:Archived
1816:cite web
1770:Database
1666:Archived
1498:General
1428:See also
1275:Harithan
1247:, Baun,
1245:Devbhumi
1030:(sacred
987:Kolhapur
805:Budhadev
598:Bishnois
547:tamarind
492:udumbara
451:Rajasuya
399:asvattha
243:Buddhist
170:aquifers
130:Kalidasa
95:Buddhism
91:Hinduism
58:deadwood
4292:Commons
4254:History
4247:Related
4130:Railway
4120:Bridges
4115:Borders
4077:Namaste
4047:Cuisine
4029:Culture
3962:Islands
3942:Beaches
3909:Statues
3884:Museums
3874:Menhirs
3849:Dolmens
3799:Medical
3763:Vellore
3748:Udaipur
3703:Madurai
3698:Lucknow
3688:Kolkata
3663:Gwalior
3643:Chennai
3606:By city
3547:Mizoram
3517:Haryana
3497:Gujarat
3364: (
3311:Kadamba
3246:more...
3230:Satguru
3127:more...
3043:Manjira
3007:Vibhuti
2987:Sindūra
2982:Candana
2967:Panakam
2952:Kumkuma
2947:Incense
2932:Camphor
2901:Utsavar
2891:Shankha
2886:Rangoli
2851:Mulavar
2826:Kalasha
2811:Garland
2781:Coconut
2749:Objects
2712:Mantras
2604:Tarpana
2594:Shuddhi
2455:Prasada
2450:Pranāma
2409:Rituals
2362: (
2350:Deities
2345:Darshan
1859:Website
1375:Threats
1348:Manipur
1334:Theyyam
1166:Jogmaya
1157:Devbani
1130:Bikaner
1126:Jodhpur
1041:et al.
1023:Gamkhap
1011:Manipur
983:Raigarh
843:Haryana
829:Gujarat
775:Madaico
665:Gauchar
604:in the
588:in the
571:Deodar
518:priyala
507:Parvati
503:madhuka
344:jhoolan
336:Sreevan
328:Mahavan
324:Tapovan
320:Mahavan
308:Tapovan
304:Sreevan
300:Mahavan
296:Tapovan
272:Theyyam
255:ayyanar
247:Yakshas
205:, India
142:grove.
118:shrines
110:temples
103:Sikhism
99:Jainism
4042:Cinema
3977:Rivers
3934:Nature
3789:Atomic
3713:Mysore
3708:Mumbai
3678:Jaipur
3633:Bhopal
3567:Punjab
3557:Odisha
3532:Ladakh
3527:Kerala
3362:Tulasi
3326:Peepal
3306:Banyan
3301:Ashoka
3200:Pujari
3195:Pandit
3169:Temple
3144:Ashram
3137:Places
3081:Lingam
3023:Dholak
2997:Tulasi
2871:Pandal
2856:Paduka
2816:Ghanta
2806:Cāmara
2776:Biruda
2692:Stotra
2672:Kirtan
2647:Bhajan
2626:Prayer
2599:Śrauta
2574:Ngejot
2390:Utsava
2385:Tilaka
2375:Mantra
2370:Kirtan
2340:Bhajan
2154:Ostrom
2126:
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1701:"News"
1663:series
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1326:Kerala
1280:Jahera
1249:Bugyal
1175:Sikkim
1135:Kenkri
1078:Jahera
1070:Orissa
1032:bamboo
1027:Mauhak
968:Devrai
964:Deorai
934:Kerala
924:Devkad
877:Devban
801:Mandar
796:Devlas
708:State
693:ICIMOD
677:Deodar
622:Gurjar
618:Kerala
610:Kerala
573:Devban
545:, ten
481:Brahma
477:palasa
466:Garuda
447:plaksa
436:dharma
421:banyan
410:dhatri
373:tulasi
340:jhoola
332:Raksha
316:rishis
263:Kerala
203:Kannur
164:as in
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3967:Lakes
3947:Caves
3869:Ghats
3854:Forts
3818:Sites
3804:Sport
3782:Types
3733:Surat
3718:Patna
3683:Kochi
3658:Delhi
3482:Delhi
3477:Bihar
3472:Assam
3357:Lotus
3289:Trees
3268:Horse
3235:Swami
3215:Sadhu
3210:Rishi
3183:Roles
3164:Matha
3101:Pindi
3086:Murti
3058:Veena
3053:Tabla
2937:Charu
2876:Pinda
2861:Palki
2846:Kolam
2841:Kindi
2796:Dhupa
2791:Dhuni
2761:Altar
2537:Other
2503:Dhuni
2478:Yajna
2400:Yatra
2395:Vrata
2380:Murti
2364:Yajna
2335:Ārati
2253:(PDF)
2227:(PDF)
2216:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1551:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
1267:670*
1205:1400
1162:Alwar
1148:Mewar
1139:Ajmer
1074:322*
999:Thane
960:2820
938:2000
915:1424
898:Sarna
792:Sarna
788:600*
763:Assam
681:Simla
647:s of
600:, to
555:mango
551:bilva
462:mango
384:bilva
312:Tapas
259:amman
251:Nāgas
235:Hindu
83:yatra
54:honey
48:India
3809:Yoga
3728:Pune
3613:Agra
3347:Bael
3273:Nāga
3240:Yogi
3225:Sant
3190:Guru
3154:Ghat
3121:Yoni
3038:Khol
2992:Soma
2962:Milk
2942:Ghee
2927:Alta
2801:Diya
2702:Yoga
2667:Japa
2470:Homa
2430:Bhog
2417:Puja
2360:Homa
2267:link
2241:link
2193:2021
2124:ISBN
2071:Link
2059:Link
1993:2022
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1822:link
1606:ISBN
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1418:and
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1241:18*
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1095:108
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818:NA*
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