Safety of journalists

359: 105: 144: 542: 842: 381:(IPDC) Council by the Director-General. In 2021 the Organization sent letters to 64 Member States requesting information on the status of unresolved cases that occurred between 2006 and 2020 and received some form of response from 40 of them. As of 31 December 2020, a total of 1,229 journalists had been killed since UNESCO began systematically monitoring journalist killings and impunity in 2006. Of those, 163 cases (13%) are now considered fully resolved, the same resolution rate as that recorded the previous year. Of the remaining cases, 706 are considered ongoing or unresolved, and for 360 cases, States concerned did not provided any information. 22: 1110: 163:

crossfire or directly targeted, they have been followed by journalists working mainly for print (86), radio (79), online (55) and those working cross platforms. Nonetheless, in the last report of the Director-General of the UNESCO about the safety of journalists and the danger of the impunity of 2022, a new trend has been observed: during the 2020–2021 biennium cross-platform journalists have become the most vulnerable to fatal attacks. By 2021, they constituted 41% of the total number of fatalities for that year.

700:, as evidenced by the numerous cases of rape threats and sexually explicit manipulated photos and videos that have been used to defame and disparage female journalists. The so-called "double onslaught" on female journalists is visible again: they are targeted both for their gender and their profession. For this reason, it is crucial to focus on the gendered components of the dangers to which female journalists are exposed. The harassment women journalists face, whether online or offline, threatens their right to freedom of expression and limits the diversity of opinion in the media. 729: 801: 1096:(CPJ) is a non-governmental organization that aims to "defend the right of journalists to report the news without fear of reprisal" and promote freedom of expression. The NGO monitors the imprisonment, disappearances and killings of journalists worldwide. The Organization informs on the status of freedom of the press and journalists safety in conflict countries and others, and helps journalists through services such as the emergencies response teams, the safety advisories and the security guide. CPJ's annual 159:

years, the trend has been confirmed, in fact the Report of the Organization's Director-General on the safety of journalists and the dangers of impunity of 2022 has found that for the period 2020–2021, around 1/5 of all journalist killings were freelance journalists. The study establishes that 11 freelance journalist killings were recorded in 2020, representing 18% of all killings and 11 in 2021 representing 20% of the killings.

923: 1020:(OAS) has played a proactive role in promoting the safety of journalists. In June 2017, the General Assembly of the OAS passed Resolution R86/17, which urged States ‘to implement comprehensive measures for prevention, protection, investigation and punishment of those responsible, as well as to put into action strategies to end impunity for crimes against journalists and share good practices'. 687:’s Committee of Ministers adopted recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors, in particular noting the gender-specific threats that many journalists face and calling for urgent, resolute and systematic responses. The same year, the IPDC council requests the UNESCO Director-General's report to include gender information. 1259:

status of ongoing investigations into the murders of journalists for which the Director-General has made public statements. UNESCO's statistics on impunity are based on these data, published every two years in the Director-General’s report to the IPDC Intergovernmental Council and, in turn, in the Report on Global Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development. Available from:

2721: 510:, which led to a reluctance to write, research or speak about certain topics. Almost a quarter of the writers had deliberately avoided certain topics in phone and email conversations, while 16 per cent had avoided writing or speaking about a certain topic and another 11 per cent had seriously considered it. A 2017 survey conducted by the 1071:, Geneva Global Media and the Geneva Press Club presented the International Declaration and Best Practices on the Promotion of Journalists Safety. The declaration aims to reinforce and promote existing international obligations and mechanisms associated with the safety of journalists and contribute to the protection of their rights. 1008:

occur". In April 2014, the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers adopted a resolution on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, which called for concerted international efforts and led to the creation of an online platform for monitoring infringements of freedom of expression.

786:(OSCE) organized an expert meeting titled ‘New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists’ which produced a publication of the same title that includes the voices of journalists and academics on the realities of online abuse of women journalists and how it can be combated. 2722:

https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/committee-of-ministers-adopted-texts/-/asset_publisher/aDXmrol0vvsU/content/recommendation-cm-rec-2016-4-of-the-committee-of-ministers-to-member-states-on-the-protection-of-journalism-and-safety-of-journalists-and-other-media-?inheritRedirect=false&desktop=false

660:, rape, and even murder. Women journalists are vulnerable to attacks not only from those attempting to silence their coverage but also from sources, colleagues, and others. A 2014 global survey of nearly 1,000 journalists, initiated by the International News Safety Institute (INSI) in partnership with the 1074:

The same year, news media organizations joined forces with press freedom NGOs and journalists to launch the A Culture of Safety (ACOS) Alliance. The ACOS Alliance's Freelance Journalist Safety Principles, a set of practices for newsrooms and journalists on dangerous assignments, have been endorsed by

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surveyed the 70 million comments recorded on its website between 1999 and 2016 (only 22,000 of which were recorded before 2006). Of these comments, approximately 1.4 million (approximately two per cent) were blocked for abusive or disruptive behavior. Of the 10 staff journalists who received the

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also face specific dangers and are specially vulnerable to sexual assault, whether in the form of a targeted sexual violation, often in reprisal for their work. mob-related sexual violence aimed against journalists covering public events; or the sexual abuse of journalists in detention or captivity.

