Saint Nicholas - Knowledge

914:. However, a storm forced them to take refuge in Myra. Unbeknownst to the generals, who were in the harbor, their soldiers further inland were fighting with local merchants and engaging in looting and destruction. Nicholas confronted the generals for allowing their soldiers to misbehave and the generals brought an end to the looting. Immediately after the soldiers had returned to their ships, Nicholas heard word of the three innocent men about to be executed and the three generals aided him in stopping the execution. Eustathius attempted to flee on his horse but Nicholas stopped his horse and chastised him for his corruption. Eustathius, under the threat of being reported directly to the Emperor, repented of his corrupt ways. Afterward, the generals succeeded in ending the rebellion and were promoted by Constantine to even higher status. The generals' enemies, however, slandered them to the consul Ablabius, telling him that they had not really put down the revolt, but instead encouraged their own soldiers to join it. The generals' enemies also bribed Ablabius and he had the three generals imprisoned. Nicholas then made his dream appearances and the three generals were set free. 857: 818:, in which Apollonius gives money to an impoverished father but posits that Michael the Archimandrite's account is markedly different. Philostratus does not mention the fate of the daughters and, in his story, Apollonius's generosity is purely motivated out of sympathy for the father; in Michael the Archimandrite's account, however, Saint Nicholas is instead expressly stated to be motivated by a desire to save the daughters from being sold into prostitution. He argues that this desire to help women is most characteristic of fourth-century Christianity, due to the prominent role women played in the early Christian movement, rather than Greco-Roman paganism or the Christianity of Michael the Archimandrite's time in the ninth century, by which point the position of women had drastically declined. 923: 57: 1835:. Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded. Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full, white, fluffy beard and balding head. In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Council of Nicaea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion. Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing drowning sailors; Medieval Chants and Polyphony, image on the cover of the Book of Hours of Duke of Berry, 1410. 1071: 1019: 1839: 1557: 1675: 7211: 1294: 1219: 965:, who was also present at the council. Adam C. English notes that lists of the attendees at Nicaea vary considerably, with shorter lists only including roughly 200 names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones. Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities: 1314:. According to a single chronicle written by an anonymous monk at this monastery, in 1100, a fleet of Venetian ships accompanied by Bishop Henri sailed past Myra on their way to Palestine for the First Crusade. Bishop Henri insisted for the fleet to turn back and set anchor in Myra. The Venetians took the remaining bones of Saint Nicholas, as well as those of several other bishops of Myra, from the church there, which was only guarded by four Orthodox monks, and brought them to 761: 7613: 7063: 7623: 1805: 1916: 1152: 636:", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability. He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD 1318:, where they deposited them in the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was lent credence in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which confirmed that the relics in the two cities are anatomically compatible and may belong to the same person. It is said that someone dies every time the bones of Saint Nicholas in Venice are disturbed. The last time the bones were examined was in July 1992. 1100: 1333: 1057:

because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the emperor. Only when Nicholas promised them that they would not suffer any loss for their consideration did the sailors agree. When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.

1870:. The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold. Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected). 1250:) by the clergy of the basilica. The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could be obtained in the shop nearby. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbour, and the tomb is below 1242:. Although the Crusaders generally favored warrior saints, which Saint Nicholas was not, the presence of his relics in Bari made him materially accessible. Nicholas's associations with aiding travelers and seafarers also made him a popular choice for veneration. Nicholas's veneration by Crusaders helped promote his following throughout western Europe. 1087:, only twenty miles away from his birthplace of Patara. Nicholas's name is painted on part of the ruined building. In antiquity, the island was known as "Saint Nicholas Island" and today it is known in Turkish as Gemiler Adasi, meaning "Island of Boats", in reference to Saint Nicholas's traditional role as the patron saint of seafarers. 1464:, to examine the bones under the commission's supervision. Martino took thousands of measurements, detailed scientific drawings, photographs, and x-rays. These examinations revealed the saint to have died at over seventy years of age and to have been of average height and slender-to-average build. He also suffered from severe chronic 1049:, and widely beloved by ordinary folk. It is depicted in stained glass windows, wood panel paintings, tapestries, and frescoes. Eventually, the scene became so widely reproduced that, rather than showing the whole scene, artists began to merely depict Saint Nicholas with three naked children and a wooden barrel at his feet. 1475:, researchers Caroline Wilkinson and Fraco Introna reconstructed the saint's face based on Martino's examination. The review of the data revealed that the historical Saint Nicholas was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in height and had a broken nose, which had partially healed, revealing that the injury had been suffered 572:, written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him. According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure. 1510:

According to Professor Higham, most of the relics the team has examined turn out to be too recent to have actually belonged to the saint to whom they are attributed, but he states, "This bone fragment, in contrast, suggests that we could possibly be looking at remains from St Nicholas himself." Kazan

1343:

Because of Nicholas's skeleton's long confinement in Myra, after it was brought to Bari, the demand for pieces of it rose. Small bones quickly began to disperse across western Europe. The sailors who had transported the bones gave one tooth and two fragments chipped from Nicholas's sarcophagus to the

1284:

and Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill, a portion of the relics of St. Nicholas in Bari were sent on loan to Moscow. The relic was on display for veneration at Christ the Savior Cathedral before being taken to Saint Petersburg in mid-June prior to returning to Bari. More than a million people lined up

1056:

According to another story, during a great famine that Myra experienced in 311–312, a ship was in the port at anchor, loaded with wheat for the emperor in Constantinople. Nicholas invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in the time of need. The sailors at first disliked the request,

872:

After visiting the Holy Land, Nicholas returned to Myra. The bishop of Myra, who had succeeded Nicholas's uncle, had recently died and the priests in the city had decided that the first priest to enter the church that morning would be made bishop. Nicholas went to the church to pray and was therefore

2277:

Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra… As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for

1873:

In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits. As in the Low Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit

1383:

in Rome. This church, whose name means "Saint Nicholas in Chains", was built on the site of a former municipal prison. Stories quickly developed about Nicholas himself having been held in that prison. Mothers would come to the church to pray to Saint Nicholas for their jailed sons to be released and

1245:

After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to produce "myrrh", much to the joy of their new owners. Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari. Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted

1135:

in 2000, and was given a prominent place in the square fronting the medieval Church of St Nicholas. In 2005, mayor Süleyman Topçu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted an image more recognisable to foreign visitors. Protests from the Russian government

1090:

The church was built in the fourth century, around the time of Nicholas's death, and is typical of saints' shrines from that time period. Nicholas was the only major saint associated with that part of Turkey. The church where historians believe he was originally entombed is at the western end of the

1052:

According to English, eventually, people who had forgotten or never learned the story began misinterpreting representations of it. That Saint Nicholas was shown with children led people to conclude he was the patron saint of children; meanwhile, the fact that he was shown with a barrel led people to

813:

The historicity of this incident is disputed. Adam C. English argues for a historical kernel to the legend, noting the story's early attestation as well as the fact that no similar stories were told about any other Christian saints. Jona Lendering, who also argues for the story's authenticity, notes

1214:

and 9 May continued to be celebrated every year by western Christians as the day of Nicholas's "translation". Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Turks have both long regarded the unauthorized removal of the relics from Myra as a blatant theft, but the people of Bari have instead maintained that it

797:

According to Michael the Archimandrite's account, after the second daughter was married, the father stayed awake for at least two "nights" and caught Saint Nicholas in the same act of charity toward the third daughter. The father fell on his knees, thanking him, and Nicholas ordered him not to tell

1506:

and, at the time of testing, was in the possession of Father Dennis O'Neill, a priest from St Martha of Bethany Church in Illinois. The results of the radiocarbon dating confirmed that the pelvis dates to the fourth century AD, around the same time that Saint Nicholas would have died, and is not a

1142:

Turkish authorities asserted that Nicholas himself desired to be buried at his episcopal town, and that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. In 2017, an archaeological survey at St. Nicholas Church, Demre was reported to have found a temple below the modern church, with excavation

1082:

It has long been traditionally assumed that Saint Nicholas was originally buried in his home town of Myra, where his relics are later known to have been kept, but some recent archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Nicholas may have originally been entombed in a rock-cut church located at the

1450:

and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, Saint Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the allegedly continuing

1204:

Adam C. English describes the removal of the relics from Myra as "essentially a holy robbery" and notes the thieves were not only afraid of being caught or chased after by the locals, but also the power of Saint Nicholas himself. Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for

1032:

One story tells how during a terrible famine, a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he killed them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham. Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, saw through the butcher's lies and

4367:

In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on 6 December which many believe to be the anniversary of St Nicholas's death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the

2008:

The date of his birth and the year of his death are disputed, but 6 December has long been established as the traditional date of his death. Jeremy Seal remarks, "As vampires shun daylight, so saints are distinguished from ordinary mortals by the anniversaries they keep. The date of their death

1111:

In the mid-7th century, Gemile was vulnerable to attack by Arab fleets, so Nicholas's remains appear to have been moved from the island to the city of Myra, where Nicholas had served as bishop for most of his life. Myra is located roughly 40 km (25 mi) east of Gemile and its location

1001:

himself and having Nicholas punch him rather than merely slapping him with his open hand. In these versions of the story, Nicholas is also imprisoned, but Christ and the Virgin Mary appear to him in his cell. He tells them he is imprisoned "for loving you" and they free him from his chains and

788:

for his three daughters. This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, be forced to become prostitutes. Hearing of the girls' plight, Nicholas decided to help them, but, being too modest to help the family in public (or to save them the

1710:

to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas. This and his miracle of him

1209:

inaugurated a new church, the Basilica di San Nicola, to Saint Nicholas in Bari. The Pope himself personally placed Nicholas's relics into the tomb beneath the altar of the new church. The removal of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra and their arrival in Bari is reliably recorded by multiple

1697:" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European and Central European countries. In medieval times, Christian 892:

One of the earliest attested stories of Saint Nicholas is one in which he saves three innocent men from execution. According to Michael the Archimandrite, three innocent men were condemned to death by the governor Eustathius. As they were about to be executed, Nicholas appeared, pushed the

1425: 1711:

resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well. The custom of giving gifts on Saint Nicholas Day is popular in various parts of Christendom, with a popular tradition including children placing their shoes in the

1037:. Jona Lendering opines that the story is "without any historical value". Adam C. English notes that the story of the resurrection of the pickled children is a late medieval addition to the legendary biography of Saint Nicholas and that it is not found in any of his earliest 798:

anyone about the gifts. The scene of Nicholas's secret gift-giving is one of the most popular scenes in Christian devotional art, appearing in icons and frescoes from across Europe. Although depictions vary depending on time and place, Nicholas is often shown wearing a

3820: 984:

A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped "a certain Arian" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's

2264: 1701:

in Belgium and France began to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy, which gave rise to the practice of gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day. According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the

901:

accepted a bribe to put three famous generals to death, in spite of their actual innocence. Saint Nicholas appeared to Constantine and Ablabius in dreams, informing Constantine of the truth and frightening Ablabius into releasing the generals, for fear of

2997:

The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 AD in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of "victor of the

2223:

The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Greek Anatolia (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy... Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early

1388:

in the church. As a result of this, Nicholas became the patron saint of prisoners and those falsely accused of crimes. An index finger claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in a chapel along the Ostian Way in Rome. Another finger was held in

909:

Later versions of the story are more elaborate, interweaving the two stories together. According to one version, Emperor Constantine sent three of his most trusted generals, named Ursos, Nepotianos, and Herpylion, to put down a rebellion in

1729:, they brought the legend and traditions of Sinterklaas with them. Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York existed in the early settlements of the 522:

Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life. Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers. This is not surprising, since Nicholas lived during

1858:, probably to emphasize his foreign origin. The emphasis on his foreignness may have been intended to enhance Bari's reputation by displaying that it had attracted the patronage of a saint from a far-off country. In Roman Catholic 1305:

The sailors from Bari took only the main bones of Nicholas's skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave. The city of Venice had interest in obtaining the remaining fragments of his skeleton. In 1044, they dedicated the

793:

filled with gold coins through the window opening into the house. The father immediately arranged a marriage for his first daughter, and after her wedding, Nicholas threw a second bag of gold through the same window late at night.

