656:
784:
734:
point of the sail is aligned with the apparent wind, than it can with the entry point not aligned, because of a combination of the diminished force from airflow around the sail and the diminished apparent wind from the velocity of the craft. Because of limitations on speed through the water, displacement sailboats generally derive power from sails generating lift on points of sail that include close-hauled through broad reach (approximately 40° to 135° off the wind). Because of low friction over the surface and high speeds over the ice that create high apparent wind speeds for most points of sail, iceboats can derive power from lift further off the wind than displacement boats.
520:
1403:
748:
686:
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772:
1430:
1698:
800:
299:
955:
502:
72:
5061:
1363:
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1138:
1646:
726:(90°) to the apparent wind. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind, lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component. Total aerodynamic force also resolves into a forward, propulsive, driving force, resisted by the medium through or over which the craft is passing (e.g., through water, air, or over ice, sand) and a lateral force, resisted by the underwater foils, ice runners, or wheels of the sailing craft.
1680:
1375:
1716:
55:
416:
3153:
1025:(the inverse of a roach) to obviate the need for battens and their ensuing likelihood of chafing the sail. The roach on a square sail design is the arc of a circle above a straight line from clew to clew at the foot of a square sail, which allows the foot of the sail to clear stays coming up the mast, as the sails are rotated from side to side.
477:. It did not, however, provide much of the propulsive force of these vessels â rather serving as a balancing sail that was needed for some manoeuvres in some sea and wind conditions. The extensive amount of contemporary maritime art showing the lateen mizzen on 16th and 17th century ships often has the sail furled. Practical experience on the
92:
585:, and some other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Austronesian rigs are distinctive in that they have spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between). The sails were also made from salt-resistant woven leaves, usually from
1287:
Conventional sail panels are sewn together. Sails are tensile structures, so the role of a seam is to transmit a tensile load from panel to panel. For a sewn textile sail this is done through thread and is limited by the strength of the thread and the strength of the hole in the textile through which
733:
and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, lift diminishes and drag increases as the predominant component of propulsion. For a given true wind velocity over the surface, a sail can propel a craft to a higher speed, on points of sail when the entry
169:
retarding forward motion. The more that the angle of attack diverges from the apparent wind as a sailing craft turns downwind, the more drag increases and lift decreases as propulsive forces, until a sail going downwind is predominated by drag forces. Sails are unable to generate propulsive force if
312:
The invention of the sail was a technological advance of equal or even greater importance than the invention of the wheel. It has been suggested by some that it has the significance of the development of the neolithic lifestyle or the first establishment of cities. Yet it is not known when or where
1859:
An obvious component of the
Mediterranean square sail in archaeological situations are the lead rings through which brail lines were led. The brails were used to reduce sail area in rising winds. The cheaper alternative was to use reefing points (as is seen in traditional sailing craft of today),
457:
It has been a common and erroneous presumption among maritime historians that lateen had significantly better sailing performance than the square rig of the same period. Analysis of voyages described in contemporary accounts and also in various replica vessels demonstrates that the performance of
3369:
336:
has a northward flowing current with a prevailing wind in the opposite direction, so giving the potential to drift in one direction and sail in the other. Many do not consider sails to have been used before the 5th millennium BCE. Others consider sails to have been invented much earlier.
968:
The shape of a sail is defined by its edges and corners in the plane of the sail, laid out on a flat surface. The edges may be curved, either to extend the sail's shape as an airfoil or to define its shape in use. In use, the sail becomes a curved shape, adding the dimension of depth or
844:. Sail plans may vary for different wind conditionsâlight to heavy. Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts with sails and with a variety of means of primary attachment to the craft, including:
3332:
3031:
3000:
1241:
sails have the panels sewn parallel to one another, often parallel to the foot of the sail, and are the least expensive of the two sail constructions. Triangular cross-cut sail panels are designed to meet the mast and stay at an angle from either the warp or the weft (on the
3086:
3479:
454:) was undergoing a simplification of its rigging components. Both the increasing popularity of the lateen and the changes to the contemporary square rig are suggested to be cost saving measures, reducing the number of expensive components needed to fit out a ship.
2814:
1260:
sail has panels radiating from all three corners. Mainsails are more likely to be bi-radial, since there is very little stress at the tack, whereas head sails (spinnakers and jibs) are more likely to be tri-radial, because they are tensioned at their corners.
465:), but the date is uncertain, with no firm evidence for their use in the Western Indian Ocean before 1500 CE. There is, however, good iconographic evidence of square sails being used by Arab, Persian and Indian ships in this region in, for instance, 1519.
153:. Apparent wind is the air velocity experienced on the moving craft and is the combined effect of the true wind velocity with the velocity of the sailing craft. Angle of attack is often constrained by the sailing craft's orientation to the wind or
1155:
Sail characteristics derive, in part, from the design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. There are several key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth:
1344:
them (reducing sail area), including rows of short lines affixed to the sail to wrap up unused sail, as on square and gaff rigs, or simply grommets through which a line or a hook may pass, as on
Bermuda mainsails. Fore-and-aft sails may have
472:
in
Northern European waters from about 1440 made lateen sails familiar in this part of the world. Additionally, lateen sails were used for the mizzen on early three-masted ships, playing a significant role in the development of the
1082:
attached to their clews like triangular sails, but the sheets are used to pull the sail down to the yard below rather than to adjust the angle it makes with the wind. The corner where the leech and the foot connect is called the
3133:
449:
sails emerged by around the 2nd century CE in the
Mediterranean. They did not become common until the 5th century, when there is evidence that the Mediterranean square sail (which had been in wide use throughout the
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332:(a raft is usually a "flow through" structure) and a number of intervisible islands create both an invitation to travel and an environment where advanced navigation techniques are not needed. Alongside this, the
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3652:
3510:
2419:
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1665:
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adjust a spinnaker/jib sheeting angle inboard at right angles to the sheet with a ring or clip on the sheet attached to cordage which is secured and adjusted via fairlead and cam cleat.
3224:
783:
3293:
142:. Sails may be made from a combination of woven materialsâincluding canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments, usually in a three- or four-sided shape.
1013:
A fore-and-aft triangular mainsail achieves a better approximation of a wing form by extending the leech aft, beyond the line between the head and clew on an arc called the
1194:, although Scandinavian, Scottish and Icelandic cultures used woolen sails from the 11th into the 19th centuries. Materials used in sails, as of the 21st century, include
1017:, rather than having a triangular shape. This added area would flutter in the wind and not contribute to the efficient airfoil shape of the sail without the presence of
703:
Aerodynamic forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft. The direction that the craft is traveling with respect to the
2250:
Whitewright, Julian (March 2011). "The
Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs: THE POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SAILING RIGS".
2173:
Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in
Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).
1459:
Fore-and-aft rigged vessels have rigging that supports, shapes, and adjusts the sails to optimize their performance in the wind, which include the following lines:
2407:
1526:
control angle of attack with respect to the apparent wind, the amount of leech "twist" near the head of the sail, and the foot tension of loose-footed sails. A
747:
707:(the wind direction and speed over the surface) is called the "point of sail". The speed of the craft at a given point of sail contributes to the apparent wind (
759:
946:
upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed and the ability to sail as close as 20 degrees off the apparent wind.
