553:, under the French company, began to rival those of Venice. The French company was capable of producing mirrors that were 40 to 45 inches long (1.0 to 1.1 m), which at the time, was considered impressive. Competition between France and the Venetians became so fierce that Venice considered it a crime for any glass artisan to leave and practice their trade elsewhere, especially in foreign territory. Nicolas du Noyer complained in writing that the Venetians were unwilling to impart the secrets of glassmaking to the French workers and that the company was hard-pressed to pay its expenses. Life in Paris proved distracting to the workers, and supplies of firewood to stoke the furnaces were dearer in the capital than elsewhere. In 1667, the glass-making was transferred to a small glass furnace already working at Tourlaville, near Cherbourg in Normandy, and the premises in Faubourg Saint-Antoine were devoted to glass-grinding and polishing the crude product.
986:
1146:, employing 35,800 people. Overall, the division's sales are made up of at least 30% new products. In 2006, total sales revenue was 4.9 billion euros. Innovative Materials also manufactures glass products, including self-cleaning, electrochromic, low-emissivity and sun-shielding glass. It is active in 39 countries, targeting emerging economies, a market that now accounts for more than one-third of the division's sales. It employs a global workforce of 37,100 and in 2006 had sales revenues of 5.1 billion euros. This division is divided in two parts:
908:
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662:, France, and in 1837, several Belgian glass manufacturers were also founded. While Saint-Gobain continued to dominate the luxury high-quality mirror and glass markets, its newly created competitors focused their attention on making medium and low-quality products. The manufacture of products of such quality made mirrors and glass affordable for the masses. In response, the company extended its product line to include lower-quality glass and mirrors.
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1308:. Pollution has been occurring for over 20 years. Saint-Gobain deliberately and intentionally constructed a bypass stack to thwart environmental inspections and avoid PFAS removal. Despite this flagrant violation of their permit they were allowed to continue to operate. Former state representative and environmental scientist
1193:, an innovative manufacturer of glass that tints on command.In the same year its BPB subsidiary purchased Celotex. In 2018 Saint Gobain acquired UK-based Farécla Products, one of the largest polishing compound manufacturers in the world. In 2024, Saint-Gobain agreed to acquire Australian building materials maker
1312:
has claimed links between exposure to Saint-Gobain’s PFAS emissions and kidney and renal pelvis cancer, testicular cancer, female breast cancer, prostate cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, high cholesterol, cardiovascular impacts. As of 2022, Saint Gobain is involved in multimillion-dollar
560:
was reduced at times to importing
Venetian glass and finishing it in France, by September 1672 the royal French manufacturer was on a sufficiently sound footing for the importation of glass to be forbidden to any of Louis' subjects, under any conditions. In 1678, the company produced the glass for
771:
During this period, the company developed three new glassmaking techniques and processes; first, a dipping technique used to coat car windows, which prevented the glass from shattering in the event of an accident. As a result of that technique, 10% of Saint-Gobain's 1920 sales came from the car
894:
took the helm of Supply Chain
Operations, quickly modernising the company's lengthy and dated processes. In October 2022, Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics was renamed Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions. In 2023, the company's India-arm acquired Twiga Fiberglass, a manufacturer of glass wool with
1168:
Saint-Gobain also has a division that focuses on connecting entrepreneurs, startups, and innovators to the 50+ bin Saint-Gobain called: NOVA External
Venturing. The External Venturing unit has staff in Boston, Paris, and Shanghai interested in connecting with entrepreneurs working in advanced
1159:
In 2006, Saint Gobain announced a JV, Avancis, with Shell to produce PV modules based on CIS film technology. After the company had entirely owned
Avancis and its two plants in Germany manufacturing thin CIS film modules for some time, it was sold to China National Building Materials Group
706:
Saint-Gobain merged with another French glass and mirror manufacturer, Saint-Quirin, in the mid-19th century. After the merger, the company was able to gain control of 25% of
European glass and mirror production (before, it had only controlled 10–15%). In response to growing international
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Glass and fibreglass sales benefited from the booming construction industry and the rise in mass consumption after the Second World War. Saint-Gobain's yearly glass production went from 3.5 million square metres (38 million square feet) in 1950 to 45 million square metres
1014:
and Graham, in
Germany, the Netherlands and Eastern Europe with Raab Karcher and in the Nordic Countries with Dahl). The division has 3,500 stores in 23 countries and employs 52,000 people worldwide. Its 2006 sales amounted to 17.6 billion euros. The divisions current subsidiaries are:
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Saint-Gobain started its venture in India in 1996 by acquiring a majority stake of
Grindwell Norton. Later in 2000, it started its own glass manufacturing unit at Sriperumbudur. In June 2011, Saint Gobain Glass India acquired Sezal Glass float-line business, based in the state of
1236:
Gyproc products have been used on some of the largest projects in the region, including the stations and main depot for Dubai Metro; Atlantis Hotel – Palm
Jumeirah, Capital Gate – Abu Dhabi, Ferrari Experience – Abu Dhabi and Masdar Institute – Abu Dhabi.
