4881:
4662:
5474:, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sub-traditions. The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era. The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas. According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas". This school's view can be summed as,
7216:
4974:
7046:
5847:) which is considered identical to Shiva in Shaivism. The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two. Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God. While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas.
7303:
6502:
6878:
Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. Shiva has been called
Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms. The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).
6680:
7286:
Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts, but in others Shiva is linked to
Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests. According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism. The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia. In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evdient in the
19006:
6814:
4485:, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD." Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god, but eventually came to be incorporated into the Brahmanical fold. The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies, and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult. Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as
4844:
6076:
7314:
7400:
4451:
4341:
17636:
6067:
20312:
18160:
6202:
20382:
20322:
18170:
5932:
20301:
7037:
7282:. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler. Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully.
6921:
4363:
6018:. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death.
4609:
5856:
18752:
20370:
20332:
7785:
7742:
7571:
7154:
75:
7855:
7830:
7821:
7812:
7803:
7776:
7767:
7758:
7968:
7952:
20358:
8016:
8000:
6607:
4041:
666:
7984:
7384:, for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism.
18744:
7839:
7898:
7523:
7459:
7934:
7864:
7710:
7662:
7621:
7555:
7425:
40:
7880:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7653:
7605:
7916:
7539:
7491:
7407:
7637:
7589:
7441:
7507:
7475:
7726:
6291:
6282:
Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality, worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas. This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.
7337:
Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and
Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show
6046:
naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food. The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognized no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis
Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.
728:
5977:
realizing the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature, and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).
6942:(Shiva). The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate. Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples.
4989:(devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality. The Yoga practice is particularly pronounced in nondualistic Shaivism, with the practice refined into a methodology such as four-fold
6151:
and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in
Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Shaiva Siddhanta is a major subtradition that emphasized dualism during much of its history.
7387:
Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of
Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava. While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on
7336:
The syncretism between
Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions. This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali
7136:
mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the
Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as
6941:
is closely related to
Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine
5976:
The
Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualized as the beast, and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati. The tradition aims at
4909:
The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighboring islands, though the sub-tradition that
6281:
The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts. The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction. Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva
6150:
and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra. This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism. Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved
6984:(i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou".
4940:
Shaivism centers around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Within each of these theologies, there are two sub-groups. One sub-group is
12276:
Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and
12227:
Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy.
6122:
monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras. Both the Mantramarga and Atimarga are ancient traditions, more ancient than the date of their texts that have survived, according to Sanderson. Mantramārga grew to
4855:
Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India. The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants
8315:
Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information
6825:
According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly. The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with
4905:
period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE. In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about
4405:
Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings". Similarly, Asko Parpola states
7131:
is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these. For
6877:
in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity
6257:
The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000). However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south. The philosophy of
6045:
This second division of the Atimarga developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata Atimargi in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost
4799:
of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be
4242:, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples. It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within. The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites.
5870:
Shaivism is ancient, and over time it developed many sub-traditions. These broadly existed and are studied in three groups: theistic dualism, nontheistic monism, and those that combine features or practices of the two. Sanderson presents the historic classification found in Indian texts, namely
4319:
Shaivism is a major tradition within Hinduism with a theology that is predominantly related to the Hindu god Shiva. Shaivism has many different sub-traditions with regional variations and differences in philosophy. Shaivism has a vast literature with different philosophical schools ranging from
7183:, yoga – which literally means "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is.
5045:
epic. The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period. Among these are the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta and Bhairava Shaivas
7285:
The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts. The Buddhist
9831:, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva."
7277:
Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the
5965:) are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era. It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of
4910:
developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed. In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.
6830:, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.
8221:. Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others. Kashi (
4969:
Scholars such as Alexis Sanderson discuss Shaivism in three categories: Vedic, Puranik and non-Puranik (esoteric, tantric). They place Vedic and Puranik together given the significant overlap, while placing Non-Puranik esoteric sub-traditions as a separate category.
4310:
The reverence for Shiva is one of the pan-Hindu traditions found widely across South Asia predominantly in Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While Shiva is revered broadly, Hinduism itself is a complex religion and a way of life, with a diversity of ideas on
4315:
and traditions. It has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.
7097:
Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.
6584:. For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was
5973:, aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself.
5462:(nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta, the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians.
13908:; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state."
10018:
Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define
6849:
Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali. This influence on classical
12109:, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important."
4569:
mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140. Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on
5454:. According to Gavin Flood – a professor at Oxford University specializing in Shaivism and phenomenology, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions. Among the notable and influential commentaries by
6639:
traditions. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century
6254:. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage.
4716:
declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting. The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the
4406:
that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.
4896:
Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases. For example, in the
6721:, which the adherents wear. Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions. Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions.
4827:
The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the
7102:
temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as
7368:
of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties. In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses. These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using
4961:(neuter abstraction), wherein the theology integrates the goddess (Shakti) and the god (Shiva) with Tantra practices and Agama teachings. There is a considerable overlap between these Shaivas and the Shakta Hindus.
6532:
Kashmir Shaivism has been a nondualistic school, and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir. A notable philosophy of monistic Kashmiri Shaivism has been the
6512:
is an influential tradition within Shaivism that emerged in Kashmir in the 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium before the region was overwhelmed by the Islamic invasions from the
4401:
characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.
5805:, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice. These canonical texts exist in
4279:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic
6158:(Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in
15872:
15870:
8325:
The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.
15867:
7107:
embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.
4867:
is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in
4800:
amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation, while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.
7380:
According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism. The 11th-century Jain text
13267:, Quote: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..."
16304:
Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", in Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.),
6958:
theology, and their practices include an interim step that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities, which includes Shiva along with Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. This is called the
16637:
14336:
For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923
6479:(self lordship, a yogi is always free). More broadly, the tantric sub-traditions sought nondual knowledge and enlightening liberation by abandoning all rituals, and with the help of reasoning (
6448:. The cult of Yoginis aimed to gain special powers through esoteric worship of the Shakti or the feminine aspects of the divine. The groups included sisterhoods that participated in the rites.
5046:(non-Saiddhantika), based on whether they recognize any value in Vedic orthopraxy. These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of
5035:
sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula. According to Sanderson, the Pashupatas have the oldest heritage, likely from the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by ancient Hindu texts such as the
5458:(dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva. The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of
5915:, in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life. The Atimarga revered the
4820:
developed a philosophical and organizational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the
5059:
Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows:
6102:: मन्त्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks. It grew from the Atimarga tradition. This tradition sought not just liberation from
8970:, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be
6991:, but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the
4932:
into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.
9475:
A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314;
7161:
Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga. Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva
5448:
Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, and the
16411:
13108:
For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.
6893:. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the
6766:
There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism. Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of
4985:. The majority within Shaivism follow the Vedic-Puranik traditions. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva
4901:, a few caves include Shaivism ideas. The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the
18685:
6224:(tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century. The tradition emphasizes loving devotion to Shiva, uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called
4953:(trident), as well as anthropomorphic statues of Shiva in temples to help focus their practices. Another sub-group is called esoteric, which fuses it with abstract
14739:
6665:
They formed monastic organisations, and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.
16219:
Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.
4227:
Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with
7388:
the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.
5507:
Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads. These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the
8701:
8119:
Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called
4859:
There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or
4428:, an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of
14078:
5050:(special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals.
4768:. Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at
6387:) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas. Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz. The
5511:
Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature. The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.
4378:, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE. Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the
4537:
in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an
14104:
4550:
mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram, but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed. The dating of the
7165:(pilgrimage) centers, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating.
15544:
10737:
9204:
4348:
The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars, as it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.
18695:
14057:
8298:
The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "seminal retention" and practice of
6049:
Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on
7019:. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as
10169:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253
4612:
Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.
4581:. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of
17107:
11776:
4517:, among others. The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns.
6917:. In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.
7364:
Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from
7241:
Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in
4941:
called Vedic-Puranic, who use the terms such as "Shiva, Mahadeva, Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and they use iconography such as the
14482:
14251:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552
12023:
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press.
11648:
10714:
8871:
7168:
In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a
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Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many
15953:
14860:
14383:
13959:
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13582:
12753:
9916:
9019:, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
6037:. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent. In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct.
4382:, which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns. This "Pashupati" (
17046:
Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity
16102:
16026:
15101:
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11250:
8127:
has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).
6444:, ritual feasts, would sometimes be held in cemeteries and cremation grounds and featured possession by powerful female deities called
17250:
Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Shingo Einoo (ed.).
9454:
Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes
17498:
4432:
in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only present scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.
4357:
4302:
means "relating to the god Shiva", while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.
776:
8807:
12325:
10953:
John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
9012:
6569:
have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.
18631:
18206:
17318:Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources
16405:
14301:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463
14260:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552
14969:
11727:
Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika
8306:), and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".
2948:
1539:
13345:
Saṃvidullāsaḥ: manifestation of divine consciousness: Swami Lakshman Joo, saint-scholar of Kashmir Śaivism, a centenary tribute
12877:
12867:
17467:
10144:
8242:
poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.
6713:(loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher
18733:
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Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press,
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5518:-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes.
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9547:
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8781:
8534:
4884:
An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi,
15531:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253
14022:
Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press,
12829:
A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I
12672:
7111:
Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine. The
6624:. The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in
4661:
2827:
13137:
20407:
18373:
17979:
14312:
12101:
Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press,
6787:
15505:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165
14736:
7186:
Many Yoga-emphasizing Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing
6817:
Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the
17400:
17305:
17220:
16700:
15862:
15567:. Vol. Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 1–3.
14377:
14027:
13865:
13726:
13706:
12527:
11940:
11857:
11832:
11807:
11735:
11684:
11612:
11588:
11571:
11539:
11515:
11498:
11466:
11427:
11396:
11366:
11346:
10987:
10958:
10668:
10646:
9669:
9496:
9442:
9432:
9188:
8996:
4071:
19397:
14876:
Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25
14292:
R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17
4756:(Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North
3704:
17420:
16727:
16573:
15490:
14546:
13848:
12249:
12008:
11915:
11089:
10614:
10257:
10227:
8775:
8528:
694:
20229:
13545:
8708:
8159:), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism. Twelve
7141:
acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text
15028:
10982:
Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,
7232:, which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the
4808:
Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava
14273:
12003:(2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
8144:(pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points, but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and
20417:
20217:
19748:
17005:
The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane
16426:
Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire".