714:), the wind speed and direction as measured on the moving craft. The apparent wind on the sail creates a total aerodynamic force, which may be resolved into
2868:
1098:, each of the lower corners of the sail is a clew. However, under sail on a given tack, the corner to which the spinnaker sheet is attached is called the
1033:â The names of corners of sails vary, depending on shape and symmetry. In a triangular sail, the corner where the luff and the leech connect is called the
1252:
sails have panels that "radiate" from corners in order to efficiently transmit stress and are typically of higher performance than cross-cut sails. A
1074:
on a fore-and-aft sail. On a jib, the sheet is connected to the clew; on a mainsail, the sheet is connected to the boom (if present) near the clew.
4069:
3934:
2940:
1198:
for spinnakers, where light weight and elastic resistance to shock load are valued and a range of fibers, used for triangular sails, that includes
3938:
1451:
and the lateen. The lines can be categorized as those that support the sail, those that shape it, and those that control its angle to the wind.
4006:
3893:
2898:
2198:
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it passes. Sail seams are often overlapped between panels and sewn with zig-zag stitches that create many connections per unit of seam length.
2837:
1120:, which results from the luff and foot being curved, rather than straight as they are attached to those spars. Draft creates a more efficient
771:
3862:
Sailing
Fundamentals : The Official Learn-to-Sail Manual of the American Sailing Association and the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
3051:
The
Elements of Sailmaking: Being a Complete Treatise on Cutting-out Sails, According to the Most Approved Methods in the Merchant Service...
1590:
run from the leech forward towards the bow to control the weather leech, keeping it taut and thus preventing it from curling back on itself.
1246:) to allow stretching along the luff, but minimize stretching on the luff and foot, where the fibers are aligned with the edges of the sail.
3604:
The Art of
Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the Progressive Method of Rigging Expressly Adapted for Sailing Ships
1053:
is the upper forward corner of the sail, at the bottom end of a gaff or other spar. Gaff-rigged sails, and certain similar rigs, employ two
4966:
3216:
1332:
may be sewn onto the edges of a sail to reinforce it, or to fix the sail into a groove in the boom, in the mast, or in the luff foil of a
3178:
3775:
4060:
2093:
3864:. Betz, Marti., American Sailing Association., United States. Coast Guard Auxiliary. (Revised and updatedition ed.). New York.
376:
used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the
458:
square rig and lateen were very similar. Lateen provided a cheaper rig to build and maintain, with no degradation of performance.
5203:
2445:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The
Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
262:
157:. On points of sail where it is possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind, the sail may act as an
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3616:
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3025:
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2551:
2510:
2454:
2182:
2061:
2028:
1953:
191:. In use, they may be designed to be curved in both directions along their surface, often as a result of their curved edges.
5193:
4127:
943:
916:
4077:
3718:. Maloney, Elbert S., Chapman, Charles F. (Charles Frederic), 1881-1976. (65th ed.). New York: Hearst Books. 2006.
2215:
Whitewright, Julian (April 2012). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean".
2067:
316:
Much of the early development of water transport is believed to have occurred in two main "nursery" areas of the world:
3674:
3316:
1114:â Those triangular sails that are attached to both a mast along the luff and a boom along the foot have depth, called
5218:
3955:
3910:
3723:
2994:
2747:
2717:
2483:
2378:
Friel, Ian (1994). "The Carrack â the advent of the full rigged ship". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.).
2302:
2003:
1978:
1908:
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1697:
914:, which perform better than traditional soft sails but are more difficult to manage. A rigid wing sail was used by
4959:
3545:
3015:
2152:
1340:, that help shape the sail, when full length, or just the roach, when present. They may have a variety of means of
1502:
tighten the luff of a boom-footed sail by pulling downward on a cringle in the luff of a mainsail above the tack.
1447:
and differ between square and fore-and-aft rigs. Some rigs shift from one side of the mast to the other, e.g. the
1223:
612:
were intrinsically unstable when tacking leeward. To deal with this, Austronesians in these regions developed the
3636:
2858:
1727:
Sails on craft subject to low forward resistance and high lateral resistance typically have full-length battens.
907:
122:, which is made from fabric or other membrane materials, that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including
3494:
3463:
3387:
2387:
2362:
2787:
Clerc-Rampal, G. (1913) Mer : la Mer Dans la Nature, la Mer et l'Homme, Paris: Librairie Larousse, p. 213
2293:
Vosmer, Tom (2014). "The Belitung shipwreck and Jewel of Muscat". In SindbĂŠk, SĂžren; Trakadas, Athena (eds.).
2035:
The use of sailing-boats is attested from the sixth millennium onwards by their incised depiction on ceramics.
2798:
1547:
Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones, including the following.
655:
5213:
5009:
2863:
647:, both of which retained the Austronesian characteristic of having more than one spar supporting the sail.
5198:
4952:
1349:âpieces of yarn, thread or tape that are affixed to sailsâto help visualize airflow over their surfaces.
391:
V-shaped square rigs with two spars that come together at the hull were the ancestral sailing rig of the
341:
3066:
2932:
1284:
are laminated sails formed over a curved mold and adhered together into a shape that does not lie flat.
836:, appropriate to the size of the sailing craft. A sail plan is a set of drawings, usually prepared by a
181:
or may be attached to a wire that is suspended by a mast. They are typically raised by a line, called a
5208:
3852:
3747:
2641:
Hornell, James (1932). "Was the Double-Outrigger Known in Polynesia and Micronesia? A Critical Study".
1106:. On a square sail underway, the tack is the windward clew and also the line holding down that corner.
519:
4418:
3623:
The Art of Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the ... By George Biddlecombe.
1402:
2890:
1645:
1180:. Both the initial cost and its durability of the material define its cost-effectiveness over time.
859:, which are mounted on other stays (typically wire cable) that support other masts from the bow aft.
685:
4120:
2829:
1634:
3110:
2353:
Elbl, Martin (1994). "The Caravel and the Galleon". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.).
161:, generating propulsive force as air passes along its surface, just as an airplane wing generates
5039:
4757:
4747:
4368:
3049:
1592:
1564:
555:
4501:
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technique in sailing, in conjunction with uniquely reversible single-outriggers. In the rest of
4287:
3139:
1429:
1211:
578:
551:
3435:
3266:
2739:
2733:
2475:
1900:
1894:
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3167:
2500:
1679:
1305:
are locally applied to workpieces being held together under pressure to create a solid state
939:
931:
921:
636:
344:
ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium BCE onwards. Excavations of the
317:
20:
4327:
3802:
1946:
Ancient ocean crossings: reconsidering the case for contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas
210:, but do not employ a mast to support the airfoil and are beyond the scope of this article.
195:
may be used to extend the trailing edge of a sail beyond the line of its attachment points.
4919:
4752:
4486:
2327:
2259:
2089:
1498:
1150:
392:
4057:
2101:
2094:"The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A Tableau of Royal Ritual Power in the Theban Western Desert"
1532:
attaches to the end of the boom from a point near the mast to prevent an accidental gybe.