442:

for each of them. Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon. In his youth, he is said to have made a pilgrimage to

403:

of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for

425:

Little is known about the historical Saint Nicholas. The earliest accounts of his life were written centuries after his death and probably contain legendary elaborations. He is said to have been born in the Anatolian seaport of

1364:. The clerk took a finger bone back with him to Port, where a chapel was built to Saint Nicholas. Port became an important center of devotion in the following of Nicholas and, in the fifteenth century, a church known as the 3806: 4368:

Saint's feast date is 19 December). On 5 December, the eve of St Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that Saint Nicholas soon will be there.

1215:

was a rescue mission to save the bones from the Turkish invaders. A legend, shown on the ceiling of the Basilica di San Nicola, holds that Nicholas once visited Bari and predicted that his bones would one day rest there.

671:

Accounts of Saint Nicholas's life agree on the essence of his story, but modern historians disagree regarding how much of this story is actually rooted in historical fact. Traditionally, Nicholas was born in the city of

893:

executioner's sword to the ground, released them from their chains, and angrily chastised a juror who had accepted a bribe. According to Jona Lendering, this story directly parallels an earlier story in Philostratus's

1348:. Pantulf took these relics to his hometown of Noron in Normandy, where they were placed in the local Church of St. Peter in June 1092. In 1096, the duke of Apulia gave several bones of Saint Nicholas to the count of 527:. The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established. Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor 1459:

was undergoing much-needed restoration, the bones were removed from it for the first time since their interment in 1089. A special Pontiffical Commission permitted Luigi Martino, a professor of human anatomy at the

1706:(which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various 470:

in 325, but he is never mentioned in any writings by people who were at the council. Late, unsubstantiated legends claim that he was temporarily defrocked and imprisoned during the council for slapping the heretic

2278:

traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.

1549:. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece and particularly of the 1127:

powers. As it was widely known that all Nicholas's relics were at Myra in their sealed sarcophagus, it was rare during this period for forgers of relics to claim to possess those belonging to Saint Nicholas.

993:. Steven D. Greydanus concludes that, because of the story's late attestation, it "has no historical value." Jona Lendering, however, defends the veracity and historicity of the incident, arguing that, 957:. Nicholas's attendance at the Council of Nicaea is attested early by Theodore the Lector's list of attendees, which records him as the 151st attendee. However, he is conspicuously never mentioned by 1002:

restore his vestments. The scene of Nicholas slapping Arius is celebrated in Eastern Orthodox icons and episodes of Saint Nicholas at Nicaea are shown in a series of paintings from the 1660s in the

1371:

The clergy at Bari strategically gave away samples of Nicholas's bones to promote the following and enhance its prestige. Many of these bones were initially kept in Constantinople, but, after the

825:. The ship he was on was nearly destroyed by a terrible storm but he rebuked the waves, causing the storm to subside. Thus, Nicholas became venerated as the patron saint of sailors and travelers. 5092: 4616: 3538: 2668:

The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey) in the fourth century. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity.

4985: 5140:

Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period.

4830: 776:

After his parents died from an epidemic, Nicholas is said to have distributed their wealth to the poor. In his most famous exploit, which is first attested in Michael the Archimandrite's

598:

to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death. The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a

613:

is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions. The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain. Catholic historian D. L. Cann and

3572: 980:

attend the Council of Nicaea, but, at an early date, someone decided to remove his name from the list, apparently deciding that it was better if no one remembered he had been there.

1400:

An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the twelfth century and buried near

1356:. According to legend, in 1101, Saint Nicholas appeared in a vision to a French clerk visiting the shrine at Bari and told him to take one of his bones with him to his hometown of 1193:

Taking advantage of the confusion and the loss by the Greek Christian community of Myra of its Byzantine imperial protection, in the spring of 1087, Italian sailors from Bari in

1139:

On 28 December 2009, the Turkish government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of Saint Nicholas's skeletal remains to Turkey from the Italian government.

4887: 3486: 502:

removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the church without authorization and brought them to their hometown, where they are now enshrined in the

1511:

believes the pelvis fragment may come from the same individual as the skeleton divided between the churches in Bari and Venice, since the bone they tested comes from the left

997:

and reflects poorly on Nicholas's reputation, it is inexplicable why later hagiographers would have invented it. Later versions of the legend embellish it, making the heretic

973:

attend the Council of Nicaea, but someone at an early date was baffled that his name was not listed and so added him to the list. Many scholars tend to favor this explanation.

2967: 475:. Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine. 186: 4740: 2039:

Joe L. Wheeler and Jona Lendering both note that the legends of Saint Nicholas are filled with sets of three, which may be symbolic for Nicholas's vehement defense of the

1630:

observes the Departure of St. Nicholas on 10 Kiahk, or 10 Taḫśaś in Ethiopia, which corresponds to the Julian Calendar's 6 December and Gregorian Calendar's 19 December.

3784: 603: 434:, in Asia Minor to wealthy Christian parents. In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being 4058: 4986:"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch" 1230:

Prior to the translation of Nicholas's relics to Bari, his following had been known in western Europe, but it had not been extremely popular. In autumn of 1096,

861: 558:

Nicholas's name also occurs as "Nicholas of Myra of Lycia" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the

6314: 4800: 4770: 4168: 897:, in which Apollonius prevents the execution of a man falsely condemned of banditry. Michael the Archimandrite also tells another story in which the consul 7742: 2942: 4910:"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ" 1737:, located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 127th Street, in an area originally settled by Dutch farmers, is named for St. Nicholas of Myra. 6309: 4273: 2612:

Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city… A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.

4677: 4608: 4557: 3546: 1633:

Nicholas had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, a practice celebrated on his

2680: 1947: 5009: 1792:

22 September – Synaxis of All Saints of Tula (commemoration of the protection of Tula from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1552).

4822: 1270: 4422: 7682: 7667: 7662: 6265: 961:, the foremost defender of Trinitarianism at the council, who knew all the notable bishops of the period, nor is he mentioned by the historian 524: 3111: 3086: 2893: 2868: 2828: 2500: 587:

cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body. Eustratius credits a

1136:

against this were successful, and the bronze statue was returned (albeit without its original high pedestal) to a corner nearer the church.

6651: 6012: 5267: 4489: 4106: 3568: 564:, written sometime between 510 and 515. A single, offhand mention of Nicholas of Myra also occurs in the biography of another saint, Saint 560: 1671:

was built from 1874 on the site of St Nicholas's church, founded in 1252. A children's Mass is still held on 6 December in the cathedral.

486:

over the site of the church where he had served as bishop, and his remains were moved to a sarcophagus in that church. In 1087, while the

7101: 5126: 4303: 4509: 2640:

For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Claus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek.

5910: 5741: 4940: 1452: 4879: 3478: 889:(ruled 306–337). This story sounds plausible, but is not attested in the earliest sources and is therefore unlikely to be historical. 840:

is believed to have taken place. Over the crypt where Nicholas is believed to have lived now stands the "Church of Saint Nicholas" in

654:. Christian storytellers were known to adapt older pagan legends and attribute them to Christian saints. As Apollonius's hometown of 594:

as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the

5038: 4710: 4646: 1115:

It is said that, in Myra, the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smelled like rose water, called

856: 3452:

De Ceglia, Francesco Paolo: "The science of Santa Claus : discussions on the Manna of Nicholas of Myra in the modern age". In

1483:. The facial reconstruction was produced by Caroline Wilkinson at the University of Manchester and was shown on a BBC2 TV program 19:

This article is about the fourth-century Christian saint. For the gift-bearing figure in modern folklore and popular culture, see

6245: 4909: 4732: 4468:

Joe Wheeler & Jim Rosenthal, "St. Nicholas A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 8), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.

2248: 1397:. Today, many churches in Europe, Russia, and the United States claim to possess small relics, such as a tooth or a finger bone. 658:

was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.

5189: 4535: 1749: 4329: 4139: 3780: 1519:. In the absence of DNA testing, however, it is not yet possible to know for certain whether the pelvis is from the same man. 1479:. The broken nose appeared to conform with hagiographical reports that Saint Nicholas had been beaten and tortured during the 7672: 6640: 6447: 5201: 5179: 5159: 5082: 5019: 4956: 4592: 4453: 4389: 3387: 3327: 2803: 2738:

Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna.

2299: 2216: 2191: 2077: 1753: 1545:, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of 4065: 3952: 2103: 922: 6521: 5040:

Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had.

4216: 4036: 3516: 1957: 1627: 1365: 438:

by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a

5169: 5149: 4997: 1182:

of Myra became subjects of the Turks. At the same time the Catholic Church in the West had declared (in 1054 AD) that the

780:, Nicholas heard of a devout man who had once been wealthy but had lost all of his money due to the "plotting and envy of 7707: 6250: 5965: 5310: 1190:. Because of the many wars in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult. 3178:

Wheeler & Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 1), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005

69:, dressed in clerical garb, and holding a book of the scriptures in his left hand while making the hand gesture for the 7165: 6319: 6108: 5679: 5505: 4416: 3197: 1929: 1024: 7737: 7727: 6581: 6496: 5236: 4360: 3674: 3230: 2990: 2731: 2703: 2661: 2633: 2605: 2258: 7732: 6721: 6516: 6411: 4792: 4239: 3922: 1668: 1561: 1488: 1379:, these fragments were scattered across western Europe. A hand claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in the 1041:. Although this story seems bizarre and horrifying to modern audiences, it was tremendously popular throughout the 5138: 5093:"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports" 4762: 1197:

seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Greek Orthodox

56: 7094: 4164: 1537:, ships and sailing. As a result, and over time, he has become the patron saint of several cities which maintain 24: 5282: 1368:

was built there dedicated to him. The town itself is now known as "Saint Nicolas de Port" in honor of Nicholas.