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UNESCO's IPDC developed the Journalists Safety Indicators (JSI) to "pinpoint significant matters that show, or impact upon, the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity". These indicators map the key features that can help assess safety of journalists, and determine whether adequate follow-up

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in 2020. In the Black Lives Matter protests alone, 400 journalists were attacked and 129 were arrested. Some attacks appear targeted not by protestors, but by law enforcement. In 2020 law enforcement was responsible for 80% of attacks on journalists. With some accounts where journalists were injured

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From 2016 to 2020, television journalists have been by far the most attacked group among journalists, accounting for 134 journalist fatalities, or 34%, in the past five years. Indeed, the journalists covering conflict were considered particularly vulnerable and at high risk of being either killed in

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condemned the deaths of 400 journalists. A downward trend is observed compared to the period from 2012 to 2016, when the Director-General of UNESCO condemned the death of 530 journalists, which is equivalent to an average of two death per week. In 2021, 55 killings of journalists were recorded, this

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adopted the European Union Human Rights Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline, which stated that the European Union would "take all appropriate steps to ensure the protection of journalists, both in terms of preventive measures and by urging effective investigations when violations

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The United Nations (UN) Plan of Action, coordinated by UNESCO, was elaborated to provide a comprehensive, coherent, and action-oriented UN-wide approach to the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity. Since its launch, it has become a guiding framework for activities in this area. Following

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In the period from 2012 through 2016, UNESCO's Director-General denounced the killing of 38 women journalists, representing 7 per cent of all journalists killed. The percentage of journalists killed who are women is significantly lower than their overall representation in the media workforce. This

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Journalists are often responsible for covering protests. Some protests are peaceful while others become violent making coverage for journalist unsafe. In some instances the protests themselves are not violent. However, journalist remain targets. The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker documents 930 reported

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Representative on Freedom of the Media performs an early warning function and provides rapid response to serious noncompliance with regard to free media and free expression. The Representative maintains direct contacts with authorities, media and civil society representatives and other parties and

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or on no charge at all, has continued to rise. In 2022, the CPJ reported that 363 journalists were imprisoned worldwide in a range of charges. According to the non-governmental organization this number represents a new global record "that overtakes last year's record by 20% and marks another grim

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were killed, representing 21% of the total of the journalist killed. It has been considered that freelance journalists are particularly vulnerable, often working alone on stories, in dangerous environments, and without the same level of assistance and protection as staff-journalists. The past few

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The data on the killings of journalists correspond to the condemnations by the Director-General of UNESCO, which follow Resolution 29 adopted by the 29th session of the General Conference. Each year, the Director-General of UNESCO sends requests to Member States to inform the organization of the

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Over the past decade there has been an increased risk for journalists covering protests. According to UNESCO's observatory of killed journalists from 2020 to 2021, six journalists were killed while covering protests. In some cases journalists are targeted based on demographics including but not

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Threats and actual cases of violence and imprisonment, as well as harassment, are reported to have forced a large number of local journalists into exile each year. Between 1 June 2012 and 31 May 2015, at least 272 journalists reportedly went into exile for work-related persecution worldwide.

447:, along with professional journalists—reported that 533 journalists were detained in 2022, which represents an increase of 13,4% of the imprisonment rate compared to 2021. Never before has RSF recorded such a high number of imprisoned journalists. 2022 reportedly saw the proportion of 514:

of 940 journalists throughout 47 member states found that in the face of physical violence or coercion, 15 per cent of journalists abandon covering sensitive, critical stories, while 31 per cent tone down their coverage and 23 per cent opt to withhold information in Europe.

608:, digital security support, psychological counselling and a referral system to victims. As of May 2017, the helpline handled a total of 563 cases since its launch six months earlier, with 63 per cent of calls received from women and 37% from men. Research undertaken by 2831:

International Press Institute. 2015. International Declaration and Best Practices for journalist safety launched. International Press Institute. Available at <https://ipi. media/international-declaration-and-bestpractices-to-promote-journalists-safetylaunched/>.

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Mijatović, Dunja. 2016. New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists. Edited by Becky Gardiner. Vienna: Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Available at

694:. So far this year, at least 72 cases of legal harassment have been reported to the CFWIJ. When the number of detentions is added, it becomes clear how the legal system can be misused to target and silence journalists, posing a serious threat to female journalists. 1261:

https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/observatory#:~:text=Monitoring%20the%20killing%20of%20journalists%20and%20media%20workers%20across%20the%20globe.&text=This%20Observatory%20provides%20updated%20information,of%20condemned%20cases%20since%202006.