843:
The next fifteen years were a time of change and reorganization for the newly merged companies. In the 1970s, Western economies were suffering a sharp downturn. Saint-Gobain's financial performance was adversely affected by the economic and petrol crises.
1245:
Saint-Gobain India
Private Limited – Glass Business (formerly Saint-Gobain Glass India Limited) is a subsidiary of Saint Gobain that manufactures and markets solar control glass, fire-resistant glass and other various types of float glasses in
683:, roofs, and room dividers, thick mirrors, semi-thick glass for windows, laminated mirrors and glass, and finally embossed mirrors and windowpanes. Some of the more famous buildings that Saint-Gobain contributed to during that period were the
1283:
Saint-Gobain comprises several brands, including Saint-Gobain Glass, Saint-Gobain
Performance Plastics, RIW, GCP Applied Technologies, Weber, British Gypsum, Decoustics, Glassolutions, Gyproc, Artex, Isover, CTD, Ecophon, Pasquill and PAM.
1471:. Nicolas du Noyer had other financial irons in the fire. In 1666, a plea was brought against him and a partner requesting the dismantling of a tile factory they were constructing at Popincourt, Étampes. (Corpus Bibliographique Étampois:
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To compete with the Italian mirror industry, Colbert commissioned several Venetian glassworkers he had enticed to Paris to work for the company. The first unblemished mirrors were produced in 1666. Soon the mirrors created in the
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The two companies competed for seven years, until 1695 when the economy slowed down and their technical and commercial rivalry became counterproductive. Under an order from the French government, the two companies were forced to
784:
Between 1950 and 1969, Saint-Gobain's sales rose at a rate of 10% per year. Its workforce grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 100,000 in 1969. By the end of the 1960s, Saint-Gobain had more than 150 subsidiaries under its control.
1274:
in 2014, which adds another 950 tons of glass per day. And recently in 2018, Saint-Gobain again invested in Sriperumbudur with 950-ton capacity, which results in the production of 3850 tons of glass per day from India.
772:
industry, and 28% in 1930. Second, a few years later, another technique was developed that allowed glass to be shaped and bent. Finally, a process was developed to coat glass with aluminum, allowing it to be used as a
890:(the French building and construction distribution group) and its subsidiaries, such as Point P. and Lapeyre. This expanded Saint-Gobain's product line into construction materials and their distribution. In 2005,
2202:
1009:
Saint-Gobain's Building Distribution (building supplies) division was created in 1996. Since then it has grown both internally and through acquisitions (in France with Point P. and Lapeyre, the UK with
1653:
529:) in October 1665. The company was created for a period of twenty years and would be financed in part by the state. The beneficiary and first director was the French financier Nicolas du Noyer, a
1001:
Saint-Gobain is organized into three major Sectors (% by 2014 Net Sales restated excluding Verallia): Building Distribution (49%), Construction Products (27.5%), Innovative Materials (23.5%).
855:
of France. By February 1982, Saint-Gobain was officially controlled by the state. However, the company did not last long as a government-owned corporation; it was re-privatized in 1987.
2307:
List of fines, monetary settlements and costs such as supplementary environmental projects or consumer relief that Saint-Gobain has been compelled to undertake as part of settlements.
1916:
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of the early 20th century, including the ground-breaking 60-inch (1.5 m) Hale telescope (online in 1908), the 61-inch (1.54 m) Bosque Alegre telescope built in 1912, for the
776:, and allowed the company to create products such as the ‘radiavers’ (French for “radiating glass”), a unique type of electric heater with the heating element encased in glass.
651:
were abolished. The company had to depend on the participation and capital of private investors, although it continued to remain partly under the control of the French state.
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Saint-Gobain experienced significant success in the early 20th century. In 1918, the company expanded its manufacturing to bottles, jars, tableware, and domestic glassware.