1265:

In 1966, a vault in the crypt underneath the Basilica di San Nicola was dedicated as an Orthodox chapel with an

6425: 5808: 5587: 5064: 3807:"Filipov, David. "Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas", 1904:

soloist appears as Saint Nicolas, with a mixed choir, boys singers, strings, piano duet, organ and percussion.

617: 62: 4851:

Wheeler, Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", p. 96, Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.

7692: 6346: 6133: 6128: 5642: 5433: 2129: 1741: 1372: 182: 4269: 1660:(annual ceremony and veneration of family's patron saint) is Saint Nicholas' day celebrated on 19 December. 6501: 6205: 5751: 4668: 1934: 584: 336: 66: 3222: 1502:

a fragment of a pelvis claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas. The fragment originally came from a church in

7697: 6304: 1408:, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave. According to the Irish antiquarian 1401: 802:

while the daughters are typically shown in bed, dressed in their nightclothes. Many renderings contain a

646: 506:. The remaining bone fragments from the sarcophagus were later removed by Venetian sailors and taken to 7687: 7200: 7087: 5413: 1686: 1254:, there have been several natural explanations proposed for the manna fluid, including the transfer of 1104: 994: 532: 479: 1583:. Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra to Bari, an East Slavic version of his 1575:

Church, Saint Nicholas's memory is celebrated on almost every Thursday of the year (together with the

7702: 7187: 6657: 6646: 6566: 6418: 6339: 6158: 5915: 5803: 5517: 5478: 4676:(in Greek and English). Digital Chant Stand of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. p. 7. 3635: 1940: 456: 5277: 7722: 7677: 6673: 6459: 6381: 6299: 6292: 6195: 6078: 5798: 5500: 5332: 5055:

Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour

3106: 3081: 2888: 2863: 2825: 2494: 1480: 1472: 958: 435: 4406: 7647: 6621: 6606: 6541: 6491: 6486: 6395: 6376: 6260: 5980: 5529: 5303: 5048: 3215: 1892: 1824: 1820: 1646: 1598:

have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his

1409: 1143:

work to be done that will allow researchers to determine whether it still holds Nicholas's body.

942: 935: 467: 4477: 4102: 1765:

9 May – Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, in 1087.

1070: 7593: 7133: 6551: 6175: 6118: 5663: 5367: 1603: 1336: 1327: 1174:

in 1071, the Byzantine Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading

1155: 1003: 874: 503: 405: 158: 139: 4295: 2597: 752:, also in Lycia. Recognizing his nephew's calling, Nicholas's uncle ordained him as a priest. 7577: 7155: 6453: 6225: 6123: 5870: 5473: 5406: 4505: 1380: 1357: 927: 886: 789:

humiliation of accepting charity), he went to the house under the cover of night and threw a

460: 174:

5/6 December in the Gregorian calendar; 19 December in the Julian calendar (main feast day –

5127:"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches" 4408:

St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs

3214: 2589: 1307: 1298: 1131:

A solemn bronze statue of the saint by Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was donated by the

1018: 7717: 7712: 6636: 6591: 6240: 6215: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6143: 5930: 5900: 5855: 5830: 5114: 1862:, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a bishop's 1789:

Movable holiday on the Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados.

1587:

and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.

1274: 1132: 689: 633: 495: 3190:

There Really Is a Santa Claus – History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions

1874:

every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures.

1273:

the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches had issued against each other during the

650:, an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer 8: 7657: 7652: 7319: 7237: 7232: 6611: 6586: 6526: 6432: 6398: 6366: 6255: 6235: 6230: 6220: 6210: 6200: 6190: 6148: 6138: 5622: 5438: 5220:

The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey

4702: 4638: 3815: 1847: 1599: 1595: 1580: 1171: 1046: 769: 641: 228: 7170: 5257: 4639:"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου" 1838: 7598: 7562: 7179: 7066: 6571: 6185: 6068: 6007: 6002: 5985: 5945: 5453: 5360: 5296: 5053: 2674: 1642: 1634: 1623: 1528: 1499: 1461: 829: 677: 588: 507: 431: 175: 166: 106: 4913: 1556: 7622: 7556: 7439: 6716: 6576: 6481: 6387: 6332: 6029: 5895: 5875: 5597: 5524: 5495: 5483: 5346: 5232: 5197: 5175: 5155: 5078: 5060: 5015: 4952: 4588: 4449: 4412: 4385: 4356: 3670: 3383: 3226: 3193: 2986: 2799: 2727: 2710:

Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey.

2699: 2657: 2629: 2601: 2590: 2464:

Cioffari, Gerardo (1987). "San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo".

2295: 2254: 2212: 2187: 1734: 1657: 1495: 1285:

in Moscow for a momentary glimpse of the gilded ark holding one of the saint's ribs.

1034: 898: 878: 837: 681: 637: 340: 70: 5788: 4240:"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY" 1674: 1507:

medieval forgery. The bone was one of the oldest the Oxford team had ever examined.

7405: 6899: 6757: 6726: 6686: 6631: 6616: 6401: 6088: 5960: 5950: 5885: 5701: 5602: 4325: 4131: 2466:

San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia

1883: 1572: 1385: 1301:

in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton

1259: 1187: 1179: 1042: 628:, a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's 624:

the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth.

614: 565: 487: 448: 380: 31: 6058: 5190:"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences" 4064:. An Chomhairle Oidhreachta/The Heritage Council. 2007. p. 81. Archived from 3319: 2081: 1759: 1022:

Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the

7616: 7476: 7359: 7242: 7145: 7014: 6894: 6852: 6832: 6817: 6696: 6536: 6531: 6511: 6287: 6277: 6063: 5995: 5955: 5890: 5840: 5773: 5458: 4582: 4493: 3960: 3115: 3090: 2897: 2872: 2832: 2791: 2504: 2107: 1745: 1641:

the celebration currently takes place thirteen days later than it happens in the

1638: 1615: 1576: 1565: 1455:

has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones. In the late 1950s, while the

1405: 1345: 1311: 1211: 548: 364: 197: 127: 5935: 5627: 4966: 4609:"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari" 4212: 4032: 3508: 2292:

The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Nicholas of Myra

1579:) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the 535:, which thereby preserves an early mention of his name. The Byzantine historian 7443: 7303: 7126: 6945: 6807: 6752: 6626: 6556: 6506: 6353: 6073: 6041: 5925: 5865: 5731: 5706: 5612: 5582: 5512: 5110: 2225: 1993: 1977: 1607: 1413: 1376: 1183: 1084: 1075: 950: 625: 544: 452: 427: 372: 102: 6035: 4382:

Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast

7641: 7626: 7293: 7247: 7009: 6930: 6868: 5975: 5970: 5850: 5845: 5768: 5490: 5448: 5401: 5353: 1921: 1730: 1726: 1703: 1690: 1679: 1550: 1361: 1239: 1218: 1206: 673: 528: 511: 483: 408:, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the folklore of 300: 1900:

which covers the saint's legendary life in a dramatic sequence of events. A

7567: 7004: 6952: 6787: 6546: 6046: 5920: 5577: 5468: 5428: 5374: 2040: 1897: 1809: 1772:(sojourn) in 1087 of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker through the island of 1516: 1512: 1503: 1429: 1353: 1293: 1281: 1175: 954: 845: 692:

Christians. According to some accounts, his parents were named Epiphanius (

651: 491: 400: 392: 388: 218: 7034: 6711: 2651: 760: 7516: 7480: 7349: 7263: 7044: 7019: 6940: 6920: 6915: 6889: 6842: 6822: 6772: 6706: 6153: 5940: 5880: 5860: 5820: 5815: 5736: 5686: 4506:""St. Nicholas Park", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation" 3781:""Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017" 2724:

Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images

2696:

Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images

2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 1859: 1832: 1722: 1718: 1584: 1390: 1266: 1198: 790: 540: 444: 419: 410: 210: 20: 4247: 3930: 3217:

The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology

2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 7501: 7390: 6747: 6596: 6083: 6024: 5990: 5783: 5763: 5716: 5711: 5607: 5572: 5562: 5339: 4531: 2645: 1952: 1828: 1694: 882: 866: 685: 270: 206: 143: 6782: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3003: 1332: 1246:

from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's

7552: 7526: 7334: 7024: 6812: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6767: 6093: 5726: 5721: 5696: 5652: 5592: 5443: 5319: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2509: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 1863: 1855: 1773: 1611: 1534: 1465: 1436: 1251: 1247: 1078:, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed. 841: 833: 822: 536: 326: 7079: 6847: 6019: 5262: 1151: 748:). In some accounts, Nicholas's uncle was the bishop of the city of 313: 7506: 7410: 7400: 7038: 7029: 6983: 6827: 6701: 6601: 6098: 6052: 5793: 5647: 5552: 5541: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3040: 1804: 1591: 1546: 1542: 1349: 1255: 962: 946: 376: 331: 318: 245: 202: 5632: 5567: 5252: 5075:

Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend

4482:

Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend

2564: 2409: 2367: 2133: 1854:

In depictions of Saint Nicholas from Bari, he is usually shown as

1815:

Saint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on Eastern Orthodox

1733:, although by the early nineteenth century had fallen by the way. 885:(ruled 284–305), but was released under the orders of the Emperor 7531: 7496: 7467: 7364: 7354: 7344: 7339: 7283: 7192: 6973: 6968: 6873: 6837: 6762: 6731: 5778: 5617: 5557: 5423: 1887: 1867: 1538: 1515:, and the only pelvis bone in the collection at Bari is the left 1440: 1424: 1394: 1231: 1124: 990: 911: 803: 265: 3835: 1099: 7395: 7324: 7210: 7111: 6978: 6935: 6925: 6561: 6439: 5905: 5691: 5637: 5418: 5271: 3539:"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy" 1760:

Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia

1664: 1653: 1315: 1235: 1194: 1163: 807: 384: 368: 286: 278: 152: 4823:"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia" 4488:, Princeton. Princeton Theological Seminary. vol. 36, issue 3 4059:"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny" 2592:

The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture

2357: 2355: 7463: 7430: 7380: 7329: 7298: 6777: 5463: 2983:

Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint

2186:(Noticeably stouter ed.). Faber and Faber. p. 318. 1901: 1816: 1769: 1712: 1491:

produced an updated reconstruction of Saint Nicholas's face.