1274:"Knowing the truth is protecting the truth: highlights of the UNESCO Director-General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity published on the occasion of the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists 2022" 1881:

Tlakula, Pansy. 2016. Inter-Session Activity Report of Advocate. Pansy Tlakula, Chairperson and Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa. Banjul: African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Available at

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indicated that 73 per cent of adult internet users in the United States had seen someone be harassed in some way online and 40 per cent had personally experienced harassment, with young women being particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment and

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The organization is intensifying its efforts to strengthen the capacity of member states to implement, on a voluntary basis, mechanisms to prevent attacks against journalists, to protect journalists, and to prosecute the perpetrators of these

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UNESCO. 2017c. Strengthening the Implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity: Consultation outcome document. Available at www.en.unesco.org/sites/default/file/options_geneva_consultation.pdf.

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launched the Journalists' Safety Research Network (JSRN). The JSRN contributes to advancing academic cooperation on the safety of journalists by increasing research capacity, collaboration and knowledge sharing within the academic community.

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Secretary-General Christophe Deloire has stated that "a full-blown hostage industry has developed in certain conflict zones", with a 35 per cent increase in 2015 compared to the previous year of the number of media hostages held worldwide.

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in which killings of journalists have occurred asking them to inform it of the status of ongoing investigations on each killing condemned. UNESCO records the responses to these requests in a public report submitted every two years to the

1060:, United States, established Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, which brings together international experts and activists with the university's faculty and students, in order to "survey, document and strengthen free expression". 896:

and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights defenders. The indicator was decided upon by the United Nations Statistical Commission for tracking progress in the achievement of target 10.

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indicated that 73% of adult internet users in the United States had seen someone be harassed in some way online and 40 per cent had personally experienced it, with young women being particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment and

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UN General Assembly. 2015. Outcome document of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the overall review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A/70/L.33. Available at:

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Lanza, Edison. 2017. Silenced Zones: Highly Dangerous Areas for the Exercise of Freedom of Expression. Office for the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Available at

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90 organizations around the world. In addition, a network of safety officers in media companies expanded following the meeting "Media Organizations Standing Up for the Safety of Journalists" held at UNESCO in February 2016.

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The United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity supports Member States in the implementation of proactive initiatives to address the prevailing culture of impunity, such as judicial

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and 14% killed while on dangerous assignment. According to the NGO, political groups were the most likely source of violence (36%) in these killings, followed by military officials (22%) and unknown sources (20%).

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represents a direct and growing threat for journalists, which has taken the form of kidnappings, executions threats or hacking. At the end of the 1970s, the general policy of welcoming journalists into areas of

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UNESCO also focuses on activities to raise awareness and train representatives of the judiciary, law enforcement agencies and parliaments on the importance of freedom of the press and the safety of journalists.

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Barton, Alana, and Hannah Storm. 2014. Violence and Harassment Against Women in the News Media: A Global Picture. International Women’s Media Foundation & International News Safety Institute. Available at

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Gulf Center for Human Rights. 2017. See their Struggle, Realise their Rights: Human Rights Defenders at Imminent Risk in the Gulf Region and Neighbouring Countries. Gulf Center for Human Rights. Available at

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UNESCO's work on the safety of journalists focuses on six areas: public awareness; standards creation and policy development; monitoring and reporting; capacity building; academic research; and strengthening

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With the widespread availability of surveillance software and hardware, in a number of states across multiple regions, broadly defined legislative acts have been seen by some as working to silence digital

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In March 2024 China Issued an apology after local journalists were shown being harassed and being obstructed from reporting by an incident about a gas leak. In 2023 China had 44 journalists imprisoned.

358: 128:, representing 61% of the murders of journalists of the year. The opposite trend was observed for the year 2016, where 50% of killings took place in countries in countries experiencing armed conflict. 1506: 2720:

Council of Europe. 2016. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors. CM/REC(2016)4. Available at

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UNESCO Director-General. 2016. The Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity: Report by the Director-General to the Intergovernmental Council of the IPDC (Thirtieth Session). Paris: UNESCO,

914:. Outside of the UN, it has been referred to by various regional bodies, and it has given impetus to and fostered a spirit of cooperation between the UN and various stakeholders in many countries. 250:

targeted journalists, considering them as the auxiliaries of the powers they were combating, and thus as enemies. Between 1993 and 1997, more than 100 journalists and media workers were killed in

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capabilities and digital attack technologies are becoming more sophisticated, less expensive and more pervasive, making journalists increasingly vulnerable to digital attacks from both state and

392:. The day acts to promote understanding of the broader issues that accompany impunity and to strengthen international commitment to ensuring a safe and enabling environment for journalists. 861: 304:. According to the study Eyewitness Media Hub of 2015, 40% of the journalists who were interviewed admitted that viewing video testimonies had had negative effects on their personal life. 269:. International press correspondents, in particular, are considered potential hostages, or sacrificial lambs, whose execution is dramatized to serve terrorist propaganda. This happened to 977:

is given to crimes committed against them. Analysis based on the Journalists Safety indicators have been conducted in Guatemala (2013), Kenya (2016), Nepal (2016), Pakistan (2013–2014).