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class-action lawsuits. Its former company lawyer was terminated after he repeatedly urged "the company to do more to address contamination from their plants in Merrimack;
1839:
831:
suggested that Saint-Gobain and Pont-à-Mousson (another French industrial group) should merge, to maintain independence from Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel. After the merger,
1266:, India. The acquisition adds about 550 tons per day additional capacity, and the deal was inked at around US$ 150 million. In addition, Saint-Gobain Glass invested in
1229:
Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle East began trading as Gyproc in 2005. In April 2010, the company's first plasterboard manufacturing plant opened on a seven-hectare site in
886:
Under Beffa, the company continued to expand internationally, setting up foreign factories, and acquiring many of its foreign competitors. In 1996 the company bought
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1654:"Él es el vitralista que decoró los edificios más bellos de México (He is the stained glass artist who decorated the most beautiful buildings in Mexico)"
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were decorated with these expensive and luxurious products. At the time, however, the French were not known for mirror technology; instead, the
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789:(480 million square feet) in 1969. In 1950, fibreglass only represented 4% of the company's turnover, but by 1969, this had grown to 20%.
155:
2619:
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658:, manufacturing high-quality mirrors and glass for the luxury market. However, although in 1824, a new glass manufacturer was established in
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1914:
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Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle
57:
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The company has also sold off various assets. Recently the company sold its cosmetic glass manufacturing business, including a plant in
2348:
1037:
2043:
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2203:"Thousands of people in New Hampshire may still be drinking polluted water, years after the largest contamination in state history"
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435:, high-performance, and other materials. Saint-Gobain is present in 76 countries and as of 2022 employs more than 170,000 people.
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competition, the company began to establish up new manufacturing facilities in countries without any domestic manufacturers.
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While mirrors remained their primary business, Saint-Gobain began to diversify their product line to include glass panes for
1883:
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In 1683, the company's financial arrangement with the State was renewed for another two decades. However, in 1688 the rival
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mirrors measuring at least 60 by 40 inches wide (1.5 by 1.0 m), much bigger than the 40 inches (1.0 m) that the
3205:
1478:). Du Noyer married Marie Le Normand. Their son, Nicolas du Noyer, was treasurer to the Marechal of Flanders and Hainaut.
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1076:
The Construction Products division employs 45,000 people worldwide and in 2006 had sales revenues of 10.9 billion euros.
1185:, the company acquired Maxit Group, doubling the size of its Industrial Mortars business and adding the manufacture of
727:
304:
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79:
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533:, who was granted a monopoly of making glass and mirror-glass for twenty years. The company had the informal name
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2009:
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Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Saint-Gobain Crystals, Saint-Gobain Norton, Saint-Gobain Quartz and Saint-Gobain Norpro
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were in high demand. In the 1660s, mirrors had become very popular among the upper classes of society: Italian
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20:
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When Saint-Gobain once again became a private enterprise, control of the company quickly changed hands.
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as the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs, and today headquartered on the outskirts of Paris, at
3688:
2563:
2334:
1442:
Abbott Payson Usher, "Colbert and Governmental Control of Industry in Seventeenth Century France" in
835:, later known simply by the name "Saint-Gobain", produced pipes in addition to glass and fibreglass.
816:
409:
1701:
1304:, USA. Elevated levels of perfluorooctanoic acid were found in 2016, near the Saint-Gobain plant in
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which allowed it to maintain a legal monopoly in the glass-manufacturing industry up until the
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1149:- Flat Glass subsidiaries : Saint-Gobain Glass, Glassolutions and Saint-Gobain Sekurit
3394:
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2970:
2131:"Saint-Gobain Announces the Acquisition of Sezal Glass Ltd's Float Glass Business in India"
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and pushed strongly for the company to produce engineered materials, such as abrasives and
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8:
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2044:"SAGE Electrochromics to become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Saint-Gobain | SageGlass"
1965:
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2078:
1765:"Saint-Gobain finalise aux Etats-Unis l'acquisition de Phoenix Coating Resources Inc"
1612:
1535:
1511:"1692 : une manufacture s'installe dans le village de Saint-Gobain, en Picardie"
1199:
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726:(United States), and the 72-inch (1.8 m) Plaskett telescope (online in 1918) at
644:
632:
172:
2724:
951:. The 97-metre (318 ft) building served as the company head office since 1981.
847:
In 1981 and 1982, ten of France's top-performing companies were nationalized by the
741:“its sole representative and exclusive depositary throughout the Mexican Republic."
635:(1789), despite fierce, sometimes violent, protests from free enterprise partisans.