8:
4993:
4907:
4629:
4521:
4113:
1785:
1752:
1580:(outer vertical edges) of a sail and serve to pull the leech both in and up when furling.
1346:
1227:
1170:
799:
451:
3104:
2536:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi
2331:
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1715:
988:
on fore-and-aft sails and on windward leech symmetrical sails, the trailing edge is the
5156:
4804:
4506:
4000:
3928:
3887:
3846:
3777:
Maximum Sail Power : the Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology, and Performance
3741:
3072:
2650:
2618:
2593:
2339:
2275:
2232:
2192:
2144:
1618:
1577:
1292:
1264:
Higher performance sails may be laminated, constructed directly from multiple plies of
1176:
963:
837:
729:
For apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an
613:
5090:
1243:
145:
A sail provides propulsive force via a combination of lift and drag, depending on its
5172:
5115:
5085:
4914:
4427:
4088:
4029:
4019:
3988:
3978:
3961:
3951:
3916:
3906:
3875:
3865:
3834:
3824:
3794:
3784:
3760:
3729:
3719:
3680:
3642:
3612:
3551:
3500:
3469:
3439:
3428:
3393:
3359:
3324:
3270:
3259:
3143:
3076:
3021:
2990:
2804:
2768:
2743:
2713:
2688:
2623:
2572:
2547:
2527:
2506:
2479:
2450:
2383:
2358:
2298:
2279:
2271:
2236:
2178:
2057:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1904:
1655:
1314:
723:
298:
187:, and their angle with respect to the wind is usually controlled by a line, called a
119:
97:
4213:
1860:
with the archaeological record seeing a disappearance of the distinctive lead rings.
1386:
1362:
5136:
5033:
4877:
4840:
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233:
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2023:(New and updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 18.
1087:. The corner on a fore-and-aft sail where the luff and foot connect is called the
248:
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4985:
4852:
4835:
4799:
4724:
4614:
4580:
4565:
4463:
4443:
4398:
4081:
4064:
3261:
Maximum Sail Power: The Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology, and Performance
2228:
1604:
1522:
1444:
1438:
1374:
1158:
1079:
1049:
is the upper aft corner of the sail, at the top end of a gaff or other spar. The
698:
690:
188:
146:
27:
4094:
1496:
control a boom-footed sail's leech tension by exerting downward force mid-boom.
4892:
4782:
4639:
4624:
4599:
4591:
4535:
4516:
4413:
4317:
4292:
4140:
1664:
1609:
1333:
1058:
1001:
954:
926:
892:
869:
triangular sails, fore-and-aft sails directly attached to the mast at the luff.
547:
543:
513:
509:
492:
396:
257:
244:
178:
174:
4074:
2543:
5187:
5105:
5100:
5075:
5023:
4767:
4558:
4433:
4363:
4244:
4033:
3992:
3879:
3798:
3547:
Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising
3328:
3135:
A sea of words: a lexicon and companion for Patrick O'Brian's seafaring tales
1747:
1651:
1534:
1265:
462:
361:
321:
154:
150:
3965:
3920:
3838:
3733:
2538:. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawai'i Press.
2502:
A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i
550:
enabled their ships to sail for vast distances in open ocean. It led to the
505:
91:
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5120:
5060:
5017:
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4825:
4809:
4777:
4491:
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4271:
4218:
4162:
4105:
2627:
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2534:. In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.).
1757:
1277:
1116:
1062:
841:
501:
377:
345:
162:
139:
123:
39:
2021:
The goddesses and gods of Old Europe, 6500â3500 BCE: myths and cult images
1572:
adjust the tilt of a yard, to raise or lower the ends off the horizontal.
1508:
lower a sail or a yard and can adjust the tension on the luff of a sail.
1291:
Whereas textiles are typically sewn together, other sail materials may be
1128:
by adjustment of the sheets and the angle from which they reach the sails.
812:
E. Gaff-rigged G. Quadrilateral H. Loose-footed J. Spritsail
407:. The date of introduction of these later Austronesian sails is disputed.
5045:
4944:
4471:
4322:
4178:
2053:
A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft
1890:
1448:
1337:
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866:
617:
385:
349:
329:
192:
131:
77:
71:
2735:
Championship Tactics: How Anyone Can Sail Faster, Smarter, and Win Races
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5050:
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4732:
4697:
4619:
4545:
4438:
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4203:
4188:
4183:
3757:
The Masting of American Merchant Sail in the 1850s An Illustrated Study
2472:
We, the Navigators : the ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific
2318:
Burningham, Nick (April 2001). "Learning to sail the Duyfken replica".
2047:
1771:
1685:
1670:
1296:
872:
815:
K. Standing lug L. Triangular M. Dipping lug N. Junk
789:
Spinnaker cross-section with following apparent wind, showing air flow.
640:
609:
597:
571:
559:
532:
523:
461:
The lateen was adopted by Arab seafarers (usually in the sub-type: the
400:
365:
229:
219:
60:
2670:
Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times
2594:"Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania"
1102:, and the corner attached to the spinnaker pole is referred to as the
5141:
4887:
4794:
4737:
4675:
4634:
4570:
4511:
4476:
4453:
4423:
4337:
4332:
4249:
3948:
The Sailmaker's Apprentice : A Guide for the Self-Reliant Sailor
3900:
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1528:
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1329:
1302:
1299:
1146:
1137:
1125:
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899:
884:
832:
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693:
and resulting (idealized) flow patterns that provide propulsive lift.
629:
605:
567:
539:
100:
2449:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144â179.
2121:
The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980
1612:(i.e. to rotate the yard laterally, fore and aft, around the mast).
1320:
Sails feature reinforcements of fabric layers where lines attach at
1218:. Woven materials, like Dacron, may specified as either high or low
286:
rather than perpendicular to it. Vessels so rigged are described as
16:
Fabric or other surface supported by a mast to allow wind propulsion
5013:
4872:
4867:
4762:
4712:
4707:
4690:
4609:
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4496:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4342:
4297:
4254:
4208:
4198:
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2051:
1814:
1804:
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1706:
1504:
1310:
880:
862:
856:
852:
765:
Spinnaker cross-section trimmed for a broad reach showing air flow.
644:
625:
586:
420:
404:
307:
267:
207:
199:
135:
127:
104:
35:
3196:
2955:
2859:"America's cup: BMW Oracle Racing pushes edge in 90-foot trimaran"
5110:
5001:
4975:
4897:
4857:
4789:
4772:
4670:
4653:
4604:
4575:
4481:
4448:
4408:
4347:
4144:
3392:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier, p. 624,
1510:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1273:
1215:
1121:
1054:
1042:
876:
730:
479:
469:
423:
183:
158:
31:
4047:
718:, the force component in the direction of the apparent wind and
324:
region. In both of these you have warmer waters, so that use of
4902:
4862:
4312:
4223:
4018:(2nd ed.). Camden, Me.: International Marine/McGraw-Hill.
1809:
1568:
serve to raise the foot up for shortening sail or for furling.