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considers that its "root cause has to be attributed to lack of political will to pursue investigations, including for fear of reprisals from criminal networks in addition to inadequate

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outlines the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective and inclusive institutions at all levels.

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Zeena Saifi, Eliza Mackintosh, Celine Alkhaldi, Kareem Khadder, Katie Polglase, Gianluca Mezzofiore and Abeer Salman, CNN Video by Livvy Doherty and Oscar Featherstone (24 May 2022).

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is the lowest number recorded by the Director-General of UNESCO in 14 years. In 2020, most of the murders committed against journalists took place in a context other than that of an

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UNESCO has set up a mechanism to monitor the status of judicial enquiries into the killings of journalists. Each year, the Director-General of the Organization sends a request to

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all independently concluded that fire from an IDF unit was the most likely cause of Akleh's death. Eyewitnesses told CNN that Akleh was likely deliberately targeted by the IDF.

486:, journalists and prominent writers have reportedly suffered death threats, been severely beaten and had travel restrictions imposed upon them. In the Asia Pacific region, the 676:

large gender gap is likely partly the result of the persistent under-representation of women reporting from war zones or insurgencies or on topics such as politics and crime.

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See, Time to break the cycle of violence against journalists, highlights from the UNESCO Director-General's 2016 report on the Safety of Journalists and Dangers of Impunity:

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every year on 3 May during which the Guillermo Cano Prize is attributed to honor the work of an individual or an organization defending or promoting freedom of expression.

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On May 11, 2022, Palestinian-American Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot in the head and killed while covering a raid by the Israel Defense Forces on the

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The INSI and IWMF survey found that more than 25 per cent of ‘verbal, written and/or physical intimidation including threats to family and friends’ took place online.

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is a significant challenge, and few legislative and policy frameworks exist on the international or national level to protect journalists from digital harassment.

2526:"SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS ATTACKS AGAINST JOURNALISTS IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS, UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1738 (2006) - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 813:

International legal instruments are among the key tools that can support the creation of an enabling environment for the safety of journalists. These include the

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Le journalisme est un bien public : tendances mondiales en matière de liberté d'expression et de développement des médias ; Rapport mondial 2021/2022

2329:"Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors" 2037:

Clark, Marilyn, and Anna Grech. 2017. Journalists under pressure: Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

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General Assembly of the Organization of American States. 2017. Draft Resolution Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Vol. AG/doc.5580/17. Available at

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The UNESCO's study World Trend Report in Freedom of Expression and media development: Global Report 2017/2018, has found that over the past five years, 113

986: 822: 783: 135:(CPJ), nearly 50 per cent of those whose death was confirmed to be related to their work as journalist were murdered, while 36 per cent were caught in the 2700: 588:

of journalists as a response to their reporting. As of July 2017, the project had collected 1,065 instances of online harassment in the two countries (

1606: 104: 2108: 1546: 2025: 2013: 2954: 1883: 1089:. It is mainly known for its annual ranking on the status of press freedom worldwide and monitoring of the crimes committed against journalists. 331:

for crimes against journalists, with 87% of cases of killings of journalists unresolved. The Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the

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Duggan, Maeve, Lee Rainie, Aaron Smith, Cary Funk, Amanda Lenhart, and Mary Madden. 2014. Online Harassment. Pew Research Center. Available at

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Duggan, Maeve, Lee Rainie, Aaron Smith, Cary Funk, Amanda Lenhart, and Mary Madden. 2014. Online Harassment. Pew Research Center. Available at

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also produces reports on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity (in 2014 A/69/268, 2015 A/HRC/30/68 respectively, 2017 A/72/290).

2761:"Journalists' Safety Research Network will increase research capacity and knowledge exchange among the community of journalism safety experts" 2466:

International Women's Media Foundation. 2016. An Overview of the Current Challenges to the Safety and Protection of Journalists. Available at

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Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA). 2016. So This Is Democracy? State of media freedom in Southern Africa 2016. Windhoek. Available at

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Another big issue is harassment, which can happen online and at work. The sexual nature of the harassment women experience is often rooted in

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Digital Rights Foundation. 2017. Cyber Harassment Helpline: Six Month Report, December 2016-May2017. Digital Rights Foundation. Available at

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has noted that in some insecure contexts, physical insecurity is reportedly so tenuous that some journalists have chosen to arm themselves.

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The safety of journalists and their role in promoting inclusive and sustainable societies has been recognized by the United Nations in the

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has pledged support for the United Nations Plan of Action, working to promote journalist safety and institutional mechanisms that foster

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International Federation of Journalists. 2017. Byte Back: IFJ launches guide to combat cyber harassment in South Asia. Available at

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its endorsement by the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in 2012, the UN Plan of Action has been welcomed by the

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http://www.ifj.org/nc/fr/news-singleview/backpid/33/article/byte-backifj-launches-guide-to-combat-cyberharassment-in-south-asia/

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UNESCO. 2022. Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022

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UNESCO is also placing increased emphasis on tackling the specific threats faced by women journalists, both online and offline.