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1063:- Insulation, which manufactures acoustic and thermal fibreglass and PIR insulation
1055:
The Construction Products division is organized into the following business areas:
864:
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2013:
1920:
1884:"STARK Group Completes Major Acquisition in the UK in Great Time | STARK UK"
1794:"Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics Rebranding as Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions"
1475:
760:, industrial textiles, and building reinforcements. In 1937, the company founded
738:
562:
521:
404:
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2229:"Leaders, advocates call on state to close Saint-Gobain operations in Merrimack"
1987:
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3000:
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2174:"Saint-Gobain agrees to permanently provide drinking water to parts of 5 towns"
1065:- Exterior Products, which manufactures roofing, interior and exterior products
666:
507:
209:
129:
53:
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1823:
1419:"History of Murano Glass | History of Venetian Glass-making | Glass of Venice"
792:
Domestic sales in France accounted for only a fifth of the company's revenue.
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1181:, the world's largest manufacturer of plasterboard, for US$ 6.7 billion. In
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1774:. Communiqué de presse du groupe Saint-Gobain. 17 June 2014. Archived from
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Le marché boursier et le financement des entreprises françaises (1890-1939)
1116:
1067:- Pipes, which manufactures cast-iron pipes for water transfer applications
1059:
696:
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432:
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The Innovative Materials division conducts research into various areas of
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of the glass and mirror business. As a result, French Minister of Finance
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Moore-Bick, Martin; Akbor, Ali; Istephan, Thouria (4 September 2024).
2007:
1958:"CIS photovoltaics, CIGS, manufacturer of CIS solar modules – AVANCIS"
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In the 1820s, Saint-Gobain continued to function as it had under the
464:
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materials, construction products, and environmental sustainability.
101:
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Saint-Gobain cast the glass blanks of some of the largest optical
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3040:
3035:
3005:
2869:
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1579:"The Sixty-Inch Reflector for the Argentine National Observatory"
1300:– a highly persistent contaminant) in multiple towns in southern
1267:
1263:
1255:
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for luxury products, thereby strengthening the national economy.
452:
280:
272:
2099:"France's Saint-Gobain strikes agreement to buy Australia's CSR"
1809:"Saint-Gobain completes ₹400-cr acquisition of Twiga Fiberglass"
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In December 2005, Saint-Gobain purchased the British company
722:, and 100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope (online 1917) at
3607:
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3542:
3190:
3065:
2995:
2819:
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2077:. Vol. 2. His Majesty’s Stationery Office. p. 120.
1897:
1745:
1491:(University of California Publications in Economics) 2006:28.
1247:
801:
793:
647:, the state financial and competitive privileges accorded to
623:
bankers rescued the collapsing company, changing the name to
413:
338:
2262:
Reuters article – Heidelberg Cement, Maxit Group Acquisition
2804:
2739:
2699:
2483:
456:
449:
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1044:
On 1 March 2023, the UK business was divested and sold to
676:
and became independent from the state for the first time.
385:
2859:
2744:
2709:
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to its business portfolio. In 2012, the company acquired
872:
2113:"Saint-Gobain seeks land to set up solar glass facility"
744:
2067:
1675:
Pierre-Cyrille Hautcœur; Christian de Boissieu (1994).
1583:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1469:
Receveur général des tailles en la Généralité d'Orléans
1292:
Saint-Gobain had contaminated ground water supply with
737:
By the end of the 19th century, Saint-Gobain named the
2277:
From Sun to Earth 1665-1999: A History of Saint-Gobain
827:" to help fend off the bid. Multinational corporation
895:
production facilities located near Delhi and Mumbai.
1733:
1328:
448:
Since the mid-17th century, luxury products such as
60:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1898:"Celotex - UK PIR Thermal Insulation Manufacturers"
1576:
779:
756:manufacturing. Fibreglass was being used to create
638:
580:used a new pouring process that allowed it to make
16:
French glass and construction material manufacturer
1224:
943:The company has its head office in Les Miroirs in
669:became King of the newly restored French Monarchy,
1534:(Thesis) (in French). Université Paris-Sorbonne.
752:In 1920, Saint-Gobain extended its businesses to
576:was created, also financed in part by the state.
3635:
823:bid for Saint-Gobain. The company looked for a "
443:
3669:Multinational companies headquartered in France
1933:"Saint-Gobain buys Shell's stake in Avancis JV"
2921:
2605:
2342:
1527:
838:
627:. At the same time, the company was provided
1840:Saint-Gobain : les miroirs des verriers
1528:Buridant, Jérôme; Bercé, Yves-Marie (1999).