1538:
control spinnaker pole angle with respect to the apparent wind.
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1091:
and, on a mainsail, is located where the boom and mast connect.
888:
753:
Spinnaker set for a broad reach, mobilizing both lift and drag.
639:, later square sails also evolved from the crab claw sail, the
527:
446:
437:
430:
381:
4093:
2800:
Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise
2474:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p.
2380:
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons : the sailing ship, 1000-1650
2355:
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons : the sailing ship, 1000-1650
2056:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 347â354.
1996:
Early ships and seafaring : water transport beyond Europe
1433:
Square sail edges and corners (top). Running rigging (bottom).
1078:
are the lower two corners of a square sail. Square sails have
4929:
4845:
1476:
1269:
1195:
373:
198:
Other non-rotating airfoils that power sailing craft include
54:
3676:
The Dinghy Bible: The Complete Guide for Novices and Experts
2447:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
1616:
attach to the clew to control the sail's angle to the wind.
1124:
shape for the sail. Draft can also be induced in triangular
840:
which shows the various combinations of sail proposed for a
5095:
2097:
1443:
The lines that attach to and control sails are part of the
1184:
574:, eventually settling a territory spanning half the globe.
369:
333:
325:
283:
252:
203:
80:
4048:
Sailboats database: sailing yacht specifications worldwide
3109:(8 ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Company. pp.
2891:"Russell Coutts Talks About BMW Oracle's Giant Multi-hull"
1070:
The corner where the leech and foot connect is called the
4307:
3821:
The Sailor's Handbook : The Essential Sailing Manual
1971:
Early ships and seafaring : European water transport
848:
4052:
1280:, instead of woven textiles that are adhered together.
809:
A. Course B. Topsail C. Lateen D. Staysail
415:
3607:. Dover Maritime Series. Courier Corporation. pp.
2598:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1973:. South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Archaeology.
1256:
sail has panels radiating from two of three corners; a
895:
have their primary attachment to the vessel via a spar.
255:
of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called
4016:
The Complete Sailor : Learning the Art of Sailing
3823:. Herreshoff, Halsey C. : International Marine. 2006.
1562:
run from the leech to the spar to facilitate furling.
1061:
raises the forward, throat end of the gaff, while the
958:
Corners and sides of a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail
3977:. Smith, Mark (Mark E.) (Fourth ed.). New York.
3132:
King, Dean; Hattendorf, John B.; Estes, J W. (2000).
3017:
A Sail for All Seasons: Cruising and Racing Sail Tips
1480:
run from the leech to the spar to facilitate furling.
282:
consists of sails that are set along the line of the
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2803:. Dover Maritime. Courier Corporation. p. 576.
2210:
2208:
2088:
3903:
Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power
3759:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing.
3256:
3202:
3131:
2961:
554:. From Taiwan, they rapidly settled the islands of
3427:
3258:
2712:, London: Pitman Publishing Limited, p. 638,
2505:. University of California Press. pp. 25â26.
3972:
3945:
2912:
2205:
902:' primary attachment to a vessel is by a halyard.
483:replica confirmed the role of the lateen mizzen.
5185:
3905:(Rev. ed.). London: Adlard Coles Nautical.
2297:. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde.
2243:
243:carries the primary driving sails on horizontal
4013:
3773:
3381:
3379:
2592:Beheim, B. A.; Bell, A. V. (23 February 2011).
2311:
1948:. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
1514:control the foot tension of a boom-footed sail.
1336:jib. They may have stiffening features, called
1021:. Offshore cruising mainsails sometimes have a
3901:Marchaj, C. A. (Czesaw Antony), 1918- (2003).
3641:. Sailmate. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 105.
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3208:
3043:
3041:
2676:
1928:. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 507â532.
1454:
1000:is attached at the throat and peak to a gaff,
777:Spinnaker downwind, primarily mobilizing drag.
681:both propels the boat and contributes to heel.
4960:
4121:
3859:
3389:Joining Textiles: Principles and Applications
3355:Fundamentals of Sailing, Cruising, and Racing
3286:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2320:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
2252:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
2166:
1141:Laminated sail with Kevlar and carbon fibers.
875:and such fore-and-aft quadrilateral sails as
670:propels the boat with little heeling moment.
632:) boats, which remained stable even leeward.
4135:
3933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3385:
3376:
3257:Hancock, Brian; Knox-Johnson, Robin (2003).
2661:
2519:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2401:
2399:
1987:
1962:
1474:hold booms and yards aloft. On a gaff sail,
202:, which are rigid wing-like structures, and
3672:
3600:
3575:
3543:
3524:
3358:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 384.
3038:
2634:
2286:
2249:
2214:
1939:
1937:
1935:
659:Aerodynamic forces for two points of sail.
352:provide direct evidence of sailing boats.
228:Sailing craft employ two types of rig, the
4974:
4967:
4953:
4128:
4114:
4005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3937:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3120:
2591:
2371:
2317:
2197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2175:The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania
388:began trading by ship by around 1200 BCE.
170:they are aligned too closely to the wind.
3666:
3421:
3419:
3098:
3096:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2762:
2738:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
2682:
2672:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2617:
2560:
2492:
2433:
2396:
2346:
2115:
1998:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Limited.
3754:
3461:
3455:
3054:F.W. Norie & Wilson. pp. 58â72.
3013:
3007:
2525:
2172:
2130:
2124:
2018:
1932:
1542:
1428:
1401:
1313:, and especially for joining dissimilar
1136:
1037:. On a square sail, the top corners are
953:
798:
684:
654:
518:
500:
414:
302:Egyptian sailing ship, ca. 1422â1411 BCE
297:
3634:
3628:
3544:Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000).
3434:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
3430:Catamaran Sailing: From Start to Finish
3351:
3345:
3239:
3047:
2888:
2827:
2796:
2790:
2725:
2687:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2667:
2640:
2012:
1993:
1968:
1622:haul the clew of a square sail forward.
906:High-performance yachts, including the
558:, then later sailed further onwards to
395:before they developed the fore-and-aft
5186:
3673:Holmes, Rupert; Evans, Jeremy (2014).
3425:
3416:
3102:
3093:
3064:
3058:
2982:
2967:
2731:
2707:
2701:
2585:
2463:
2292:
2046:
1923:
1889:
1470:raise sails and control luff tension.
1004:, or sprit. For a triangular sail the
271:. A ship mainly so rigged is called a
4948:
4109:
3950:. Camden, Me.: International Marine.
3492:
3486:
2901:from the original on 17 February 2012
2643:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2566:
2498:
2469:
2444:
2412:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
2405:
2377:
2040:
1295:, a technique whereby high frequency
980:â The top of all sails is called the
650:
3973:Rousmaniere, John (7 January 2014).
3550:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468.
3499:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 120.
3468:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 178.
3314:
3308:
3160:
3020:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 124.
2989:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 228.
2821:
2352:
2050:(2012). "19". In Potts, D.T. (ed.).