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UN General Assembly. 2017. The safety of journalists and the issue of impunity: Report of the Secretary-General. Available at

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Zayadin, Hiba. 2017. No August reprieve for journalists and activists in the Middle East and North Africa. IFEX. Available at

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Journalism is a public good: World Trends in freedom of expression and media development; global report 2021/2022, UNESCO,

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Marquis-Boire, Morgan. 2015. How governments are using spyware to attack free speech. Amnesty International. Available at

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found that women journalists experienced approximately three times as many abusive comments as their male counterparts on

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journalist and U.S. resident Jamal Khashoggi was ambushed, suffocated, and dismembered by agents of the Saudi government.

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Harris, Janet, Nick Mosdell, and James Griffiths. 2016. Gender, Risk and Journalism. Journalism Practice 10 (7): 902–916

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outlines a way forward for a gender-sensitive approach to strengthening the safety of women journalists. In 2016, the

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Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022

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Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022

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Barnett, Brooke, and Reynolds, Amy, Terrorism and The Press. An Uneasy Relationship, Peter Lang, 2009, 208 pages.

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Journalism is a public good: World trends in freedom of expression and media development; Global report 2021/2022

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Trauma and the emotional impact of witnessing terrorism is also an issue for journalists, as they may experience

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https://pen.org/sites/default/files/2014-08-01_Full%20Report_Chilling%20Effects%20w%20Color%20cover-UPDATED.pdf

2014:

https://pen.org/sites/default/files/2014-08-01_Full%20Report_Chilling%20Effects%20w%20Color%20cover-UPDATED.pdf

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Increasingly, journalists, and particularly women journalists, are facing abuse and harassment online, such as

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http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/59th/inter-act-reps/269/59os_inter_session_chair_srfe_comm_tlakula_eng.pdf

1752: 2811:"International Declaration and Best Practices for journalist safety launched – International Press Institute" 1770:

UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).

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UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).

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UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).

1064: 1004: 953:(OHCHR) to establish a focal points system for the safety of journalists in relevant United Nations entities. 850: 668:, found that nearly two-thirds of women who took part in the survey had experienced intimidation, threats or 581: 297: 2245:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Cyber-Harassment-Helpline-Six-Month-Report.pdf

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https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/how-governments-are-using-spyware-to-attack-free-speech/

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and media professionals to receive, produce and share information without facing physical or moral threats.

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RSF. 2016. Worldwide Round-Up of journalists who are detained, held hostage or missing 2016. Available at

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recognized serious threats to freedom of expression in the context of reviewing progress since the 2005

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https://www.demos.co.uk/press-release/demos-malecelebrities-receive-more-abuse-on-twitterthan-women-2/

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Lynn, Kyaw Ye. 2014. A gun for self-protection, anyone?. Southeast Asian Press Alliance. Available at

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imprisoned reach heights with an increase of 27.9% compared to 2021. During this year, four countries

2624: 2569: 2467: 1207:"The Chilling: global trends in online violence against women journalists; research discussion paper" 1078: 440: 433: 2155: 2746:

UNESCO. 2017. Commonwealth leader pledges support for UN Plan on journalists’ safety. Available at

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Demos. 2014. Demos: male celebrities receive more abuse on Twitter than women. Demos. Available at

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Digital Rights Foundation. n.d. Cyber Harassment Helpline. Digital Rights Foundation. Available at

1449:"'Tell Your Boss': Recording Is Seen to Link Saudi Crown Prince More Strongly to Khashoggi Killing" 1068: 776:

and the South Asia Media Solidarity Network launched the Byte Back campaign to raise awareness and

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shares his/ her observations and recommendations with the OSCE participating States twice a year.

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Many of these crimes are not reported as a result of powerful cultural and professional stigmas."

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Committee to Protect Journalists. n.d. Journalists Forced Into Exile Since 2010. Available at

1656: 1539: 3089: 2142: 2102: 1925:"Chinese city officials issue a rare apology after authorities harass journalists on live TV" 949:

Following a request from the Office of the UN Secretary General, UNESCO coordinated with the

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and surveillance is one of the major issues in the coverage of terrorism in order to protect

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global report 2017/2018

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UN resolutions on the safety of journalists adopted since 2012, UNESCO's World Trends Report

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Legal harassment is the biggest threat to female journalists, according to a report by the

336: 265:(CPJ), 40% of the journalists murdered in 2015 were killed by groups claiming adherence to 182: 2507: 2410: 2358:

World Trends Report in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

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https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise

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World Trends Report in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

8: 3084: 3079: 1509:"New evidence suggests Shireen Abu Akleh was killed in targeted attack by Israeli forces" 1057: 728: 718: 645: 626: 609: 448: 60: 56: 2785: 2047: 1977:

https://www.ifex.org/middle_east_north_africa/2017/09/06/internet-censorship-aljazeera/

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https://en.unesco.org/news/commonwealth-leader-pledges-support-plan-journalists-safety

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such as the torching of vehicles, physical assault and death threats. In parts of the

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https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/245/44/PDF/N1724544.pdf?OpenElement

1798:

https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/449/23/PDF/N1344923.pdf?OpenElement

1777: 1695: 1644: 1527: 1456: 1408: 1350: 1298: 1239: 1206: 1033: 684: 653: 511: 417:(CPJ), the imprisonment of journalists on charges relating to anti-state activities, 397: 301: 296:, irritation and physical problems such as fatigue or headaches. It can also lead to 266: 223: 176: 40: 2282:

International Media Women's Foundation and International News Safety Institute 2013.