1456: 1447: 1433: 1120: 1116: 998: 986: 931: 785: 781: 655: 609:

Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's

606:(814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death. 472: 439: 359:(traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as 43: 5288: 5032:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136 4951:, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, 4703:"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ" 1412:, the tomb probably actually belongs to a local priest from 7536: 7521: 7511: 7385: 6999: 6663: 5381: 5154:, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, 3925:[There are also bones of St. Nicholas in Venice?]. 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2352: 1843: 1777: 1698: 1619: 1223: 1159: 1007: 903: 799: 749: 499: 308: 123: 30:"Nicholas of Myra" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5028:

Ferguson, George (1976) , "St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari",

3359: 3206: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 1205:

them. The remains arrived on 9 May 1087. Two years later,

490:

of the region were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim

7288: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3349: 3347: 3345: 1112:

further inland made it safer from seafaring Arab forces.

720:), but, according to others, they were named Theophanes ( 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3715: 3713: 3569:"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey" 3421: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3121: 3015: 2918: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2477: 2475: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2308: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 1827:

ones. He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the

1721:

evolved from Dutch traditions regarding Saint Nicholas (

568:, who apparently took the name "Nicholas" to honor him. 4939:

Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013),

4859: 4857: 3975: 3959:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from 3929:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from 3903: 3879: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3459: 2743: 2652:

Ingram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004).

2435: 2433: 2431: 1533:

Among Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors,

862:

Saint Nicholas of Myra saves three innocents from death

4998:"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas" 4008: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3700: 3698: 3342: 3239: 1786:

29 July – Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.

1186:, the official church of the Byzantine Empire, was in 945:, where he is said to have been a staunch opponent of 764:

The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano,

345:

students in various cities and countries around Europe

4184: 3710: 3665:

Wheeler, Joe L.; Rosenthal, Jim (2005). "Chapter 1".

3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3293: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3145: 2839: 2472: 2390: 2342: 2340: 2320: 2294:. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 57–63. 2233: 1107:, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087. 5231:. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic. 5151:

Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus

5136: 4854: 3856: 2908: 2906: 2796:

The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas

2587: 2428: 1911: 1074:

Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of

4938: 3987: 3891: 3862: 3761: 3695: 3683: 3614: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3187: 3009: 2575: 2422: 2384: 2153: 2151: 2024: 1985: 873:proclaimed the new bishop. He is said to have been 741: 727: 713: 699: 551:, which may have originally been built as early as 5077:, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 5052: 4996:English, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012), 3639:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3587: 3251: 2445: 2337: 2163: 1808:Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the 1678:Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English 1310:monastery basilica to him on the north end of the 1053:conclude that he was the patron saint of brewers. 3212: 2903: 1498:, Professor Tom Higham and Doctor Georges Kazan, 1238:soldiers mustered in Bari in preparation for the 832:, Nicholas is said to have lived in a crypt near 478:Fewer than 200 years after Nicholas's death, the 391:. Because of the many miracles attributed to his 205:as a bishop. In Eastern Christianity, wearing an 7639: 4912:. Britten-Pears Foundation. 1948. Archived from 4874: 4872: 4670:The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023 4083: 3664: 3396: 2626:Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance 2148: 1715:for Saint Nicholas to deliver presents therein. 1123:, which was believed by the faithful to possess 498:, a group of merchants from the Italian city of 5263:The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas 5194:Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present 5014:, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2883: 2881: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2182:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (December 2008). 2181: 1033:resurrected the pickled children by making the 814:that a similar story is told in Philostratus's 2623: 1637:, 6 December. For those who still observe the 1522: 941:In 325, Nicholas is said to have attended the 7095: 5304: 5227:Wheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006). 4869: 4733:"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker" 3923:"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?" 2228:Bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus. 1083:highest point on the small Turkish island of 5192:, in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.), 4995: 4949:and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas 4587:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. 4384:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237. 3101: 3099: 3076: 3074: 2929: 2878: 2856: 2812: 2721: 2693: 2679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2246: 1725:). When the Dutch established the colony of 844:, a Christian town of which Nicholas is the 688:in the Roman Empire, to a wealthy family of 561:Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome 531:(ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the 7743:Participants in the First Council of Nicaea 5059:, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press, 4446:Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture 4373: 4288: 4103:"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics" 2980: 2018: 1622:, even if they are not named after him. In 735: 721: 707: 693: 466:An early list makes him an attendee at the 455:. He was later cast into prison during the 7102: 7088: 5311: 5297: 4344: 4270:"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9" 4033:"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?" 2206: 1352:, which he then enshrined in the Abbey of 821:Nicholas is also said to have visited the 620:both consider Michael the Archimandrite's 459:, but was released after the accession of 55: 5187: 5109: 5036: 4967:"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age" 4159: 4157: 3633:Ott, Michael (1907). "Nicholas of Myra". 3287: 3096: 3071: 3065: 3034: 2558: 2009:rather than their birth is commemorated." 1013: 755: 5229:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas 5196:, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, 5137:University of Oxford (5 December 2017), 5037:Greydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016), 5027: 4964: 4443: 4404: 4318: 4199: 4126: 4124: 3667:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas 2778: 2463: 1837: 1803: 1795:6 December – Commemoration of his death. 1673: 1555: 1423: 1331: 1292: 1217: 1150: 1098: 1069: 1017: 953:, and one of the bishops who signed the 921: 855: 759: 666: 602:, written in the early ninth century by 5174:, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 5167: 5124: 5007: 4941:"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction" 4019: 3689: 3378:Le Saux, Françoise Hazel Marie (2005). 3377: 3365: 3353: 3306: 3245: 3166: 3154: 3139: 3127: 2850: 2790: 2481: 2439: 2403: 2361: 2314: 2289: 2080:. Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from 1960:List of churches named after the saint. 1783:20 May – Arrival of the relics in Bari. 1618:. Many Orthodox churches will have his 930:fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping 517: 7640: 4983: 4890:from the original on 16 September 2016 4536:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 4532:"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home" 4411:. New York: Putnam's. pp. 37–52. 4379: 4237: 4154: 3955:[Are all the bones in Bari?]. 3649: 3608: 3489:from the original on 16 September 2016 2968:"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala" 2596:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2267:from the original on 11 September 2015 1689:, on Saint Nicholas Day parishes held 1419: 543:(ruled 527–565) renovated churches in 494:, and soon after the beginning of the 482:was built in Myra under the orders of 451:. Shortly after his return, he became 7683:Burials at the Basilica di San Nicola 7668:4th-century bishops in Roman Anatolia 7663:3rd-century bishops in Roman Anatolia 7594:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece 7109: 7083: 6641:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 5292: 5125:Medrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017), 5072: 4833:from the original on 21 November 2020 4480:Hageman, Howard G., 1979. "Review of 4425:from the original on 12 December 2009 4380:DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013). 4350: 4332:from the original on 31 December 2013 4306:from the original on 13 December 2013 4219:from the original on 12 December 2013 4171:from the original on 12 November 2014 4121: 4109:from the original on 11 December 2013 4039:from the original on 13 December 2013 3823:from the original on 11 December 2017 3440: 2106:. St. Nicholas Center. Archived from 2096: 1446:Whereas the devotional importance of 1280:In May 2017, following talks between 5147: 5090: 5047: 5011:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 4945:Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The 4863: 4773:from the original on 9 December 2022 4512:from the original on 6 December 2017 4142:from the original on 4 December 2016 4089: 4002: 3981: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3787:from the original on 6 December 2017 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3704: 3620: 3519:from the original on 22 January 2010 3465: 3415: 3330:from the original on 5 December 2009 3320:"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas" 3260: 2912: 2451: 2346: 2331: 2169: 2157: 1958:St. Nicholas Church (disambiguation) 1948:Saint Nicholas, patron saint archive 917: 4763:"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados" 3632: 3575:from the original on 8 October 2017 3571:. ir.ishtimes.com. 4 October 2017. 3509:"Turks want Santa's bones returned" 2656:. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. 784:." The man could not afford proper 661: 13: 5211: 5030:Signs and Symbols in Christian Art 4965:Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2017), 4767:Orthodox Christianity Then and Now 4713:from the original on 19 March 2012 4649:from the original on 23 April 2023 4328:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. 4302:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. 3545:. 28 December 2009. Archived from 2132:. Orthodox America. Archived from 1930:Saint Nicholas (European folklore) 1846:of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, 1321: 570:The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion 14: 7754: 5246: 4984:Cullen, Ellie (6 December 2017), 4803:from the original on 24 July 2023 4743:from the original on 24 July 2023 4683:from the original on 24 July 2023 4619:from the original on 24 July 2023 4276:from the original on 10 July 2012 3010:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2726:. Liturgical Press. p. 111. 2698:. Liturgical Press. p. 111. 2576:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2423:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2385:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2066:. Catholic Book Publishing. 1948. 1025:Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne 851: 525:a turbulent time in Roman history 7621: 7612: 7611: 7209: 7062: 7061: 6517:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 6412:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 5222:. Osaka: Osaka University Press. 5091:Keys, David (17 December 1993), 4971:BBC News: Family & Education 4902: 4845: 4815: 4785: 4755: 4725: 4695: 4661: 4631: 4601: 4575: 4550: 4524: 4498: 4471: 4462: 4437: 4398: 4351:Carus, Louise (1 October 2002). 4262: 4231: 4205: 4095: 3192:. Amerisearch, Inc. p. 26. 2798:. Howard Books. pp. 14–17. 1914: 1669:Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate 1489:Liverpool John Moores University 1384:repentant criminals would place 1166:of Saint Nicholas are kept today 547:dedicated to Saint Nicholas and 533:Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra 65:, showing Saint Nicholas with a 25:Saint Nicholas (disambiguation) 4793:"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula" 4444:Sandford, John (3 April 2013). 4296:"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker" 4181:(navigate to 4th of 4 pictures) 4132:"The Real Face of St. Nicholas" 4051: 4025: 3953:"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?" 3945: 3915: 3799: 3773: 3658: 3643: 3626: 3561: 3531: 3501: 3471: 3446: 3371: 3312: 3181: 3172: 2974: 2960: 2935: 2784: 2715: 2687: 2617: 2581: 2487: 2457: 2283: 2211:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 33. 2200: 2033: 2012: 1271:recent lifting of the anathemas 1028:(created between 1503 and 1508) 539:also mentions that the Emperor 6497:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 6426:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 5809:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 5588:Legend of the Christmas Spider 4272:. Orthodox Church in America. 2175: 2122: 2070: 2056: 2002: 1971: 1799: 1494:In 2017, two researchers from 1103:Desecrated sarcophagus in the 1: 6448:Christmas television specials 6347:The New Oxford Book of Carols 5434:Annunciation to the shepherds 5318: 5002:ReadTheSpirit online magazine 4326:"Commemorations for Kiahk 10" 2985:. KIT Publishers. p. 7. 2588:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). 2207:Cunningham, Lawrence (2005). 2184:The book of general ignorance 2050: 765: 580: 577:De statu animarum post mortem 552: 7673:4th-century Christian saints 6502:Christmas and holiday season 5283:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 5188:Wilkinson, Caroline (2018), 5131:Newsweek: Tech & Science 5043:, National Catholic Register 4584:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 4405:McKnight, George H. (1917). 4300:Synaxarium (Lives of Saints) 3221:. Liturgical Press. p. 3188:Federer, William J. (2002). 2495:Michael the Archimandrite's 1935:Companions of Saint Nicholas 585:Eustratius of Constantinople 337:Royal School of Church Music 117:Traditionally 6 December 343 7: 5258:Biography of Saint Nicholas 3456:– 27 (2012) 2, pp. 241–269. 3105:Michael the Archimandrite, 3080:Michael the Archimandrite, 2887:Michael the Archimandrite, 2862:Michael the Archimandrite, 2823:Michael the Archimandrite, 2561:, p. Nicholas of Myra. 2250:Stories Behind Men of Faith 2025: 1986: 1907: 1740:Nicholas is honored in the 1523:Veneration and celebrations 1487:. In 2014, the Face Lab at 949:and a devoted supporter of 895:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 816:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 742: 728: 714: 700: 647:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 488:Greek Christian inhabitants 16:4th-century Christian saint 10: 7759: 7708:Saints from Roman Anatolia 7207: 5414:Adoration of the Shepherds 5218:Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010). 5073:Jones, Charles W. (1978), 4931: 4827:Orthodox Church in America 4797:Orthodox Church in America 4737:Orthodox Church in America 4613:Orthodox Church in America 4355:. Quest Books. p. 2. 