1943:
1736:
1406:Running rigging on a sailing yacht:
1354:Comparison of jib panel construction
1183:Traditionally, sails were made from
805:
364:are depicted around 3200 BCE, where
4058:The quest for the perfect sailshape
3227:from the original on 5 October 2016
3184:from the original on 5 January 2017
2943:from the original on 5 October 2016
2840:from the original on April 12, 2015
2082:
1608:adjust the fore and aft angle of a
1041:, where there are grommets, called
677:Up wind (close-hauled)âpredominant
620:, crab claw sails were mainly for
13:
3860:Jobson, Gary. (8 September 2008).
3708:
2571:. Texas A&M University Press.
2569:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
2340:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01357.x
2133:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
2070:from the original on 28 April 2015
1596:raise the clews to the yard above.
1397:
368:sailed upstream against the River
14:
5230:
4041:
3716:Chapman Piloting & Seamanship
3386:Jones, I.; Stylios, G.K. (2013),
3214:
3203:King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000
2962:King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000
2889:Swintal, Diane (13 August 2009).
2830:"Have Wingsails Gone Mainstream?"
2382:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2357:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1226:count (a unit of measure for the
1222:, as indicated, in part by their
984:, the leading edge is called the
887:and such triangular sails as the
739:Downwind sailing with a spinnaker
486:
5059:
4096:The New Student's Reference Work
3975:The Annapolis Book of Seamanship
3482:from the original on 2017-11-11.
3372:from the original on 2017-11-11.
3323:, vol. 21, pp. 34â35,
3156:from the original on 2017-11-11.
3089:from the original on 2017-11-11.
3034:from the original on 2017-11-11.
3003:from the original on 2016-05-17.
2817:from the original on 2017-11-11.
2272:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x
1714:
1696:
1678:
1663:
1644:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1151:Sail components § Materials
851:, which are usually attached to
782:
770:
758:
746:
546:, and the bi-sparred triangular
328:is possible without the risk of
149:, its angle with respect to the
90:
70:
53:
4153:including limited use, outdated
3693:from the original on 2023-11-04
3655:from the original on 2023-11-04
3564:from the original on 2023-11-04
3513:from the original on 2023-11-04
3406:from the original on 2023-11-04
3335:from the original on 2017-11-11
3317:"A first-time buyers checklist"
3168:"Sailing Quick Reference Guide"
2882:
2871:from the original on 2008-12-11
2851:
2828:Nielsen, Peter (May 14, 2014).
2797:Folkard, Henry Coleman (2012).
2781:
2756:
2422:from the original on 2019-06-08
2155:from the original on 2023-06-06
1853:
1233:
1045:. On a quadrilateral sail, the
930:, the challenger which won the
908:International C-Class Catamaran
4075:Laminated Sails: Doyle Stratis
3679:. A&C Black. p. 192.
3496:Sail Trim: Theory and Practice
3071:(Revised ed.). New York:
2668:Hourani, George Fadlo (1951).
2528:"The Past and Future of Hala (
2499:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012).
2019:Gimbutas, Marija (2007). "1".
1924:Knight, Austin Melvin (1910).
1917:
1883:
1874:
1840:
410:
355:
340:Archaeological studies of the
1:
3755:Crothers, William L. (2014).
1867:
1847:
1094:In the case of a symmetrical
1008:refers to the topmost corner.
992:, and the bottom edge is the
920:, the defender which won the
247:, which are perpendicular or
5010:Center of lateral resistance
3601:Biddlecombe, George (1990).
3315:Rice, Carol (January 1995),
2864:International Herald Tribune
2229:10.1080/09503110.2012.655580
1899:. New York: Viking. p.
1165:breaking strength (tenacity)
964:Sail components § Shape
830:Each rig is configured in a
7:
5194:Ancient Egyptian technology
4070:FABRIC Sail Design Software
2295:The world in the viking age
1731:
1600:Adjusting angle to the wind
1558:raise and lower the yards.
1518:Adjusting angle to the wind
1455:Fore-and-aft rigged vessels
1132:
342:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
313:this invention took place.
261:and their tips, beyond the
173:Sails may be attached to a
10:
5235:
5204:CucuteniâTrypillia culture
3946:Marino, Emiliano. (2001).
3221:Royal Yachting Association
3103:Knight, Austin N. (1921).
2685:The Seacraft of Prehistory
2526:Gallaher, Timothy (2014).
1626:
1436:
1309:. It is commonly used for
1144:
961:
823:
696:
592:Crab claw sails used with
538:Austronesian invention of
490:
435:
305:
293:
217:
165:, which predominates over
140:sail-powered land vehicles
25:
18:
5165:
5129:
5068:
5057:
5000:
4983:
4818:
4723:
4661:
4652:
4589:
4543:
4534:
4462:
4419:Spritsail (square-rigged)
4356:
4280:
4267:
4237:
4171:
4158:
4151:
3783:. New York: Nomad Press.
3352:Colgate, Stephen (1996).
2986:The New Book of Sail Trim
2767:. Adlard Coles Nautical.
2763:Bethwaite, Frank (2007).
2544:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648
2406:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974).
1944:Jett, Stephen C. (2017).
1880:Oxford English Dictionary
1828:
1493:Kicking straps/boom vangs
1065:raises the aft, peak end.
938:s performance during the
910:, have used or use rigid
5219:Sailing rigs and rigging
4014:Seidman, David. (2011).
3774:Hancock, Brian. (2003).
3265:. Nomad Press. pp.
3138:(3 ed.). New York:
3048:Kipping, Robert (1847).
2765:High Performance Sailing
2683:Johnstone, Paul (1980).
2567:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
2137:Journal of World History
1833:
1635:high-performance sailing
1057:to raise the sails: the
949:
794:
5040:Racing Rules of Sailing
3635:Schweer, Peter (2006).
2933:"Know How: Sailing 101"
2131:Campbell, I.C. (1995).
1846:The wheel was invented
556:Maritime Southeast Asia
213:
4318:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
4288:Asymmetrical spinnaker
3851:: CS1 maint: others (
3746:: CS1 maint: others (
3462:Cunliffe, Tom (2004).
3217:"Adjusting Sail Draft"
3014:Nicolson, Ian (1998).
2610:10.1098/rspb.2011.0060
1994:McGrail, Sean (2014).
1969:McGrail, Sean (2014).
1896:The Price of Admiralty
1434:
1426:
1212:liquid crystal polymer
1142:
959:
821:
803:Different sail types.
722:, the force component
694:
682:
666:Down windâpredominant
552:Austronesian Expansion
535:
516:
468:The popularity of the
433:
348:(c. 6000â4300 BCE) in
303:
4389:Mainsail (square rig)
3493:Hahne, Peter (2005).
3426:Berman, Phil (1999).
3298:, Vikingeskibs Museet
3065:Jobson, Gary (2008).
2732:Jobson, Gary (1990).
2708:Clancy, L.J. (1975),
2470:Lewis, David (1994).
1543:Square-rigged vessels
1432:
1405:
1293:ultrasonically welded
1140:
957:
942:races demonstrated a
802:
688:
658:
637:Island Southeast Asia
628:) and double-hulled (
522:
504:
418:
318:Island Southeast Asia
301:
21:Sail (disambiguation)
4053:Sail Design Software
3465:Hand, Reef and Steer
3068:Sailing Fundamentals
2983:Textor, Ken (1995).