15841:
14074:
13860:
Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass,
11977:
9824:
8165:
sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (
6053:(epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era.
4596:
suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late
2857:
1693:
17410:
17063:
Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".
16166:
10220:
The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion
7215:
4863:). Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
20335:
20046:
18573:
18215:
18073:
13821:
11419:
6976:, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by
813:
13701:
Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press,
13420:
13287:
9028:
For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", Flood (2003), pp. 200–228.
6954:, sometimes referred to as Smartism, another tradition of Hinduism. The Smarta Hindus are associated with the
5801:
The Agama texts of Shaivism are another important foundation of Shaivism theology. These texts include Shaiva
4906:
1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam, and persists today in the province of Bali.
20175:
18543:
17491:
16778:
The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective
9143:
7003:
era (pre-300 CE). According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the
6451:
Some traditions defined special powers differently. For example, the Kashmiri tantrics explain the powers as
4898:
4624:
literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with
2286:
14100:
8637:
David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press,
6987:
Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century
6628:
whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.
4264:) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious. As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One".
20412:
20224:
18563:
18388:
18340:
17959:
17926:
14327:
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.
8225:) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu
7250:
4785:
2837:
2777:
762:
9067:
For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.
7399:
7045:
6010:. The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four
4182:
texts as important sources of theology. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the
4155:
1385:
20239:
18656:
18553:
18199:
16965:(2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". In Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.).
15541:
10746:
9201:
8031:
6754:, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the
6189:
region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam (
4574:
era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on
4325:
4234:
Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the
4007:
3898:
2508:
14054:
9633:
Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna
6728:
that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by
6522:
6166:
as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.
4973:
4196:
traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. In the process of
20348:
20266:
19758:
19335:
18791:
18764:
18485:
18335:
18042:
17921:
16602:
While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind
8202:
7611:
7117:, for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva."
4851:
at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.
4026:
3697:
3601:
2548:
2222:
1907:
1219:
11275:
The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism
6147:
5942:, 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues are also found in seated yogi position in
4154:. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional
2543:
350:
20286:
19212:
18726:
18616:
18568:
18459:
18393:
18017:
17964:
17674:
17259:
Sanderson, Alexis (1988). "Saivism and the Tantric Traditions". In S Sutherland; et al. (eds.).
16361:
Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra
16164:
Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints
8182:
7448:
6154:
Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions. Its central premise has been that the
5724:
4741:. Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events:
4375:
4367:
4287:
in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".
4003:
3649:
2767:
2503:
796:
781:
204:
18865:
17719:
11772:
11566:
Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press,
8134:
literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centers and temples. For example, the
5891:) in Shaivism. Sub-traditions of Shaivas did not exclusively focus on Shiva, but others such as the
4791:
Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as
1449:
20080:
19738:
19662:
19368:
19150:
19125:
18012:
17653:
17484:
16962:
8178:
7431:
6501:
5490:
4730:
4552:
4546:
4132:
3559:
3552:
3531:
3240:
3130:
3102:
2832:
1727:
1514:
219:
18900:
12067:
Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press,
9585:"Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE"
7294:, where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings
7228:
Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism. This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as
4737:
preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of
1489:
1405:
19916:
19776:
19447:
18987:
18930:
18699:
18479:
18052:
17526:
17026:
Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir
15514:
J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550;
14159:, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".
8406:
Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not disaffected.
8198:
6517:
region. The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by
6190:
5635:
5618:
5580:
5563:
4585:
also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.
4189:
Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern
3774:
2987:
2892:
2817:
2003:
1925:
818:
786:
317:
17:
19811:
17443:
Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325
17436:
Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
15482:
15476:
15338:
12311:
7356:– a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests.
7302:
6750:, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet
6679:
1965:
20259:
20212:
19422:
19145:
18495:
18378:
18192:
18047:
18022:
17969:
14479:
14414:
11907:
11641:
10706:
8868:
8210:
8206:
8044:
Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as
7545:
7481:
7258:
6391:
is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon. The
5859:
5703:
5686:
5597:
5015:) into a specific cult they prefer. Their goals vary, ranging from liberation in current life (
4473:, his mount, as in Shaivism. The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as "
4064:
3973:
3903:
3739:
3368:
3137:
2797:
1703:
1380:
652:
88:
18711:
17297:
Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner
15800:
15205:
15124:
14867:, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428.
14796:
14757:
14712:
14511:
14214:
13617:
13305:
13015:
12698:
12612:
12485:
12399:
11493:
Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press,
11413:
11388:
10180:
9402:
8803:
7212:. The texts of these Yoga emphasizing Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context.
6813:
6185:(1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the
20281:
20234:
20207:
20170:
19427:
18558:
18500:
18103:
18032:
15937:
14857:
14367:
13943:
13811:
13773:
13566:
12737:
10104:
9900:
9691:
8214:
7595:
7529:
6962:. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals.
6873:
which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all
5919:
sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic
5758:
5669:
4013:
3991:
3881:
3746:
3319:
2927:
2807:
2215:
2201:
1369:
687:
536:
172:
19743:
17268:
Sanderson, Alexis (1995). "Meaning of a Tantric Ritual". In AM Blondeau; K Schipper (eds.).
16719:
16096:
16020:
15085:
13744:
12887:
11899:
11380:
11234:
9657:
4924:
1364:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20165:
19642:
19135:
19120:
18772:
18719:
18641:
18523:
18365:
17951:
17754:
17726:
17591:
15669:
Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press
10123:
9589:
9213:
4592:. The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of
3999:
3995:
3987:
3876:
3538:
3116:
3086:
2917:
2822:
2718:
2453:
2347:
505:
224:
139:
16799:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
16650:
Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism
8663:
Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press,
8404:
How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind?
7094:
list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.
8:
20304:
20271:
20150:
20041:
19976:
19826:
19685:
19565:
19437:
19265:
19202:
19155:
18621:
18528:
18505:
18474:
18426:
18411:
18289:
18002:
17997:
17660:
17517:
16520:
9242:
Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage.
8451:
Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).
8261:
8256:
8226:
7513:
7242:
6751:
6725:
6648:. They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic
5499:(400–200 BCE) is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.
4769:
4757:
4582:
4527:
4201:
4143:
4031:
3924:
3760:
3291:
3153:
2897:
2787:
2772:
2678:
2618:
2583:
2068:
1980:
1599:
1258:
869:
771:
742:
589:
167:
18954:
18814:
14363:
13775:
Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present
9850:
6123:
become a dominant form of Shaivism in this period. It also spread outside of India into
4600:
era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.
4179:
2169:
1359:
252:
20106:
20065:
19357:
19170:
19115:
18689:
18464:
18421:
18350:
18027:
17936:
17783:
17761:
17282:
17101:
17080:
16670:
16606:
16587:
16561:
16542:
16443:
16392:
16347:
15857:
Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge,
15522:, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava."
15457:
15331:
14705:
14407:
13684:
12522:
Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,
12304:
10046:
9009:
8520:
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
8101:
8006:
7905:
7279:
6299:
5954:
5836:) Agama texts. The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic.
5741:
5652:
5542:
4589:
3953:
3939:
3658:
3183:
3079:
2907:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2483:
2249:
2120:
1732:
1618:
599:
403:
199:
19330:
19305:
12828:
5907:
The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasizes liberation (salvation) – or the end of all
462:
20402:
20321:
20315:
20195:
20185:
20051:
19986:
19379:
19320:
19175:
19165:
18661:
18626:
18611:
18490:
18416:
18223:
18169:
18163:
18145:
18083:
17733:
17625:
17416:
17396:
17389:
17372:
17341:
17322:
17301:
17237:
17216:
17194:
17173:
17152:
17122:
17049:
17030:
17009:
16988:
16948:
16915:
16885:
16864:
16843:
16803:
16782:
16761:
16742:
16723:
16710:
Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism".
16696:
16677:
16654:
16624:
16614:
16591:
16579:
16569:
16546:
16534:
16524:
16492:
16469:
16396:
16382:
16351:
16337:
16293:
16277:
16258:
16238:
16129:
15982:
15943:
15904:
15858:
15806:
15767:
15728:
15689:
15515:
15486:
15449:
15408:
15369:
15342:
15297:
15255:
15211:
15169:
15130:
15091:
15052:
14993:
14966:
14935:
14893:
14802:
14763:
14716:
14581:
14542:
14515:
14504:
14445:
14418:
14373:
14220:
14172:
14136:
14023:
13988:
13949:
13885:
13861:
13844:
13817:
13779:
13702:
13623:
13572:
13444:
13348:
13311:
13244:
13021:
12982:
12809:
12782:
12743:
12704:
12662:
12618:
12523:
12491:
12405:
12315:
12245:
12119:
12102:
12085:
12068:
12051:
12024:
12004:
11983:
11973:
11936:
11911:
11900:
11878:
11853:
11828:
11803:
11741:
11731:
11680:
11608:
11584:
11567:
11535:
11511:
11494:
11462:
11423:
11392:
11381:
11362:
11342:
11279:
11240:
11151:
11112:
11085:
11046:
11007:
10983:
10954:
10922:
10883:
10844:
10778:
10689:
10664:
10642:
10610:
10571:
10532:
10493:
10454:
10408:
10253:
10223:
10186:
10110:
10083:
10050:
9987:
9948:
9906:
9751:
9697:
9665:
9636:
9537:
9513:
9492:
9438:
9428:
9408:
9184:
9151:
8992:
8963:
8771:
8684:
8664:
8638:
8599:
8524:
8334:
There is an overlap in this approach with those found in non-puranik tantric rituals.
8316:
about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.