3213:Davis, Leo Donald (1990). 2628:. Constable. p. 126. 2253:. Zondervan. p. 121. 1526: 1451:miracle of the manna, the 1325: 1162:, Italy where most of the 1105:St. Nicholas Church, Demre 926:Detail of a late medieval 371:from the maritime city of 100:Traditionally 15 March 270 29: 18: 7607: 7586: 7545: 7489: 7452: 7419: 7373: 7312: 7276: 7256: 7225: 7218: 7161:National personifications 7118: 7057: 6992: 6961: 6908: 6882: 6861: 6740: 6685: 6672: 6658:WWE Tribute to the Troops 6470: 6419:A Visit from St. Nicholas 6365: 6340:The Oxford Book of Carols 6276: 6107: 5916:Feast of the Seven Fishes 5829: 5750: 5661: 5538: 5479:Massacre of the Innocents 5392: 5328: 5253:The Saint Nicholas Center 5008:English, Adam C. (2016), 4105:. Saint Nicholas Center. 4035:. Saint Nicholas Center. 3857:University of Oxford 2017 3636:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3068:, p. Medieval Saint. 2290:English, Adam C. (2012). 2209:A brief history of saints 2019: 1981: 1941:A Visit from St. Nicholas 1602:. He is mentioned in the 1468:in his spine and pelvis. 1288: 1065: 1060: 736: 722: 708: 694: 604:Michael the Archimandrite 457:persecution of Diocletian 399:. Saint Nicholas is the 397:Nicholas the Wonderworker 387:) during the time of the 217: 196: 165: 149: 134: 113: 96: 78: 54: 41: 7738:Ancient Anatolian Greeks 7728:Diocletianic Persecution 6460:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 5168:Wheeler, Joe L. (2010), 4165:"The Real Face of Santa" 2943:"Stories from Beit Jala" 2930:English & Crumm 2012 2027:Nikólaos ho Thaumaturgós 1964: 1877: 1776:, while on their way to 1768:10 May – Passage of the 1562:Saint Nicholas Cathedral 1541:. In centuries of Greek 1481:Diocletianic Persecution 1473:University of Manchester 1339:near Thomastown, Ireland 1269:in commemoration of the 1091:great processional way. 959:Athanasius of Alexandria 436:forced into prostitution 7733:Christmas gift-bringers 7587:Former national symbols 6622:Small Business Saturday 6492:Black Friday (shopping) 6487:Black Friday (partying) 5981:Nine Lessons and Carols 5911:Events and celebrations 4884:St. John Cantius Parish 4492:7 December 2008 at the 4215:. St. Nicholas Center. 3483:St. John Cantius Parish 2624:Burman, Edward (1991). 2020:Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός 1647:Revised Julian calendar 1366:Basilique Saint-Nicolas 1210:chroniclers, including 1146: 1094: 943:First Council of Nicaea 936:First Council of Nicaea 875:imprisoned and tortured 806:tree or a cross-shaped 468:First Council of Nicaea 140:Christian denominations 7546:Patron Saints/Religion 7257:Other official symbols 6266:Post-War United States 5143:, University of Oxford 4947:Conception Nostre Dame 3650:Butler, Albin (1860). 3108:Life of Saint Nicholas 3083:Life of Saint Nicholas 2890:Life of Saint Nicholas 2865:Life of Saint Nicholas 2826:Life of Saint Nicholas 2497:Life of Saint Nicholas 2104:"Who is St. Nicholas?" 1997: 1851: 1812: 1682: 1604:Liturgy of Preparation 1568: 1485:The Real Face of Santa 1443: 1373:Sack of Constantinople 1340: 1337:Tomb of Saint Nicholas 1328:Tomb of Saint Nicholas 1302: 1227: 1222:Statue of Nicholas in 1167: 1156:Basilica di San Nicola 1108: 1079: 1029: 1014:Other reputed miracles 1004:Basilica di San Nicola 995:as it was embarrassing 938: 869: 778:Life of Saint Nicholas 773: 756:Generosity and travels 611:Life of Saint Nicholas 600:Life of Saint Nicholas 596:Life of Saint Nicholas 592:Life of Saint Nicholas 504:Basilica di San Nicola 406:early Christian saints 395:, he is also known as 357:Saint Nicholas of Myra 159:Basilica di San Nicola 23:. For other uses, see 7578:Greek Orthodox Church 7156:Elefthería í Thánatos 6315:Hit singles in the US 6310:Hit singles in the UK 5871:Carols by Candlelight 5799:Santa Claus' daughter 5407:Adoration of the Magi 5148:Seal, Jeremy (2005), 4562:The Church of England 4353:The Real St. Nicholas 4238:Goroshkova, Natalia. 2722:Lanzi, Gioia (2004). 2694:Lanzi, Gioia (2004). 2247:Collins, Ace (2009). 1841: 1807: 1677: 1559: 1527:Further information: 1427: 1381:San Nicola in Carcere 1335: 1296: 1221: 1154: 1102: 1073: 1021: 925: 887:Constantine the Great 859: 763: 667:Family and background 583:583), the theologian 187:translation of relics 81:Defender of the Faith 7693:Christmas characters 6607:Santa's Candy Castle 5931:Google Santa Tracker 4250:on 28 September 2023 3515:. 28 December 2009. 3324:stnicholascenter.org 2981:Faber, Paul (2006). 2364:, pp. vii–viii. 634:conversion narrative 632:does not contain a " 518:Biographical sources 61:Full-length icon by 7320:Acropolis of Athens 7233:Double-headed eagle 6612:Santa Claus Village 6527:Christmas Mountains 6433:Journey of the Magi 5439:Baptism of the Lord 3984:, pp. 135–137. 3912:, pp. 127–136. 3888:, pp. 125–127. 3816:The Washington Post 3809:The Washington Post 3758:, pp. 114–116. 3746:, pp. 114–115. 3734:, pp. 100–102. 3652:Lives of the Saints 3549:on 11 December 2013 3468:, pp. 135–136. 3443:, pp. 176–193. 3380:A companion to Wace 3368:, pp. 132–133. 3114:3 July 2018 at the 3089:3 July 2018 at the 3012:, pp. 249–250. 2947:St. Nicholas Center 2896:3 July 2018 at the 2871:3 July 2018 at the 2831:3 July 2018 at the 2792:Bennett, William J. 2503:3 July 2018 at the 2136:on 7 September 2011 1848:Gregoriou Monastery 1453:archdiocese of Bari 1420:Scientific analysis 1375:in 1204 during the 1172:Battle of Manzikert 1047:early modern period 770:Pinacoteca Vaticana 642:Apollonius of Tyana 480:St. Nicholas Church 253:the falsely accused 7698:Christian folklore 7599:Greek crown jewels 7226:Historical symbols 6722:Twelve-dish supper 6572:Jews and Christmas 6522:Christmas Lectures 6251:American Civil War 5986:NORAD Tracks Santa 5362:Saint Nicholas Day 5115:"Nicholas of Myra" 4136:St Nicholas Center 4071:on 12 October 2016 3963:on 8 December 2012 3933:on 9 December 2012 2110:on 10 October 2010 2084:on 8 December 2010 1852: 1813: 1742:calendar of saints 1683: 1656:, the most common 1643:Gregorian calendar 1624:Oriental Orthodoxy 1610:(Eastern Orthodox 1569: 1529:Saint Nicholas Day 1462:University of Bari 1444: 1341: 1308:San Nicolò al Lido 1303: 1299:San Nicolò al Lido 1228: 1168: 1133:Russian government 1109: 1080: 1030: 939: 881:under the Emperor 870: 774: 678:Lycia et Pamphylia 176:Saint Nicholas Day 107:Lycia et Pamphylia 7688:Burials in Turkey 7635: 7634: 7557:Our Lady of Tinos 7440:Dionysios Solomos 7272: 7271: 7193:28 October (1940) 7184:National holidays 7077: 7076: 7053: 7052: 6717:Thirteen desserts 6637:Virginia O'Hanlon 6482:Advent Conspiracy 6396:Films (Christmas, 6388:A Christmas Carol 6333:Carols for Choirs 5876:Cavalcade of Magi 5856:Boar's Head Feast 5525:Star of Bethlehem 5496:Nativity of Jesus 5484:flight into Egypt 5369:St. Stephen's Day 5203:978-1-3500-2830-2 5181:978-1-59555-115-3 5161:978-1-58234-419-5 5084:978-0-226-40700-5 5021:978-1-4982-3933-2 4958:978-90-04-24768-0 4594:978-1-64065-235-4 4538:. 3 December 2020 4478:Theology Overview 4455:978-1-136-81610-9 4391:978-1-4594-0560-8 3722:, pp. 93–94. 3669:. Thomas Nelson. 3389:978-1-84384-043-5 3169:, pp. 40–41. 3142:, pp. 39–40. 3130:, pp. 38–39. 2805:978-1-4165-6746-2 2334:, pp. 14–15. 2317:, pp. vii–x. 2301:978-1-60258-636-9 2218:978-1-4051-1402-8 2193:978-0-571-24692-2 1750:Church of England 1746:Lutheran Churches 1735:St. Nicholas Park 1614:) and during the 1560:Eastern Orthodox 1500:radiocarbon dated 1496:Oxford University 1035:sign of the cross 918:Council of Nicaea 879:Great Persecution 838:Nativity of Jesus 682:Mediterranean Sea 680:), a port on the 354: 353: 341:Duchy of Lorraine 256:repentant thieves 181:22 May [ 135:Venerated in 71:sign of the cross 7750: 7703:Myroblyte saints 7625: 7615: 7614: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7119:National symbols 7104: 7097: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7069: 7065: 7064: 6900:Redcurrant sauce 6689: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6652:Winter festivals 6402:Christmas horror 6369: 6280: 6111: 5966:Meals and feasts 5886:Christmas jumper 5833: 5804:Santa's reindeer 5756: 5702:Father Christmas 5666: 5623:Santa's workshop 5544: 5506:in later culture 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5322: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5242: 5223: 5206: 5184: 5164: 5144: 5133: 5121: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5087: 5069: 5058: 5044: 5033: 5024: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4246:. Archived from 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3811:, June 29, 2017" 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479:"Saint Nicholas" 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3419: 3413: 3394: 3393: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3220: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3103: 3094: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3038: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2901: 2900:(Chapters 16–18) 2885: 2876: 2875:(Chapters 12–18) 2860: 2854: 2848: 2837: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2741: 2740: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2654:Greek Immigrants 2649: 2643: 2642: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2507: 2493:Introduction to 2491: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2407: 2401: 2388: 2382: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1998:Sanctus Nicolaus 1991: 1983: 1975: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1884:Benjamin Britten 1866:, a mitre and a 1754:Episcopal Church 1748:, as well as in 1687:medieval England 1573:Eastern Orthodox 1471:In 2004, at the 1386:votive offerings 1260:capillary action 1180:Greek Christians 1043:Late Middle Ages 767: 747: 739: 738: 733: 725: 724: 719: 711: 710: 705: 697: 696: 662:Life and legends 618:Charles W. Jones 582: 575:In his treatise 566:Nicholas of Sion 554: 496:East–West schism 449:Syria Palaestina 381:Antalya Province 361:Nicholas of Bari 275:unmarried people 155: 120: 59: 49:Nicholas of Myra 39: 38: 32:Nicholas of Lyra 7758: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7723:Miracle workers 7678:Anglican saints 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7603: 7582: 7541: 7485: 7477:Digenes Akritas 7448: 7415: 7369: 7308: 7268: 7252: 7214: 7205: 7188:25 March (1821) 7176:Grateful Hellas 7146:Hymn to Liberty 7114: 7108: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7049: 7015:Pickled herring 6988: 6957: 6904: 6895:Cranberry sauce 6878: 6857: 6833:Red velvet cake 6818:Poppy seed roll 6736: 6687: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6647:White Christmas 6537:Christmas truce 6532:Christmas seals 6512:Christmas creep 6474: 6472: 6466: 6367: 6361: 6278: 6272: 6109: 6103: 5956:Lord of Misrule 5891:Christmas Peace 5841:Advent calendar 5831: 5825: 5774:Knecht Ruprecht 5754: 5752: 5746: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5459:Herod the Great 5394: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5249: 5239: 5226: 5217: 5214: 5212:Further reading 5209: 5204: 5182: 5162: 5111:Lendering, Jona 5101: 5099: 5097:The Independent 5085: 5067: 5022: 4975: 4973: 4959: 4934: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4916:on 4 March 2016 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4494:Wayback Machine 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4185: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3863: 3855: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3543:Todayszaman.com 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3422: 3414: 3397: 3390: 3382:. D.S. Brewer. 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3294: 3286: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3116:Wayback Machine 3104: 3097: 3091:Wayback Machine 3079: 3072: 3064: 3041: 3033: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2993: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2919: 2911: 2904: 2898:Wayback Machine 2886: 2879: 2873:Wayback Machine 2861: 2857: 2849: 2840: 2833:Wayback Machine 2822: 2813: 2806: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2744: 2734: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2692: 2688: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2565: 2557: 2510: 2505:Wayback Machine 2492: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2429: 2421: 2410: 2402: 2391: 2383: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2288: 2284: 2270: 2268: 2261: 2245: 2234: 2219: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2180: 2176: 2172:, pp. 2–3. 2168: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2064:Book of Martyrs 2062: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2038: 2034: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1988:Hágios Nikólaos 1976: 1972: 1967: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1880: 1819:, particularly 1802: 1762: 1756:on 6 December. 1639:Julian calendar 1616:All-Night Vigil 1566:Kuopio, Finland 1531: 1525: 1422: 1406:County Kilkenny 1346:William Pantulf 1330: 1324: 1322:Other locations 1312:Lido di Venezia 1291: 1258:to the tomb by 1212:Orderic Vitalis 1201:in the church. 