2649:(2 (162)): 131â143.
2090:John Coleman Darnell
393:Austronesian peoples
372:'s current. Ancient
19:For other uses, see
5214:Sailboat components
2604:(1721): 3089â3095.
2332:2001IJNAr..30...74B
2264:2011IJNAr..40....2W
1786:Cruising (maritime)
1753:Sail Class Markings
1721:Land sailing craft.
1228:linear mass density
308:Ship § History
288:fore-and-aft rigged
208:kite-rigged vessels
5199:Chinese inventions
4080:2012-03-14 at the
4063:2012-03-02 at the
3175:Wayzata Yacht Club
3073:Simon and Schuster
2530:Pandanus tectorius
1652:International Moth
1435:
1427:
1143:
960:
944:velocity made good
940:2010 America's Cup
932:2010 America's Cup
922:1988 America's Cup
865:quadrilateral and
822:
695:
683:
651:Aerodynamic forces
536:
517:
434:
304:
5209:Marine propulsion
5181:
5180:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4648:
4647:
4530:
4529:
4263:
4262:
4025:978-0-07-174957-2
3984:978-1-4516-5019-8
3871:978-1-4391-3678-2
3830:978-0-07-148092-5
3790:978-1-61930-427-7
3766:978-0-7864-9399-9
3686:978-1-4081-8800-2
3648:978-1-57409-220-2
3638:How to Trim Sails
3618:978-0-486-26343-4
3557:978-1-57409-093-2
3506:978-1-57409-198-4
3475:978-1-57409-203-5
3450:Catamaran batten.
3445:978-0-393-31880-7
3399:978-0-85709-396-7
3365:978-0-393-03811-8
3276:978-1-61930-427-7
3149:978-0-8050-6615-9
3106:Modern Seamanship
3082:978-1-4391-3678-2
3027:978-1-57409-047-5
2810:978-0-486-31134-0
2774:978-0-7136-6704-2
2694:978-0-674-79595-2
2578:978-0-89096-107-0
2553:978-0-8248-4093-8
2512:978-0-520-95383-3
2456:978-0-415-10054-0
2184:978-0-19-992507-0
2063:978-1-4051-8988-0
2030:978-0-520-25398-8
1955:978-0-8173-9075-4
1926:Modern seamanship
1825:
1824:
1214:fibers including
1206:fibers including
917:Stars and Stripes
819:
818:
581:words for sail,
265:, are called the
120:tensile structure
98:Sailing hydrofoil
5226:
5063:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4681:Running backstay
4659:
4658:
4541:
4540:
4278:
4277:
4169:
4168:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4037:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3969:
3942:
3932:
3924:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3801:. Archived from
3782:
3770:
3751:
3745:
3737:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3598:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3541:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3433:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3254:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2408:"Outrigger Ages"
2403:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2177:. New York, NY.
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2100:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1737:
1718:
1700:
1682:
1667:
1648:
1449:dipping lug sail
1389:
1377:
1365:
806:
786:
774:
762:
750:
691:angles of attack
622:double-outrigger
602:Island Melanesia
594:single-outrigger
564:Island Melanesia
497:Fore-and-aft rig
475:full-rigged ship
452:classical period
442:Fore-and-aft rig
428:fore-and-aft rig
280:fore-and-aft rig
234:fore-and-aft rig
224:Fore-and-aft rig
177:, boom or other
167:aerodynamic drag
94:
74:
57:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5161:
5125:
5064:
5055:
5029:Forces on sails
4996:
4979:
4973:
4943:
4934:
4814:
4719:
4644:
4585:
4581:Pelican striker
4566:Dolphin striker
4526:
4458:
4352:
4269:
4259:
4233:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4134:
4086:
4082:Wayback Machine
4065:Wayback Machine
4044:
4026:
3998:
3997:
3985:
3958:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3791:
3780:
3767:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3711:
3709:Further reading
3706:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3599:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3542:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3384:
3377:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3281:sail panel cut.
3277:
3255:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3142:. p. 518.
3130:
3121:
3101:
3094:
3083:
3075:. p. 224.
3063:
3059:
3046:
3039:
3028:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2981:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2639:
2635:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2351:
2347:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2287:
2248:
2244:
2213:
2206:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1629:
1545:
1457:
1445:running rigging
1441:
1439:Running rigging
1425:
1400:
1398:Running rigging
1393:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1236:
1159:initial modulus
1153:
1145:Main articles:
1135:
966:
952:
838:naval architect
828:
820:
797:
790:
787:
778:
775:
766:
763:
754:
751:
742:
712:
701:
699:Forces on sails
676:
673:Right-hand boat
671:
665:
660:
653:
548:crab claw sails
499:
491:Main articles:
489:
444:
436:Main articles:
413:
358:
310:
296:
226:
218:Main articles:
216:
147:angle of attack
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
95:
86:
85:
84:
75:
66:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
42:
28:Sail components
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:and manoeuvres
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4893:Roller furling
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:Spinnaker pole
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4517:Spreader patch
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Reefing points
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4084:
4072:
4067:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4042:External links
4040:
4039:
4038:
4024:
4011:
3983:
3970:
3956:
3943:
3911:
3898:
3870:
3857:
3829:
3817:
3789:
3771:
3765:
3752:
3724:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3665:
3647:
3627:
3617:
3574:
3556:
3523:
3505:
3485:
3474:
3454:
3444:
3415:
3398:
3375:
3364:
3344:
3321:Cruising World
3307:
3295:Wool Sailcloth
3285:
3275:
3238:
3215:Jinks, Simon.
3207:
3205:, p. 416.
3195:
3159:
3148:
3119:
3092:
3081:
3057:
3037:
3026:
3006:
2995:
2966:
2964:, p. 283.
2954:
2911:
2881:
2867:. 2008-11-08.
2850:
2820:
2809:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2748:
2724:
2718:
2700:
2693:
2675:
2660:
2633:
2584:
2577:
2559:
2552:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2484:
2462:
2455:
2432:
2418:(2): 130â140.
2395:
2388:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2310:
2303:
2285:
2242:
2204:
2183:
2165:
2123:
2114:
2081:
2062:
2048:Carter, Robert
2039:
2029:
2011:
2004:
1986:
1979:
1961:
1954:
1931:
1916:
1909:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1799:Types of sails
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1597:
1581:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1515:
1488:Barber haulers
1481:
1456:
1453:
1437:Main article:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1334:roller-furling
1235:
1232:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1067:
1066:
1059:throat halyard
1027:
1026:
1010:
1009:
962:Main article:
951:
948:
904:
903:
896:
870:
860:
817:
816:
813:
810:
804:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
781:
779:
776:
769:
767:
764:
757:
755:
752:
745:
741:
740:
736:
710:
697:Main article:
662:Left-hand boat
652:
649:
514:crab claw sail
510:outrigger boat
493:Crab claw sail
488:
487:Crab claw rigs
485:
419:A traditional
412:
409:
357:
354:
306:Main article:
295:
292:
215:
212:
96:
89:
88:
87:
78:Bermuda-rigged
76:
69:
68:
67:
59:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5231:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Point of sail
5022:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4559:sprit topmast
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4266:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
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4138:
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4097:
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4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3957:0-07-137642-9
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3912:0-7136-6407-X
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3808:on 2022-04-16
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3725:1-58816-232-X
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3640:
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3614:
3610:
3606:
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3597:
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3593:
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3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3540:
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3163:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:head cringle.
