Coptic language - Knowledge

9082: 9207: 9090: 310: 2064: 4396:, that was not consistently written. Coptic does not seem to have had a glottal stop at the beginning of orthographically vowel-initial words. It is possible that vowels written double were an attempt to indicate glottal stop, rather than a long vowel, in the middle of a word. However, there is little evidence for this (e.g., Arabic words with short vowels and glottal stop are not written with double vowels in Coptic, and Coptic words with double orthographic vowels are transcribed with long vowels rather than hamza in Arabic.) 1968: 9131: 2187: 9584: 322: 1916: 812: 1311: 1057: 430: 746: 11331: 9570: 380: 2124:, as part of his campaigns of religious persecution. He issued strict orders completely prohibiting the use of Coptic anywhere, whether in schools, public streets, and even homes, including mothers speaking to their children. Those who did not comply had their tongues cut off. He personally walked the streets of Cairo and eavesdropped on Coptic-speaking homes to find out if any family was speaking Coptic. 6128:

verbs can therefore be said to inflect for the person, number and gender of the subject and the object: a pronominal prefix marks the subject, and a pronominal suffix marks the object, e.g. "I I'have'it the ball." When (as in this case) the subject is a pronoun, it normally is not also expressed independently, unless for emphasis.

2217:. There is some variation in the number and forms of these signs depending on the dialect. Some of the letters in the Coptic alphabet that are of Greek origin were normally reserved for Greek words. Old Coptic texts used several graphemes that were not retained in the literary Coptic orthography of later centuries. 6657:, and the nominal state grade is used before a direct object with no case-marking. The pronominal state grade is used before a pronominal direct object enclitic. In addition, many verbs also have a neutral state grade, used to express a state resulting from the action of the verb. Compare the following forms: 9097:

There is little written evidence of dialectal differences in the pre-Coptic phases of the Egyptian language due to the centralised nature of the political and cultural institutions of ancient Egyptian society. However, literary Old and Middle (Classical) Egyptian represent the spoken dialect of Lower

6127:

Coptic pronouns are of two kinds, dependent and independent. Independent pronouns are used when the pronoun is acting as the subject of a sentence, as the object of a verb, or with a preposition. Dependent pronouns are a series of prefixes and suffixes that can attach to verbs and other nouns. Coptic

2269:

The oldest Coptic writings date to the pre-Christian era (Old Coptic), though Coptic literature consists mostly of texts written by prominent saints of the Coptic Church such as Anthony the Great, Pachomius the Great and Shenoute. Shenoute helped fully standardise the Coptic language through his many

7155:

It is hazardous to make firm generalisations about the relationships between these grade forms, but the nominal state is usually shorter than the corresponding absolute and neutral forms. Absolute and neutral state forms are usually bisyllabic or contain a long vowel; the corresponding nominal state

9259:

While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. Because Sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of Coptic with few peculiarities

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What invariably attracts the attention of the reader of a Coptic text, especially if it is written in the Sa'idic dialect, is the very liberal use which is made of Greek loan words, of which so few, indeed, are to be found in the Ancient Egyptian language. There Greek loan words occur everywhere in

11124:

Basilios "De archangelo Michael": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De resurrectione": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De dormitione Mariae virginis": sahidice & bohairice : < Papyruskodex Turin, Mus. Egizio Cat. 63000 XI. > nebst Varianten und Fragmente. In Parallelzeilen ediert, kommentiert

9174:

not found in other dialects. Bohairic is the dialect used today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church, replacing Sahidic some time in the eleventh century. In contemporary liturgical use, there are two traditions of pronunciation, arising from successive reforms in the 19th and

4581:

Earlier phases of Egyptian may have contrasted voiceless and voiced bilabial plosives, but the distinction seems to have been lost. Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic all interchangeably use their respective graphemes to indicate either sound; for example, Coptic for 'iron' appears alternately as

2328:

Thus, the transition from the 'old' traditions to the new Christian religion also contributed to the adoption of Greek words into the Coptic religious lexicon. It is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained, to a greater extent, its indigenous Egyptian character,

2308:

Words or concepts for which no adequate Egyptian translation existed were taken directly from Greek to avoid altering the meaning of the religious message. In addition, other Egyptian words that would have adequately translated the Greek equivalents were not used as they were perceived as having

2054:

that Coptic became a fully standardised literary language based on the Sahidic dialect. Shenouda's native Egyptian tongue and knowledge of Greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate Coptic, in content and style, to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the Egyptian

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from its writing system, which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress patterns. The phonological system of Later Egyptian is also better known than that of the Classical phase of the language because of a greater number of sources indicating Egyptian sounds, including

4831:

with the correct preposition in front of the subject. Number, gender, tense, and mood are indicated by prefixes that come from Late Egyptian. The earlier phases of Egyptian did this through suffixation. Some vestiges of the suffix inflection survive in Coptic, mainly to indicate

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Coptic, like Ancient Egyptian and Semitic languages, has root-and-pattern or templatic morphology, and the basic meaning of a verb is contained in a root and various derived forms of root are obtained by varying the vowel pattern. For example, the root for 'build' is

11045:

Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher. 1975. "The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Word in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic". University of Oxford.

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In Late Coptic (ca. 14th century), Bohairic sounds that did not occur in Egyptian Arabic were lost. A possible shift from a tenuis-aspirate distinction to voiced-tenuis is only attested from the alveolars, the only place that Arabic has such a contrast.

9166:. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century, but most texts come from the 9th century and later; this may be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern Egypt. It shows several conservative features in 9117:, and in the western oases. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic (namely phonological and some lexical) variation, they mostly reflect localised orthographic traditions with very little grammatical differences. 9256:). By the 6th century, a standardised spelling had been attained throughout Egypt. Almost all native authors wrote in this dialect of Coptic. Sahidic was, beginning in the 9th century, challenged by Bohairic, but is attested as late as the 14th. 2298:

differences as well. There are instances of Coptic texts having passages that are almost entirely composed from Greek lexical roots. However, that is likely because the majority of Coptic religious texts are direct translations of Greek works.

11093:

Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch – Koptisch – Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische

2050:, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Egyptian. The Egyptian language, now written in the Coptic alphabet, flourished in the second and third centuries. However, it was not until 2304:

Coptic literature, be it Biblical, liturgical, theological, or non-literary, i.e. legal documents and personal letters. Though nouns and verbs predominate, the Greek loan words may come from any other part of speech except pronouns'

9206: 2350:

names. Coptic sounds, in addition, are known from a variety of Coptic-Arabic papyri in which Arabic letters were used to transcribe Coptic and vice versa. They date to the medieval Islamic period, when Coptic was still spoken.

2007:, who, unlike most ordinary Egyptians, were literate in the temple scriptoria. Old Coptic is represented mostly by non-Christian texts such as Egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri. Many of them served as 6903:): present-tense sentences cannot be used in the nominal state grade. Thus sentences in the present tense always show a pattern like the first example above (absolute state), never the second pattern (nominal state). 7460:. (Where they agree, only one label is shown.) Each form lists the morphology found with a nonpronominal subject (Marked with an underscore in Coptic) and a third person singular masculine pronominal subject ('he'): 9508:). It flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries, after which no writings are attested. Akhmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. One characteristic feature is the retention of the 2224:

boundaries may have been marked by a supralinear stroke ⟨◌̄⟩, or the stroke may have tied letters together in one word, since Coptic texts did not otherwise indicate word divisions. Some scribal traditions use a

2030:, which forced new converts to flee to the Egyptian deserts. In time, the growth of these communities generated the need to write Christian Greek instructions in the Egyptian language. The early Fathers of the 9081: 2003:, takes root in the first century. The transition from the older Egyptian scripts to the newly adapted Coptic alphabet was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of 9880:...four main dialects were spoken in Graeco-Roman Egypt: Bohairic in the Delta, Fayumic in the Fayum, Sahidic between approximately Oxyrhynchus and Lykopolis and Akhmimic between Panopolis and Elephantine. 6652:

The absolute, nominal, and pronominal state grades are used in different syntactic contexts. The absolute state grade of a transitive verb is used before a direct object with the accusative preposition

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There are some differences of opinion among Coptic language scholars on the correct phonetic interpretation of the writing system of Coptic. Differences centre on how to interpret the pairs of letters

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An unusual feature of Coptic is the extensive use of a set of "second tenses", which are required in certain syntactic contexts. "Second tenses" are also called "relative tenses" in some work.

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In general, the four grades of Coptic verb are not predictable from the root, and are listed in the lexicon for each verb. The following chart shows some typical patterns of correspondence:

9546:. It is very close to Akhmimic, and sometimes considered a sub-dialect, although, what makes it different is that "ϩ" is written before pronouns, for example in normal Coptic it is said 2713:

Double orthographic vowels are presumed here to be long, as that makes the morphology more straightforward. (Another common interpretation is that these represented glottal stop.)

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specific to itself, and has an extensive corpus of known texts, it is generally the dialect studied by learners of Coptic, particularly by scholars outside of the Coptic Church.

1218: 10686: 6891:

For most transitive verbs, both absolute and nominal state grade verbs are available for non-pronominal objects. However, there is one important restriction, known as

10005: 2156:

Coptic. Several works of grammar were published, including a more comprehensive dictionary than had been formerly available. The scholarly findings of the field of

11111:

Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013,

9210:

Pottery shard inscribed with 5 lines in Coptic Sahidic. Byzantine period, 6th century AD. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

3716:

As with the vowels, there are differences of opinion over the correct interpretation of the Coptic consonant letters, particularly with regard to the letters

11140:

Novum Testamentum Coptice. Neues Testament, Bohairisch, ediert von Wolfgang Kosack. Novum Testamentum, Bohairice, curavit Wolfgang Kosack. / Wolfgang Kosack.

9085:

Sandstone stela, inscribed with Coptic text. The names Phoibammon and Abraham appear. From Egypt, find spot unknown, date known. The British Museum, London

1979:

The earliest attempts to write the Egyptian language using the Greek alphabet are Greek transcriptions of Egyptian proper names, most of which date to the

856: 9448:) is a dialect closely related to Akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested, but manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of 9193:) was a sub-dialect of Bohairic most likely spoken in Eastern Delta. Its main characteristic is using solely Greek letters to represent Coptic phonemes. 4752:

in Later Egyptian, leading to a neutralisation of voiced alveolar and velar plosives. When the voiced plosives are realised, it is usually the result of

4692:) 'school' are homophonous. Other consonants that sometimes appear to be either in free variation or to have different distributions across dialects are 1616:

However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek and subsequently into other European languages came directly from Ancient Egyptian, often

11250: 10167: 2110:

texts were also composed during this period. Until the 10th century, Coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital.

9906: 9892: 9321:

were not distinguished in writing until the New Kingdom, when Late Egyptian became the administrative language. Late Egyptian orthography utilised a

9113:

Coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt, south into

1181:

The major Coptic dialects are Sahidic, Bohairic, Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, and Oxyrhynchite. Sahidic Coptic was spoken between the cities of

12051: 1233: 11525: 2690:

seems to be allophonic. Evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that these are distinct vowels, and if they are, the difference has a very low

1043: 12056: 9452:. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be graphic in nature. The Lycopolitan variety was used extensively for translations of 1375:). The language is spoken only in Egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory, except for monasteries located in 11218: 9680:

over 50 years old were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as

3704:

It is not clear if these correspondences reflect distinct pronunciations in Mesokemic, or if they are an imitation of the long Greek vowels

1262: 11294: 1246: 9972: 9943: 2117:

around the 13th century, though it seems to have survived as a spoken language until the 17th century and in some localities even longer.

11224: 4938:, but there are some irregularities. The dual was another feature of earlier Egyptian that survives in Coptic in only few words, such as 961: 336: 10217: 9689: 9597: 4676:

in Coptic, as they were since the Middle Egyptian period. However, they are contrasted only in Greek loans; for example, native Coptic

9312: 4711: 12021: 10234: 4971:

of the possessor and the number and gender of the possessed noun. The forms of the possessive article vary according to dialect.

1085: 1007: 1002: 775: 9784: 11203: 10793:

Reintges, Chris H. (2010). "Coordination, converbs, and clause-chaining in Coptic Egyptian typology". In Bril, Isabelle (ed.).

10646:"Greek, Coptic and the 'language of the Hijra': the rise and decline of the Coptic language in late antique and medieval Egypt" 9428:

and surrounding areas. It shows similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries.

11245: 11147: 11132: 11116: 11101: 11015: 10961: 10919: 10842: 10802: 10783: 10388: 10296: 3619: 3595: 3563: 639: 11192: 10111: 12036: 9993: 11518: 11042:, eds., Eitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter. Berlin/Munich/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. 145–56. 9352: 9344: 9290: 4949:

Words of Greek origin keep their original grammatical gender, except for neuter nouns, which become masculine in Coptic.