8276:
8251:
7497:
6959:
6898:
6572:
A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from
6088:) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolizing
4919:
4864:
4765:
4383:
4257:
4171:
4123:
4057:
3963:
3932:
3888:
3545:
3496:
3431:
3190:
3176:
2922:
2847:
2668:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2458:
2154:
2088:
1683:
1420:
711:
292:
58:
19786:
18836:
16506:
13081:
For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.
12944:
12864:
10641:
Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press,
6995:
period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from
5969:
that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males. Pashupata theology, according to
4843:
4312:
2528:
1940:
1227:
20056:
19966:
19857:
19457:
19452:
19417:
19392:
19278:
19235:
18922:
18782:
18651:
18596:
18538:
18431:
18403:
18345:
18093:
18088:
18078:
18007:
17931:
17883:
17825:
17815:
17805:
17798:
17778:
17705:
17072:
16715:
16610:
16565:
16435:
16372:
16368:
16327:
16317:
16313:
15441:
15201:
14168:
13676:
12437:
11196:
10819:
10141:
10082:. British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 162.
10038:
9598:
9476:
9437:
R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge,
9229:
Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans.
8959:
8395:
Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained,
8271:
8231:
8190:
7627:
7090:
and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama in the
7062:
river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.
6951:
6928:
symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.
6791:
6742:. Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the
6706:
6518:
6509:
6496:
6259:
6217:
6182:
6155:
5939:
5840:
5817:
5779:
5768:
5276:
4682:
4629:
4272:
4235:
4193:
4159:
4090:
3839:
3801:
3781:
3732:
3681:
3580:
3375:
3361:
3312:
3255:
2802:
2463:
2382:
2133:
2053:
1678:
1104:
958:
855:
680:
632:
609:
471:
467:
447:
435:
345:
195:
19240:
17116:
16152:, History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360
16150:
Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography
13307:
The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics
8401:
Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level.
4466:
3217:
20386:
20362:
20325:
20190:
20143:
20125:
20075:
20009:
19991:
19934:
19884:
19703:
19607:
19480:
19442:
19412:
19250:
19140:
18979:
18972:
18819:
18533:
18274:
18173:
18068:
17898:
17846:
17586:
17442:
17366:
17316:
17295:
17231:
17188:
17167:
17146:
17024:
17003:
16942:
16909:
16879:
16858:
16797:
16776:
16648:
16600:
16555:
16510:
16170:
15976:
15898:
15845:
15761:
15722:
15683:
15562:
15548:
15402:
15363:
15291:
15249:
15163:
15046:
15032:
14987:
14973:
14929:
14887:
14864:
14743:
14575:
14536:
14486:
14439:
14277:
14130:
14061:
13982:
13879:
13730:
13549:
13438:
13424:
13291:
13238:
12976:
12871:
12803:
12776:
12656:
12239:
12084:
DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press,
12039:
12032:
11725:
11674:
11602:
11529:
11456:
11273:
11145:
11106:
11081:
Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path
11079:
11040:
11001:
10916:
10877:
10838:
10772:
10604:
10565:
10526:
10487:
10448:
10402:
10247:
10148:
10077:
9981:
9942:
9828:
9745:
9533:
Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery
9531:
9352:
9208:
9016:
8875:
8765:
8518:
8239:
8105:
7887:
7197:
7180:
7104:
6955:
6925:
6914:
6882:
6729:
6632:
6620:: a Shaiva subtradition that emerged from a much older Siddha tradition based on
6314:
with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars. The devotional
6295:
6251:
6174:
6163:
6159:
6011:
5986:
5242:
4993:: being pathless (anupaya, iccha-less, desire-less), being divine (sambhavopaya,
4813:
4777:
4690:
4197:
4045:
3968:
3916:
3725:
3629:
3573:
3510:
3326:
3227:
3123:
2872:
2852:
2723:
2598:
2578:
2498:
2194:
2180:
2078:
2058:
2021:
1613:
1608:
1335:
1214:
1178:
1123:
1118:
945:
670:
355:
279:
214:
18905:
17138:
History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D
16741:. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
13181:
13179:
10774:
The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras
8035:
Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent.
6885:
ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in
6827:
6075:
4183:
1742:
1494:
1195:
20160:
20096:
19939:
19283:
19160:
19130:
18965:
18606:
18449:
18037:
17644:
16306:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson
14216:
Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.
14171:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge,
13843:
Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes,
13131:
12843:
8962:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge,
8399:
Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all .
8388:
be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself.
8174:
7414:
7205:
6981:
6783:
6683:
A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.
6641:
6398:
6333:
6325:
6315:
6124:
5810:
4458:
4379:
4224:
4212:
and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the
3958:
3767:
3615:
3266:
3160:
3109:
2912:
2738:
2658:
2608:
2593:
2558:
2513:
2415:
2187:
2048:
1930:
1879:
1864:
1844:
1808:
1737:
1519:
1474:
1425:
1183:
808:
579:
18829:
17368:
The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika
16322:
12700:
The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master
11201:
11184:
10042:
9805:
9803:
9603:
9584:
9480:
6230:. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century
5007:. These are esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated (
4632:
of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.
1565:
1345:
1276:
791:
20396:
20276:
20180:
19959:
19733:
19471:
19362:
19273:
19207:
18636:
18548:
18355:
18327:
17941:
17913:
17820:
17544:
16831:
Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1
16198:
Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.
15679:
15453:
14827:
14683:
14681:
14606:
13176:
12000:
11987:
11875:
Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India
11745:
10840:
Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions
10688:
Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,
9898:
8397:
he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades.
8136:
7923:
7374:
7262:
7234:
7113:
7070:
7000:
6807:
6734:
6690:, also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in
6549:. Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an
6542:
6162:
of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider
5947:
5839:
The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of
5217:
4643:
4571:
4454:
3622:
3587:
3524:
3470:
3463:
3424:
3417:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3305:
3249:
2867:
2812:
2792:
2782:
2762:
2733:
2643:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2372:
2294:
2208:
2041:
1990:
1889:
1824:
1663:
1430:
884:
604:
559:
18591:
17454:
16628:
16583:
16538:
15591:
Buddhism in Ceylon and studies on religious syncretism in Buddhist countries
14642:
13813:
Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele
13723:
11185:"The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature"
6318:
poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as
4450:
2603:
2367:
1575:
1570:
20374:
19831:
19796:
19693:
19310:
18666:
17866:
17841:
17740:
17712:
17667:
17635:
16899:
Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.).
15883:
The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called
14759:
Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson
14700:
13478:
13361:
13206:
12805:
Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India
12778:
Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India
9800:
9427:
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
8971:
8438:
Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the
8218:
8194:
8170:
7974:
7958:
7643:
7313:
7246:
7209:
6992:
6988:
6739:
6645:
6534:
6526:
6393:
6379:
6128:
5863:
5295:
5036:
4946:
4889:
4856:
who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.
4848:
4792:
4781:
4713:
4670:
4649:
4637:
4617:
4597:
4470:
4344:
The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.
3594:
3503:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3382:
3040:
2862:
2698:
2693:
2653:
2563:
2553:
2523:
2493:
2428:
2332:
2254:
1985:
1950:
1874:
1849:
1778:
1628:
1479:
1271:
1266:
1165:
1152:
1147:
483:
452:
422:
302:
16856:
16484:
16377:
14678:
14339:
14182:
10129:
9902:
Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent
9856:
9116:
8366:
6372:
6366:
6310:, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient
5959:
5491:
5009:
4525:
4511:
4503:
4391:
4340:
4291:
4251:
4137:
1803:
20138:
19971:
19899:
19889:
19801:
19791:
19766:
19407:
19402:
19293:
19087:
19071:
19014:
18949:
18885:
18675:
18601:
18441:
18307:
18302:
18251:
18241:
18231:
17989:
17875:
17810:
17747:
17208:
15519:
14967:
Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century
13542:
13052:
For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with
12170:
12168:
11042:
The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order
10823:
8975:
8683:
Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,
8186:
8161:
8022:
7792:
7465:
7323:
7287:
7266:
7254:
6902:
6803:
6687:
6674:
6577:
6362:
6263:
6066:
5370:
5267:
5119:
5041:
4742:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4625:
4575:
4565:
4482:
4398:
3665:
3389:
3282:
3212:
3025:
2979:
2940:
2842:
2683:
2673:
2538:
2407:
2397:
2266:
2261:
2164:
2063:
1955:
1945:
1915:
1884:
1793:
1560:
1374:
1297:
1289:
1091:
860:
647:
516:
512:
475:
17286:
16174:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90
15678:
15025:
10029:
Srinivasan, Doris (1984). "Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization".
8598:
Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,
5911:– as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits. It was the path for Shaiva
4608:
4588:
In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of
20036:
20004:
19949:
19806:
19515:
19352:
19325:
19107:
18880:
18671:
18312:
18279:
18128:
17903:
17856:
17569:
17277:
Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I".
17084:
16639:
A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism
16332:
15461:
15430:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia"
15429:
14270:
10528:
Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati
9899:
Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016).
7990:
7365:
7187:
7059:
6890:
6795:
6767:
6546:
6538:
6514:
6475:(control, realize that one always has power to do whatever one wants),
6441:
6311:
6221:
5966:
5912:
5829:
5346:
4927:
4761:
4697:
4678:
4557:
4424:("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114. The text also includes a
4397:) seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva.
4329:
4238:(Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to
4220:
4213:
4205:
3711:
3672:
3636:
3517:
3456:
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1960:
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1307:
1302:
1031:
831:
569:
312:
307:
120:
16447:
16163:
15838:
13688:
12165:
11970:
The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin
10370:
9882:
9880:
9847:, Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113
9821:
6424:
A notable feature of some "left tantra" ascetics was their pursuit of
6201:
5866:
in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.
5508:
5027:
or "outer higher path" versus those whose means are recitation-driven
20155:
19944:
19894:
19867:
19816:
19781:
19771:
19723:
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19590:
19535:
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19387:
19061:
18646:
18469:
18454:
18297:
18269:
18259:
18236:
17893:
17681:
17608:
17564:
17371:. Translated by Mark Dyczkowski. State University of New York Press.