1489:Capitalism and French Glassmaking, 1640-1789
1134:or particle filters. It operates centres in
2935:
1988:"AVANCIS, the avant-garde of photovoltaics"
1625:
2928:
2914:
2612:
2598:
2349:
2335:
2284:
2071:The Grenfell Tower Inquiry: Phase 2 Report
1826:." Saint-Gobain. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
1751:
858:
100:
3201:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano
2288:Saint-Gobain 1665-2015: Le Passé du futur
1602:
1172:
483:, controlling a technical and commercial
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1857:"Saint-Gobain prend le contrôle de Sika"
1626:Paolantonio, Santiago (16 August 2017).
1396:
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1392:
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1388:
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1240:
1107:
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1004:
984:
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522:[manyfaktyʁʁwajaldəɡlasdəmiʁwaʁ]
2061:
1834:
1832:
1716:"Cellulose du pin Facture (33) Gironde"
1287:
1103:
513:Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs
3684:Building materials companies of France
3636:
1444:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1115:built with SG glass, looking over the
608:gave its name to the present company.
41:contains content that is written like
3324:List of defunct glassmaking companies
2909:
2593:
2330:
2273:
2197:
2195:
1739:
1383:
1219:Newton County, Georgia, United States
1163:
745:1910–1950: Post Industrial Revolution
600:. A mirror factory in the village of
520:
403:
1829:
1250:. It has its manufacturing plant at
1152:- High Performance Materials :
902:
898:
819:, a French industrial group, made a
768:fibreglass insulation manufacturer.
672:Saint-Gobain was transformed into a
25:
2257:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – History
1402:"Consolidated Financial Statements"
996:
989:Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics,
978:Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics,
13:
3704:Companies listed on Euronext Paris
2267:
2192:
2026:"BPB accepts bid from French firm"
1720:andrenavarre-industrielpapetier.fr
1254:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
867:, an engineer and graduate of the
728:Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
14:
3725:
2311:
1796:(Press release). 17 October 2022.
1407:. Saint-Gobain. 29 February 2024.
643:In 1789, as a consequence of the
479:was known as the world leader in
3664:Companies based in Île-de-France
2621:
2358:
2285:de Laubier, Marie (April 2015).
1964:. 29 August 2014. Archived from
1361:Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)
1345:
1331:
906:
780:1950–1970: Pont-à-Mousson merger
639:1789–1910: Industrial Revolution
431:, it also produces a variety of
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3679:Glassmaking companies of France
2640:Last updated: 18 September 2023
2374:Last updated: 30 September 2023
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1225:Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle-East
1126:, energy, the environment, and
3709:Privatized companies of France
3699:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50
1558:(in French). 1858. p. 104
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1069:- Mortars, which manufactures
938:
716:Argentine National Observatory
397:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.
271:production and retail, glass,
95:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.
1:
3659:Companies established in 1665
3654:1665 establishments in France
3261:Sterlite Optical Technologies
3111:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works
1376:
1058:- Gypsum, which manufactures
1040:, with the 'Monter' DIY chain
812:were also important markets.
701:Milan Central railway station
444:1665–1789: Manufacture royale
21:Saint Gobain (disambiguation)
2101:. Reuters. 26 February 2024.
1577:Warner & Swasey (1923).
1449:.11 (November 1934:237-240).
1160:Corporation (CNBM) in 2014.
875:. Beffa invested heavily in
544:An Early Saint-Gobain Emblem
531:receiver of taxes of Orléans
184:; 359 years ago
7:
1846:. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
1324:
1140:Northborough, Massachusetts
833:Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson
10:
3730:
2250:
1656:(in Spanish). Saint-Gobain
839:1971–1986: Nationalisation
619:. A group of Franco-Swiss
527:Royal Mirror-Glass Factory
471:, ornate side tables, and
438:
18:
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2941:
2645:
2638:
2564:Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield
2379:
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1632:Historia de al Astronomia
1278:
817:Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel
410:multinational corporation
380:
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286:
264:
241:Pierre-André de Chalendar
231:
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196:
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154:
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99:
3694:Price fixing convictions
3051:Firozabad glass industry
3046:Fenton Art Glass Company
1919:17 February 2012 at the
1371:List of oldest companies
1187:expanded clay aggregates
1073:lightweight aggregates.
1031:Brødrene (Brothers) Dahl
991:Garden Grove, California
980:Merrimack, New Hampshire
877:research and development
724:Mount Wilson Observatory
510:, the public enterprise
506:Colbert established, by
3355:Irving Wightman Colburn
2936:Glass makers and brands
2274:Hamon, Maurice (1999).