4719: 4617: 4429: 4184: 4160: 1987:, demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography, a testament to the increasing cultural contact between 1139:

and was slowly replaced over the centuries. Coptic has no native speakers today, although it remains in daily use as the

981: 397: 359: 10645: 9854: 11181: 10991: 10888: 10057: 1648:

some words of Ancient Egyptian origin into its lexicon, via Greek. For example, both Sahidic and Bohairic use the word

674: 557: 2164:

further contributed to the renaissance. Efforts at language revitalisation continue to be undertaken, both inside and

10827: 10729: 10634: 10105: 9832: 1350: 11795: 11287: 9522: 4540: 4517: 4238: 4075: 3999: 3783: 3748:

notes that the current conventional pronunciations are different from the probable ancient pronunciations: Sahidic

1328: 997: 987: 971: 10613:, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79. 7448:

There is some variation in the labels for the tense/aspect/mood categories. The chart below shows the labels from

1478:) with the definite articular prefix. Hence it is unclear why the word should have entered Arabic with an initial 12026: 11800: 10576:. Vol. 8. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. pp. 169–188. 4753: 4605: 4476: 4051: 3603: 3587: 3571: 3547: 3449: 3305: 3115: 3104: 2925: 2914: 2779: 2608: 2487: 2481: 1892: 542: 349: 1943:. Later Egyptian represented colloquial speech of the later periods. It had analytic features like definite and 12011: 11827: 11511: 11368: 11363: 11068: 3465: 3431:

There is no length distinction in final stressed position, but only those vowels that occur long appear there:

3347: 3336: 3168: 3157: 2978: 2967: 2810: 2631: 1332: 992: 3627:

There were no doubled orthographic vowels in Mesokemic. Some representative correspondences with Sahidic are:

10145: 9498: 9106:. Later Egyptian is more representative of the dialects spoken in Upper Egypt, especially around the area of 4783:

in monosyllabic words in Akhmimic and Assiutic, by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme but mostly unwritten.

2237:

at the beginning of a word or to mark a diphthong. Bohairic uses a superposed point or small stroke known as

10596:

Wolfgang Kosack. Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.

1875:, which remains a common name among Egyptian Copts to this day. It was also borrowed into Greek as the name 393: 284: 12046: 11673: 10593:. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. 87–96. 10416: 10349: 9914: 9283:

west of the Nile Valley. It is attested from the 3rd to the 10th centuries. It is most notable for writing

9253: 6131:

As in other Afroasiatic languages, gender of pronouns differ only in the second and third person singular.

4771:, different orthographic means have been posited for indicating one by those who believe that it did: with 4659: 4644: 4136: 4063: 3508: 3317: 3138: 3127: 2948: 2937: 2791: 2677: 2617: 2502: 2496: 1984: 251: 11165: 10854:

A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects

8980: 8256:

An approximate range of use for most of the tense/aspect/mood categories is shown in the following table:

8247: 8235: 8214: 8202: 8180: 8168: 8148: 8136: 8114: 8102: 8082: 8070: 8050: 8038: 8010: 7998: 7978: 7966: 7946: 7934: 7914: 7902: 7882: 7870: 7850: 7838: 7818: 7806: 7802: 7780: 7768: 7747: 7735: 7715: 7703: 7699: 7678: 7666: 7644: 7632: 7612: 7600: 7578: 7566: 7546: 7534: 7512: 7169: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7102: 7092: 7082: 7072: 7057: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7012: 7002: 6992: 6982: 6967: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6654: 6642: 6621: 6565: 4935: 4915: 4908: 4898: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4376: 3796: 3517: 2411: 2407: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2376: 1411:

In addition to influencing the grammar, vocabulary and syntax of Egyptian Arabic, Coptic has lent to both

1230: 12066: 12061: 12031: 11926: 11815: 11280: 11261: 9612: 9176: 4828: 4824: 4650: 4117: 3802: 3611: 3484: 3359: 3263: 3252: 3180: 3073: 3001: 2990: 2883: 2822: 2748: 2645: 2585: 2458: 2383:. In some interpretations of Coptic phonology, it is assumed that the length difference is primary, with 2347: 2161: 2149: 1884: 1078: 768: 729: 10907:]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by Sandpiper Books Ltd, London & Powells Books, Chicago, 2000. 9089: 4930:, a vestige of Older Egyptian, but in the majority of cases, the article marks number. Generally, nouns 1384: 11668: 11549: 9677: 9632: 9248:). Around 300 it began to be written in literary form, including translations of major portions of the 7283: 4695: 4485: 4447: 4277: 4252: 4246: 4172: 4087: 4016: 3987: 3975: 3911: 3767: 3755: 3473: 3389: 3378: 3210: 3199: 3031: 3020: 2841: 2145:

In the early 20th century, some Copts tried to revive the Coptic language, but they were unsuccessful.

1670: 694: 10619:

Enigmatic Charms: Medieval Arabic Block Printed Amulets in American and European Libraries and Museums

10540: 9221:) is the dialect in which most known Coptic texts are written, and was the leading dialect in the pre- 7168:

categories, expressed by particles which are either before the verb or before the subject. The future

3823:"the-snake" (m.sg). The letters did not have this use in Bohairic, which used them for single sounds. 2251:

is placed over a vowel it is pronounced independently, and when it is placed over a consonant a short

11921: 11754: 11643: 11607: 11587: 10424: 10422: 10414: 9715: 9707: 9668:

as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in

9520: 9514: 9512: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9334: 9326: 9310: 9299: 9288: 7281: 4757: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4667: 4665: 4657: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4615: 4603: 4434: 4422: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4309: 4307: 4275: 4259: 4244: 4236: 4225: 4102: 3800: 3781: 3765: 3753: 3617: 3609: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3569: 3561: 3545: 3529: 3506: 3498: 3482: 3471: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3416: 3387: 3376: 3357: 3345: 3334: 3315: 3303: 3284: 3273: 3261: 3250: 3208: 3197: 3178: 3166: 3155: 3136: 3125: 3113: 3102: 3083: 3071: 3029: 3018: 2999: 2988: 2976: 2965: 2946: 2935: 2923: 2912: 2893: 2881: 2839: 2820: 2808: 2789: 2777: 2758: 2746: 2683: 2675: 2663: 2538: 2139: 2004: 1116: 507: 458: 168: 3516:

In Late Coptic (that is, Late Bohairic), the vowels were reduced to those found in Egyptian Arabic,

1951:

verb conjugation. Coptic, therefore, is a reference to both the most recent stage of Egyptian after

12016: 12006: 11846: 11621: 11582: 11425: 11233: 10146:"Pharaonism and the Revival of the Coptic Language among Early Twentieth-Century Coptic Christians" 4952: 4867:, the difference is that Coptic articles are prefixes. Masculine nouns are marked with the article 3531: 3500: 3286: 3275: 3085: 2895: 2760: 2685: 2594: 2467: 2072: 2047: 1392: 689: 517: 173: 11031:

Greenberg, Joseph H (originally published 1962). "The interpretation of the Coptic vowel system",

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Jernstedt, Peter V (1927). "Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts".

10585: 4727: 4703: 4572: 4556: 4549: 4508: 4492: 4470: 4454: 4436: 4261: 4028: 4011: 2153: 2095: 2087: 2063: 1321: 889: 17: 11038:

Grossman, Eitan and Martin Haspelmath. 2015. "The Leipzig-Jerusalem Transliteration of Coptic",

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Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD

11916: 11910: 11879: 11810: 11805: 11688: 11678: 11563: 11492: 11317: 9964: 9935: 9709: 9607: 9602: 9489: 4833: 4820: 4524: 2165: 2099: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1071: 1038: 1033: 1028: 761: 567: 475: 10206: 9672:, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of 6557:

to make them adjectival. In all stages of Egyptian, this morpheme is also used to express the

2321:. There are also traces of some archaic grammatical features, such as residues of the Demotic 11653: 11648: 11602: 11556: 11534: 10001: 9360: 9336: 9328: 9301: 4956: 4759: 4148: 3879: 3867: 2329:

which is sometimes reflected in Coptic nonreligious documents such as letters and contracts.

2294:, but borrowings are not always fully adapted to the Coptic phonological system and may have 2226: 2210: 2121: 1952: 1932: 1634: 679: 624: 583: 448: 178: 158: 130: 11968:? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate) 11088:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969) 12071: 10699: 9717: 9103: 8653:

Coptic typically shows subject–verb–object (SVO) word order, as in the following examples:

4735: 2106:

in Arabic. However, ecclesiastically the language retained an important position, and many

1940: 916: 547: 453: 4744:

being more common in Coptic words and the voiced ones in Greek borrowings. Apart from the

1983:. Scholars frequently refer to this phase as Pre-Coptic. However, it is clear that by the 8: 11255: 10852: 10763: 10606: 9637: 9461: 6649:(The nominal state grade is also called the construct state in some grammars of Coptic.) 4565: 4533: 4501: 4463: 4227: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 2039: 1996: 1166:

distinguish Coptic from earlier periods of the Egyptian language. It is written with the

1061: 831: 699: 684: 669: 664: 609: 574: 527: 11965: 1274: 309: 11777: 11429: 11303: 10369: 9886: 9134: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4923: 4860: 3839: 3418: 2287: 2206: 2008: 1944: 1617: 1175: 977: 911: 901: 734: 659: 604: 537: 10721:

Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises & Vocabularies

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period. It is thought to have originally been a regional dialect from the area around

2098:. Literary Coptic gradually declined, and within a few hundred years, Egyptian bishop 300: 11952: 11901: 11834: 11466: 11384: 11200: 11143: 11128: 11112: 11097: 11064: 11058: 11011: 11001: 10987: 10971: 10957: 10947: 10915: 10902: 10898: 10838: 10823: 10820:

Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic

10798: 10779: 10725: 10671:Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique 10630: 10590: 10373: 10292: 10101: 9780: 9622: 7165: 4864: 4355: 3854: 3844: 3457: 2638: 2518: 2283: 2264: 2043: 2035: 1980: 1928: 1904: 1531: 1208:, gained prominence in the 9th century and is the dialect used by the Coptic Church. 1190: 921: 884: 871: 648: 634: 629: 599: 135: 71: 11035:, eds., K Denning & S Kemmer. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990: 428–38. 9405:

and shares South Fayyumic features like vowel gemination and absence of lambdacism.

4863:, either masculine or feminine, usually marked through a definite article as in the 2346:

containing transcriptions of Egyptian words and phrases, and Egyptian renderings of

2290:

phase of the language. Up to 40% of the vocabulary of literary Coptic is drawn from

2270:

sermons, treatises and homilies, which formed the basis of early Coptic literature.

2190: 355: 11869: 11856: 11820: 11790: 11631: 11616: 11597: 11574: 11476: 11445: 11358: 10979: 10622: 10400: 10361: 10157: 10047: 9860: 9589: 9318: 4745: 3968: 3834: 2015:

and demotic equivalents. The glosses may have been aimed at non-Egyptian speakers.

1640: 1549: 1527: 1523: 967: 957: 724: 708: 512: 470: 437: 11189: 10797:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10666: 11971: 11889: 11884: 11864: 11731: 11658: 11592: 11450: 11415: 11410: 11353: 11207: 11196: 11185: 11005: 10951: 10719: 10580: 10365: 10095: 10081:"The Vision of Theophilus: Resistance Through Orality Among the Persecuted Copts" 10080: 9627: 9153: 9146: 8984: 8023: 3861: 3849: 3295: 3094: 2904: 2769: 2691: 2602: 2475: 2322: 2080: 1939:. Coptic belongs to the Later Egyptian phase, which started to be written in the 1482:, which would have required the word to be grammatically feminine (i.e. Sahidic: 1437: 1429: 1380: 1379:. Coptic's most noticeable linguistic impact has been on the various dialects of 1285: 1167: 1140: 1012: 926: 866: 841: 719: 614: 552: 522: 500: 465: 230: 122: 103: 10555:, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188. 8994:

of the verb in which the direct object of the verb follows with no preposition:

4594:. That probably reflects dialect variation. Both letters were interchanged with 11987: 11785: 11749: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11700: 11663: 11471: 11239: 9307: 9142: 9099: 8561:

Many prepositions have different forms before the enclitic pronouns. Compare:

6661:

ABS:absolute state grade NOM:nominal state grade PRONOM:pronominal state grade

4741: 4673: 3412: 3326: 3147: 2957: 2800: 2343: 2291: 2214: 2202: 1956: 1845: 1594: 1171: 952: 947: 942: 861: 619: 532: 419: 223: 87: 10983: 10404: 1967: 12000: 11874: 11759: 11683: 11420: 11400: 11176: 10837:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters. 10162: 9868: 9681: 9642: 9617: 9380: 9107: 8345:

Primary narrative tense (adverbial focus); relative clause form of Perfect I

6558: 6553:

Most Coptic adjectives are actually nouns that have the attributive particle

4927: 2567: 2440: 2375:

in the 5th century BC, the first member of each pair is a short closed vowel

2372: 2181: 2031: 1662: 1416: 1160: 562: 409: 277: 11215:

Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)

10039: 9130: 2309:

overt pagan associations. Old Coptic texts use many such words, phrases and

2193:("Dialect P") possesses the richest of all Coptic alphabets, with 35 unique 2186: 1597:; some of the words were later lent to various European languages — such as 11974:? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate) 11336: 10953:

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

10848: 9864: 9575: 8979:, which requires that its direct object be introduced with the preposition 4768: 4749: 4392: 4387: 4363: 2027: 1935:, which appeared just before 3200 BC, to its final phases as Coptic in the 1869:), means "belonging to God" or "he of God". It was adapted into Arabic as 896: 851: 751: 10626: 10195:. Macmillan – via Claremont Graduate University, School of Religion. 9824: 1284:), and from there into the languages of Europe, giving rise to words like 268: 10653:

Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East

10572:

Gignac, Francis Thomas (1991). "Old Coptic". In Aziz Suryal Atiya (ed.).