14577:
Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture
8761:
7941:
7578:
7561:
7257:
and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in
7012:
6910:
6909:. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the
6886:
6775:
6771:
6738:, which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler
6732:
and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be
6610:
6589:
6581:
6562:
6348:
6320:
6298:
in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century
6275:
6267:
6231:
6226:
6205:
6186:
6085:
6026:
5981:
5943:
5935:
5931:
5887:
5802:
5607:
5238:
4885:
4860:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4694:
4674:
4520:
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3821:
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3690:
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3440:
3011:
2971:
2902:
2748:
2713:
2663:
2633:
2568:
2488:
2392:
2362:
2342:
2026:
1970:
1935:
1920:
1839:
1834:
1816:
1142:
1056:
987:
926:
584:
564:
554:
457:
408:
340:
257:
247:
209:
162:
17186:
17076:
16098:
Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage
16022:
Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage
15445:
15161:
14042:
13923:
13490:
13475:
Wallis, Christopher; Tantra Illuminated, Chapter 2, Kashmir Shaivism
11147:
A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
6463:(heaviness, realize one's limit is beyond one's own consciousness),
5678:
Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography
1623:
526:
20381:
20200:
20019:
20014:
19904:
19841:
19821:
19652:
19488:
19315:
19288:
19255:
19197:
19097:
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18991:
18875:
18747:
18317:
18264:
17888:
17851:
17788:
17613:
17574:
17559:
17549:
17539:
17294:
Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (ed.).
16439:
15900:
Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas
13680:
13417:
13284:
12781:. University of California Press. pp. 11–12, 209–211 note 28.
10031:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
9877:
8299:
8222:
8113:
7338:
7327:
7291:
7229:
7201:
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6356:
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6050:
5896:
5881:
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5471:
5169:
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4387:
4268:
4239:
4228:
3893:
3449:
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3199:
3050:
3045:
3018:
2728:
2708:
2638:
2588:
2468:
2357:
2273:
2244:
2108:
2098:
1995:
1975:
1899:
1894:
1859:
1529:
1509:
1469:
1435:
1415:
1395:
1281:
1157:
892:
850:
719:
574:
413:
110:
105:
19029:
17445:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P., 1993
13648:
13521:
12550:
10057:
8991:
Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict,
8390:
Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards.
8343:
Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.
8039:
Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.
7036:
6920:
5382:
4362:
2956:
20101:
19954:
19872:
19862:
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18959:
18934:
18910:
18809:
18799:
18679:
18140:
17603:
17596:
16512:
The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism
13667:
Lorenzen, David N. (1978). "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History".
11361:
Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press,
10745:. Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from
10316:
9407:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 277–278, 58 with note on Guleri.
8979:
8767:
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions
8356:(Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder.
8353:
8131:
7083:
7016:
6977:
6973:
6965:
Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (
6855:
6799:
6747:
6699:
6550:
6425:
6414:
6339:
6178:
6030:
6022:
5990:, a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the
5855:
5844:
5833:
5816:
The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from
5300:
5272:
4746:
4666:
4486:
4416:
4321:
4208:, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity
3826:
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3479:
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1400:
1209:
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1041:
977:
972:
936:
931:
918:
614:
521:
479:
335:
157:
134:
18895:
18751:
18184:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13505:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13196:
13194:
12978:Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue
12934:
12932:
12930:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12467:
12465:
12463:
12457:
For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.
12199:
12197:
12195:
10606:
Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives
10570:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221.
8679:
8677:
7196:
Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated philosophy from
7153:
6862:
continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.
6662:) state of realizing oneness of self and everything with Shiva.
3862:
1713:
1708:
1534:
20133:
20111:
19924:
19877:
19836:
19718:
19708:
19647:
19555:
19498:
19493:
19347:
19034:
18870:
18856:
18841:
18741:
18135:
18123:
17793:
17696:
17692:
17581:
17554:
16364:
16309:
14630:
13877:
13597:
13056:
13053:
12924:, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1
12379:
12345:
12343:
12050:
Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi,
10836:
10285:
10283:
10281:
8730:
8439:
8266:
7342:
7179:(aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to
7087:
7079:
7075:
7008:
6906:
6818:
6779:
6710:
6695:
6694:. It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman
6654:
6606:
6554:
6445:
6410:
6328:
5991:
5908:
5825:
5821:
5515:
5450:
5213:
5192:
5148:
4986:
4809:
4773:
4693:(Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or
4621:
4429:
4190:
4167:
3831:
3645:
2961:
2688:
2573:
2478:
2448:
2443:
2377:
2352:
2141:
2011:
1854:
1829:
1768:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1580:
1504:
1464:
1459:
1390:
1315:
1250:
1235:
1137:
1081:
1066:
1012:
992:
905:
900:
737:
642:
637:
594:
531:
377:
373:
364:
127:
16557:
Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus
11949:
11705:
11098:
10182:
Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia
10079:
Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route
8151:
Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (
7219:
Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.
7068:
Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the
6865:
In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been
6652:
in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or
74:
20029:
20024:
19728:
19698:
19632:
19612:
19550:
19530:
19503:
19342:
19044:
18944:
18890:
18846:
18824:
17618:
17534:
16516:
16182:
16180:
15935:
15651:
15639:
15627:
15365:
India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought
15333:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
15035:, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215
13742:
13502:
13405:
Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167
13394:
13191:
13152:
12956:
12927:
12592:
12533:
12460:
12280:
12192:
12180:
9049:
8674:
7353:
7346:
7175:
7127:
6996:
6966:
6894:
6755:
6691:
6625:
6459:(lightness, be free from presumed diversity or differences),
6352:
6344:
6247:
6140:
6056:
6034:
5920:
5916:
5390:
5378:
5246:
4942:
4902:
4816:
in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as
4738:
4635:
The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the
4593:
4578:
4541:(iron spear, trident lance) as an icon representing his god.
4498:
4490:
4474:
4445:
4441:
4421:
4276:
4209:
4147:
3848:
3718:
3483:
2995:
2533:
2402:
2312:
2159:
2113:
2093:
1773:
1758:
1698:
1688:
1673:
1658:
1633:
1484:
1454:
1340:
1240:
1071:
1036:
1007:
1002:
997:
982:
910:
360:
274:
269:
190:
144:
115:
98:
44:
39:
16201:
15763:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
15605:
15603:
15601:
15599:
14573:
13911:
12401:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
12367:
12340:
11304:
11216:
11214:
11212:
11105:
Kim Skoog (1996). Andrew O. Fort; Patricia Y. Mumme (eds.).
10348:
10346:
10333:
10331:
10278:
9867:
9865:
9320:
9308:
9298:
9296:
8893:
8881:
8718:
7330:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image
6290:
5788:
Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art
20070:
19999:
19981:
19929:
19713:
19657:
19617:
19577:
19560:
19545:
19510:
18939:
18851:
17476:
17144:
14833:
14798:
Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement
14194:
13373:
13218:
12893:
12141:
10382:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10298:
9567:
9565:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9073:
7192:
7169:
6874:
6839:
6743:
6649:
6621:
6617:
6601:
6418:
6136:
6132:
5892:
5627:
Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism
5386:
4510:
4494:
4175:
4163:
4111:
4099:
2322:
2103:
2073:
2016:
1763:
1750:
1643:
1245:
1086:
1076:
1051:
1017:
967:
949:
500:
369:
297:
149:
17462:
17360:(First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
16177:
15361:
15087:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India
14666:
14654:
14618:
13427:, David Peter Lawrence, University of Manitoba, IEP (2010)
13236:
10185:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 261–275.
9715:
9713:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8573:
8571:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8148:
is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.
6588:, or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by
5712:
Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and
5514:
The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from
4096:
18743:
17190:
Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha
16298:. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.
15596:
15404:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
14839:
14535:
Frederick Asher (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.).
12583:
12209:
12153:
12129:
11209:
10358:
10343:
10328:
9862:
9725:
9332:
9293:
9266:
8846:
8109:
6467:(attain, be restful and at peace with one's own nature),
6409:
The main element of all Shaiva Tantra is the practice of
5980:
The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named
5054:
4151:
4105:
16760:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
15044:
14580:. National Museum Institute. pp. 159 with note 13.
13240:
A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana
13164:
12905:
12658:
The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion
12355:
12237:
11935:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 110–114.
11852:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 165–192.
11827:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 193–199.
10295:
10130:
Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003
9857:
Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003
9788:
9776:
9562:
9510:
Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy
9491:
D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill,
9457:
9225:
9223:
9070:
8742:
8464:
8100:
and others. In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called
6234:. This theology presents three universal realities: the
6208:, the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint (
4964:
4788:, Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram.
18804:
16860:
Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java
16857:
Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003).
16796:
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010).
16468:(Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
13243:. State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xiv.
12860:
12858:
12118:
JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,
11583:
H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner,
9710:
9384:
9382:
9283:
9281:
9256:
9254:
9252:
8609:
8568:
8549:
8495:
6846:) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism.
6761:
6177:. In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with
6089:
5733:
Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation
4752:
In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim
1190:
727:
17314:
16795:
16755:
15478:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2
13987:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110, 213–215.
12950:
12831:, V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48
12808:. University of California Press. pp. 9–12, 220.
11278:. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–25.
10063:
9536:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 274–276.
9161:
9125:
9046:
Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152
8934:
8932:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8371:
Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see:
6717:. Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of
6537:
ideas, particularly those by the 10th century scholar
6220:("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest
5828:) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism (
20346:
17415:(First ed.). Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd.
17395:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
16987:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
15682:; Hariani Santiko; Hasan Djafar; et al. (2013).
15593:, Vol. 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 146–177
15589:
Jacob Ensink (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali,
14756:
Paul E Muller-Ortega (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
14280:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226
12696:
12571:
11271:
11232:
10964:
10485:
10102:
9750:. University of California Press. pp. xii, 4–5.
9220:
6413:, a ceremonial initiation in which divinely revealed
6106:(suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers (
5984:(~2nd century CE). He is the purported author of the
4186:, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus.
4108:
16646:
15368:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80.
14755:
14358:
14356:
14354:
13560:
13558:
13125:
13123:
12855:
12849:
12228:
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.