1473:Arrests d'Ancien Régime
859:1986–present: Expansion
1298:perfluorooctanoic acid
1173:Acquisitions and sales
1119:
993:
982:
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674:Public Limited Company
551:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
545:
269:Construction materials
3420:Henry William Stiegel
3151:Mats Jonasson Målerås
3091:Holmegaard Glassworks
2780:Infineon Technologies
2760:Flutter Entertainment
1628:"History of a Mirror"
1515:SAINT-GOBAIN ARCHIVES
1423:www.glassofvenice.com
1241:Saint-Gobain in India
1111:
1051:Construction products
1034:Norandex Distribution
1005:Building distribution
988:
977:
957:
712:reflecting telescopes
543:
518:French pronunciation:
495:to become completely
489:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
412:, founded in 1665 in
401:French pronunciation:
366:€23.76 billion (2023)
349:€57.30 billion (2023)
332:€2.756 billion (2023)
315:€5.251 billion (2023)
62:neutral point of view
3395:Michael Joseph Owens
2971:Aurora Glass Foundry
2680:Anheuser-Busch InBev
1487:Warren C. Scoville,
1288:Environmental record
1191:SAGE Electrochromics
1104:Innovative materials
649:Compagnie Dagincourt
625:Compagnie Dagincourt
567:Palace of Versailles
298:47.94 billion (2023)
281:gypsum plasterboards
19:For other uses, see
3483:Bomex/Duran/Endural
3400:Alastair Pilkington
3076:Guardian Industries
2981:Barovier & Toso
2459:Eurofins Scientific
2367:companies of France
2032:. 17 November 2005.
1595:1923PASP...35...50W
1315:Bennington, Vermont
1154:Saint-Gobain SEFPRO
869:École Polytechnique
481:glass manufacturing
372:Number of employees
96:
54:promotional content
3345:Richard M. Atwater
3166:Nippon Sheet Glass
3106:Kingdom of Crystal
3026:Dartington Crystal
2865:Schneider Electric
2544:STMicroelectronics
2529:Schneider Electric
2012:7 May 2012 at the
1754:, p. 198-201.
1164:External venturing
1120:
1096:Celotex, based at
994:
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962:bottle factory at
918:. You can help by
720:Charles D. Perrine
699:in Paris, and the
689:Jardin des Plantes
613:Compagnie Plastier
598:Compagnie Plastier
586:Compagnie du Noyer
558:Compagnie du Noyer
546:
535:Compagnie du Noyer
477:Republic of Venice
405:[sɛ̃ɡɔbɛ̃]
173:Building materials
94:
56:and inappropriate
3631:
3630:
3440:Tomasz Urbanowicz
3430:Lino Tagliapietra
3425:S. Donald Stookey
3276:Val Saint Lambert
3171:Nižbor glassworks
3086:Hardman & Co.
2903:
2902:
2630:companies of the
2587:
2586:
2439:Dassault Systèmes
2298:978-2-226-18477-1
2084:978-1-5286-5080-9
2048:www.sageglass.com
1902:www.celotex.co.uk
1863:. 8 December 2014
1844:Le Journal du Net
1555:Annales Des Mines
1124:materials science
1098:Hadleigh, Suffolk
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665:In 1830, just as
645:French Revolution
633:French Revolution
578:Compagnie Thévart
574:Compagnie Thévart
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3689:History of glass
3380:Edward D. Libbey
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3455:Caspar Wistar
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Dante Marioni
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Deming Jarves
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Henry Crimmel
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:World Kitchen
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Owens Corning
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:TotalEnergies
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Pernod Ricard
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Mercedes-Benz
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:EURO STOXX 50
2624:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:TotalEnergies
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Pernod Ricard
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:ArcelorMittal
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2209:. 5 June 2022
2208:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1968:on 2 May 2015
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1886:. March 2023.
1885:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1691:
1684:. p. 50.