9665: 9425: 8488:

Pronominal objects of prepositions are indicated with enclitic pronouns:

4130: 3242: 3230: 3063: 3051: 2873: 2861: 2738: 2726: 2579: 2562: 2550: 2452: 2435: 2423: 2368: 2120:

The Coptic language massively declined under the hands of Fatimid Caliph

2113:

As a written language, Coptic is thought to have completely given way to

2107: 2091: 2019: 1972: 1948: 1936: 1920: 1258: 1186: 1124: 906: 485: 480: 11503: 10878:. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church. 10813:

Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study

4724:(especially in the Fayyumic dialect, a feature of earlier Egyptian) and 4641:. In the present-day Coptic Church services, this letter is realised as 11060:

Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language

9457: 9402: 9384: 9226: 9163: 9138: 4931: 3368: 3235: 3189: 3056: 3010: 2866: 2831: 2731: 2653: 2572: 2528: 2445: 2157: 2023: 2000: 1645: 1335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1205: 1132: 836: 4926:; however, only definite articles mark gender. Coptic has a number of 2205:, with the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in 11272: 11171: 10914:

Koptisch – Deutsch – Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013,

10536: 10052: 9696:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo

9376: 9171: 4623: 4044: 3898: 2625: 2510: 2338: 2295: 1988: 1915: 1882: 1621: 1400: 1267: 1163: 1156: 846: 594: 293: 261: 243: 10712:

A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary

10680:. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa. 2702:

for a single vowel, there appears to be no phonetic difference from

1310: 321: 11266: 10835:

Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect

10714:. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 9583: 9322: 9110:

as it became the cultural and religious center of the New Kingdom.

8401:

Past action in a subordinate temporal clause ("when NP V-ed, ...")

8369:

Imperative for first and third persons ('let me', 'let him', etc.)

8028: 4359: 2221: 2194: 2051: 2012: 1779: 367: 10770:. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press. 2417:

These two charts show the two theories of Coptic vowel phonology:

429: 10822:. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 9685: 9509: 9453: 9167: 8018: 4614:

was also used in many texts to indicate the bilabial approximant

2310: 2279: 1669:

Many place names in modern Egypt are Arabic adaptations of their

1388: 1152: 1112: 1056: 363: 2325:, lack of an indefinite article and possessive use of suffixes. 9485: 9280: 2318: 2135: 2114: 2084: 1992: 1746: 1464:

is grammatically masculine and hence would have taken the form

1412: 1396: 1128: 811: 495: 490: 333: 11053:, vol. 1, ed., Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–60. 8321:

Future tense conveyed as necessary, inevitable, or obligatory

4959:

which are prefixed to the noun. These articles agree with the

2142:, contains a frame of Coptic text around an Arabic main text. 1931:

may have the longest documented history of any language, from

1864: 10389:"Questions of Egyptian Historical Phonology and Afro-Asiatic" 9673: 9543: 9449: 9249: 9222: 9114: 2169: 2128: 2076: 1876: 1812: 1713: 1655: 1627: 1599: 1543: 1376: 1182: 1120: 796: 745: 59: 49: 11229: 10740:

Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire

9179:). Modern revitalisation efforts are based on this dialect. 8787:

PFV DEF:F:SG-camel deliver.ABS PREP-INDEF:SG-girl link-woman

4779:

word-finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and

2201:

Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the

11172:

Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology

10286: 9554:. It also has a distinctive way of writing; so the letter " 9550:, which means drank, but in the Aswanic dialect it is said 9503: 8289:

Background clauses; relative clauses with indefinite heads

3462:. It's possible there was also a distinction between short 2674:

Dialects vary in their realisation. The difference between

2083:

in the seventh century. At the turn of the eighth century,

11161:

By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts

11049:

Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology",

8504: 8377:

Protasis (if-clause) of a conditional (if-then) statement

2337:

Coptic provides the clearest indication of Later Egyptian

1243:) "the Egyptian language". Coptic also possessed the term 366:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

314:

Historical map of the distribution of the Coptic dialects.

11251:

Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library

11212: 10876:

So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar

10559:

Gessman, A. M. (1976). "The Birth of the Coptic Script".

10329: 10150:

Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

9383:

and is distinguished from central Fayyumic by not having

8620: 7404: 7336: 6867: 2398:. Other scholars argue for a different analysis in which 1423: 11160: 10485: 10451: 10449: 9740: 9738: 11051:

Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus)

10509: 10497: 10461: 8931: 8853: 8733: 7392: 7237: 6709: 2127:

From the medieval period there is one known example of

1903:), perhaps best known in the name of the mathematician 11040:

Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective

10815:. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters. 10776:

Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic dialect): a learner's grammar

10310: 10308: 10125: 9664:

The language may have survived in isolated pockets in

3454:

before back fricatives, and also for unstressed schwa

11033:

On Language: Selected Writings of Joseph H. Greenberg

10895:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 10446: 10354:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

10268: 10242:

Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States

9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9735: 9670:

Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

9093:

Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church

1955:

and the new writing system that was adapted from the

1898: 11326: 10473: 10434: 10019: 9565: 9243: 8420:

Coptic has prepositions, rather than postpositions:

6538: 6527: 6514: 6498: 6487: 6474: 6458: 6447: 6434: 6410: 6399: 6388: 6377: 6361: 6350: 6339: 6328: 6312: 6301: 6290: 6279: 6255: 6244: 6233: 6222: 6206: 6195: 6184: 6173: 4836:

and in some verbs. Compare the Middle Egyptian form

4767:

Though there is no clear evidence that Coptic had a

2242: 1889:). That, in turn, is the source of the Russian name 1870: 1858: 1837: 1823: 1804: 1790: 1771: 1757: 1738: 1724: 1705: 1691: 1649: 1604: 1579: 1569: 1517: 1507: 1465: 1445: 1279: 1252: 1238: 1223: 1106: 10687:

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS

10660: 10305: 9783:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 12. 4922:The definite and indefinite articles also indicate 3791:Beside being found in Greek loanwords, the letters 3600:in unstressed monosyllables, and in polysyllables, 3478:, but if so the functional load was extremely low. 1115:, representing the most recent developments of the 10261:Girgis, WA (1963–64). Greek loan words in Coptic. 9798: 9750: 3513:were distinct vowels rather than just allophones. 1548:respectively, the latter of which was borrowed by 10561:University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14 10289:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt 9542:) was the dialect of the area around the town of 9484:) was the dialect of the area around the town of 8385:Event shares the TAM of a preceding initial verb 7172:is a preverbal particle and follows the subject: 6561:; for example, the Bohairic word for 'Egyptian', 11998: 10350:"Die Zeugen des koptischen Literaturdialekts I7" 9994:"ⲗⲁϩⲙϥ [lahmf], ⲗⲁϩⲙⲉϥ [lahmef]" 9698:, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German). 9691:Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung 8393:Used in clauses that express a resultant action 4955:of definite nouns is expressed with a series of 4208:The aspirate series is present only in Bohairic. 2152:started a national Church-sponsored movement to 1919:A Demotic graffito in Greek letters from year 5 1174:with seven additional letters borrowed from the 10551:Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In 7159: 5125: 5077: 4811:. This sound seems to have been lost early on. 2317:'(Who is) in (His) Mountain', is an epithet of 1406: 9048: 9014: 8947: 8909: 6863: 6859: 6809: 6775: 6725: 6687: 5257: 5209: 5033: 2067:Page from 19th-century Coptic-language grammar 1593:A few words of Coptic origin are found in the 11519: 11288: 11258:– A professional Coptic font for researchers. 11142:neue Ausgabe, Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. 10978:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–22. 10291:. Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. 10287:Sijpesteijn, Petra; Lennart Sundelin (2004). 10097:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 9891:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 9852: 8281:Non-subject relative clause in present tense 7273:DEF:MASC:SG-lord FUT-judge PREP-DEF:PL-people 7156:forms are monosyllabic or have short vowels. 5349: 4649:, but it is almost certainly a result of the 4282:is present only in the minor Coptic dialects 2379:, and the second member is a long open vowel 2026:persecuted many Egyptian converts to the new 1890: 1585: 1541: 1535: 1455: 1079: 769: 11246:Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language 10956:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10927:Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte 10678:Koptisch – Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische 8968:PFV-1sg-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father 8913: 8715: 8538: 8273:Present time in narrative (predicate focus) 7374: 6746:PFV-1SG-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father 6691: 5411: 5305: 4386:It is possible that in addition there was a 3795:were used in native words for a sequence of 1831: 1798: 1765: 1732: 1699: 1555: 1493: 1288: 11007:Coptic: A Grammar of Its Six Major Dialects 10676:Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. 10601:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction 9018: 7164:Coptic has a very large number of distinct 6779: 1363:Coptic is today spoken liturgically in the 1272:). This was borrowed into Arabic as ‏ 11526: 11512: 11295: 11281: 11073:– via Heidelberg University Library. 10263:Bulletin de la Société d'archéologie copte 9598:British Library Coptic Language Collection 9196: 9120: 8885:DEF:M:SG-lord FUT-judge PREP-DEF:PL-people 8329:Primary narrative tense (predicate focus) 6582:'man'), followed by the genitive morpheme 4224:has two values: In Bohairic it represents 1300: 1086: 1072: 776: 762: 320: 308: 11533: 10683: 10161: 10051: 9660: 9658: 9010: 8905: 8669: 7306: 6900: 6855: 6771: 6683: 6568:, is a combination of the nominal prefix 1351:Learn how and when to remove this message 1111:) is a group of closely related Egyptian 11269:—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range. 11240:Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard 11230:A comprehensive Coptic language resource 11024:Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds", 10912:Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. 10792: 10773: 10616: 10603:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10545:Transactions of the Philological Society 10515: 10503: 10479: 10467: 10235:"Coptic Lesson 5:The Rule of the JINKIM" 10143: 10131: 10078: 10037: 9859:. University of Salamanca. p. 613. 9781:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 9558:" is written instead of the letter "ϥ". 9205: 9129: 9088: 9080: 9040: 8975:The verbs in these sentences are in the 8939: 8811: 8585: 8456: 7449: 7192: 6801: 6717: 5666: 5638: 5605: 5416: 5354: 5310: 5266: 5218: 5213: 5134: 5086: 5081: 5038: 3773: 2286:, most closely related to the preceding 2209:. This is comparable to the Latin-based 2185: 2148:In the second half of the 20th century, 2062: 1999:'s conquest of Egypt. Coptic itself, or 1966: 1914: 1454:); this subsequently entered Turkish as 1123:, starting from the third century AD in 337:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 12052:Languages attested from the 2nd century 10752: 10698: 10643: 10558: 10491: 10455: 10440: 10335: 10314: 10093: 9744: 9044: 8943: 8815: 8741: 8695: 8691: 8581: 8460: 7457: 7453: 7332: 7328: 7196: 6830:PFV-1SG-find.NOM DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father 6805: 6721: 6589:('of') and finally the word for Egypt, 5755: 5751: 5722: 5718: 5689: 5685: 5662: 5634: 5601: 5441: 5373: 5323: 5279: 5261: 5231: 5159: 5129: 5099: 5051: 4358:consonants, it belongs to the class of 3745: 2172:and linguists in and outside of Egypt. 1584:; this subsequently entered Turkish as 398:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 360:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11999: 11302: 11109:Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. 11000: 10970: 10717: 10571: 10386: 10274: 10060:from the original on September 2, 2021 10040:"The Transition from Coptic to Arabic" 10038:Rubenson, Samuel (December 31, 1996). 9811: 9767: 9655: 9317:). In earlier stages of Egyptian, the 9295:), where other dialects generally use 8313:Simple future tense (adverbial focus) 8305:Simple future tense (predicate focus) 6604: 4786:A few early manuscripts have a letter 4243:. In the other dialects it represents 4216: 4214: 1975:, dated to the fifth or sixth century. 1654:, which was taken directly from Greek 1632:), which comes directly from Egyptian 12057:Languages extinct in the 19th century 11507: 11276: 11168:By Mikhail David, French coptic site. 11056: 10946: 10068:– via journals.openedition.org. 10025: 9867:(inactive 2024-04-26). Archived from 8861: 8790:'The she-camel delivered a daughter.' 7471: 7468: 7400: 7245: 6139: 6022: 5998: 5964: 5466: 5392: 5336: 5292: 5244: 5184: 5112: 5064: 2694:. For dialects that use orthographic 2168:, and have attracted the interest of 1962: 1383:, which is characterised by a Coptic 27:Latest stage of the Egyptian language 10347: 9375:) was spoken around modern towns of 9275:; in older works it is often called 9162:) dialect originated in the western 9069:PFV-1SG-find.NOM DEF:M:SG-1SG-father 8834: 8784:a te-camaule mise ən-ou-šēre ən-šime 8648: 7218: 4871:and feminine nouns with the article 4844:in hieroglyphs) to Coptic (Sahidic) 1660:("ebony"), originally from Egyptian 1333:adding citations to reliable sources 1304: 10795:Clause linking and clause hierarchy 9714:is the local equivalent of Cairene 4211: 3481:Bohairic did not have long vowels. 3407:Frequent spelling of this vowel as 1971:Coptic liturgical inscription from 1832: 1799: 1766: 1733: 1700: 1561: 1499: 1441: 1433: 1273: 24: 11125:und übersetzt von Wolfgang Kosack. 11096:. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, 10768:Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus 10749:. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House. 10529: 10524: 10409:Firstly, as is well-known, Coptic 10193:Claremont Colleges Digital Library 9853:Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017). 9460:works, including the texts of the 8983:. This preposition functions like 8737: 8353:Characteristic or habitual action 7276:'The lord will judge the nations.' 4343:is alternatively interpreted as a 2213:, which includes the runic letter 1204:AD. Bohairic, the language of the 25: 12083: 11154: 11078: 10932:Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. 10778:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 10706:. Macon: Mercer University Press. 10644:Richter, Tonio Sebastian (2009). 9349:. Demotic for its part indicated 8888:'The Lord will judge the people.' 6636:kot= (the pronominal state grade) 6135:Pronouns of the Bohairic dialect 4672:, the two sounds appear to be in 4571: 4564: 4555: 4548: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4453: 4446: 4428: 4421: 4391: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4116: 4101: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4027: 4015: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3910: 3878: 3866: 3732:in many older Coptic sources and 2662: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2616: 2607: 2593: 2584: 2537: 2517: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2466: 2457: 2175: 2058: 1216:In Coptic the language is called 1119:, and historically spoken by the 11329: 11127:Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2014. 10661:Grammars and grammatical studies 10223:from the original on 2006-05-13. 10100:. American Univ in Cairo Press. 9582: 9568: 9401:) was spoken around the city of 9325:that combined the graphemes for 9036: 8935: 8857: 8807: 8781:A tecamaule mise ənoušēre ənšime 8687: 8577: 8452: 8407: 7438: 7396: 7355: 7324: 7241: 7188: 6797: 6713: 4797:where Sahidic and Bohairic have 4653:instituted in the 19th century. 2102:found it necessary to write his 1309: 1055: 810: 744: 428: 378: 11221:; includes the new Coptic range 11084:Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), 10882: 10380: 10341: 10320: 10280: 10255: 10227: 10199: 10181: 10170:from the original on 2021-07-11 10137: 10114:from the original on 2024-05-26 10087: 10079:Guirguis, Fatin Morris (2010). 10072: 10031: 10008:from the original on 2017-10-10 9986: 9975:from the original on 2017-10-10 9957: 9946:from the original on 2017-10-10 9835:from the original on 2022-07-01 9787:from the original on 2020-11-11 9701: 9408: 8415: 8297:Action in progress in the past 7444:'His sister carried his bones.' 7441:carry.ABS PREP-DEF:PL-3MSG-bone 4656:Whereas Old Egyptian contrasts 4367: 4333: 4301: 4269: 4232:, the aspirated counterpart to 4202: 3584:. However, it generally became 3497:. As above, it's possible that 3401: 1320:needs additional citations for 400: instead of Coptic letters. 12022:Christian liturgical languages 11369:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 11364:Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 10940: 10893:Coptic Etymological Dictionary 10759:. London: Home & Van Thal. 10704:Introduction to Sahidic Coptic 9928: 9899: 9846: 9817: 9773: 9431: 9279:) was spoken primarily in the 9102:, the capital of Egypt in the 6630:ket- (the nominal state grade) 6614:. It has four derived forms: 4748:, this pattern may indicate a 13: 1: 10753:Plumley, John Martin (1948). 10655:. Cambridge University Press. 10189:"Dialect P (or Proto-Theban)" 9729: 9357:using a diacritic variety of 9306:(probably corresponding to a 8990:There is also an alternative 6548: 3711: 3576:. It is difficult to explain 2273: 2258: 1194: 107: 91: 75: 11460:Immigrant minority languages 10864:. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. 10833:Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. 10818:Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. 10811:Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. 10366:10.1524/zaes.1987.114.12.117 9504: 9254:Coptic versions of the Bible 9244: 9029: 9003: 8924: 8898: 8882:pe-joeis na-krine ən-ne-laos 8846: 8827: 8800: 8753: 8726: 8707: 8680: 8662: 8445: 8429: 8390:Future Conjunctive of Result 8125:Future Conjunctive of Result 7385: 7366: 7348: 7317: 7297: 7280:In contrast, the perfective 7230: 7208: 7181: 7160:Tense/aspect/mood inflection 6848: 6790: 6764: 6702: 6676: 6539: 6528: 6515: 6499: 6488: 6475: 6459: 6448: 6435: 6411: 6400: 6389: 6378: 6362: 6351: 6340: 6329: 6313: 6302: 6291: 6280: 6256: 6245: 6234: 6223: 6207: 6196: 6185: 6174: 4362:and may occupy the syllable 3776:, p. 22) suggests that 2332: 2243: 2160:and the inauguration of the 2090:decreed that Arabic replace 1985:Late Period of ancient Egypt 1883: 1865: 1859: 1824: 1791: 1758: 1725: 1692: 1650: 1622: 1605: 1580: 1570: 1522:; this subsequently entered 1518: 1508: 1466: 1446: 1407:Influence on other languages 1268: 1253: 1239: 1224: 1107: 7: 12037:Extinct languages of Africa 10929:. Leuven: Éditions Peeters. 10867:Vergote, Jozef. 1973–1983. 10774:Reintges, Chris H. (2004). 10756:Introductory Coptic Grammar 10553:The Anchor Bible Dictionary 9613:Coptic pronunciation reform 9561: 9468: 9263: 9177:Coptic pronunciation reform 9125: 9076: 7434:te-f-sōne de ol ən-ne-f-kēs 7288:is a pre-subject particle: 6122: 4976:Coptic possessive articles 4875:in the Sahidic dialect and 3592:in stressed monosyllables, 2162:Institute of Coptic Studies 2150:Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria 2055:language in ancient Egypt. 1899: 1871: 1838: 1805: 1772: 1739: 1706: 1280: 1257:) "Egyptian", derived from 1193:across Egypt in the period 1127:. Coptic was supplanted by 10: 12088: 11063:. Peust & Gutschmidt. 10976:Ancient Egyptian Phonology 10936:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. 10862:Koptische Dialektgrammatik 10747:A Study in Bohairic Coptic 9633:List of Coptic place names 9530: 9493: 9234: 9201: 6624:(the absolute state grade) 4814: 4326:⟩ in Akhmimic and Dialect 4318:⟩ in Bohairic and Dialect 2262: 2179: 1910: 1877: 1656: 1628: 1620:. An example is the Greek 1261: 1245: 11981: 11944: 11900: 11855: 11776: 11742: 11708: 11699: 11639: 11630: 11573: 11541: 11485: 11459: 11438: 11393: 11377: 11346: 11324: 11310: 10984:10.1017/9781108751827.003 10934:Koptisches Handwörterbuch 10718:Layton, Benjamin (2007). 10599:Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. 10535: 10405:10.2143/BIOR.72.5.3139332 10348:Funk, Wolf-Peter (1987). 10144:Miyokawa, Hiroko (2016). 10094:Swanson, Mark N. (2010). 9907:"Coptic Language History" 9098:Egypt around the city of 8643: 8265:Approximate range of use 7554:Relative of First Present 7465: 7437:PFV DEF:F:SG-3MSG-sister 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6506: 6423: 6418: 6369: 6268: 6263: 6214: 6165: 6160: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6112: 6107: 6087: 6057: 6047: 6032: 6027: 6013: 6003: 5989: 5955: 5950: 5940: 5930: 5920: 5910: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5870: 5860: 5850: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5810: 5800: 5790: 5775: 5760: 5742: 5727: 5709: 5699: 5676: 5671: 5653: 5643: 5625: 5615: 5592: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5557: 5547: 5502: 5499: 5482: 5476: 5457: 5451: 5432: 5426: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5383: 5377: 5364: 5358: 5348: 5340: 5327: 5314: 5304: 5296: 5283: 5270: 5256: 5248: 5235: 5222: 5208: 5200: 5188: 5175: 5163: 5150: 5138: 5124: 5116: 5103: 5090: 5076: 5068: 5055: 5042: 5032: 4985: 4980: 4883:in the Bohairic dialect. 4632:voiced bilabial fricative 4345:voiced bilabial fricative 4182: 4129: 4061: 3985: 3950: 3926: 3897: 3891: 3877: 3860: 3848: 3838: 3831: 3372: 3193: 3014: 2835: 2354: 2140:Austrian National Library 2138:A.Ch. 12.145, now in the 2104:History of the Patriarchs 2005:ancient Egyptian religion 1891: 1681: 1170:, a modified form of the 346: 319: 307: 291: 275: 259: 241: 236: 220: 193: 151: 119: 65: 55: 45: 37: 32: 11426:Sinai Peninsula (Sinawi) 11028:62 (new series): 338–75. 10742:. 4th edition. Beyrouth. 10617:Schaefer, K. R. (2006). 10541:"On the Coptic Language" 10163:10.5356/jorient.58.2_184 9998:Coptic Dictionary Online 9911:www.axistranslations.com 9648: 9527:in most other dialects. 