10875:
10602:
10400:
9747:
The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects
9379:
9278:
9249:
8917:
8839:
8837:
4102:
19005:
16025:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 5–7, 12.
15896:
15615:
15560:
15296:. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30, 84–85.
14985:
14927:
14506:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
13440:
Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition
12301:
11322:
For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.
11038:
10882:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183.
10241:
10239:
8929:
8905:
8822:
8476:
6525:in the 20th century due especially to influence of
6021:The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in
5695:Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism
5644:Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism
5354:
Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita
4824:, Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier.
4461:(2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a
4420:(~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of
4114:
4093:
17388:
16691:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions".
16669:
15330:
15289:
15285:
15283:
15247:
15243:
15241:
15239:
14992:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–238, 247–258.
14704:
14503:
14406:
14124:
14122:
13413:
13411:
13342:
13068:For eleven collections, with the first seven (the
12303:
11877:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 134, 371.
11802:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–134, 201–202.
11332:
11330:
11328:
10135:
10106:Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China
9905:. University of California Press. pp. 61–62.
9839:
9837:
9529:
9202:The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great
8392:To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam).
8037:Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
6471:(forbearance, grasp and accept cosmic diversity),
5470:The Vedas and Upanishads are shared scriptures of
5023:). Their means also vary, ranging from meditative
4977:Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting)
4533:, dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term
16756:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002).
16255:The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism
16101:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 36–41.
15688:. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 4–15.
15254:. Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 191.
15122:
14801:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 161–163.
14538:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India
14497:
14495:
14351:
14212:
13568:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice
13555:
13120:
12974:
12297:
12295:
11316:
10596:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10394:
9743:
9194:
9148:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice
8834:
6181:, but shares with the Supreme all its qualities.
5843:(Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality (
5750:Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda
5465:
4297:
20394:
17434:. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.
17293:
17276:
17001:
16877:
16359:Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), "Universal Śaivism",
16274:Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems
15542:Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha
15474:
15210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329.
15200:
14636:
14362:
14206:
14043:Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014
13929:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13391:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61-66
13303:
13185:
10810:Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures".
10252:. Princeton University Press. pp. 215–217.
10236:
10179:Andrea Acri (2015). D Christian Lammerts (ed.).
9936:
9934:
9886:
9621:pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4.
8796:
8155:), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and
7341:(half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing
6343:and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the
5938:at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka (
5001:, action-full) and being individual (anavopaya).
17187:Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014).
17165:
17114:
16774:
16065:
15876:
15727:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–36.
15280:
15236:
15162:Anita M. Leopold; Jeppe Sinding Jensen (2005).
14534:
14528:
14311:General, India Office of the Registrar (1974).
14119:
14018:
14016:
13917:
13408:
13279:
13277:
13275:
13273:
12883:
12692:
12690:
11994:
11906:. State University of New York Press. pp.
11405:
11325:
11143:
9834:
9664:. MacMillan (Reprinted in 2005). p. 9500.
9597:(4). Brill Academic Publishers: 309–362. 2016.
9108:
8770:. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51.
8633:
8631:
8629:
7352:On major festivals of Bali Hindus, such as the
7157:Many Shaiva temples present Shiva in yoga pose.
7074:primarily focuses on the theology of Hindu god
6838:Shiva is a pan-Hindu god and Shaivism ideas on
6455:(awareness than one is present in everything),
6337:. The first seven collections are known as the
17279:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
16053:
16014:
16012:
16010:
15798:
15685:Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa: Indonesian-English
14934:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 223–229, 237.
14501:
14492:
14404:
14398:
14075:"Kashmir Shaivism: From Kashmir to Tamil Nadu"
13948:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 64–72.
13941:
13564:
12981:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 29–30, 66–73.
12911:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. p. 34
12735:
12589:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.120
12446:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
12292:
11679:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 789–790.
10524:
10433:
9979:
9940:
9400:
9350:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
7373:(mantra recitation) and making offerings into
6294:Nayanars Shaiva poet-saints are credited with
5478:The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk.
4267:The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the
18727:
18200:
17492:
17022:
16944:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
16291:
16128:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–143.
15981:. Columbia University Press. pp. 65–67.
15837:Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary,
15720:
15129:. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–490.
14885:
14707:Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice
14271:The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period
13712:
13615:
13603:
13496:
13484:
13436:
13072:) regarded as Vedic, see: Tattwananda, p. 55.
12801:
12774:
12385:
12306:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z
12095:
11730:. Samata (Original: 1920). pp. 153–158.
11642:"बृहज्जाबालोपनिषत् (Brihat-Jabala Upanishad)"
11504:
10557:
10245:
10075:
9931:
9485:
9357:Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies
8869:Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology
8294:
8292:
5063:Comparison of Shaivism with other traditions
4245:
4065:
688:
17148:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
16459:(first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
15974:
15759:
15564:Cosmogony and creation in Balinese tradition
15328:
15126:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts
15090:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
14879:
14699:
14437:
14369:Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions
14038:
14036:
14013:
13935:
13443:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 3–5, 14–33.
13270:
13133:An introduction to Hindu tantrism, Lecture 1
13013:
12742:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 10–11.
12687:
12397:
11872:
11239:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 16–18.
11077:
10914:
10770:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8626:
8512:
8510:
6798:. Substantial communities are also found in
5902:
4997:, knowledge-full), being energy (saktopaya,
4556:is also in dispute, but it is likely a late
4351:
17408:
17358:Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship
17355:
16463:
16454:
16363:, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 18,
16308:, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 22,
16253:Basham, A. L. (1989). Zysk, Kenneth (ed.).
16082:
16041:
16007:
15083:
14976:The Art Institute of Chicago, United States
14892:. Mittal Publications. pp. 59–60, 88.
14794:
14489:, Basics of Hinduism, Kauai Hindu Monastery
14475:
14473:
14288:
14286:
14219:Asian Educational Services. pp. 140–.
14200:
14128:
13980:
13771:
13571:. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–39.
13136:(Speech). Oxford center for Hindu studies.
13129:
12654:
12650:
12648:
12646:
12610:
11195:(3–4). Brill Academic Publishers: 211–244.
11006:. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91.
10178:
9731:
9338:
9326:
9314:
9302:
9272:
9122:as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312.
9055:
8899:
8887:
8863:
8861:
8852:
8736:
8724:
8583:
8516:
8501:
8372:
7190:techniques. One such movement had been the
6644:and to ideas and organization developed by
6404:
6347:. They were composed in the 7th century by
5879:that was followed by both the renunciates (
18734:
18720:
18207:
18193:
17499:
17485:
17429:
17386:
17106:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
17043:
16481:
16466:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages
16457:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages
16271:
16207:
16186:
16094:
16018:
14923:
14921:
14672:
13878:David Levinson; Karen Christensen (2002).
13654:
13609:
12840:Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 45.
12568:Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 44.
12019:
12017:
11955:
11770:
11711:
11639:
10837:Lisa Kemmerer; Anthony J. Nocella (2011).
10663:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–18.
10563:
10217:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10109:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 70.
10028:
8878:, Oxford University Press, pages 1074–1076
8289:
6613:founded the Nath Shaiva monastic movement.
6057:Grihastha and Sannyasi Shaiva: Mantramarga
5502:
4072:
4058:
695:
681:
17364:
17267:
17258:
17249:
16961:
16908:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006).
16907:
16676:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16376:
16331:
16321:
16276:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
16237:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
15657:
15645:
15633:
15609:
14845:
14762:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 181–192.
14687:
14444:. Columbia University Press. p. 49.
14345:
14188:
14033:
13854:
13695:
13538:
13536:
13527:
13515:
13379:
13367:
13224:
13212:
13200:
13170:
13158:
13020:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 196–197.
12962:
12938:
12914:
12617:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 173–175.
12614:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound
12598:
12556:
12544:
12490:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 789–790.
12471:
12286:
12241:The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan
12215:
12203:
12186:
12174:
12159:
12147:
11800:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound
11723:
11607:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 779–782.
11534:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 773–777.
11461:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 791–794.
11200:
11182:
11104:
10921:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 336–340.
10735:
10446:
10388:
10376:
10289:
9986:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 143–167.
9809:
9693:The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia
9602:
8944:
8760:
8648:
8562:
8507:
7391:
7223:
6937:The goddess tradition of Hinduism called
6631:Nath theology integrated philosophy from
5589:Shiva, Om, Brahman, chanting, meditation
5019:) to seeking pleasures in higher worlds (
4922:, Dutch ethnographers further subdivided
4656:
4358:Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization
17091:
16982:
16898:
16802:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
16712:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
16635:
16598:
16553:
16505:
16428:Journal of the American Oriental Society
16403:
16358:
16303:
16249:(fourth revised & enlarged edition).
16213:
16192:
16123:
15978:Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India
15936:Sanjukta Dasgupta; Chinmoy Guha (2013).
15051:. Harvard University Press. p. 28.
14470:
14441:Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India
14314:Census of India, 1971: Series 14: Mysore
14283:
13743:Aziz Ahmad; Karigoudar Ishwaran (1973).
13669:Journal of the American Oriental Society
13666:
12643:
12373:
12361:
12349:
11930:
11847:
11822:
11378:
11336:
10999:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10658:
10037:(1). Cambridge University Press: 77–89.
9719:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9655:
9571:
8858:
8702:"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations"
8489:
8470:
7214:
7152:
6919:
6826:individuals revering gods and goddesses
6812:
6678:
6605:
6505:A 3rd century Nandi statue from Kashmir.
6500:
6289:
6200:
5930:
5854:
5824:. In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic (
4972:
4935:
4879:
4842:
4689:Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with
4660:
4607:
4449:
4435:
4361:
4339:
18662:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)
17254:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture.
16489:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings
15337:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
15207:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
14918:
14889:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings
14574:Anupa Pande; Parul Pandya Dhar (2004).
14310:
12483:
12014:
11672:
11600:
11527:
11454:
11411:
11111:. SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239.
11078:Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012).
10818:(2). Oxford University Press: 101–113.
10809:
10154:
9947:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–48.
9630:
9363:. Kamakura, Shiruku Rōdo Kenkyūjo: 61.