3112:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
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3061:
3053:
3052:
3044:
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3019:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2996:0-924486-81-3
2992:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
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2971:
2963:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2937:Sail Magazine
2934:
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2918:
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2816:
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2806:
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2801:
2793:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2749:0-312-04278-7
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2719:0-273-01120-0
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
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2648:
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2637:
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2607:
2603:
2599:
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2549:
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2537:
2533:
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2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
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2495:
2487:
2485:0-8248-1582-3
2481:
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2304:9788785180704
2300:
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2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2104:on 2011-02-01
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2005:9781473825598
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1980:9781781593929
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1910:0-670-81416-4
1906:
1902:
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1749:
1748:Marine canvas
1746:
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1495:
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1479:
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1473:
1472:Topping lifts
1469:
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1462:
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1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1177:flex strength
1173:
1172:
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1166:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1139:
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1123:
1119:
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1077:
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1039:head cringles
1036:
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1029:
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1020:
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773:
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674:
669:
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648:
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623:
619:
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588:
584:
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569:
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541:
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511:
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422:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:ancient Egypt
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Mediterranean
319:
314:
309:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
273:square-rigger
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:point of sail
152:
151:apparent wind
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:sailing ships
121:
117:
106:
102:
99:
93:
82:
79:
73:
62:
61:Square rigged
56:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
5147:Chinese gybe
5121:Wing on wing
5076:Close-hauled
5038:
5018:Weather helm
4883:Parrel beads
4831:Belaying pin
4826:Baggywrinkle
4810:Topping lift
4272:sailing rigs
4194:Fore-and-aft
4163:jury rigging
4136:
4095:
4089:"Sail"
4015:
3974:
3947:
3902:
3861:
3820:
3810:. Retrieved
3803:the original
3776:
3756:
3715:
3695:. Retrieved
3675:
3668:
3657:. Retrieved
3637:
3630:
3622:
3603:
3566:. Retrieved
3546:
3515:. Retrieved
3495:
3488:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3429:
3408:, retrieved
3388:
3354:
3347:
3337:, retrieved
3320:
3310:
3300:, retrieved
3294:
3288:
3280:
3260:
3229:. Retrieved
3220:
3210:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3174:
3162:
3134:
3114:
3105:
3067:
3060:
3050:
3016:
3009:
2985:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2903:. Retrieved
2894:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2764:
2758:
2734:
2727:
2710:Aerodynamics
2709:
2703:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2535:
2532:) in Hawaii"
2529:
2521:
2501:
2494:
2471:
2465:
2446:
2424:. Retrieved
2415:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2326:(1): 74â85.
2323:
2319:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2220:
2216:
2174:
2168:
2157:. Retrieved
2140:
2136:
2126:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2034:
2020:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1895:
1891:Keegan, John
1885:
1876:
1855:
1842:
1819:
1758:Baggywrinkle
1726:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1442:
1319:
1290:
1286:
1282:Molded sails
1281:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1234:Construction
1230:of fibers).
1219:
1210:, and other
1182:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1063:peak halyard
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:hollow leech
1022:
1014:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
935:
925:
915:
911:
905:
898:Symmetrical
873:Square sails
842:sailing ship
831:
829:
728:
719:
715:
708:
704:
702:
678:
672:
667:
661:
634:
591:
582:
579:Austronesian
576:
537:
526:
478:
467:
460:
456:
445:
390:
378:Indus valley
359:
346:Ubaid period
339:
315:
311:
287:
279:
277:
272:
266:
256:
240:
238:
227:
197:
182:
172:
144:
115:
113:
40:Sailing ship
5046:Rounding up
4281:Three-sided
2895:cupinfo.com
2258:(1): 2â17.
2223:(1): 1â19.
2143:(1): 1â23.
1576:run to the
1499:Cunninghams
1422:Jib halyard
863:Gaff-rigged
635:In western
618:Austronesia
533:tanja sails
463:settee sail
411:Lateen rigs
386:Phoenicians
360:Sails from
356:Square rigs
350:Mesopotamia
330:hypothermia
206:that power
138:, and even
132:windsurfers
5188:Categories
5152:Death roll
5081:Heaving to
5069:Manoeuvres
5051:Sail twist
4925:Turnbuckle
4853:Clevis pin
4819:Components
4753:Cunningham
4733:Boomkicker
4698:Stay mouse
4620:Crosstrees
4464:Components
4444:Topgallant
4439:Tanja sail
4357:Four-sided
4214:Ljungström
3812:2020-05-09
3697:2020-10-20
3659:2020-10-20
3568:2020-10-20
3517:2020-10-20
3410:2017-01-12
3339:2017-01-13
3302:2024-03-15
3140:Henry Holt
2905:2012-04-25
2875:2009-03-07
2844:2015-01-24
2426:2019-10-16
2389:0851775608
2364:0851775608
2159:2022-06-03
2108:2010-08-24
2074:8 February
1868:References
1772:Sail twist
1742:Components
1686:Formula 16
1671:Windsurfer
1574:Leechlines
1552:Supporting
1464:Supporting
1410:Main sheet
1392:Tri-radial
1347:tell-tales
1303:vibrations
1297:ultrasonic
1258:tri-radial
912:wing sails
900:spinnakers
891:, and the
885:spritsails
824:See also:
630:catamarans
610:Madagascar
598:Micronesia
577:The proto-
572:Madagascar
560:Micronesia
544:outriggers
540:catamarans
524:Philippine
431:lateen rig
366:reed boats
241:square rig
230:square rig
220:Square rig
26:See also:
5142:Capsizing
5130:Accidents
4920:Traveller
4908:gooseneck
4888:Ring bolt
4795:Preventer
4758:Clewlines
4748:Buntlines
4738:Boom vang
4676:Lazy jack
4571:Jackstaff
4522:Tell-tale
4512:Sailcloth
4477:Bolt rope
4454:Watersail
4424:Spritsail
4394:Moonraker
4379:Junk sail
4369:Fisherman
4338:Spinnaker
4333:Screecher
4293:Crab claw
4250:Turbosail
4245:Rotorsail
4034:704984188
4001:cite book
3993:862092350
3929:cite book
3888:cite book
3880:892057802
3847:cite book
3799:913696173
3742:cite book
3329:0098-3519
3231:4 October
3188:4 October
2947:4 October
2280:111007423
2237:161464823
2193:cite book
1850:5,000BCE
1689:catamaran
1633:Sails on
1593:Clewlines
1565:Buntlines
1529:preventer
1505:Downhauls
1416:Boom vang
1413:Jib sheet
1380:Bi-radial
1368:Cross-cut
1330:bolt rope
1315:materials
1266:filaments
1254:bi-radial
1239:Cross-cut
1147:Sailcloth
1126:staysails
1096:spinnaker
924:, and by
893:crab claw
857:staysails
853:forestays
833:sail plan
826:Sail plan
705:true wind
626:trimarans
606:Polynesia
596:ships in
568:Polynesia
508:voyaging
421:Maldivian
405:junk rigs
397:crab claw
374:Sumerians
251:, to the
200:wingsails
136:ice boats
128:sailboats
101:catamaran
47:Sail rigs
5157:Turtling
5101:Reaching
5091:In irons
5014:Lee helm
4994:cruising
4873:Footrope
4868:Fairlead
4763:Downhaul
4713:forestay
4708:backstay
4691:ratlines
4663:Standing
4630:Spreader
4554:Bowsprit
4497:Jackline
4434:Studding
4428:Optimist
4399:Ringtail
4384:Lug sail
4374:Foresail
4343:Staysail
4328:Ringtail
4298:Gennaker
4255:Wingsail
4219:Mast-aft
4078:Archived
4061:Archived
3966:48258636
3921:50841634
3839:76941837
3734:71291743
3691:Archived
3653:Archived
3562:Archived
3511:Archived
3480:Archived
3404:archived
3370:Archived
3333:archived
3225:Archived
3179:Archived
3154:Archived
3087:Archived
3032:Archived
3001:Archived
2941:Archived
2899:Archived
2869:Archived
2838:Archived
2815:Archived
2655:20702413
2628:21345865
2420:Archived
2217:Al-MasÄq
2153:Archived
2149:20078617
2092:(2006).