8879:Pejoeis nakrine ənnelaos 7428:A tefsōne de ol ənnefkēs 7263:Pecoeis nakrine ənnelaos 6884:PFV-1SG-find.PRONOM=3MSG 6599: 4854: 3764:was probably pronounced 3752:was probably pronounced 3633:Sahidic stressed vowels 3411:indicates that it is in 2313:; for example, the word 2134:Coptic. The fragmentary 2073:Muslim conquest of Egypt 2048:Athanasius of Alexandria 408:This article is part of 328:Coptic is classified as 11219:New Athena Unicode font 11057:Peust, Carsten (1999). 10925:Vycichl, Werner. 1983. 10710:Layton, Bentley. 2000. 10673:. Paris: Paul Geuthner. 10621:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 10586:The Coptic Encyclopedia 10583:. 1991. "Dialects". In 10574:The Coptic Encyclopedia 9519:, which is realised as 9197:Upper Egyptian dialects 9121:Lower Egyptian dialects 9024: 8998: 8919: 8893: 8841: 8822: 8795: 8748: 8721: 8702: 8675: 8657: 8440: 8424: 7380: 7361: 7343: 7312: 7292: 7225: 7203: 7176: 6843: 6785: 6759: 6697: 6671: 4859:All Coptic nouns carry 4404:Late Coptic consonants 4290:, where it is written ⟨ 3793:⟨φ, θ, χ⟩ 3442:In Sahidic, the letter 2555:(vowel quality theory) 2096:administrative language 2088:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 1661: 1639: 1633: 1424: 1301:Geographic distribution 1211: 1176:Demotic Egyptian script 1135:of Egypt following the 1062:Christianity portal 791:Part of a series on the 12027:Coptic Orthodox Church 11735:(possibly independent) 11493:Egyptian Sign Language 11347:Spoken Arabic dialects 11318:Modern Standard Arabic 11225:Online Coptic tutorial 10860:Till, Walter C. 1994. 10738:Mallon, Alexis. 1956. 10724:. Peeters Publishers. 10393:Bibliotheca Orientalis 10387:Takács, Gábor (2015). 9865:10.14201/gredos.135722 9688:, see Werner Vycichl, 9608:Coptic Orthodox Church 9603:Coptic Catholic Church 9287:(which corresponds to 9211: 9149: 9094: 9086: 8337:Negative of Perfect I 6839:Pronominal state grade 4840:'he chooses' (written 4834:inalienable possession 4827:word order but can be 3815:"the-way" (f.sg.) and 2306: 2198: 2100:Severus ibn al-Muqaffa 2068: 1976: 1924: 1586: 1556: 1542: 1536: 1494: 1456: 1373:Modern Standard Arabic 1369:Coptic Catholic Church 1289: 1149:Coptic Catholic Church 1145:Coptic Orthodox Church 1137:Arab conquest of Egypt 1034:Coptic Catholic Church 1029:Coptic Orthodox Church 386:This article contains 348:This article contains 99: 19th century AD 83: 14th century AD 12012:Afroasiatic languages 11535:Afroasiatic languages 11262:a set of Coptic fonts 11086:A Coptic Bibliography 10874:Younan, Sameh. 2005. 10745:Mattar, Nabil. 1990. 10627:10.1163/9789047408529 10611:Afroasiatic: A Survey 10609:. 1971. "Coptic". In 10207:"The Coptic Alphabet" 10002:Georgetown University 9209: 9137:is an early Bohairic 9133: 9092: 9084: 8361:Negative of Habitual 8278:Relative of Present I 6575:(the reduced form of 4934:for plurality end in 4775:word-initially, with 4740:, with the voiceless 4651:pronunciation reforms 4630:was articulated as a 3668:Mesokemic equivalent 2301: 2189: 2122:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2066: 1970: 1918: 111: 3rd century AD 11378:Historical languages 10764:Polotsky, Hans Jakob 10700:Lambdin, Thomas Oden 10607:Polotsky, Hans Jakob 9424:) is the dialect of 9341:in order to express 9175:20th centuries (see 9072:'I found my father.' 8977:absolute state grade 8971:'I found my father.' 8965:a-i-cine əm-p-a-eiōt 8262:Tense name (Lambdin) 6897:Stern-Jernstedt rule 6833:'I found my father.' 6749:'I found my father.' 6667:Absolute state grade 4982:Person/Number/Gender 4626:believe that Coptic 3706:⟨η, ω⟩ 2247:, "movement"). When 1941:New Kingdom of Egypt 1564:, "oasis"; Sahidic: 1502:, "brick"; Sahidic: 1329:improve this article 1189:and flourished as a 640:World Heritage Sites 454:Ancient Egyptian art 12047:Languages of Africa 10974:(2020a). "Coptic". 10905:A Coptic Dictionary 10326:Greenberg 1962/1990 9638:Nag Hammadi library 9462:Nag Hammadi library 8992:nominal state grade 8227:"Unfulfilled action 8194:"Unfulfilled action 7790:Imperfect of Future 7757:Negative Future III 7474:Pronominal subject 6755:Nominal state grade 6743:a-i-jimi əm-p-a-iōt 6645:(the stative grade) 6605:Verbal grade system 6136: 5496: 4977: 4957:possessive articles 4829:verb–subject–object 4825:subject–verb–object 4804:. and Akhmimic has 4405: 3828: 3446:was used for short 3435:(ⲉ)ⲓ, ⲉ, ⲁ, ⲟ~ⲱ, ⲟⲩ 3224: 3045: 3044:Lycopolitan vowels 2855: 2720: 2556: 2429: 2406:are interpreted as 2040:Pachomius the Great 1997:Alexander the Great 1945:indefinite articles 1671:former Coptic names 1141:liturgical language 12067:Medieval languages 12062:Languages of Egypt 12032:Egyptian languages 11394:Minority languages 11304:Languages of Egypt 11206:2021-03-08 at the 11195:2021-03-07 at the 11188:: Coptic language 11184:2021-03-08 at the 10899:Crum, Walter Ewing 10871:. Leuven: Peeters. 10338:, pp. xii–ix. 10044:Égypte/Monde arabe 9212: 9150: 9135:Papyrus Bodmer III 9095: 9087: 8334:Negative Perfect I 7858:Negative Perfect I 7760:Negative Future II 6363:=∅, =e, =r(e), =te 6134: 5494: 4975: 4861:grammatical gender 4403: 3827:Coptic consonants 3826: 3728:is transcribed as 3222: 3043: 2853: 2718: 2549: 2422: 2211:Icelandic alphabet 2199: 2166:outside the Church 2069: 2028:Christian religion 1977: 1963:Pre-Islamic period 1925: 1644:. However, Coptic 1159:and the influx of 1101:(Bohairic Coptic: 1044:Evangelical Church 730:Telecommunications 11994: 11993: 11988:extinct languages 11772: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11550:Proto-Afroasiatic 11501: 11500: 11439:Foreign languages 11385:Egyptian language 11311:Official language 11148:978-3-906206-04-2 11138:Wolfgang Kosack: 11133:978-3-906206-02-8 11122:Wolfgang Kosack: 11117:978-3-9524018-5-9 11107:Wolfgang Kosack: 11102:978-3-9524018-4-2 11091:Wolfgang Kosack: 11017:978-1-64602-064-5 10963:978-1-139-48635-4 10920:978-3-9524018-9-7 10910:Wolfgang Kosack: 10843:978-90-429-1875-7 10804:978-90-272-0588-9 10785:978-3-89645-570-3 10591:Aziz Suryal Atiya 10494:, pp. 30–31. 10421:or less probably 10298:978-90-04-13886-5 9623:Egyptian language 9502: 9420:or, confusingly, 9242: 8649:Sentential syntax 8405: 8404: 8358:Negative Habitual 8254: 8253: 7986:Negative Habitual 7586:Preterite Present 7270:-krine ən-ne-laos 7166:tense-aspect-mood 7153: 7152: 6921:Pronominal state 6546: 6545: 6119: 6118: 6095:"their siblings" 5490: 5489: 4865:Romance languages 4754:consonant voicing 4746:liquid consonants 4579: 4578: 4354:. Like the other 4198: 4197: 4047: 3971: 3907: 3742:⟨č⟩ 3738:⟨ɡ⟩ 3730:⟨j⟩ 3702: 3701: 3608:when followed by 3489:was only written 3397: 3396: 3218: 3217: 3039: 3038: 2849: 2848: 2670: 2669: 2545: 2544: 2348:Northwest Semitic 2344:cuneiform letters 2265:Coptic literature 2229:over the letters 2191:Papyrus Bodmer VI 2044:Macarius of Egypt 2036:Anthony the Great 1981:Ptolemaic Kingdom 1929:Egyptian language 1905:Pafnuty Chebyshev 1851: 1850: 1613:, "small boat"). 1532:Andalusian Arabic 1361: 1360: 1353: 1240:tiaspi ǹremǹkhēmi 1191:literary language 1151:. Innovations in 1117:Egyptian language 1096: 1095: 786: 785: 695:Foreign relations 675:Political parties 394:rendering support 374: 373: 356:rendering support 352:phonetic symbols. 332:according to the 41:(Timetremənkʰēmi) 16:(Redirected from 12079: 11821:Somali languages 11706: 11705: 11637: 11636: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11505: 11504: 11339: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11274: 11273: 11234:Internet Archive 11179: 11166:France-copte.net 11074: 11021: 10997: 10967: 10808: 10789: 10760: 10735: 10707: 10695: 10656: 10650: 10640: 10581:Kasser, Radolphe 10577: 10568: 10548: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10420: 10412: 10399:(5–6): 565–585. 10384: 10378: 10377: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10303: 10302: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10251:on Jun 21, 2022. 10250: 10244:. Archived from 10239: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10214:www.suscopts.org 10211: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10165: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10055: 10053:10.4000/ema.1920 10046:(27–28): 77–92. 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9913:. Archived from 9903: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9748: 9742: 9723: 9721: 9713: 9705: 9699: 9678:passive speakers 9662: 9592: 9590:Languages portal 9587: 9586: 9578: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9557: 9526: 9518: 9507: 9497: 9495: 9364: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9332: 9316: 9305: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9247: 9241:romanized: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9066:a-i-cen p-a-eiōt 9060: 9057: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9027: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9001: 8982: 8959: 8956: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8922: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8896: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8844: 8836: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8798: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8724: 8717: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8678: 8671: 8660: 8628: 8622: 8613: 8600:to-DEF:SG:M-ship 8594: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8570: 8546: 8540: 8531: 8512: 8506: 8497: 8481:on DEF:M:SG-ship 8472: 8469: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8443: 8427: 8259: 8258: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8232: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8199: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8165: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8133: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8099: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8067: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8035: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7995: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7963: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7899: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7867: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7793:Future Imperfect 7782: 7776: 7770: 7765: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7732: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7597: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7531: 7514: 7508: 7500: 7469:Nominal subject 7463: 7462: 7440: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7383: 7376: 7364: 7357: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7315: 7308: 7295: 7287: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7228: 7220: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7179: 7171: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6909: 6908: 6893:Jernstedt's rule 6875: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6846: 6821: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6762: 6737: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6674: 6656: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6542: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6462: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6414: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6365: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6316: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6259: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6210: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6137: 6133: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040:"their brother" 6035: 6030: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5898: 5893: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5338: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5299: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4941: 4937: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4850: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4756:in proximity to 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4648: 4640: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4495: 4488: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4457: 4450: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4353: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4209: 4206: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3903: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3707: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3405: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3225: 3223:Akhmimic vowels 3221: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2721: 2719:Bohairic vowels 2717: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2689: 2681: 2666: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2620: 2611: 2597: 2588: 2557: 2548: 2541: 2521: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2470: 2461: 2430: 2428:(length theory) 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2366: 2362: 2316: 2254: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2207:Demotic Egyptian 1902: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1853:The Coptic name 1841: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1676: 1675: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1612: 1608: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1550:American English 1547: 1539: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1444:), "crocodile"; 1443: 1435: 1427: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1313: 1305: 1292: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1236: 1228:) "Egyptian" or 1227: 1221: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1110: 1104: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1060: 1059: 814: 799: 788: 787: 778: 771: 764: 749: 748: 711: 651: 586: 440: 432: 422: 412: 405: 404: 382: 381: 340: 324: 312: 303: 287: 271: 264: 255: 254: 246: 226: 159:Archaic Egyptian 125: 112: 109: 100: 96: 93: 84: 80: 77: 40: 30: 29: 21: 12087: 12086: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12017:Byzantine Egypt 12007:Coptic language 11997: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11977: 11940: 11896: 11851: 11764: 11738: 11695: 11626: 11569: 11537: 11532: 11502: 11497: 11481: 11455: 11434: 11389: 11373: 11354:Egyptian Arabic 11342: 11335: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11306: 11301: 11244:Heike Behlmer, 11208:Wayback Machine 11197:Wayback Machine 11186:Wayback Machine 11177: 11157: 11081: 11071: 11018: 11010:. Eisenbrauns. 