1680:
1679:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Albert Merlin
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1339:France portal
1329:
1322:
1320:
1319:Hoosick Falls
1316:
1311:
1310:Mindi Messmer
1307:
1303:
1302:New Hampshire
1299:
1295:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:Sriperumbudur
1249:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:expanded clay
1061:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1002:
992:
987:
981:
976:
969:
965:
961:
958:Saint-Gobain
956:
952:
950:
946:
930:
921:
917:
914:This section
912:
909:
905:
904:
896:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:, became the
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
845:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
777:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
704:
702:
698:
695:and adjacent
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:Ancien Régime
652:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
629:royal patents
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
554:
552:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
436:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
398:
389:
383:
379:
375:
369:
360:
357:
352:
343:
340:
335:
326:
323:
318:
309:
306:
301:
297:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
236:
230:
226:
220:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
146:
145:Euro Stoxx 50
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
127:
125:
122:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
92:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2023
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3649:Saint-Gobain
3493:Chevron bead
3445:Paolo Venini
3390:Antonio Neri
3370:A. H. Heisey
3281:Vallérysthal
3241:Saint-Gobain
3240:
3161:Mosser Glass
2991:Blenko Glass
2961:Ardagh Group
2956:Arc Holdings
2845:Saint-Gobain
2844:
2519:Saint-Gobain
2518:
2305:
2287:
2280:. JC Lattès.
2276:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:Boston Globe
2206:
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2153:Saint-Gobain
2152:
2149:"Our brands"
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2093:
2070:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1878:
1867:22 September
1865:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1843:
1824:Legal notice
1818:
1803:
1788:
1776:the original
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1677:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1554:
1548:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1291:
1282:
1260:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1216:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1121:
1117:Grand Canyon
1078:
1075:
1057:
1054:
1043:
1022:Raab Karcher
1008:
1000:
942:
927:October 2010
924:
920:adding to it
915:
885:
862:
851:-controlled
846:
842:
832:
825:white knight
814:
791:
787:
783:
770:
761:
751:
748:
736:
709:
705:
697:Petit Palais
693:Grand Palais
678:
664:
653:
648:
642:
624:
612:
610:
602:Saint-Gobain
597:
590:
585:
577:
573:
571:
557:
555:
547:
534:
526:
512:
511:
505:
447:
433:construction
429:manufacturer
396:
395:
386:saint-gobain
356:Total equity
339:Total assets
275:, plastics,
251:Benoît Bazin
197:Headquarters
162:FR0000125007
109:Company type
91:
76:
67:
52:by removing
48:Please help
40:
3518:Dragontrail
3503:CorningWare
3415:Otto Schott
3405:Flavio Poli
3333:Glassmakers
3301:Xinyi Glass
3246:Saint-Louis
3156:Moser Glass
3056:Franz Mayer
2715:BNP Paribas
2665:Air Liquide
2409:BNP Paribas
2384:Air Liquide
1698:|work=
1638:11 November
1562:15 December
1195:CSR Limited
1183:August 2007
1084:CertainTeed
1079:Companies:
1046:Stark Group
939:Head office
806:Switzerland
687:in London,
582:plate glass
556:Though the
499:in meeting
473:pier-tables
223:Area served
3638:Categories
3548:Millefiori
3466:and brands
3464:Trademarks
3340:John Adams
3211:Pilkington
3116:Kosta Boda
2895:Volkswagen
2875:Stellantis
2539:Stellantis
2158:6 November
1993:4 February
1962:avancis.de
1740:Hamon 1999
1377:References
1214:billion).
1132:fuel cells
1130:, such as
949:Courbevoie
945:La Défense
766:subsidiary
758:insulation
754:fibreglass
621:Protestant
617:bankruptcy
422:Courbevoie
418:La Défense
322:Net income
233:Key people
206:Courbevoie
202:La Défense
50:improve it
3613:Waterford
3603:Vitrolite
3578:Ravenhead
3528:Fire-King
3513:Cristallo
3508:Cranberry
3365:Friedrich
3317:companies
3286:Waterford
3271:Swarovski
3206:Phu Phong
3176:O-I Glass
3096:Holophane
3071:Glaverbel
3021:Crystalex
2944:companies
2890:UniCredit
2855:Santander
2815:Munich Re
2785:ING Group
2770:Iberdrola
2735:DHL Group
2632:Euro Area
2579:Worldline
2424:Carrefour
2419:Capgemini
2135:Bloomberg
2117:The Hindu
1725:23 August
1700:ignored (
1690:cite book
1613:120051872
1540:496165004
1306:Merrimack
1272:Rajasthan
1231:Abu Dhabi
1207:billion (
1136:Cavaillon
968:Andalusia
815:In 1968,
774:conductor
681:skylights
660:Commentry
615:declared
611:In 1702,
277:abrasives
227:Worldwide
147:component
141:component
121:Traded as
3478:Bohemian
3410:Salviati
3221:Preciosa
3186:Orrefors
3081:Hadeland
2976:Baccarat
2504:Publicis
2489:Michelin
2414:Bouygues
2030:BBC News
2010:Archived
1972:21 March
1942:21 March
1917:Archived
1861:le Monde
1428:31 March
1325:See also
1321:, N.Y".