1346:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report

1430:"Director General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity" 1384:"Director General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity" 875:(WSIS). The Resolution called for the protection of journalists and media workers. 335:

Edison Lanza considers impunity as a key obstacle to ensuring journalists' safety.

2935:

Avenue, Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th; York, 11th Floor New; Ny 10001.

2525: 2271:

http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/docs/publications/ZONAS_SILENCIADAS_ENG.pdf

600:, the Digital Rights Foundation has launched the country's first cyber harassment 2375: 2024:

Pen America. 2013. Chilling Effects. Pen America and The FDR Group. Available at

2012:

Pen America. 2013. Chilling Effects. Pen America and The FDR Group. Available at

1740: 1610: 1481: 669: 557: 352: 800: 403: 2494: 2435:

Gardiner, Becky, Mahana Mansfield, Ian Anderson, Josh Holder, Daan Louter, and

2231: 1715: 1082: 1081:(RSF) is an international non-governmental organization recognized as being of 757: 657: 584:

launched the OnTheLine database, a project that aims to systematically monitor

344: 274: 125: 120: 99: 80: 76: 72: 2841: 2645: 3068: 2436: 1460: 585: 569: 422: 2859: 1753:"International Programme for the Development of Communication | UNESCO" 1447:

Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (12 November 2018).

524:

incidents of journalists involving arrests, assault or prevention since the

2735:

http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=1068&lID=1

1114: 980: 752: 605: 553: 549: 507: 479: 239: 235: 84: 52: 1811:"UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity" 1145:"UN PLAN OF ACTION ON THE SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS AND THE ISSUE OF IMPUNITY" 258:(1975–1990), kidnapping international journalists became a common tactic. 1482:"Jamal Khashoggi: Turkey says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate" 503: 227: 68: 33: 2911:"2016 Violations of press freedom barometer | Reporters without borders" 1897:"2022 Round-up - Journalists detained, killed, held hostage and missing" 1963: 1604:

http://www.actforthedisappeared.com/our-cause/17000-disappeared-lebanon

740: 483: 418: 278: 195: 155: 48: 2968: 2439:. 2016. The darkside of Guardian comments. The Guardian. Available at 1670: 943: 2993: 2389: 2170:"2022 Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity" 900: 790: 572:

and expand arbitrary surveillance across multiple digital platforms.

348: 218: 199: 136: 1951:

http://crm.misa.org/upload/web/So%20This%20Is%20Democracy%202016.pdf

1319:"Committee to Protect Journalists – Defending Journalists Worldwide" 506:

of over 520 writers found that the majority reported concerns about

39:

Journalists can face violence and intimidation for exercising their

723: 697: 649: 614: 601: 597: 408: 328: 316: 293: 231: 2570:

http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN95735.pdf

2468:

https://www.iwmf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/IWMFUNESCOPaper.pdf

533:

limited to: their identity, race, gender, and sexual orientation.

149:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2022)

888:

relates to the number of verified cases of killings, kidnapping,

747: 593: 565: 464: 460: 426: 312: 289: 251: 247: 732:

Online harassment of women journalists, World Trends Report 2018

620: 390:

International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists

47:. The range of threats they are confronted with include murder, 2910: 2441:

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/ap/12/the-darkside-

951:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

933: 665: 589: 202:. Separate investigations by the Associated Press, Bellingcat, 116: 88: 1100:

recognizes bravery for journalists from all around the world.

388:

adopted resolution A/RES/68/163 proclaiming 2 November as the

300:, which can cause incapacitating feelings of horror, fear and 2885: 1343:

Stremlau, Nicole; Gagliardone, Iginio; Price, Monroe (2018).

452: 404:

Non-lethal and physically violent attacks against journalists

400:

and the strengthening of monitor and prosecution mechanisms.

2886:"2018 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders" 1371:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246411.locale=fr

379:

International Programme for the Development of Communication

110:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380618.locale=fr

100:

UNESCO Director-General condemnations of journalist killings

1631:

Correspondent, Nadia Massih/CPJ Middle East (8 June 2016).

864:

on the safety of journalists adopted by several UN organs.