2068:Archived
1893:(1989).
1815:Wingsail
1805:Mainsail
1791:SkySails
1766:Concepts
1732:See also
1707:ice boat
1704:DN class
1588:Bowlines
1556:Halyards
1511:Outhauls
1468:Halyards
1419:Downhaul
1326:cringles
1322:grommets
1311:plastics
1300:acoustic
1274:taffetas
1220:tenacity
1133:Material
1055:halyards
1043:cringles
877:lug rigs
645:junk rig
643:and the
614:shunting
589:plants.
320:and the
268:yardarms
232:and the
105:wingsail
36:Sailboat
5173:Planing
5116:Tacking
5111:Reefing
5106:Running
5086:Heeling
5002:Sailing
4976:Sailing
4915:Trapeze
4898:Shackle
4858:Deadeye
4790:Outhaul
4773:Halyard
4725:Running
4671:Bobstay
4654:Rigging
4605:Boomkin
4576:Jibboom
4487:Emblems
4482:Cringle
4449:Topsail
4414:Spanker
4409:Skysail
4348:Trysail
4184:B&R
4179:Bermuda
4172:Textile
4145:rigging
4101:. 1914.
2619:3158936
2328:Bibcode
2260:Bibcode
1780:Related
1627:Gallery
1584:Shaping
1484:Shaping
1342:reefing
1338:battens
1216:Vectran
1122:airfoil
1031:Corners
1019:battens
936:USA 17'
867:Bermuda
731:airfoil
512:with a
480:Duyfken
470:caravel
426:with a
424:Baghlah
294:History
193:Battens
184:halyard
159:airfoil
63:frigate
32:Sailing
5166:
5137:Broach
5034:Hiking
4990:racing
4903:Swivel
4878:Gasket
4863:Earing
4783:throat
4743:Braces
4686:Shroud
4472:Batten
4364:Course
4323:Raffee
4313:Lateen
4268:Sails
4229:Square
4224:Pinisi
4204:Gunter
4098:
4032:
4022:
3991:
3981:
3964:
3954:
3919:
3909:
3878:
3868:
3837:
3827:
3797:
3787:
3763:
3732:
3722:
3683:
3645:
3615:
3554:
3503:
3472:
3442:
3396:
3362:
3327:
3273:
3146:
3079:
3024:
2993:
2807:
2771:
2746:
2716:
2691:
2653:
2626:
2616:
2575:
2550:
2509:
2482:
2453:
2386:
2361:
2301:
2278:
2235:
2181:
2147:
2060:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1907:
1829:Legend
1820:
1810:Mizzen
1637:craft.
1614:Sheets
1605:Braces
1560:Brails
1523:Sheets
1477:brails
1276:, and
1270:fibers
1250:Radial
1224:denier
1208:Kevlar
1204:aramid
1200:Dacron
1192:canvas
1189:cotton
1174:, and
1080:sheets
1051:throat
996:. The
927:USA-17
889:lateen
855:, and
724:normal
608:, and
587:pandan
583:lay(r)
570:, and
528:lanong
506:Fijian
447:Lateen
438:Lateen
382:Greeks
249:square
38:, and
4986:sport
4930:Winch
4846:bitts
4841:Cleat
4836:Block
4800:Sheet
4703:Stays
4635:Sprit
4615:Truck
4536:Spars
4507:Roach
4492:Draft
4404:Royal
4303:Genoa
4238:Other
4159:Rigs
4141:spars
4137:Sails
3806:(PDF)
3781:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
3171:(PDF)
2651:JSTOR
2276:S2CID
2233:S2CID
2145:JSTOR
1834:Notes
1656:foils
1619:Tacks
1578:leech
1570:Lifts
1278:films
1196:nylon
1171:creep
1117:draft
1112:Draft
1076:Clews
1015:roach
990:leech
978:Edges
971:draft
950:Shape
795:Types
689:Sail
641:tanja
531:with
401:tanja
326:rafts
263:lifts
258:yards
245:spars
204:kites
189:sheet
118:is a
103:with
5096:Jibe
4805:Tack
4778:peak
4640:Yard
4610:Gaff
4600:Boom
4592:mast
4209:Junk
4199:Gaff
4143:and
4030:OCLC
4020:ISBN
4007:link
3989:OCLC
3979:ISBN
3962:OCLC
3952:ISBN
3939:link
3935:link
3917:OCLC
3907:ISBN
3894:link
3876:OCLC
3866:ISBN
3853:link
3835:OCLC
3825:ISBN
3795:OCLC
3785:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3748:link
3730:OCLC
3720:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3325:ISSN
3271:ISBN
3233:2016
3190:2016
3144:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2949:2016
2834:Sail
2805:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2624:PMID
2573:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2199:link
2179:ISBN
2098:Yale
2076:2014
2058:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1610:yard
1535:Guys
1328:. A
1307:weld
1244:bias
1185:flax
1149:and
1104:tack
1100:clew
1089:tack
1085:clew
1072:clew
1047:peak
1035:head
1006:head
1002:yard
998:head
994:foot
986:luff
982:head
883:and
881:junk
849:Jibs
720:lift
716:drag
679:lift
668:drag
495:and
440:and
403:and
384:and
370:Nile
334:Nile
284:keel
253:keel
239:The
222:and
214:Rigs
179:spar
175:mast
163:lift
116:sail
81:yawl
4768:Guy
4590:On
4546:bow
4544:On
4308:Jib
4189:Cat
3609:155
3436:219
3267:288
3111:831
2740:323
2614:PMC
2606:doi
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2540:doi
2336:doi
2268:doi
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