9101:For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1
8517:Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013).
8417:(paraphrased), Transl: Alexis Sanderson
7120:
6980:as multiple representations of the one
2949:Sources and classification of scripture
47:(above) is the primary God in Shaivism.
14:
20395:
17335:
17229:
17207:
17135:
17048:. State University of New York Press.
17029:. State University of New York Press.
16940:
16736:
16425:
16272:Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal (1913).
16252:
15400:
14660:
14648:
14624:
14612:
14413:. Cambridge University Press. p.
14135:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 200.
14055:The global religious landscape: Hindus
13533:
12310:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
11967:
11897:
11415:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1
11341:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007).
11310:
10739:Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)
9871:
9689:
9167:
8523:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400.
6658:while alive, by reaching the perfect (
6146:The Mantramarga tradition created the
5809:and in south Indian languages such as
5055:Shaivism versus other Hindu traditions
4335:
18715:
18188:
17480:
17338:Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata
16828:
16720:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59
16690:
16667:
16491:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16257:. New York: Oxford University Press.
15995:from the original on 25 February 2020
15917:from the original on 16 February 2017
15362:John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013).
15026:SHIVA NATARAJA AS A SYMBOL OF PARADOX
14651:, pp. 312–313, 315–317, 374–375.
14615:, p. 246, 248 with footnote 501.
14458:from the original on 25 February 2020
14149:from the original on 23 December 2019
14001:from the original on 15 February 2017
13962:from the original on 15 February 2017
13898:from the original on 14 February 2017
13792:from the original on 14 February 2017
13753:from the original on 15 February 2017
13237:Abhinavagupta; Jaideva Singh (1989).
12899:
12577:
12135:
11220:
11164:from the original on 29 December 2019
11125:from the original on 25 December 2019
11059:from the original on 30 December 2019
10970:
10935:from the original on 28 December 2019
10857:from the original on 27 December 2019
10791:from the original on 23 December 2019
10717:from the original on 22 February 2017
10677:
10545:from the original on 30 December 2019
10506:from the original on 30 December 2019
10467:from the original on 30 December 2019
10421:from the original on 29 December 2019
10364:
10352:
10337:
10322:
10310:
9794:
9782:
9678:
9463:
9388:
9367:from the original on 29 February 2020
9287:
9260:
9131:
9089:
8938:
8923:
8748:
8620:
8577:
8429:Some images show proto-Vishnu images.
6401:is an important collection of hymns.
5926:
5832:) Agama texts and sixty four monism (
5421:Shaiva manuscripts that have survived
4965:Vedic, Puranik, and esoteric Shaivism
1576:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
1571:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
17145:Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).
17062:
16973:
16928:from the original on 20 October 2022
16837:
16709:
16292:Bhattacharyya, Haridas, ed. (1956).
16232:
15621:
14906:from the original on 5 February 2017
14555:from the original on 5 February 2017
14386:from the original on 5 February 2017
14213:K. R. Subramanian (1 January 1989).
14107:from the original on 4 February 2021
14081:from the original on 5 February 2021
14077:. Such.Forumotion. 6 February 2013.
11797:
11693:from the original on 5 February 2017
11621:from the original on 5 February 2017
11548:from the original on 5 February 2017
11475:from the original on 5 February 2017
11387:. Oxford University Press. pp.
11292:from the original on 5 February 2017
11084:. Maithuna Publications. p. 5.
10918:Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective
10896:from the original on 7 December 2019
10777:. Inner Traditions. pp. 56–57.
10623:from the original on 7 December 2019
10266:from the original on 5 February 2017
10211:
10064:Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2010
9764:from the original on 5 February 2017
8982:, and still, be considered a Hindu."
8911:
8828:
8784:from the original on 5 February 2017
8537:from the original on 9 December 2019
7967:
7951:
7838:
6842:and as the god of performance arts (
6762:Demography and Presence of believers
6698:and spread by his followers, called
6246:(Self's bondage) through ignorance,
5675:Late medieval, post-12th century CE
5428:Nepal and Himalayan region = 140,000
20331:
17300:. Institut Français de Pondichéry.
17252:Genesis and Development of Tantrism
16693:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
16414:from the original on 2 January 2018
16076:
15848:"sacred spot, place of pilgrimage".
15551:, Orissa Review, Volume 11, page 31
15427:
14132:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
13622:. Penguin Books. pp. 165–166.
13343:Bäumer, B., Kumar, S, eds. (2011).
12675:from the original on 14 August 2014
11422:. pp. 247–268 with footnotes.
11020:from the original on 4 January 2017
10407:. Gregorian Press. pp. 32–34.
9822:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
9696:. Barkhuis. pp. 98–99 and 93.
8015:
7999:
7897:
7784:
7522:
7458:
6945:
6724:They were influential in the Hindu
6490:
6436:) and the ability to harm enemies (
6432:(powers), such as averting danger (
6196:
6114:), both in this life and next. The
4708:invasions, especially those of the
4603:
27:Hindu tradition that worships Shiva
24:
16976:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra
16903:. Vol. 13. Collier Macmillan.
16816:from the original on 27 March 2023
16105:from the original on 30 March 2017
16029:from the original on 30 March 2017
15956:from the original on 30 March 2017
15903:. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7.
15819:from the original on 14 March 2017
15802:Khon Mask : Thailand Heritage
15780:from the original on 18 April 2017
15741:from the original on 14 March 2017
15702:from the original on 14 March 2017
15571:from the original on 28 March 2017
15382:from the original on 29 March 2017
15224:from the original on 20 March 2017
15182:from the original on 20 March 2017
15143:from the original on 15 March 2017
15104:from the original on 15 March 2017
15065:from the original on 15 March 2017
15006:from the original on 15 March 2017
14948:from the original on 15 March 2017
14815:from the original on 15 March 2017
14594:from the original on 27 March 2017
14510:. Yale University Press. pp.
14480:The Four Denominations of Hinduism
14233:from the original on 15 March 2017
13636:from the original on 17 March 2017
13457:from the original on 15 March 2017
13324:from the original on 15 March 2017
13257:from the original on 15 March 2017
12756:from the original on 25 March 2017
12717:from the original on 24 March 2017
12504:from the original on 13 March 2020
12418:from the original on 30 March 2017
12328:from the original on 16 March 2020
12244:. BRILL. pp. 92–97, 102–103.
11752:from the original on 13 March 2017
11436:from the original on 2 August 2016
11253:from the original on 15 March 2017
11108:Living Liberation in Hindu Thought
10525:Sanjukta Gupta (1 February 2013).
10450:Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison
10199:from the original on 28 March 2017
10000:from the original on 9 August 2019
9961:from the original on 9 August 2019
9919:from the original on 26 March 2017
9812:, pp. 61–62 with footnote 64.
9662:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion
8810:from the original on 30 April 2015
7983:
7322:Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in
6999:) has been dated to belong to the
6040:
5572:Rudra, Atman, Brahman, Om, monism
5483:Umapati, Translated by David Smith
5351:Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita
25:
20429:
18214:
17448:
16978:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
16235:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
15942:. SAGE Publications. p. 76.
15310:from the original on 30 June 2016
15268:from the original on 30 June 2016
15045:Anna Libera Dallapiccola (2007).
14776:from the original on 2 April 2017
13585:from the original on 4 March 2017
13215:, pp. 197–198 with note 117.
13140:from the original on 1 April 2017
13034:from the original on 2 April 2017
13017:Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women
12995:from the original on 2 April 2017
12631:from the original on 2 April 2017
12258:from the original on 2 April 2017
12238:Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997).
11773:"शरभोपनिषत् (Sharabha Upanishad)"
11654:from the original on 22 July 2017
9690:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020).
9635:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 36.
9550:from the original on 27 June 2019
7933:
7863:
7741:
7709:
7661:
7620:
7570:
7554:
7424:
7148:
6869:, which is derived from Sanskrit
6118:were particularly the pursuit of
5771:, Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge
5709:Late medieval, post-12th century
5606:Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads,
5603:Late medieval, post-12th century
4875:
4700:and had been ardent promoters of
4409:
4204:, starting in the last centuries
20380:
20368:
20356:
20330:
20320:
20311:
20310:
20299:
19004:
18750:
18742:
18632:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram
18336:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu
18168:
18159:
18158:
17634:
16967:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism
16288:Third AES reprint edition, 1995.
16155:
16142:
16117:
16088:
16071:
15968:
15929:
15890:
15851:
15831:
15792:
15753:
15714:
15672:
15663:
15583:
15554:
15534:
15525:
15508:
15499:
15468:
15421:
15394:
15355:
15322:
15194:
15165:Syncretism in Religion: A Reader
15155:
15116:
15077:
15038:
15018:
14979:
14960:
14870:
14851:
14834:Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014
14788:
14749:
14729:
14711:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.
14693:
14690:, pp. 53–58 with footnotes.
14567:
14541:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–4.
14431:
14348:, pp. 45–52 with footnotes.
14330:
14321:
14304:
14295:
14263:
14254:
14245:
14191:, pp. 44–45 with footnotes.
14162:
14093:
14067:
14048:
13974:
13871:
13837:
13804:
13765:
13736:
13733:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015)
13660:
13552:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2007)
13469:
13430:
13385:
13370:, p. 221 with footnote 500.