1149: 1097: 1068: 1063: 1016: 920: 854: 758: 706:) and Johanna ( 669: 664: 520: 379:(in modern-day 365:early Christian 192: 150: 144:venerate saints 128:Diocese of Asia 122: 118: 101: 74: 63:Jaroslav Čermák 50: 47: 46: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7756: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7648:Saint Nicholas 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7619: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7573:Saint Nicholas 7570: 7565: 7560: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7470: 7456: 7454: 7453:National epics 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7444:Kostis Palamas 7433: 7423: 7421: 7420:National poets 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7201:Blue and white 7198: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7173: 7162: 7159: 7152: 7149: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6946:Smoking Bishop 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6629: 6627:Super Saturday 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6557:Giving Tuesday 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Christmas club 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6405: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6373: 6371: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354:Piae Cantiones 6350: 6343: 6336: 6326: 6320:Music charts ( 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6284: 6282: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:Père Fouettard 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5755:Saint Nicholas 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Grandpa Indian 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5675:Saint Nicholas 5671: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Old Man Winter 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Miner's figure 5595: 5590: 5585: 5583:Kallikantzaros 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5513:Nativity scene 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5348:Children's Day 5344: 5337: 5334:Blue Christmas 5329: 5326: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5278:Saint Nicholas 5274: 5268:Saint Nicholas 5265: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5247:External links 5245: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5224: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5185: 5180: 5171:Saint Nicholas 5165: 5160: 5145: 5134: 5122: 5107: 5088: 5083: 5070: 5065: 5045: 5034: 5025: 5020: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4962: 4957: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4901: 4880:"St. Nicholas" 4868: 4866:, p. 111. 4853: 4844: 4814: 4784: 4754: 4724: 4694: 4660: 4630: 4600: 4593: 4574: 4558:"The Calendar" 4549: 4523: 4497: 4486:Theology Today 4470: 4461: 4454: 4436: 4418:978-1115125055 4417: 4397: 4390: 4372: 4361: 4343: 4317: 4287: 4261: 4244:OrthoChristian 4230: 4204: 4183: 4153: 4120: 4094: 4082: 4050: 4024: 4022:, p. 133. 4007: 4005:, p. 137. 3986: 3974: 3944: 3914: 3902: 3900:, p. 127. 3890: 3878: 3876:, p. 136. 3861: 3834: 3798: 3772: 3770:, p. 117. 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3709: 3707:, p. 131. 3694: 3682: 3675: 3657: 3654:. Vol. 2. 3642: 3625: 3623:, p. 101. 3613: 3586: 3560: 3530: 3500: 3470: 3458: 3445: 3420: 3395: 3388: 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 132. 3341: 3311: 3292: 3288:Greydanus 2016 3265: 3250: 3248:, p. xii. 3238: 3231: 3205: 3199:978-0965355742 3198: 3180: 3171: 3159: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3095: 3070: 3066:Lendering 2006 3039: 3037:, p. 163. 3035:Wilkinson 2018 3014: 3002: 2991: 2973: 2959: 2934: 2917: 2902: 2877: 2855: 2838: 2836:Chapters 10–11 2811: 2804: 2783: 2781:, p. 136. 2742: 2732: 2714: 2704: 2686: 2662: 2644: 2634: 2616: 2606: 2580: 2578:, p. 249. 2563: 2559:Lendering 2006 2508: 2486: 2471: 2456: 2444: 2427: 2425:, p. 251. 2408: 2389: 2387:, p. 250. 2366: 2351: 2336: 2319: 2307: 2300: 2282: 2259: 2232: 2226:Greek Orthodox 2217: 2199: 2192: 2174: 2162: 2147: 2130:"St. Nicholas" 2121: 2095: 2069: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2032: 2011: 2001: 1982:Ἅγιος Νικόλαος 1969: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1909: 1906: 1879: 1876: 1831:and holding a 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1708:Nicholas fairs 1608:Divine Liturgy 1524: 1521: 1421: 1418: 1414:Jerpoint Abbey 1377:Fourth Crusade 1344:Norman knight 1323: 1320: 1297:The church of 1290: 1287: 1148: 1145: 1096: 1093: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1015: 1012: 982: 981: 974: 951:Trinitarianism 928:Greek Orthodox 919: 916: 853: 852:Bishop of Myra 850: 757: 754: 668: 665: 663: 660: 638:Neopythagorean 626:Jona Lendering 545:Constantinople 519: 516: 453:Bishop of Myra 352: 351: 350: 349: 346: 343: 334: 329: 324: 321: 316: 311: 306: 303: 298: 295: 292: 289: 284: 281: 276: 273: 268: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 226: 221: 215: 214: 209:and holding a 200: 194: 193: 191: 190: 179: 171: 169: 163: 162: 156: 147: 146: 136: 132: 131: 130:, Roman Empire 121:(aged 73) 115: 111: 110: 109:, Roman Empire 98: 94: 93: 92: 91: 90:Bishop of Myra 88: 85: 82: 76: 75: 73:with his right 60: 52: 51: 48: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7755: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:Mount Olympus 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219:Other symbols 7217: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7070: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993:Meat and fish 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6931:Hot chocolate 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Ugly sweaters 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542:Controversies 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377:In literature 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6275: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246:United States 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976:Moravian star 5974: 5972: 5971:Midnight Mass 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Candle arches 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851:Advent wreath 5849: 5847: 5846:Advent candle 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5753:Companions of 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665:Gift-bringers 5660: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5530:Twelfth Night 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Nativity Fast 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Christmastide 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424:Angel Gabriel 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402:Biblical Magi 5400: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5355:Christmas Eve 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5238:9781418504076 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4679: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4448:. Routledge. 4447: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4362:9780835608138 4358: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4200:Coughlan 2017 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3678: 3676:9781418504076 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3309:, p. 35. 3308: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3263:, p. 93. 3262: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3234: 3232:0-8146-5616-1 3228: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3157:, p. 40. 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2992:9789068324372 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2853:, p. 38. 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2779:Ferguson 1976 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2733:0-8146-2970-9 2729: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2705:0-8146-2970-9 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2663:9780816056897 2659: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2635:0-09-469490-7 2631: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2607:0-313-30733-4 2603: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2490: 2484:, p. xi. 2483: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2460: 2454:, p. 15. 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2406:, p. ix. 2405: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2349:, p. 14. 2348: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2260:9780310564560 2256: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2015: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922:Saints portal 1912: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1896:on a text by 1895: 1894: 1893:Saint Nicolas 1889: 1885: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850:, Mount Athos 1849: 1845: 1842:15th century 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1731:Hudson Valley 1728: 1727:New Amsterdam 1724: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704:Low Countries 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Christmastide 1688: 1681: 1680:book of hours 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1628:Coptic Church 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1551:Hellenic Navy 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428:18th-century 1426: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1295: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1240:First Crusade 1237: 1233: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1207:Pope Urban II 1202: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 979: 975: 972: 968: 967: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 937: 933: 929: 924: 915: 913: 907: 905: 900: 896: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 864: 863: 858: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 795: 792: 787: 783: 779: 771: 762: 753: 751: 746: 745: 734:) and Nonna ( 732: 731: 718: 717: 704: 703: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 659: 657: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 586: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 550: 549:Saint Priscus 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Theodosius II 526: 515: 513: 512:First Crusade 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Theodosius II 481: 476: 474: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369:Greek descent 366: 362: 358: 347: 344: 342: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 304: 302: 301:Hellenic Navy 299: 296: 293: 290: 288: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 230: 227: 224: 223: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 199: 195: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 172: 170: 168: 164: 161:, Bari, Italy 160: 157: 154: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 95: 89: 87:Holy Hierarch 86: 83: 80: 79: 77: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 45: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7572: 7568:Saint George 7563:Saint Andrew 7472: 7459: 7435: 7426: 7175: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7134:Coat of arms 7132: 7125: 7005:Gefilte fish 6953:Ponche crema 6788:Melomakarono 6656: 6547:Cyber Monday 6452: 6417: 6386: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6328:Music books 6321: 6159:Nazi Germany 6051: 6047:Secret Santa 6034: 5921:Flying Santa 5674: 5628:Tió de Nadal 5578:Korvatunturi 5429:Annunciation 5395:Christianity 5376:Sol Invictus 5281: 5228: 5219: 5193: 5170: 5150: 5139: 5130: 5118: 5100:, retrieved 5096: 5074: 5054: 5039: 5029: 5010: 5001: 4990:The Atlantic 4989: 4974:, retrieved 4970: 4948: 4944: 4918:. Retrieved 4914:the original 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4883: 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4826: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4796: 4787: 4775:. Retrieved 4766: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4736: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4709:(in Greek). 4707:Synaxaristis 4706: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4669: 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4645:(in Greek). 