11002:Allen, James P. 10994: 10972:Allen, James P. 10964: 10948:Allen, James P. 10943: 10889:Černý, Jaroslav 10885: 10869:Grammaire copte 10805: 10786: 10732: 10663: 10648: 10637: 10532: 10530:General studies 10527: 10525:Further reading 10522: 10514: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10478: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10410: 10407:. p. 569: 10385: 10381: 10346: 10342: 10334: 10330: 10325: 10321: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10285: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10260: 10256: 10248: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10209: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10173: 10171: 10142: 10138: 10132:Schaefer (2006) 10130: 10126: 10117: 10115: 10108: 10092: 10088: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10036: 10032: 10024: 10020: 10011: 10009: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9978: 9976: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9949: 9947: 9934: 9933: 9929: 9920: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9884: 9883: 9874: 9872: 9851: 9847: 9838: 9836: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9810: 9799: 9790: 9788: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9751: 9743: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9706: 9702: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9628:Egyptian Arabic 9588: 9581: 9574: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9555: 9538:(also known as 9533: 9471: 9440:(also known as 9434: 9422:Middle Egyptian 9416:(also known as 9411: 9393:(also known as 9296: 9284: 9271:(also known as 9266: 9235: 9217:(also known as 9204: 9199: 9185:(also known as 9158:(also known as 9141:containing the 9128: 9123: 9079: 9074: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9025: 9022: 8999: 8985:accusative case 8973: 8962:Aicine əmpaeiōt 8957: 8954: 8952: 8920: 8917: 8894: 8890: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8842: 8839: 8823: 8820: 8796: 8792: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8749: 8746: 8722: 8719: 8703: 8700: 8676: 8673: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8626: 8624: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8592: 8590: 8568: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8544: 8542: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8510: 8508: 8495: 8486: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8441: 8438: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8241: 8230: 8208: 8197: 8174: 8163: 8142: 8131: 8108: 8097: 8076: 8065: 8044: 8033: 8004: 7993: 7972: 7961: 7940: 7929: 7908: 7897: 7876: 7865: 7844: 7833: 7812: 7796: 7774: 7763: 7741: 7730: 7709: 7693: 7672: 7659: 7638: 7627: 7606: 7595: 7572: 7561: 7540: 7529: 7521: 7506: 7498: 7473: 7450:Reintges (2004) 7446: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7381: 7378: 7362: 7359: 7344: 7341: 7313: 7310: 7293: 7278: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7226: 7223: 7204: 7201: 7177: 7162: 7142: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7067: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7022: 7007: 6997: 6987: 6977: 6962: 6952: 6942: 6932: 6915:Absolute state 6889: 6873: 6871: 6844: 6841: 6835: 6827:a-i-jem p-a-iōt 6819: 6816: 6814: 6786: 6783: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6698: 6695: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6618: 6607: 6602: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6551: 6537: 6534: 6526: 6523: 6513: 6510: 6497: 6494: 6486: 6483: 6473: 6470: 6457: 6454: 6446: 6443: 6433: 6430: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6398: 6395: 6387: 6384: 6376: 6373: 6360: 6358:⸗ ⸗ⲉ ⸗ⲣ ⸗ⲣⲉ ⸗ⲧⲉ 6357: 6349: 6346: 6338: 6335: 6327: 6324: 6311: 6308: 6300: 6297: 6289: 6286: 6278: 6275: 6265: 6254: 6251: 6243: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6221: 6218: 6205: 6202: 6194: 6191: 6183: 6180: 6172: 6169: 6162: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6065:"their sister" 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5956: 5951: 5948:"our siblings" 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5888:"her siblings" 5881: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5836: 5831: 5828:"his siblings" 5821: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5677: 5672: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5403: 5397: 5384: 5378: 5365: 5359: 5341: 5328: 5315: 5297: 5284: 5271: 5249: 5236: 5223: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5117: 5104: 5091: 5069: 5056: 5043: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4939: 4912: 4905: 4895: 4888: 4857: 4848: 4817: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4742:stop consonants 4685: 4677: 4627: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4415: 4410: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4323: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4298:⟩ respectively. 4295: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4256: 4255:counterpart to 4233: 4221: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4122: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4033: 4021: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3884: 3872: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3792: 3780:was pronounced 3777: 3761: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3579: 3577: 3555: 3553: 3539: 3537: 3523: 3521: 3492: 3490: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3384: 3373: 3354: 3342: 3331: 3312: 3300: 3281: 3270: 3258: 3247: 3219: 3205: 3194: 3175: 3163: 3152: 3133: 3122: 3110: 3099: 3080: 3068: 3040: 3026: 3015: 2996: 2985: 2973: 2962: 2943: 2932: 2920: 2909: 2890: 2878: 2854:Sahidic vowels 2850: 2836: 2817: 2805: 2786: 2774: 2755: 2743: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2692:functional load 2672: 2671: 2554: 2546: 2427: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2335: 2323:relative clause 2314: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2184: 2178: 2081:spread of Islam 2061: 1965: 1913: 1863:(from Egyptian 1854: 1819: 1786: 1753: 1720: 1687: 1610: 1575: 1565: 1513: 1503: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1451: 1419:such words as: 1409: 1381:Egyptian Arabic 1365:Coptic Orthodox 1357: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1326: 1314: 1303: 1244: 1229: 1217: 1214: 1201: 1197: 1168:Coptic alphabet 1133:spoken language 1131:as the primary 1102: 1092: 1054: 819: 818: 817: 816: 815: 797: 782: 750: 743: 709: 690:Law enforcement 649: 584: 438: 420: 410: 403: 402: 401: 392:Without proper 383: 379: 354:Without proper 342: 341: 327: 315: 299: 283: 280: 267: 260: 250: 249: 242: 231:Coptic alphabet 227: 222: 189: 169:Middle Egyptian 154: 147: 126: 123:Language family 121: 110: 98: 94: 82: 78: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12085: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12042:Greek alphabet 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 11992: 11991: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11914: 11906: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11861: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11782: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11712: 11710: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11674:Hausa–Gwandara 11671: 11666: 11661: 11651: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11595: 11585: 11579: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11508: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11489: 11487: 11486:Sign languages 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11432: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11359:Upper Egyptian 11356: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11300: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11277: 11271: 11270: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11237: 11227: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11190:internet links 11174: 11169: 11163: 11156: 11155:External links 11153: 11152: 11151: 11136: 11120: 11105: 11089: 11080: 11079:Bibliographies 11077: 11076: 11075: 11069: 11054: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11016: 10998: 10993:978-1108485555 10992: 10968: 10962: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10908: 10896: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10846: 10831: 10816: 10809: 10803: 10790: 10784: 10771: 10761: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10730: 10715: 10708: 10696: 10681: 10674: 10667:Chaîne, Marius 10662: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10641: 10635: 10614: 10604: 10597: 10594: 10578: 10569: 10556: 10549: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10518:, p. 208. 10508: 10506:, p. 211. 10496: 10484: 10472: 10470:, p. 210. 10460: 10445: 10433: 10413:had the value 10379: 10340: 10328: 10319: 10304: 10297: 10279: 10277:, p. 174. 10267: 10254: 10226: 10198: 10180: 10156:(2): 184–195. 10136: 10124: 10106: 10086: 10071: 10030: 10028:, p. 1–2. 10018: 9985: 9969:Projet Rosette 9956: 9940:Projet Rosette 9927: 9898: 9845: 9816: 9797: 9772: 9749: 9747:, p. 404. 9733: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9700: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9579: 9563: 9560: 9532: 9529: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9433: 9430: 9410: 9407: 9369:South Fayyumic 9273:Crocodilopolic 9265: 9262: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9143:Gospel of John 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9078: 9075: 9023: 8997: 8996: 8993: 8978: 8918: 8892: 8891: 8840: 8821: 8794: 8793: 8747: 8720: 8701: 8674: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8439: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8286:Circumstantial 8283: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7620:Preterite Past 7617: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7522:Circumstantial 7520:Second Present 7517: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7458:Plumley (1948) 7454:Lambdin (1983) 7379: 7360: 7342: 7311: 7291: 7290: 7224: 7202: 7175: 7174: 7161: 7158: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6924:Neutral state 6922: 6919: 6918:Nominal state 6916: 6913: 6901:Jernstedt 1927 6887:'I found him.' 6842: 6837: 6836: 6784: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6740:Aijimi əmpaiōt 6696: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6647: 6646: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6532: 6521: 6519: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6492: 6481: 6479: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6452: 6441: 6439: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6404: 6393: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6355: 6344: 6333: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6306: 6295: 6284: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6249: 6238: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6200: 6189: 6178: 6167: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903:"our brother" 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5843:"her brother" 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783:"his brother" 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5585:"my siblings" 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5084: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4973: 4928:broken plurals 4920: 4919: 4911:– 'the man' / 4902: 4894:– 'the man' / 4856: 4853: 4851:'he chooses'. 4816: 4813: 4674:free variation 4577: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4480: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4416:pronunciation 4412: 4411:pronunciation 4382: 4381: 4332: 4300: 4268: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4114: 4099: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4025: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3774:Reintges (2004 3746:Lambdin (1983) 3713: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3560:became either 3425: 3424: 3413:free variation 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3268: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3173: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3120: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2983: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2930: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2493: 2491: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2356: 2353: 2334: 2331: 2275: 2272: 2263:Main article: 2260: 2257: 2203:Greek alphabet 2180:Main article: 2177: 2176:Writing system 2174: 2079:came with the 2060: 2059:Islamic period 2057: 1964: 1961: 1957:Greek alphabet 1912: 1909: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1829: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1796: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1763: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1730: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1697: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1603:, from Coptic 1595:Greek language 1591: 1590: 1553: 1491: 1408: 1405: 1359: 1358: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1225:timetremǹkhēmi 1213: 1210: 1172:Greek alphabet 1108:Timetremǹkhēmi 1094: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 975: 965: 955: 950: 945: 937: 936: 932: 931: 930: 929: 927:Writing system 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 893: 892: 887: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 826: 825: 821: 820: 809: 808: 807: 806: 805: 802: 801: 793: 792: 784: 783: 781: 780: 773: 766: 758: 755: 754: 740: 739: 738: 737: 735:Transportation 732: 727: 722: 714: 713: 705: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 654: 653: 645: 644: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 589: 588: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 571: 570: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 473: 468: 463: 462: 461: 451: 443: 442: 434: 433: 425: 424: 416: 415: 396:, you may see 384: 377: 376: 375: 372: 371: 358:, you may see 344: 343: 326: 325: 317: 316: 313: 305: 304: 297: 289: 288: 281: 276: 273: 272: 265: 257: 256: 247: 239: 238: 237:Language codes 234: 233: 228: 224:Writing system 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 195: 191: 190: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 157: 155: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 143: 129: 127: 120: 117: 116: 115: 114: 101: 85: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 47: 46:Native to 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12084: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11973: 11970: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11943: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11816:Rendille–Boni 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11796:Highland East 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11734: 11733: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11564:Proto-Semitic 11561: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542:Reconstructed 11540: 11536: 11529: 11524: 11522: 11517: 11515: 11510: 11509: 11506: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11484: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11327: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11291: 11286: 11284: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11232:(Remenkimi) ( 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11072: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10857: 10856:(London 1863) 10855: 10850: 10849:Tattam, Henry 10847: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10828:88-7653-255-2 10825: 10821: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10777: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10731:9789042918108 10727: 10723: 10722: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10638: 10636:9789047408529 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10517: 10516:Reintges 2010 10512: 10505: 10504:Reintges 2010 10500: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10480:Reintges 2004 10476: 10469: 10468:Reintges 2010 10464: 10458:, p. 39. 10457: 10452: 10450: 10442: 10437: 10430: 10426: 10418: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10383: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10332: 10323: 10316: 10311: 10309: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10271: 10264: 10258: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10230: 10219: 10215: 10208: 10202: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10134:, p. 50. 