648:, whether they are working in an insecure context, or in a 456: 367:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development

3043: 2580: 2578: 1846:"Number of jailed journalists spikes to new global record" 322: 2936: 2000: 1894: 971: 704: 362:

Status of judicial inquiry into killings of journalists,

2689:

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002608/260893E.pdf

2685:

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002608/260892E.pdf

2258:

http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/

1734:

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246409e.pdf

1446: 1342: 981:

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2575: 2411:

http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/onlineharassment/

1989:

https://www.seapa.org/a-gun-for-self-protection-anyone/

712:

Women in media § Online harassment of women journalists

467:(9) imprisoned more than 70% of the women journalists. 1011: 2351: 2349: 1561:"How 'war on terror' unleashed a war on journalists" 1043: 823:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

545:

Types of threats to the digital safety of journalism

1633:"Infographic: Islamic State's assault on the press" 1586:

Terrorism and the Media. A Handbook for Journalists

1318: 1085:in France. It aims to defend press freedom and the 944:

UNESCO main activities on the Safety of Journalists

784:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

2455:http://www.iwmf.org/our-research/journalistsafety/ 2346: 1290: 1231: 901:The UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists 791:Actions taken to enhance the safety of journalists 2646:"UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize" 926:UNESCO-Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize, 780:of women journalists in the Asia-Pacific region. 536: 339:, UNESCO's former Assistant Director-General for 213: 51:, hostage-taking, offline and online harassment, 3066: 2661: 2659: 804:The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 409:Other attacks on the safe practice of journalism 1117:work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO ( 631: 430:milestone in a deteriorating media landscape". 147:Type of media of journalists killed, 2016–2020 94: 2934: 2075:Dad, Khan, Nighat, Shmyla (16 November 2020). 1895:Reporters Sans Frontières (14 December 2022). 1716:"Intergovernmental Council and Bureau of IPDC" 795: 518: 2656: 1630: 1291:Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (2022). 1232:Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (2022). 867:In December 2015, Resolution A/70/125 of the 639:Women in media § Threats on women journalists 621:Gender equality and the safety of journalists 2495:http://www.osce.org/fom/220411?download=true 2232:https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/services/ 2107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1113: This article incorporates text from a 808: 2953:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1048:The Centre for Freedom of the Media at the 226:control changed. 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In 2969:"Emergency Response - Emergency Response" 2074: 1545:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 993: 827:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 333:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2683:For international-level indicators see: 2544:"Peace, justice and strong institutions" 2293:"UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists" 2121: 998: 921: 840: 799: 756:highest levels of abuse and ‘dismissive 727: 540: 357: 142: 103: 20: 2667:"UNESCO Journalists' Safety Indicators" 1582: 873:World Summit on the Information Society 851:2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 774:International Federation of Journalists 604:for journalists, which aims to provide 443:(RSF)—which tracks the imprisonment of 323:Impunity for crimes against journalists 3067: 2548:United Nations Sustainable Development 2070: 2068: 1808: 1769: 1687: 1427: 1400: 1381: 1271: 972:UNESCO's Journalists Safety Indicators 705:Online harassment of women journalists 662:International Women's Media Foundation 1578: 1576: 1574: 815:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 735:An analysis of more than two million 1843: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 2687:For national-level indicators see: 2607:"OHCHR - Session30 List of reports" 2162: 2065: 1964:http://www.gc4hr.org/report/view/62 1023: 1012:The Organization of American States 575: 166: 13: 2207:"The Global Surveillance Industry" 1863: 1726: 1571: 1098:International Press Freedom Awards 652:, face risks of physical assault, 497: 476:Media Institute of Southern Africa 413:According to data compiled by the 14: 3106: 1844:Getz, Arlene (14 December 2022). 1776:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 89–90. 1165: 1044:Academia, civil society and media 836: 692:Coalition for Women in Journalism 679:The September 2017 report of the 529:by projectiles and pepper spray. 384:At its 68th session in 2013, the 351:, lack of resources allocated to 2842:"THE PRINCIPLES - ACOS Alliance" 1850:Committee to protect journalists 1323:Committee to Protect Journalists 1108: 1094:Committee to Protect Journalists 1087:protection of journalism sources 880:United Nations Secretary General 710:This section is an excerpt from 681:United Nations Secretary-General 637:This section is an excerpt from 415:Committee to Protect Journalists 355:, negligence, and corruption". 