4643:Synaxaristis 4642: 4633: 4621:. Retrieved 4612: 4603: 4583: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4561: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4526: 4514:. Retrieved 4500: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4464: 4445: 4439: 4427:. Retrieved 4407: 4400: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4352: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4299: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4248:the original 4243: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4207: 4173:. Retrieved 4144:. Retrieved 4135: 4111:. Retrieved 4097: 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4066:the original 4053: 4041:. Retrieved 4027: 4020:English 2016 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3961:the original 3956: 3947: 3935:. Retrieved 3931:the original 3926: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3825:. Retrieved 3814: 3808: 3801: 3789:. Retrieved 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3690:Medrano 2017 3685: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3616: 3577:. Retrieved 3563: 3551:. Retrieved 3547:the original 3542: 3533: 3521:. Retrieved 3512: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3482: 3473: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3379: 3373: 3366:English 2016 3361: 3354:English 2016 3332:. Retrieved 3323: 3314: 3307:Wheeler 2010 3246:Wheeler 2010 3241: 3216: 3208: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3167:Wheeler 2010 3162: 3155:Wheeler 2010 3140:Wheeler 2010 3135: 3128:Wheeler 2010 3123: 3118:(Chapter 33) 3107: 3093:(Chapter 31) 3082: 3005: 2996: 2982: 2976: 2962: 2950:. Retrieved 2946: 2937: 2915:, p. 1. 2889: 2864: 2858: 2851:Wheeler 2010 2824: 2795: 2786: 2737: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2695: 2689: 2667: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2591: 2583: 2496: 2489: 2482:Wheeler 2010 2465: 2459: 2447: 2442:, p. x. 2440:Wheeler 2010 2404:Wheeler 2010 2362:Wheeler 2010 2315:Wheeler 2010 2310: 2291: 2285: 2276: 2269:. Retrieved 2249: 2222: 2208: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2165: 2160:, p. 2. 2138:. Retrieved 2134:the original 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2108:the original 2098: 2086:. Retrieved 2082:the original 2072: 2063: 2058: 2041:Holy Trinity 2035: 2026: 2014: 2004: 1987: 1973: 1939: 1898:Eric Crozier 1891: 1886:completed a 1881: 1872: 1856:dark-skinned 1853: 1814: 1810:Lipno Church 1739: 1717: 1707: 1684: 1662: 1651: 1632: 1600:intercession 1589: 1570: 1532: 1509: 1504:Lyon, France 1493: 1484: 1476: 1470: 1445: 1430:Russian icon 1399: 1370: 1342: 1304: 1282:Pope Francis 1279: 1275:Great Schism 1264: 1244: 1229: 1203: 1192: 1184:Greek church 1176:Seljuk Turks 1169: 1141: 1138: 1130: 1114: 1110: 1089: 1081: 1055: 1051: 1038: 1031: 1023: 983: 977: 970: 955:Nicene Creed 940: 908: 894: 891: 871: 860: 846:Patron saint 836:, where the 827: 820: 815: 812: 796: 777: 775: 743: 729: 715: 701: 670: 652:Philostratus 645: 640:philosopher 629: 621: 610: 608: 599: 595: 591: 576: 574: 569: 559: 557: 521: 492:Seljuk Turks 477: 465: 424: 415: 409: 401:patron saint 396: 393:intercession 389:Roman Empire 360: 356: 355: 348:Russian Navy 250:broadcasters 185:9 May] ( 84:Wonderworker 36: 7718:Sinterklaas 7713:Santa Claus 7517:Greek salad 7481:Erotokritos 7350:Mount Athos 7264:Vergina Sun 7110:Symbols of 7020:Roast goose 6941:Mulled wine 6921:Champurrado 6916:Apple cider 6890:Bread sauce 6843:Szaloncukor 6823:Pumpkin pie 6773:Gingerbread 6727:Smörgåsbord 6368:Other media 6206:Philippines 6196:New Zealand 6079:Twelve Days 6036:Räuchermann 5991:Nutcrackers 5941:Las Posadas 5901:Decorations 5881:Christingle 5821:Zwarte Piet 5816:Snegurochka 5737:Sinterklaas 5687:Santa Claus 5102:19 December 4542:22 December 4336:13 December 4310:13 December 4223:12 December 4175:12 November 4146:15 December 4043:11 February 3609:Cullen 2017 3553:12 December 3334:22 December 2271:28 November 1944:, 1823 poem 1860:iconography 1833:Gospel Book 1800:Iconography 1752:and in the 1723:Sinterklaas 1719:Santa Claus 1606:during the 1590:Devotional 1477:ante mortem 1391:Ventimiglia 1267:iconostasis 877:during the 615:medievalist 541:Justinian I 510:during the 461:Constantine 420:Sinterklaas 418:") through 411:Santa Claus 271:pawnbrokers 262:pharmacists 211:Gospel Book 119:(343-12-06) 21:Santa Claus 7658:343 deaths 7653:270 births 7642:Categories 7391:Tambourine 7304:Bay Laurel 7299:Olive Tree 6748:Candy cane 6697:Joulupöytä 6597:Pikkujoulu 6261:New Mexico 6110:By country 6084:Wassailing 6025:Poinsettia 5832:Traditions 5784:Mrs. Claus 5764:Belsnickel 5717:Julemanden 5712:Joulupukki 5643:Wenceslaus 5608:North Pole 5573:Jack Frost 5563:Christkind 5518:Neapolitan 5341:Boxing Day 5119:Livius.org 5066:085667012X 5049:Hunt, John 4976:7 December 4920:5 December 4516:6 December 4113:6 December 3827:6 December 3791:6 December 3441:Jones 1978 2140:7 December 2114:7 December 2051:References 1953:Belznickel 1829:omophorion 1695:boy bishop 1402:Thomastown 1326:See also: 1170:After the 1125:miraculous 883:Diocletian 867:Ilya Repin 865:(1888) by 730:Theophánēs 702:Epiphánios 686:Asia Minor 416:Saint Nick 367:bishop of 207:omophorion 198:Attributes 7553:Theotokos 7527:Olive oil 7335:Epidaurus 7313:Monuments 7171:Delacroix 7035:Tourtière 7025:Romeritos 6962:Dumplings 6909:Beverages 6813:Pecan pie 6803:Panettone 6798:Pampushka 6793:Mince pie 6768:Fruitcake 6712:Réveillon 6592:NFL games 6587:NBA games 6582:In August 6552:Economics 6322:Billboard 6176:Indonesia 6119:Australia 6094:Yule goat 6069:Stockings 6003:Ornaments 5732:Père Noël 5727:Olentzero 5722:Noel Baba 5697:Ded Moroz 5653:Yule Lads 5593:Mari Lwyd 5444:Bethlehem 5321:Christmas 5280:" in the 4894:25 August 4864:Seal 2005 4429:25 August 4090:Hunt 1974 4003:Seal 2005 3982:Seal 2005 3910:Seal 2005 3898:Seal 2005 3886:Seal 2005 3874:Seal 2005 3768:Seal 2005 3756:Seal 2005 3744:Seal 2005 3732:Seal 2005 3720:Seal 2005 3705:Seal 2005 3621:Seal 2005 3579:7 October 3493:25 August 3466:Seal 2005 3416:Keys 1993 3261:Seal 2005 2952:26 August 2913:Seal 2005 2675:cite book 2452:Seal 2005 2347:Seal 2005 2332:Seal 2005 2170:Seal 2005 2158:Seal 2005 1882:In 1948, 1864:vestments 1774:Zakynthos 1635:feast day 1612:Eucharist 1592:akathists 1581:Octoechos 1535:fishermen 1466:arthritis 1437:monastery 1410:John Hunt 1277:in 1054. 1252:sea level 1248:feast day 1178:, and so 976:Nicholas 969:Nicholas 842:Beit Jala 834:Bethlehem 830:Palestine 828:While in 823:Holy Land 695:Ἐπιφάνιος 579:(written 537:Procopius 363:, was an 327:Amsterdam 305:Liverpool 246:toymakers 242:merchants 239:fishermen 233:travelers 219:Patronage 7617:Category 7507:Souvlaki 7411:Rebetiko 7401:Bouzouki 7180:Vryzakis 7068:Category 7039:meat pie 7030:Stuffing 6984:Varenyky 6853:Yule log 6828:Qurabiya 6702:Julebord 6675:Food and 6602:SantaCon 6567:El Gordo 6454:Yule Log 6226:Scotland 6139:Ethiopia 6124:Colombia 6099:Yule log 6053:Spanbaum 6030:Pyramids 5896:Crackers 5794:Sack Man 5680:folklore 5648:Yule cat 5553:Badalisc 5543:folklore 5454:Epiphany 5113:(2006), 5051:(1974), 4888:Archived 4831:Archived 4801:Archived 4771:Archived 4741:Archived 4711:Archived 4678:Archived 4647:Archived 4617:Archived 4567:27 March 4510:Archived 4490:Archived 4423:Archived 4330:Archived 4304:Archived 4274:Archived 4217:Archived 4213:"Greece" 4169:Archived 4140:Archived 4107:Archived 4037:Archived 3821:Archived 3785:Archived 3573:Archived 3517:Archived 3513:BBC News 3487:Archived 3328:Archived 3112:Archived 3087:Archived 2998:people". 2894:Archived 2869:Archived 2829:Archived 2794:(2009). 2501:Archived 2468:: 44–45. 2265:Archived 2078:"Serbia" 1908:See also 1685:In late 1577:Apostles 1547:Poseidon 1543:folklore 1539:harbours 1350:Flanders 1256:seawater 1236:Frankish 1045:and the 963:Eusebius 947:Arianism 899:Ablabius 723:Θεοφάνης 377:Anatolia 332:Lorraine 319:Siggiewi 283:Aberdeen 225:Children 7532:Retsina 7497:Taverna 7490:Cuisine 7468:Odyssey 7460:Ancient 7427:Ancient 7365:Vergina 7360:Olympia 7355:Mycenae 7345:Meteora 7340:Knossos 7284:Dolphin 7277:Natural 7248:Meander 7243:Drachma 7238:Phoenix 7197:Colours 6974:Pierogi 6969:Hallaca 6874:Borscht 6838:Stollen 6808:Pavlova 6783:Makówki 6763:Cozonac 6732:Wigilia 6617:Scrooge 6577:In July 6475:society 6407:Poetry 6241:Ukraine 6216:Romania 6181:Ireland 6171:Iceland 6166:Hungary 6154:Germany 6144:Finland 6134:England 6129:Denmark 6089:Windows 6020:Piñatas 6008:Parades 5961:Markets 5946:Letters 5936:Hampers 5779:Krampus 5618:Perchta 5558:Caganer 4932:Sources 4837:24 July 4807:24 July 4777:24 July 4747:24 July 4717:24 July 4687:24 July 4653:24 July 4623:24 July 4280:4 April 4075:2 March 3967:2 March 3957:enec.it 3937:2 March 3927:enec.it 3454:Nuncius 2088:4 April 1888:cantata 1868:crozier 1825:Serbian 1821:Russian 1744:of the 1571:In the 1441:Karelia 1395:Liguria 1360:, near 991:pallium 971:did not 934:at the 912:Phrygia 804:cypress 786:dowries 772:, Rome) 644:in the 291:Albania 266:archers 259:brewers 236:sailors 229:coopers 7627:Portal 7473:Modern 7436:Modern 7396:Laouto 7325:Delphi 7166:Greece 7141:Anthem 7112:Greece 7045:Turkey 6979:Tamale 6936:Kissel 6926:Eggnog 6883:Sauces 6869:Menudo 6848:Turrón 6758:Cookie 6741:Sweets 6707:Kūčios 6688:Dinner 6562:Grinch 6473:modern 6440:Tomten 6399:Santa, 6382:novels 6300:Operas 6288:Carols 6256:Hawaii 6236:Sweden 6231:Serbia 6221:Russia 6211:Poland 6201:Norway 6191:Mexico 6149:France 6064:Stamps 6059:Szopka 5951:Lights 5906:Didukh 5742:Others 5692:Befana 5638:Vertep 5501:in art 5469:Joseph 5419:Advent 5272:Curlie 5235: 5200: 5178: 5158: 5081: 5063: 5018: 4955: 4591: 4452: 4415: 4388: 4359: 4254:1 June 3673: 3523:23 May 3386: 3229: 3196: 2989: 2802: 2730: 2702: 2660: 2632: 2604: 2298: 2257: 2215: 2190: 1770:relics 1667:, the 1665:Monaco 1654:Serbia 1626:, the 1596:canons 1448:relics 1354:Watten 1316:Venice 1289:Venice 1232:Norman 1195:Apulia 1188:schism 1164:relics 1085:Gemile 1076:Gemile 1066:Gemile 1061:Relics 808:cupola 768:1425, 716:Iōánna 709:Ἰωάννα 674:Patara 508:Venice 428:Patara 385:Turkey 373:Patara 323:Moscow 314:Čilipi 297:Greece 294:Russia 287:Galway 279:Prilep 203:Vested 153:shrine 151:Major 142:which 103:Patara 7464:Iliad 7431:Homer 7381:Aulos 7374:Music 7330:Delos 7151:Motto 6778:Kutia 6677:drink 6305:Songs 6279:Music 6186:Italy 6042:Seals 5996:dolls 5926:Gifts 5866:Cards 5769:Elves 5633:Turoń 5603:Nisse 5568:Grýla 5464:Jesus 4681:(PDF) 4674:(PDF) 4069:(PDF) 4062:(PDF) 1994:Latin 1978:Greek 1965:Notes 1902:tenor 1878:Music 1817:icons 1713:foyer 1658:Slava 1517:ilium 1513:pubis 1457:crypt 1434:Kizhi 1362:Nancy 1199:monks 1121:myrrh 1119:, or 1117:manna 1039:Lives 999:Arius 987:miter 932:Arius 791:purse 782:Satan 744:Nónna 737:Νόννα 690:Greek 684:, in 656:Tyana 555:490. 473:Arius 445:Egypt 440:dowry 432:Lycia 167:Feast 44:Saint 7537:Ouzo 7522:Pita 7512:Feta 7502:Wine 7406:Folk 7386:Lyre 7127:Flag 7000:Carp 6862:Soup 6753:Cake 6664:Xmas 6293:list 6074:Tree 6013:list 5474:Mary 5383:Yule 5233:ISBN 5198:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5156:ISBN 5104:2011 5079:ISBN 5061:ISBN 5016:ISBN 4978:2017 4953:ISBN 4922:2018 4896:2016 4839:2023 4809:2023 4779:2023 4749:2023 4719:2023 4689:2023 4655:2023 4625:2023 4589:ISBN 4569:2021 4544:2022 4518:2017 4450:ISBN 4431:2016 4413:ISBN 4386:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4338:2013 4312:2013 4282:2012 4256:2024 4225:2013 4177:2014 4148:2016 4115:2013 4077:2017 4045:2014 3969:2017 3939:2017 3829:2017 3793:2017 3671:ISBN 3581:2017 3555:2013 3525:2010 3495:2016 3384:ISBN 3336:2009 3227:ISBN 3194:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2954:2023 2800:ISBN 2728:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2681:link 2658:ISBN 2630:ISBN 2602:ISBN 2296:ISBN 2273:2015 2255:ISBN 2213:ISBN 2188:ISBN 2142:2010 2116:2010 2090:2012 1844:icon 1823:and 1778:Bari 1699:nuns 1645:and 1620:icon 1594:and 1585:Life 1358:Port 1234:and 1224:Bari 1160:Bari 1147:Bari 1095:Myra 1008:Bari 989:and 904:Hell 800:cowl 750:Myra 630:Life 622:Life 589:lost 500:Bari 447:and 339:and 309:Bari 183:O.S. 138:All 124:Myra 114:Died 97:Born 67:halo 7289:Owl 7178:by 7169:by 7010:Ham 5540:In 5270:at 4484:", 1663:In 1652:In 1564:in 1432:at 1393:in 1158:in 1006:in 978:did 422:. 375:in 7644:: 7479:, 7475:: 7466:, 7462:: 7442:, 7438:: 7429:: 6643:") 6639:(" 6471:In 5393:In 5129:, 5117:, 5095:, 5000:, 4988:, 4969:, 4943:, 4886:. 4882:. 4871:^ 4856:^ 4829:. 4825:. 4799:. 4795:. 4769:. 4765:. 4739:. 4735:. 4705:. 4641:. 4615:. 4611:. 4560:. 4534:. 4508:. 4421:. 4365:. 4298:. 4242:. 4186:^ 4167:. 4156:^ 4138:. 4134:. 4123:^ 4010:^ 3989:^ 3864:^ 3837:^ 3819:. 3813:. 3783:. 3712:^ 3697:^ 3589:^ 3541:. 3511:. 3485:. 3481:. 3423:^ 3398:^ 3344:^ 3326:. 3322:. 3295:^ 3268:^ 3253:^ 3225:. 3223:58 3147:^ 3098:^ 3073:^ 3042:^ 3017:^ 2995:. 2945:. 2920:^ 2905:^ 2880:^ 2841:^ 2814:^ 2745:^ 2736:. 2708:. 2677:}} 2673:{{ 2666:. 2638:. 2610:. 2600:. 2598:21 2566:^ 2511:^ 2474:^ 2430:^ 2411:^ 2392:^ 2369:^ 2354:^ 2339:^ 2322:^ 2275:. 2263:. 2235:^ 2221:. 2150:^ 2023:, 1996:: 1992:; 1984:, 1980:: 1890:, 1649:. 1553:. 1439:, 1416:. 1404:, 1262:. 1010:. 906:. 848:. 810:. 766:c. 740:, 726:, 712:, 698:, 581:c. 553:c. 514:. 463:. 430:, 414:(" 383:, 126:, 105:, 7559:) 7555:( 7103:e 7096:t 7089:v 7041:) 7037:( 6442:" 6438:" 6435:" 6431:" 6428:" 6424:" 6414:" 6410:" 6404:) 6324:) 5312:e 5305:t 5298:v 5276:" 5241:. 4924:. 4898:. 4841:. 4811:. 4781:. 4751:. 4721:. 4691:. 4657:. 4627:. 4597:. 4571:. 4546:. 4520:. 4458:. 4433:. 4394:. 4340:. 4314:. 4284:. 4258:. 4227:. 4202:. 4179:. 4150:. 4117:. 4092:. 4079:. 4047:. 3971:. 3941:. 3859:. 3831:. 3795:. 3692:. 3679:. 3611:. 3583:. 3557:. 3527:. 3497:. 3418:. 3392:. 3338:. 3290:. 3235:. 3202:. 2970:. 2956:. 2932:. 2808:. 2683:) 2304:. 2196:. 2144:. 2118:. 2092:. 2043:. 1780:. 1693:" 1226:. 676:( 213:. 189:) 178:) 34:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index