10133: 10128: 10113: 10109: 10107:9789774160936 10103: 10099: 10098: 10090: 10082: 10075: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10022: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9936:"pAy, pA(n)y" 9931: 9917:on 2016-03-27 9916: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9894: 9888: 9881: 9871:on 2021-05-16 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9849: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9813: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9734: 9719: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9654: 9644: 9643:Rosetta Stone 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9618:Coptic script 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9580: 9577: 9566: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9491: 9490:Ancient Greek 9487: 9483: 9479: 9476:(also called 9475: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9371:(also called 9370: 9366: 9362: 9354: 9346: 9338: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9292: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9148: 9145:and parts of 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9118: 9116: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9083: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9052: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9021: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8951: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8916: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8865: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8819: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8745: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8699: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8654: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8604: 8603:'to the ship' 8601: 8598: 8595: 8589: 8574: 8571: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8532: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8498: 8489: 8485: 8484:'on the ship' 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8464: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8421: 8413: 8408:Second tenses 8400: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7708: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7490:First Present 7489: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7408: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7340: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7261: 7249: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7200: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7173: 7167: 7157: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6870: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6813: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6782: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6729: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6694: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6597: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6566:/remənkʰeːmə/ 6560: 6556: 6541: 6533: 6530: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6490: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6450: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6429: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6402: 6394: 6391: 6383: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6353: 6345: 6342: 6334: 6331: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6304: 6296: 6293: 6285: 6282: 6274: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6228: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6198: 6190: 6187: 6179: 6176: 6168: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6052: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6020: 6019: 6008: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5961: 5947: 5946: 5935: 5928:"our sister" 5927: 5926: 5915: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5887: 5886: 5875: 5868:"her sister" 5867: 5866: 5855: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5827: 5826: 5815: 5808:"his sister" 5807: 5806: 5795: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5765: 5749: 5748: 5737: 5732: 5716: 5715: 5704: 5694: 5683: 5682: 5660: 5659: 5648: 5632: 5631: 5620: 5610: 5599: 5598: 5584: 5583: 5572: 5564: 5563: 5552: 5542: 5540:"my brother" 5539: 5538: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5391: 5390: 5372: 5371: 5353: 5347: 5335: 5334: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5303: 5291: 5290: 5278: 5277: 5265: 5255: 5243: 5242: 5230: 5229: 5217: 5207: 5194: 5183: 5182: 5169: 5158: 5157: 5144: 5133: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5098: 5097: 5085: 5075: 5063: 5062: 5050: 5049: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4903: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821:agglutinative 4812: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4784: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4607: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4346: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4229: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4104: 4100: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3769: 3757: 3747: 3709: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3573: 3565: 3549: 3533: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3440: 3419: 3414: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3338: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3254: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3212: 3201: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3106: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3033: 3022: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2843: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2711: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2374: 2373:Ancient Greek 2370: 2369:Attic dialect 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282:of Coptic is 2281: 2271: 2266: 2256: 2255:precedes it. 2250: 2245: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2182:Coptic script 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:Coptic Church 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923:(200/201 BC). 1922: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1886: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1582: 1572: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1510: 1496: 1492: 1481: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417:Modern Hebrew 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:morphological 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1355: 1352: 1344: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1318:This section 1316: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1219:ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 1209: 1207: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1103:ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 1100: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039:Protestantism 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021:Denominations 1020: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1008:South America 1006: 1004: 1003:North America 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 983: 979: 976: 973: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958:United States 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 939: 938: 934: 933: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 828: 827: 823: 822: 813: 804: 803: 800: 795: 794: 790: 789: 779: 774: 772: 767: 765: 760: 759: 757: 756: 753: 747: 742: 741: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 712: 707: 706: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 652: 647: 646: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 587: 582: 581: 576: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 460: 457: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 441: 436: 435: 431: 427: 426: 423: 421:Life in Egypt 418: 417: 413: 407: 406: 399: 395: 391: 389: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 351: 345: 338: 335: 331: 323: 318: 311: 306: 302: 298: 296: 295: 290: 286: 282: 279: 278:Linguist List 274: 270: 266: 263: 258: 253: 248: 245: 240: 235: 232: 229: 225: 219: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 196: 192: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174:Late Egyptian 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 160: 156: 150: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 128: 124: 118: 105: 102: 89: 86: 73: 70: 69: 68: 64: 61: 58: 54: 51: 48: 44: 39:ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 36: 31: 19: 11983: 11958: 11951: 11909: 11811:Macro-Somali 11801:Lowland East 11730: 11689:South Bauchi 11679:North Bauchi 11669:Bole–Tangale 11562: 11557:Proto-Berber 11555: 11548: 11405: 11337:Egypt portal 11267:GNU FreeFont 11256:Ifao N Copte 11201:bibliography 11139: 11123: 11108: 11092: 11085: 11059: 11050: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11006: 10975: 10952: 10933: 10926: 10911: 10904: 10892: 10883:Dictionaries 10875: 10868: 10861: 10853: 10834: 10819: 10812: 10794: 10775: 10767: 10755: 10746: 10739: 10720: 10711: 10703: 10691: 10685: 10677: 10670: 10652: 10618: 10610: 10600: 10589:, edited by 10584: 10573: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10544: 10511: 10499: 10492:Lambdin 1983 10487: 10475: 10463: 10456:Lambdin 1983 10443:, p. 2. 10441:Lambdin 1983 10436: 10408: 10396: 10392: 10382: 10360:(1–2): 129. 10357: 10353: 10343: 10336:Lambdin 1983 10331: 10322: 10315:Plumley 1948 10288: 10282: 10270: 10262: 10257: 10246:the original 10241: 10229: 10213: 10201: 10192: 10183: 10172:. Retrieved 10153: 10149: 10139: 10127: 10116:. Retrieved 10096: 10089: 10074: 10062:. Retrieved 10043: 10033: 10021: 10010:. Retrieved 9997: 9988: 9977:. Retrieved 9968: 9959: 9948:. Retrieved 9939: 9930: 9919:. Retrieved 9915:the original 9910: 9901: 9879: 9873:. Retrieved 9869:the original 9855: 9848: 9837:. Retrieved 9828: 9819: 9814:, p. 1. 9789:. Retrieved 9775: 9770:, p. 1. 9745:Richter 2009 9703: 9695: 9690: 9669: 9576:Egypt portal 9551: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9414:Oxyrhynchite 9413: 9412: 9409:Oxyrhynchite 9398: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9258: 9230: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9159: 9154: 9151: 9112: 9096: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9063:Aicen paeiōt 9062: 9054: 9035: 9032: 9009: 9006: 8989: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8953: 8930: 8927: 8904: 8901: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8867: 8852: 8849: 8833: 8830: 8806: 8803: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8732: 8729: 8713: 8710: 8686: 8683: 8668: 8665: 8652: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8625: 8618: 8615: 8610: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8591: 8575: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8466: 8451: 8448: 8435: 8432: 8419: 8416:Prepositions 8411: 8255: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7410: 7391: 7388: 7372: 7369: 7354: 7351: 7323: 7320: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7251: 7236: 7233: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7187: 7184: 7163: 7154: 6905: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6854: 6851: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6815: 6796: 6793: 6770: 6767: 6754: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6731: 6708: 6705: 6682: 6679: 6666: 6660: 6651: 6648: 6611: 6608: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6554: 6552: 6412:=ten, =teten 6142:Independent 6130: 6126: 6025:) siblings" 5758:) siblings" 5669:) siblings" 5565:"my sister" 5519:Oxyrhynchite 5500:Translation 5012:Oxyrhynchite 4951: 4948: 4943: 4921: 4918:– 'the hand' 4916:/təˈt͡ʃit͡ʃ/ 4901:– 'the hand' 4899:/təˈt͡ʃit͡ʃ/ 4858: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4818: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4769:glottal stop 4766: 4750:sound change 4689: 4681: 4655: 4624:Coptologists 4602:to indicate 4580: 4398: 4388:glottal stop 4385: 4368: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4314:is written ⟨ 4303: 4287: 4283: 4271: 4204: 3790: 3715: 3703: 3626: 3515: 3480: 3441: 3430: 3403: 2712: 2673: 2416: 2358: 2336: 2327: 2307: 2302: 2277: 2268: 2248: 2220:In Sahidic, 2219: 2200: 2147: 2144: 2129: 2126: 2119: 2112: 2108:hagiographic 2103: 2094:as the sole 2070: 2017: 2011:to original 1995:even before 1978: 1949:periphrastic 1933:Old Egyptian 1926: 1852: 1682:Modern name 1679:Coptic name 1668: 1615: 1598: 1592: 1574:; Bohairic: 1486:; Bohairic: 1479: 1474:; Bohairic: 1410: 1401:phonological 1371:(along with 1362: 1347: 1338: 1327:Please help 1322:verification 1319: 1294: 1293:and English 1215: 1180: 1098: 1097: 876: 832:Architecture 752:Egypt portal 625:Human rights 610:Demographics 459:Contemporary 449:Architecture 387: 385: 347: 329: 292: 214:Oxyrhynchite 164:Old Egyptian 140: 131:Afro-Asiatic 12072:Roman Egypt 11755:Ngeté-Herdé 11644:Biu–Mandara 11608:Mzab–Wargla 11603:East Zenati 10275:Gignac 1991 9812:Layton 2007 9768:Allen 2020b 9666:Upper Egypt 9494:Πανὸς πόλις 9442:Subakhmimic 9438:Lycopolitan 9432:Lycopolitan 9426:Oxyrhynchus 9104:Old Kingdom 8928:əm-p-a-eiōt 8382:Conjunctive 8374:Conditional 8188:Terminative 8122:Inferential 8090:Conjunctive 8058:Conditional 7954:Habitual I 7466:Tense name 7389:ən-ne-f-kēs 6824:Aijem paiōt 6407:⸗ⲧⲉⲛ ⸗ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ 6156:Unstressed 6029:ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5967:) brother" 5692:) brother" 5608:) brother" 5529:Lycopolitan 5022:Lycopolitan 4253:palatalized 4220:The letter 4131:Approximant 2551:Monophthong 2424:Monophthong 2092:Koine Greek 2018:Under late 1973:Upper Egypt 1937:Middle Ages 1921:Horwennefer 1638:or Demotic 1512:; Bohairic 1397:syntactical 1234:ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 1187:Oxyrhynchus 1147:and of the 1125:Roman Egypt 917:Persecution 912:Nationalism 902:Monasticism 881:Literature 486:Raqs sharqi 481:Belly dance 362:instead of 208:Lycopolitan 153:Early forms 12001:Categories 11213:Coptica.ch 11070:3933043026 11026:Orientalia 10537:Abel, Carl 10174:2021-06-30 10118:2023-03-19 10026:Allen 2010 10012:2017-10-09 9979:2017-10-09 9950:2017-10-09 9921:2020-05-24 9875:2021-03-14 9839:2022-05-17 9829:Ethnologue 9791:2023-03-13 9730:References 9458:Manichaean 9395:Hermopolic 9391:Ashmuninic 9385:lambdacism 9227:Hermopolis 9164:Nile Delta 9139:manuscript 8850:ən-ne-laos 8760:link-woman 8730:ən-ou-šēre 8684:te-camaule 8366:Injunctive 8342:Perfect II 8318:Future III 8024:Injunctive 7890:Perfect II 7723:Future III 7686:Future II 7472:3rd M. Sg. 7234:ən-ne-laos 6881:a-i-jənt=f 6852:a-i-jənt=f 6706:əm-p-a-iōt 6549:Adjectives 6148:As suffix 6145:Proclitic 6034:ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 6015:ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 6010:ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 6005:ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 6001:) sister" 5725:) sister" 5641:) sister" 4953:Possession 4887:Bohairic: 4819:Coptic is 3712:Consonants 3624:when not. 2274:Vocabulary 2259:Literature 2158:Egyptology 2034:, such as 2024:Diocletian 2020:Roman rule 2001:Old Coptic 1885:Paphnutius 1878:Παφνούτιος 1866:pꜣy-pꜣ-nṯr 1646:reborrowed 1560:, Arabic: 1498:, Arabic: 1470:(Sahidic: 1403:features. 1385:substratum 1341:April 2024 1206:Nile Delta 1202: 800 1200: – c. 1198: 325 922:Philosophy 685:Corruption 670:Parliament 665:Government 660:Presidency 575:Television 528:Literature 104:Liturgical 97: – c. 95: 3rd 81: – c. 79: 3rd 11986:indicate 11927:Northwest 11840:Saho–Afar 11004:(2020b). 10941:Phonology 10374:192659355 10265:17:63–73. 9887:cite book 9505:Panopolis 9499:romanized 9482:Panopolic 9418:Mesokemic 9399:Dialect H 9377:Beni Suef 9373:Dialect V 9277:Bashmuric 9245:Shmounein 9191:Dialect G 9187:Mansurian 9183:Bashmuric 9172:phonology 9160:Memphitic 8768:ⲧⲉϭⲁⲙⲁⲩⲗⲉ 8681:tecamaule 8677:ⲧⲉϭⲁⲙⲁⲩⲗⲉ 8326:Perfect I 8310:Future II 8294:Imperfect 8270:Present I 8224:"Not yet" 7826:Perfect I 7797:ⲛⲉⲣⲉ _ ⲛⲁ 7652:Future I 7592:Imperfect 7589:Imperfect 7495:Present I 7321:te-f-sōne 7266:pe-joeis 6563:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 6424:singular 6269:singular 6166:singular 6153:Stressed 6104:ⲛⲉⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 6099:ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5991:ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲁⲛ 5986:ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲟⲛ 5981:ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲁⲛ 5976:ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5971:ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5952:ⲛⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5892:ⲛⲉⲥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5832:ⲛⲉϥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5673:ⲛⲉⲕ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5495:Examples 4997:Possessed 4992:Possessor 4946:) 'two'. 4932:inflected 4909:/pəˈɾomə/ 4904:Sahidic: 4892:/pəˈɾomə/ 4838:*satāpafa 4372:Sahidic: 4360:sonorants 4045:fricative 3899:Obstruent 3296:Close-mid 3095:Close-mid 2905:Close-mid 2770:Close-mid 2603:Close-mid 2476:Close-mid 2367:. In the 2339:phonology 2333:Phonology 2278:The core 2227:diaeresis 2195:graphemes 1989:Egyptians 1740:al-fayyūm 1460:. Coptic 1281:qibṭ/qubṭ 1278:‎ ( 1269:Aigúptios 1263:Αἰγύπτιος 1164:loanwords 1157:phonology 978:Australia 847:Coptology 605:Education 548:Sculpture 538:Mythology 294:Glottolog 262:ISO 639-3 244:ISO 639-2 113:– present 56:Ethnicity 11953:Egyptian 11806:Omo–Tana 11778:Cushitic 11588:Northern 11467:Armenian 11204:Archived 11193:Archived 11182:Archived 10950:(2010). 10901:. 1939. 10891:. 1976. 10766:. 1987. 10702:(1983). 10694:: 69–74. 10669:. 1933. 10539:(1855). 10218:Archived 10168:Archived 10112:Archived 10064:June 20, 10058:Archived 10006:Archived 9973:Archived 9944:Archived 9833:Archived 9825:"Coptic" 9785:Archived 9562:See also 9474:Akhmimic 9469:Akhmimic 9446:Assiutic 9323:grapheme 9269:Fayyumic 9264:Fayyumic 9236:Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲛ 9155:Bohairic 9126:Bohairic 9077:Dialects 9033:p-a-eiōt 8958:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 8925:əmpaeiōt 8921:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 8902:a-i-cine 8875:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥ 8847:ənnelaos 8843:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥ 8831:na-krine 8804:pe-joeis 8774:ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲉ 8727:ənoušēre 8723:ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲉ 8714:deliver. 