1209:US$ 2.95
1144:Shanghai
1128:medicine
1038:Optimera
1025:Point P.
881:ceramics
606:Picardie
485:monopoly
469:châteaux
465:cabinets
453:textiles
273:ceramics
265:Products
245:chairman
169:Industry
3623:Zerodur
3598:Vitrite
3593:Visions
3588:Tiffany
3558:Opaline
3538:Gorilla
3523:Favrile
3498:Corelle
3488:Burmese
3315:Defunct
3306:Zwiesel
3266:Steuben
3136:Luoyang
3131:Iittala
3041:Fanavid
3036:Duralex
3016:Corning
3006:Borosil
2942:Current
2870:Siemens
2800:L'Oréal
2775:Inditex
2755:Ferrari
2675:Allianz
2509:Renault
2479:Legrand
2474:L'Oréal
2444:Edenred
2251:Sources
2213:28 June
2053:21 July
1937:EETimes
1591:Bibcode
1476:on-line
1268:Bhiwadi
1264:Gujarat
1256:Chennai
1179:BPB plc
1113:Skywalk
1060:drywall
1028:Lapeyre
1019:SGBD UK
970:(Spain)
947:and in
810:Belgium
798:Germany
691:, the
565:at the
491:wanted
461:mirrors
439:History
420:and in
381:Website
287:Revenue
187: (
179:Founded
132::
3644:CAC 40
3618:Wood's
3563:Peking
3553:Murano
3533:Forest
3256:Schott
3251:Seguso
3226:Riedel
3146:Mannok
3121:Libbey
2850:Sanofi
2840:Safran
2835:Prosus
2825:Nordea
2795:Kering
2765:Hermès
2720:Danone
2670:Airbus
2650:Adidas
2569:Veolia
2554:Thales
2524:Sanofi
2514:Safran
2494:Orange
2469:Kering
2464:Hermès
2434:Danone
2394:Alstom
2389:Airbus
2365:CAC 40
2295:
2238:11 May
2184:11 May
2081:
1660:8 July
1611:
1538:
1317:; and
1279:Brands
1212:
1205:
1089:Gyproc
1012:Jewson
960:sherry
888:Poliet
808:, and
762:Isover
732:Canada
493:France
459:, and
426:mirror
216:France
139:CAC 40
3608:Vycor
3568:Pyrex
3543:Macor
3473:Activ
3191:Osram
3181:Ohara
3066:Glava
3061:Fuyao
2996:Bodum
2966:Asahi
2885:Vinci
2820:Nokia
2705:Bayer
2655:Adyen
2574:Vinci
2449:Engie
2075:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1768:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1609:S2CID
1405:(PDF)
1248:India
1093:Weber
964:Jerez
802:Italy
794:Spain
594:merge
414:Paris
3573:Rona
3231:Rona
3101:Hoya
3031:Daum
2805:LVMH
2740:Enel
2700:BASF
2695:BBVA
2685:ASML
2484:LVMH
2293:ISBN
2240:2022
2215:2022
2186:2022
2178:WMUR
2160:2019
2079:ISBN
2055:2016
1995:2017
1974:2015
1944:2015
1869:2021
1727:2016
1702:help
1662:2024
1640:2021
1564:2017
1536:OCLC
1430:2023
1294:PFAS
1197:for
1142:and
829:Suez
764:, a
561:the
457:lace
450:silk
388:.com
189:1665
182:1665
156:ISIN
2860:SAP
2745:Eni
2710:BMW
2690:Axa
2404:Axa
1842:."
1599:doi
1202:4.5
1200:A$
922:.
873:CEO
734:).
604:in
255:CEO
134:SGO
3640::
2231:.
2205:.
2194:^
2176:.
2151:.
2133:.
2115:.
2046:.
2028:.
1960:.
1935:.
1900:.
1859:.
1831:^
1770:.
1718:.
1694::
1692:}}
1688:{{
1630:.
1607:.
1597:.
1587:35
1585:.
1581:.
1513:.
1447:16
1421:.
1385:^
1270:,
1258:.
1233:.
1221:.
1138:,
966:,
883:.
804:,
800:,
796:,
703:.
569:.
537:.
525:,
467:,
455:,
279:,
214:,
204:,
2929:e
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