13336:
13297:
13230:
13111:
13102:
13093:
13084:
13075:
13062:
13046:
13007:
12968:
12922:Saivism – A Perspective of Grace
12874:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)
12834:
12822:
12795:
12768:
12729:
12604:
12562:
12516:
12477:
12451:
12430:
12391:
12270:
12231:
12221:
12112:
12078:
12061:
12044:
11961:
11924:
11891:
11866:
11841:
11816:
11791:
11779:from the original on 30 May 2017
11764:
11717:
11666:
11633:
11594:
11577:
11560:
11521:
11487:
11448:
11372:
11355:
11265:
11226:
11176:
11137:
11071:
11032:
11003:Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls
10993:
10976:
10947:
10908:
10869:
10830:
10803:
10764:
10729:
10699:
10652:
10635:
10567:Religious Diversity in Singapore
10518:
10479:
10151:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)
8978:, even an agnostic, humanist or
8445:
8432:
8423:
8378:
8359:
8346:
8337:
8328:
8014:
7998:
7982:
7966:
7950:
7932:
7914:
7896:
7879:
7878:
7862:
7854:
7853:
7837:
7829:
7828:
7820:
7819:
7811:
7810:
7802:
7801:
7783:
7775:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7757:
7756:
7740:
7724:
7708:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7674:
7660:
7652:
7651:
7635:
7619:
7604:
7603:
7587:
7569:
7553:
7537:
7521:
7505:
7489:
7473:
7457:
7439:
7423:
7405:
7398:
7312:
7301:
7044:
7035:
6084:The horizontal three ash lines (
6074:
6065:
5796:
4089:
4039:
726:
664:
73:
38:
20300:
18667:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia)
17473:, scholarly studies in Shaivism
17315:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000).
17023:Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010).
16695:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
16636:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955).
16047:
14179:, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375
13945:A History of Kannada Literature
12703:. Shambhala. pp. 243–244.
12442:Śaivism among the Khmers Part I
11873:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984).
10879:Plants of Life, Plants of Death
10584:from the original on 3 May 2016
10492:. Fortress Press. p. 182.
10489:Introduction to World Religions
10172:
10096:
10069:
10022:
10012:
9983:Hinduism and the Religious Arts
9973:
9944:Hinduism and the Religious Arts
9892:
9815:
9737:
9649:
9624:
9611:
9577:
9523:
9502:
9469:
9448:
9421:
9394:
9353:"Silk Road Art and Archaeology"
9344:
9236:
9173:
9137:
9095:
9061:
9040:
9031:
9022:
9002:
8985:
8953:
8867:Monier Monier-Williams (1899),
8754:
8694:
8319:
8309:
7915:
7538:
7490:
7406:
6417:are given to the initiate by a
5520:
20225:Relations with other religions
17412:Meditation: Any Time Any Where
17340:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
17236:, Cambridge University Press,
17233:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra
17193:. Princeton University Press.
17151:. Princeton University Press.
16969:. Vol. 3. Brill Academic.
16884:. Princeton University Press.
16863:. University of Hawaii Press.
16295:The Cultural Heritage of India
15407:. Concept Publishing Company.
14746:, Oxford University, pages 1-7
14372:. BRILL Academic. p. 60.
13746:Contributions to Asian Studies
13310:. Springer. pp. 402–408.
12697:John Myrdhin Reynolds (1996).
12661:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–61.
12404:. Penguin Books. p. 206.
12277:Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.
11420:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
11272:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987).
11233:Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (2002).
10736:Munavalli, Somashekar (2007).
10486:Christopher Partridge (2013).
10103:Edward L. Shaughnessy (2009).
9631:Ganguli, Kalyan Kumar (1988).
9619:The World of the Skandapurāṇa,
9217:, No. 227 (July 2012); page 11
9183:, Cambridge University Press,
8707:. January 2012. Archived from
7636:
7588:
7440:
7204:traditions. It was founded by
7026:
6668:
6521:. The tradition experienced a
5767:Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism,
5466:Vedas and Principal Upanishads
4803:
4374:Some trace the origins to the
4366:The "Pashupati" seal from the
814:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
13:
1:
16647:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971).
16642:. Cambridge University Press.
16464:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994),
16455:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986),
15805:. MOCA Bangkok. p. 222.
15766:. Penguin Books. p. 24.
15401:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007).
14989:Elements of Hindu Iconography
14931:Elements of Hindu Iconography
13749:. Brill Academic. p. 5.
13487:, pp. 15–16, 43–45, 118.
13283:David Peter Lawrence (2012),
12953:, pp. 1–7, 29–37, 44–49.
11972:. The Adyar Library, Madras.
10876:Frederick J. Simoons (1998).
10603:Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002).
10531:. Routledge. pp. 65–71.
10401:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999).
9512:, Columbia University Press,
8974:or monotheistic, monistic or
8458:
7506:
7474:
6428:(supernatural abilities) and
6262:, is particularly popular in
5850:
4899:Caves of the Thousand Buddhas
4620:(c. 320–500 CE) the genre of
3870:Other society-related topics:
1566:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
18617:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)
17506:
17432:History of Indian Literature
17430:Winternitz, Maurice (1972).
17215:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
17118:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism
17115:Parmeshwaranand, S. (2004).
17044:Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998).
16901:The Encyclopedia of Religion
16829:Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13".
16482:Courtright, Paul B. (1985).
16233:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965).
16059:
15897:Geoffrey Waring Maw (1997).
15561:Christiaan Hooykaas (1974).
15481:. Rosen Publishing. p.
14986:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997).
14928:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997).
13188:, pp. 260–262, 329–333.
12487:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
12302:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
12177:, pp. 663–670, 690–693.
11676:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
11604:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
11531:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
11458:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
11039:Matthew James Clark (2006).
10812:The Journal of Hindu Studies
10379:, pp. 660–663, 681–690.
10325:, pp. 205–207, 215–221.
9404:Pāṇini: A Survey of Research
9181:Deciphering the Indus Script
8671:, pages 31–34 with footnotes
8352:Vasugupta is claimed by two
7725:
7345:on its right and a standing
6833:
5093:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas
5090:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas
4913:
4872:district of Andhra Pradesh.
4477:", a possibly kushan deity.
4271:, as an epithet for several
3981:Hinduism and other religions
2778:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
7:
17387:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a),
17356:Tattwananda, Swami (1984),
16781:. Oxford University Press.
16714:. Oxford University Press.
16672:An Introduction to Hinduism
16485:
16410:, Oxford University Press,
16404:Bisschop, Peter C. (2011),
15939:Tagore at Home in the World
15290:T. Richard Blurton (1993).
15248:T. Richard Blurton (1993).
14409:An Introduction to Hinduism
13881:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
13099:Winternitz, p. 588, note 1.
12951:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000
11771:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000).
11640:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000).
11236:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy
11045:. Brill. pp. 177–225.
10843:. Lantern. pp. 27–36.
10711:Overview Of World Religions
9660:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).
9530:Michael W. Meister (1984).
9499:, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9
9150:, Oxford University Press,
9117:
8806:. Himalayan Academy. 2009.
8367:
8245:
7272:
7023:(half Shiva, half Vishnu).
6932:
6592:in the early 10th century.
6487:) and the initiating Guru.
6373:
6367:
6285:
5960:
5532:
5526:
5492:
5432:Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000
5337:5. Negative/cognitive proof
5010:
4526:
4512:
4504:
4392:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4252:
4138:
3726:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3698:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1431:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
1375:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
1370:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
10:
20434:
20408:Theistic Indian philosophy
17336:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988).
16985:Hinduism: Past and Present
16739:Ganapati: Song of the Self
16225:
16124:Olivelle, Patrick (1992).
15168:. Routledge. p. 303.
15123:Frank Burch Brown (2014).
15024:Gomathi Narayanan (1986),
14317:. Manager of Publications.
13418:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy
13285:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy
12975:Rohan A. Dunuwila (1985).
12852:, pp. 14–22, 257–258.
11902:Ganapati: Song of the Self
11379:Olivelle, Patrick (1998).
11183:Sanderson, Alexis (2013).
10659:Olivelle, Patrick (1992).
10249:Hinduism: Past and Present
9744:David N. Lorenzen (1972).
9658:"Vaishnavism: an overview"
8804:"Introduction to Hinduism"
8169:) of infiniteness, as per
7359:
6672:
6599:
6494:
5535:
5529:
5403:Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga,
5397:champions householder life
5360:Advaita, qualified advaita
5335:4. Postulation, derivation
4439:
4355:
4246:Etymology and nomenclature
3602:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
2287:Gurus, sants, philosophers
2223:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
1411:Uparati (self-settledness)
20297:
20124:
20089:
19915:
19850:
19757:
19684:
19677:
19576:
19479:
19470:
19378:
19264:
19221:
19188:
19106:
19080:
19052:
19043:
19022:
19013:
19002:
18921:
18790:
18781:
18760:
18582:
18524:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams
18514:
18440:
18402:
18364:
18356:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam
18326:
18288:
18250:
18222:
18154:
18116:
18061:
17988:
17950:
17912:
17874:
17865:
17835:Festivals and observances
17834:
17771:
17691:
17675:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
17643:
17632:
17525:
17514:
17441:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao,
17230:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008),
17002:R. Blake Michael (1992).
16878:Stella Kramrisch (1993).
16842:. New York: Grove Press.
16554:Daniélou, Alain (1984) .
16323:10.1163/9789004432802_003
15844:12 September 2016 at the
15475:James Lochtefeld (2002).
15031:28 September 2018 at the
14735:Alexis Sanderson (1999),
13778:. Routledge. p. 83.
13304:Stanley D. Brunn (2015).
12850:Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971
11202:10.1163/15728536-13560308
10043:10.1017/s0035869x00166134
9843:Alexis Sanderson (2014),
9604:10.1163/15728536-05904001
9508:Stephen Phillips (2009),
9481:10.1017/S0041977X00146531
7349:(Hindu Sun god) on left.
7208:and further developed by
7132:example, the Shaiva text
6169:Srikantha, influenced by
5903:Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga
5725:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad
5333:3. Comparison and analogy
4376:Indus Valley civilization
4368:Indus Valley civilisation
4352:Indus Valley Civilisation
4261:
4184:second-largest Hindu sect
4127:
2768:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
1426:Samadhana (concentration)
1290:Three paths to liberation
797:Tribal religions in India
782:Historical Vedic religion
777:Indus Valley Civilisation
37:
19369:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
18700:Kamphaeng Phet province
18686:Hx thewalay kestr phiman
18652:Sivan temple (Singapore)
18622:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka)
18597:Fire temple (Azerbaijan)
18094:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
17654:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
17409:Venugopalam, R. (2003).
17166:A. K. Ramanujan (1973).
16911:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
16775:Ariel Glucklich (2008).
16737:Grimes, John A. (1995).
16599:Daniélou, Alain (1987).