8637:'to him' 8555:'for us' 8521:'to you' 8478:hi p-joi 8398:Temporal 8350:Habitual 8302:Future I 8231:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ _ 8164:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲣⲉ _ 8156:Temporal 8128:Future I 8029:Optative 7922:Habitual 7694:ⲉⲣⲉ _ ⲛⲁ 7485:Plumley 7479:Reintges 7424:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲕⲏⲥ 7386:ənnefkēs 7382:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲕⲏⲥ 7259:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥ 7231:ənnelaos 7227:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥ 7185:pe-joeis 7103:skərkoːr 7093:skərkoːr 6895:(or the 6680:a-i-jimi 6559:genitive 6379:əntʰōten 6352:te-, tr- 6123:Pronouns 6114:ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 6109:ⲛⲉⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 6089:ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 6084:ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 6079:ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 6074:ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 6069:ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5957:ⲛⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5942:ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5937:ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5932:ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5897:ⲛⲉⲥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5882:ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5877:ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5872:ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5837:ⲛⲉϥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5822:ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5817:ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5812:ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5772:ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5762:ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5739:ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5678:ⲛⲉⲕ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5655:ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5650:ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5645:ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5589:ⲛⲁ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ 5534:Akhmimic 5514:Fayyumic 5509:Bohairic 5503:Dialect 5027:Akhmimic 5007:Fayyumic 5002:Bohairic 4986:Dialect 4873:/tə,teː/ 4869:/pə,peː/ 4409:Original 4379:"fish"). 3905:aspirate 3840:Alveolar 3807:, as in 3582:⟩ 3578:⟨ 3558:⟩ 3554:⟨ 3542:⟩ 3538:⟨ 3526:⟩ 3522:⟨ 3495:⟩ 3491:⟨ 3437:⟩ 3433:⟨ 3327:Open-mid 3148:Open-mid 2958:Open-mid 2801:Open-mid 2708:⟩ 2704:⟨ 2700:⟩ 2696:⟨ 2553:phonemes 2426:phonemes 2311:epithets 2296:semantic 2284:Egyptian 2222:syllable 2132:-printed 2052:Shenoute 2013:hieratic 1893:Пафнутий 1872:Babnouda 1860:papnoute 1855:ⲡⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ 1780:Damanhur 1773:damanhūr 1759:timenhōr 1113:dialects 1013:Diaspora 982:churches 972:churches 962:churches 877:Language 872:Toponymy 867:Identity 842:Calendar 680:Military 650:Politics 635:Wildlife 630:Religion 600:Identity 523:Language 518:Holidays 411:a series 368:Help:IPA 301:copt1239 211:Fayyumic 205:Akhmimic 199:Bohairic 194:Dialects 136:Egyptian 72:Literary 11984:Italics 11966:Kujargé 11922:Central 11902:Semitic 11835:Oromoid 11828:Western 11622:Western 11583:Eastern 11477:Italian 11446:English 11046:32-671. 9686:Dendera 9536:Aswanic 9531:Aswanic 9510:phoneme 9501:: 9478:Chemmic 9454:Gnostic 9319:liquids 9223:Islamic 9219:Thebaic 9215:Sahidic 9202:Sahidic 9168:lexicon 9147:Genesis 9100:Memphis 9051:-father 9007:a-i-cen 8981:/ən,əm/ 8950:-father 8872:ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ 8869:ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ 8864:-people 8828:nakrine 8824:ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ 8801:Pejoeis 8797:ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ 8757:ən-šime 8634:on-3MSG 8597:e-p-joi 8593:ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓ 8573:e-p-joi 8569:ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓ 8552:for-1PL 8518:on-2MSG 8475:hi pjoi 8248:əmpatəf 8242:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧϥ̀ 8198:ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ _ 8191:"Until" 8181:ənteref 8175:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥ 8066:ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ _ 8019:Jussive 7962:ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ _ 7562:ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ _ 7482:Lambdin 7415:ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲉ 7339:-sister 7318:tefsōne 7314:ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲉ 7256:ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ 7253:Ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ 7248:-people 7209:nakrine 7205:ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ 7182:Pecoeis 7178:Ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ 7098:ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲱⲣ 7088:ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲱⲣ 7083:skərkər 7078:ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲣ̀ 7073:skorkər 7068:ⲥⲕⲟⲣⲕⲣ̀ 7058:səlsoːl 7048:səlsoːl 7019:Comfort 6878:Aijəntf 6874:ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛⲧϥ 6849:Aijəntf 6845:ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛⲧϥ 6812:-father 6794:p-a-iōt 6768:a-i-jem 6736:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ 6728:-father 6703:əmpaiōt 6699:ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ 6655:/ən,əm/ 6516:əntʰōou 6507:plural 6421:person 6374:ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ 6370:plural 6347:ⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣ- 6266:person 6215:plural 6163:person 6059:ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲁⲛ 6054:ⲡⲉⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ 6049:ⲡⲉⲩ-ⲥⲁⲛ 6044:ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ 6021:"your ( 5997:"your ( 5963:"your ( 5922:ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5917:ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5912:ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5907:ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5862:ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5857:ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5852:ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5847:ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5802:ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5797:ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5792:ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5787:ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5777:ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5767:ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5750:"your ( 5744:ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5734:ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5729:ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5717:"your ( 5706:ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5684:"your ( 5661:"your ( 5633:"your ( 5627:ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5622:ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5617:ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5612:ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5600:"your ( 5594:ⲛⲁ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ 5579:ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ 5574:ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ 5569:ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5524:Sahidic 5017:Sahidic 4881:/ti,ət/ 4877:/pi,əp/ 4815:Grammar 4433:(final 4364:nucleus 4339:Coptic 4322:, and ⟨ 4294:⟩ and ⟨ 3855:Glottal 3845:Palatal 3797:/p,t,k/ 3544:became 3528:became 3518:/a,i,u/ 3383: 3341: 3280: 3257: 3204: 3162: 3132: 3109: 3025: 2995: 2972: 2942: 2919: 2568:Central 2500: 2485: 2441:Central 2381:/ɛː,ɔː/ 2315:ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲩ 2288:Demotic 2280:lexicon 2009:glosses 1953:Demotic 1911:History 1900:Pafnuty 1846:Memphis 1754:ϯⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ 1618:Demotic 1528:Spanish 1524:Catalan 1488:*ϯⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1484:*ⲧⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1476:ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1389:lexical 1254:gyptios 1247:ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ 1153:grammar 1143:of the 980: ( 970: ( 960: ( 935:Regions 862:History 857:Fasting 824:Culture 725:Tourism 710:Economy 585:Society 558:Symbols 513:History 508:Fashion 501:Tanoura 471:Cuisine 439:Culture 364:Unicode 330:Extinct 202:Sahidic 179:Demotic 18:Sahidic 11972:Ongota 11959:Coptic 11945:Others 11870:Dizoid 11857:Omotic 11791:Dullay 11732:Zumaya 11632:Chadic 11617:Tuareg 11598:Zenati 11575:Berber 11451:French 11430:others 11416:Nobiin 11411:Domari 11406:Coptic 11178:ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ 11146: 11131: 11115: 11100: 11067: 11014: 10990: 10960: 10918: 10841: 10826: 10801: 10782: 10728: 10633: 10372: 10295: 10104: 9682:Abydos 9540:Syenic 9486:Akhmim 9281:Faiyum 9231:Coptic 9108:Thebes 9059:ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 9030:paeiōt 9026:ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 9017:-find. 8955:ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ 8912:-find. 8899:Aicine 8895:ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ 8837:-judge 8777:ⲛ̀ϣⲓⲙⲉ 8754:ənšime 8750:ⲛ̀ϣⲓⲙⲉ 8698:-camel 8644:Syntax 8236:əmpate 8215:ʃantəf 8209:ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̀ 8169:əntere 8132:ⲧⲁⲣⲉ _ 8098:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ _ 8034:ⲙⲁⲣⲉ _ 7994:ⲙⲉⲣⲉ _ 7930:ϣⲁⲣⲉ _ 7898:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ _ 7866:ⲙ̀ⲡⲉ _ 7764:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉ _ 7596:ⲛⲉⲣⲉ _ 7373:carry. 7221:-judge 7215:-krine 7053:ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲱⲗ 7043:ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲱⲗ 7038:səlsəl 7033:ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲗ̀ 7028:solsəl 7023:ⲥⲟⲗⲥⲗ̀ 6968:poʔrəʃ 6938:poːrəʃ 6929:Spread 6912:Gloss 6864:PRONOM 6862:-find. 6778:-find. 6733:ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ 6690:-find. 6677:Aijimi 6673:ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ 6511:ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ 6476:əntʰos 6436:əntʰof 6427:masc. 6401:teten- 6396:ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ- 6390:ənten- 6385:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛ- 6292:əntek- 6287:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕ- 6281:əntʰok 6272:masc. 5711:ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5701:ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5696:ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5559:ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5554:ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛ 5549:ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲁⲛ 5544:ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛ 4969:gender 4967:, and 4965:number 4961:person 4924:number 4906:ⲡⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ 4889:ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ 4849:ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅ 4846:f.sotp 4690:ansēbə 4686:ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ 4684:) and 4610:, and 4592:ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ 4588:ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ 4584:ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ 4377:/tv̩t/ 4356:voiced 4251:, the 3969:tenuis 3835:Labial 3642:ⲁⲁ, ⲉⲉ 3616:, and 3552:, and 2396:/o,oː/ 2388:/e,eː/ 2355:Vowels 2319:Anubis 2249:jinkim 2244:jinkim 2239:ϫⲓⲛⲕⲓⲙ 2154:revive 2136:amulet 2115:Arabic 2085:Caliph 1993:Greeks 1806:ʾaswān 1767:دمنهور 1747:Faiyum 1734:الفيوم 1707:ʾasyūṭ 1693:siōout 1688:ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ 1657:ἔβενος 1651:ebenos 1472:ⲡⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1467:pemsah 1457:timsah 1438:Hebrew 1430:Arabic 1425:timsāḥ 1413:Arabic 1399:, and 1286:French 1129:Arabic 1099:Coptic 998:Europe 988:Africa 968:Canada 890:Arabic 885:Coptic 720:Energy 615:Health 595:People 568:Anthem 496:Tahtib 491:Baladi 466:Cinema 388:Coptic 334:UNESCO 141:Coptic 88:Spoken 33:Coptic 11934:South 11890:Ometo 11885:Gonga 11880:North 11865:Aroid 11847:South 11750:Mesme 11743:South 11726:Musey 11721:Massa 11716:Marba 11709:North 11659:Angas 11593:Atlas 11472:Greek 11094:Liste 10649:(PDF) 10427:] 10423:[ 10419:] 10415:[ 10370:S2CID 10249:(PDF) 10238:(PDF) 10221:(PDF) 10210:(PDF) 9965:"nTr" 9720:] 9716:[ 9712:] 9708:[ 9674:Luxor 9649:Notes 9552:Hafso 9544:Aswan 9450:Asyut 9403:Shmun 9315:] 9311:[ 9252:(see 9250:Bible 9115:Nubia 9056:Ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛ 9004:Aicen 9000:Ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛ 8818:-lord 8744:-girl 8738:INDEF 8588:-ship 8471:ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓ 8463:-ship 8449:p-joi 8442:ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓ 8203:ʃante 8149:taref 8143:ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥ 8083:efʃan 8077:ⲉϥϣⲁⲛ 8071:erʃan 8051:maref 8045:ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥ 7967:eʃare 7915:əntaf 7909:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥ 7883:əmpef 7877:ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥ 7819:nefna 7813:ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁ 7781:ənnef 7775:ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥ 7731:ⲉⲣⲉ _ 7628:ⲛⲉⲁ _ 7567:etere 7530:ⲉⲣⲉ _ 7407:-bone 7199:-lord 7109:Build 7013:ʃoʔkə 6983:ʃiːkə 6963:ⲡⲟⲣϣ̀ 6958:poːrʃ 6933:ⲡⲱⲣϣ̀ 6820:ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ 6817:ⲁⲓϫⲉⲙ 6791:paiōt 6787:ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ 6765:Aijem 6761:ⲁⲓϫⲉⲙ 6600:Verbs 6594:kʰēmi 6471:ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ 6467:fem. 6431:ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ 6341:ənte- 6336:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ- 6330:əntʰo 6321:fem. 6276:ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ 6186:anək- 6181:ⲁⲛ̀ⲕ- 5404:ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ 5398:ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛ 5385:ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ 5379:ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ 5366:ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ 5360:ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ 4913:ⲧⲉϫⲓϫ 4855:Nouns 4842:stp.f 4823:with 4738:] 4734:[ 4730:] 4726:[ 4722:] 4718:[ 4714:] 4710:[ 4706:] 4702:[ 4698:] 4694:[ 4682:anzēb 4678:ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ 4639:] 4635:[ 4439:] 4435:[ 4352:] 4348:[ 3862:Nasal 3850:Velar 3821:ⲡ-ϩⲟϥ 3799:plus 3786:] 3782:[ 3770:] 3766:[ 3758:] 3754:[ 3420:] 3417:[ 3415:with 3243:Close 3231:Front 3064:Close 3052:Front 2874:Close 2862:Front 2739:Close 2727:Front 2688:] 2684:[ 2680:] 2676:[ 2580:Close 2563:Front 2453:Close 2436:Front 2412:/o,ɔ/ 2408:/e,ɛ/ 2377:/e,o/ 2292:Greek 2215:thorn 2170:Copts 2130:tarsh 2077:Arabs 1825:memfi 1820:ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ 1813:Aswan 1800:أسوان 1792:souan 1787:ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ 1726:phiom 1714:Asyut 1701:أسيوط 1629:ὄασις 1623:oasis 1611:ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ 1606:baare 1600:barge 1581:ouehi 1576:ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ 1571:ouahe 1566:ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ 1557:wāḥah 1544:adobe 1534:) as 1530:(via 1509:tōōbe 1504:ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ 1495:ṭūbah 1462:ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1452:ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ 1447:emsah 1434:تمساح 1377:Nubia 1290:copte 1259:Greek 1231:ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ 1183:Asyut 1161:Greek 1121:Copts 953:Libya 948:Sudan 943:Egypt 907:Names 897:Music 852:Cross 798:Copts 620:Media 553:Sport 543:Radio 533:Music 476:Dance 390:text. 60:Copts 50:Egypt 11917:West 11911:East 11786:Agaw 11760:Peve 11701:Masa 11664:Bade 11654:West 11649:East 11428:and 11421:Siwi 11401:Beja 11199:and 11144:ISBN 11129:ISBN 11113:ISBN 11098:ISBN 11065:ISBN 11012:ISBN 10988:ISBN 10958:ISBN 10916:ISBN 10839:ISBN 10824:ISBN 10799:ISBN 10780:ISBN 10726:ISBN 10631:ISBN 10547:(5). 10293:ISBN 10102:ISBN 10066:2019 9893:link 9694:in: 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