263:Committee to Protect Journalists 173:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 133:Committee to Protect Journalists 3036: 3019:"CPJ Journalist Security Guide" 3011: 2986: 2961: 2928: 2903: 2878: 2852: 2834: 2825: 2803: 2778: 2753: 2740: 2727: 2714: 2693: 2677: 2638: 2617: 2599: 2561: 2536: 2518: 2500: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2446: 2429: 2416: 2403: 2382: 2368: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2285: 2276: 2262: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2199: 2187: 2115: 2040: 2031: 2018: 2006: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1955: 1943: 1917: 1888: 1875: 1837: 1828: 1802: 1790: 1763: 1745: 1708: 1681: 1663: 1624: 1615: 1596: 1553: 1500: 1474: 1440: 1421: 1394: 1375: 1363: 1018:Organization of American States 831:United Nations Security Council 664:(IWMF) and with the support of 386:United Nations General Assembly 327:There is a continuing trend of 2122:Matthews, Sarah (2 May 2021). 1336: 1311: 1284: 1265: 1252: 1225: 1199: 1137: 537:Digital safety for journalists 488:Southeast Asian Press Alliance 298:post-traumatic stress disorder 281:(Japan), who were beheaded by 214:Terrorism and increasing risks 1: 2390:"FPU Knowledge & Quality" 2077:"Threats Against Journalists" 1796:See resolution A/RES/68/163: 1694:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 89. 1407:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 88. 1130: 1065:International Press Institute 1028:The Secretary-General of the 1005:Council of the European Union 582:International Press Institute 341:Communication and Information 25:Journalist wearing a gas mask 3095:Violence against journalists 2866:(in French). 22 January 2016 2813:. Ipi.media. 9 December 2015 2790:Global Freedom of Expression 1119:license statement/permission 829:Resolution 2005/81; and the 632:Threats on women journalists 478:has documented incidents of 95:Violence against journalists 7: 1583:Marthoz, Jean-Paul (2017). 796:International organizations 519:Increased risks at protests 55:, enforced disappearances, 10: 3111: 1675:www.eyewitnessmediahub.com 1238:. UNESCO. pp. 84–85. 1103: 1040:across different regions. 709: 636: 624: 180: 170: 2701:"Human rights guidelines" 2052:U.S Press Freedom Tracker 2048:"Press Freedom In Crisis" 1602:Act for the Disappeared: 1127:, 200, UNESCO. 1079:Reporters without Borders 917: 809:International instruments 441:Reporters Without Borders 315:and interviewees against 2572:. Retrieved 24 May 2017. 2508:"Human Rights Documents" 1904:Reporter Sans Frontières 1069:Al Jazeera Media Network 833:Resolution 1738 (2006). 778:combat online harassment 502:One survey conducted by 2593:documents-dds-ny.un.org 2457:. Accessed 8 June 2017. 1671:"Home Eyewitness Media" 1349:. UNESCO. p. 113. 1121:). Text taken from 1050:University of Sheffield 938:World Press Freedom Day 928:World Press Freedom Day 767:Countering online abuse 508:government surveillance 2150:Cite journal requires 2001:https://cpj.org/exile/ 1739:9 October 2019 at the 1609:9 January 2020 at the 1592:. UNESCO. p. 110. 1297:. UNESCO. p. 87. 994:Regional organizations 930: 890:enforced disappearance 846: 805: 733: 670:abuse in the workplace 546: 526:murder of George Floyd 369: 151: 112: 26: 3075:Freedom of expression 2632:digitallibrary.un.org 2443:of-guardian-comments. 2211:Privacy International 1034:freedom of expression 999:The Council of Europe 925: 844: 803: 760:’, eight were women. 731: 544: 361: 309:protection of sources 156:freelance journalists 146: 107: 45:freedom of expression 30:Safety of journalists 24: 912:Human Rights Council 277:(United States) and 183:Maguindanao massacre 79:, doxing, trolling, 2994:"Safety Advisories" 2652:. 16 February 2017. 1058:Columbia University 908:UN General Assembly 894:arbitrary detention 719:Pew Research Center 627:Women in journalism 610:Pew Research Center 445:citizen journalists 419:criminal defamation 244:Armed Islamic Group 115:From 2016 to 2020, 57:arbitrary detention 2786:"You searched for" 2295:. 9 November 2016. 1655:has generic name ( 1538:has generic name ( 1453:The New York Times 1211:unesdoc.unesco.org 931: 847: 819:Geneva Conventions 806: 734: 580:In late 2016, the 547: 370: 256:Lebanese Civil War 204:The New York Times 196:Jenin refugee camp 152: 113: 27: 2673:. 4 January 2018. 1783:978-92-3-100509-1 1701:978-92-3-100509-1 1414:978-92-3-100509-1 1356:978-92-3-100242-7 1304:978-92-3-200262-4 1245:978-92-3-200262-4 1003:In May 2014, the 910:, UNESCO and the 739:performed by the 685:Council of Europe 654:sexual harassment 646:Women journalists 586:online harassment 512:Council of Europe 449:women journalists 398:capacity building 261:According to the 177:Shireen Abu Akleh 131:According to the 119:Director-General 61:Women journalists 41:fundamental right 3102: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2378:. 21 March 2017. 2376:"IPDC Documents" 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2325: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1722:. 21 April 2017. 1712: 1706: 1705: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1488:. 7 October 2018 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1184: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1141: 1112: 1024:The Commonwealth 869:General Assembly 576:Cyber-harassment 558:non-state actors 345:legal frameworks 242:in Peru and the 167:Notable examples 32:is the ability 16:Overview article 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2946: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2765:www.cfom.org.uk 2759: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2588: 2586:"ODS HOME PAGE" 2584: 2583: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2447: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2364:. 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