16161:Indira Peterson (1982),
16148:Indira Peterson (1983),
14972:15 February 2017 at the
14269:Hariani Santiko (1997),
13530:, pp. 169–170, 308.
12559:, pp. 664, 667–668.
11898:Grimes, John A. (1995).
11150:. Concept. p. 375.
11144:Rajendra Prasad (2008).
9827:23 November 2019 at the
9207:20 December 2016 at the
8874:27 February 2017 at the
8282:
7054:Shaivism iconography in
6405:Tantra Diksha traditions
6306:By the 7th century, the
6014:into the fifth stage of
6004:Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā
5875:of the Shaiva monks and
5434:Bali and SE Asia = Many
5413:
4547:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
4174:. It considers both the
1602:, sacrifice, and charity
19448:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
18647:Shivagraham (Indonesia)
18627:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka)
18602:Ganga Talao (Mauritius)
18592:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)
18384:Thiruvanaikaval (Water)
18351:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai
17456:Encyclopædia Britannica
17321:. Motilal Banarsidass.
17094:Die Religion des Rgveda
17008:. Motilal Banarsidass.
16983:Michaels, Axel (2004).
16941:Lipner, Julius (2012).
16914:. Infobase Publishing.
15799:Jack M. Clontz (2016).
15547:10 October 2016 at the
14742:19 October 2016 at the
14502:James C. Harle (1994).
14405:Gavin D. Flood (1996).
14060:9 February 2020 at the
13942:Edward P. Rice (1982).
13816:. Brill Archive. 1981.
13729:2 February 2017 at the
13657:, pp. 99–104, 218.
13565:Mark Singleton (2010).
13059:see: Flood (1996), 131.
12736:Braj B. Kachru (1981).
11000:McDaniel, June (2004).
10649:, page 332 with note 68
10453:. Bloomsbury Academic.
9980:Heather Elgood (2000).
9941:Heather Elgood (2000).
9401:George Cardona (1997).
9351:Laura Giuliano (2004).
9200:Loeschner, Hans (2012)
9010:The Essence of Hinduism
8413:Bhatta Narayanakantha,
8123:(Sanskrit: क्षेत्र). A
7259:Indian classical dances
6950:Shiva is a part of the
6913:empire and pre-Islamic
6705:Lingayatism emphasizes
6595:
6242:(lord, Shiva), and the
6238:(individual Self), the
6191:Tiruvannamalai district
5730:After the 10th century
5636:Dakshinamurti Upanishad
5619:Kalagni Rudra Upanishad
5581:Atharvashikha Upanishad
5564:Atharvashiras Upanishad
5551:Shiva, Atman, Brahman,
5503:Shaiva minor Upanishads
5405:champions monastic life
5282:Brahman (Vishnu), Atman
4888:temple, Yoni-Linga and
4847:The 7th to 8th-century
4795:of Advaita Vedanta and
3775:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2988:Timeline of Hindu texts
2893:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1926:Pumsavana Simantonayana
1581:Śabda (word, testimony)
819:Epic-Puranic chronology
787:Dravidian folk religion
20418:Monotheistic religions
19423:Eighteen Greater Texts
17975:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
17140:. Motilal Banarsidass.
17136:Pathak, V. S. (1960).
16833:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
16126:The Samnyasa Upanisads
15721:Fredrik Barth (1993).
14886:Saroj Panthey (1987).
14276:22 August 2018 at the
13616:Romila Thapar (2008).
13499:, pp. 7–8, 17–32.
13437:Jaideva Singh (1982).
12802:Elaine Fisher (2017).
12775:Elaine Fisher (2017).
12484:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11931:Ayyangar, TRS (1953).
11848:Ayyangar, TRS (1953).
11823:Ayyangar, TRS (1953).
11673:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11601:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11528:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11455:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11412:Deussen, Paul (1997).
11337:Ayyangar, TRS (1953).
10661:The Samnyasa Upanisads
10609:. Rodopi. p. 63.
10246:Axel Michaels (2004).
10076:S. J. Vainker (1990).
9105:: Flood (1996), p. 29.
8999:, Academic Press, 2008
8420:
7392:Temples and pilgrimage
7382:Bhairavapadmavatikalpa
7224:Hindu performance arts
7220:
7158:
6929:
6822:
6821:in a Vajrayana temple.
6684:
6614:
6506:
6303:
6213:
5951:
5867:
5704:Bhasmajabala Upanishad
5687:Rudrahridaya Upanishad
5598:Brihajjabala Upanishad
5486:
5437:
4978:
4893:
4852:
4686:
4681:, 7th–8th century CE.
4657:Post-Gupta development
4613:
4478:
4371:
4345:
4214:Vedic-Brahmanical fold
4142:) is one of the major
3740:Eighteen Greater Texts
3369:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2798:Krishnananda Saraswati
2042:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
1556:Pratyakṣa (perception)
1416:Titiksha (forbearance)
20176:Hindu gurus and sants
19428:Eighteen Lesser Texts
18672:Thewasathan Bot Phram
18642:Pashupatinath (Nepal)
18379:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
18346:Silver/Velli, Madurai
17970:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
17261:The World's Religions
17092:Oberlies, T. (1998).
16668:Flood, Gavin (1996).
16378:10.1163/9789004384361
16169:30 March 2017 at the
15975:Diana L. Eck (1998).
15760:Roshen Dalal (2010).
15428:Lee, Junghee (1993).
15329:Peter Harvey (1990).
14637:Stella Kramrisch 1993
14485:28 March 2017 at the
14438:Diana L. Eck (1998).
14064:, Pew Research (2012)
13930:R. Blake Michael 1992
13884:. Gale. p. 475.
13528:Jones & Ryan 2006
13423:12 March 2017 at the
13290:12 March 2017 at the
13186:Alexis Sanderson 2010
13014:Julia Leslie (1992).
12963:Jones & Ryan 2006
12870:18 March 2017 at the
12444:, pp. 349—462 in the
12398:Roshen Dalal (2010).
11313:, pp. 11, 51–52.
10915:K. Sivaraman (1973).
10771:Prem Prakash (1998).
10147:17 April 2019 at the
9887:Alexis Sanderson 2004
9617:Bakker, Hans (2014).
8563:Jones & Ryan 2006
8385:
8140:deals primarily with
8130:Many of the historic
8116:and nearby regions).
7218:
7156:
6923:
6816:
6682:
6609:
6504:
6377:), the author of the
6293:
6204:
5934:
5860:Kauai Hindu monastery
5858:
5764:About 7th century CE
5759:Pancabrahma Upanishad
5747:16th or 17th century
5670:Akshamalika Upanishad
5476:
5418:
5339:6. Reliable testimony
5326:3. Reliable testimony
5319:3. Reliable testimony
5310:3. Reliable testimony
5285:Brahman (Devi), Atman
4976:
4957:(feminine energy) or
4936:Beliefs and practices
4883:
4846:
4784:(Kailasha, cave 16),
4664:
4611:
4453:
4436:Emergence of Shaivism
4365:
4343:
4202:formation of Hinduism
3856:Varna-related topics:
3747:Eighteen Lesser Texts
3320:Devi Bhagavata Purana
2216:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
2202:Achintya Bheda Abheda
2134:Philosophical schools
1436:Ahamkara (attachment)
1396:Vairagya (dispassion)
1324:Mokṣa-related topics:
20166:Anti-Hindu sentiment
18657:Sthūlādri (Thailand)
18612:Katas Raj (Pakistan)
18607:Iraivan temple (USA)
18389:Chidambaram (Ether)
18366:Panchabhuta Sthalams
17952:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
17391:The Presence of Śiva
17270:Essais sur le Rituel
17121:. Sarup & Sons.
16974:Mate, M. S. (1988).
16881:The Presence of Siva
15877:Ariel Glucklich 2008
15084:David Smith (2003).
15048:Indian Art in Detail
14795:Lise McKean (1996).
14514:–142, 191, 201–203.
14129:Gavin Flood (2008).
14101:"Shaivism in Tamils"
13981:Bill Aitken (1999).
13918:A. K. Ramanujan 1973
13772:Aya Ikegame (2013).
13724:Lingayat: Hindu sect
13548:4 March 2017 at the
13130:Gavin Flood (2007).
12884:Parmeshwaranand 2004
12655:Gavin Flood (2006).
12611:Guy L. Beck (1995).
12038:7 March 2017 at the
11189:Indo-Iranian Journal
9845:The Saiva Literature
9590:Indo-Iranian Journal
9214:Sino-Platonic Papers
9179:Asko Parpola(2009),
9015:24 July 2015 at the
8032:class=notpageimage|
7121:Sauraism (Sun deity)
6565:and his ideas about
6173:, formulated Shaiva
5885:) and householders (
5522:Shaivism Upanishads
5442:The Saiva Literature
5400:Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga
5231:Recommends, Optional
5222:Recommends, Optional
5099:Vedas and Upanishads
5096:Vedas and Upanishads
5087:Scriptural authority
5073:Vaishnava Traditions
4704:. But following the
4469:state and next to a
3988:Hinduism and Jainism
2918:Vethathiri Maharishi
2823:Nisargadatta Maharaj
1391:Viveka (discernment)
766:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
225:Siddhanta Shikhamani
185:Scriptures and texts
20413:Hindu denominations
20272:Hinduism by country
19438:Iraiyanar Akapporul
19398:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
18637:Mt. Kailash (Tibet)
18442:Jyotirlinga Sthalas
18394:Srikalahasthi (Air)
18374:Kanchipuram (Earth)
18290:Pancharama Kshetras
17980:Kanchipuram (Earth)
17965:Tirukalahasti (Air)
17960:Chidambaram (Ether)
17661:Shivarahasya Purana
17272:. Louvain: Peeters.
16838:Keay, John (2000).
16758:The Roots of Tantra
16653:. Clarendon Press.
16521:Motilal Banarsidass
16095:B Sarawati (1985).
16019:B Sarawati (1985).
15660:, pp. 245–249.
15648:, pp. 245–246.
15636:, pp. 243–244.
14863:17 May 2017 at the
14663:, pp. 319–333.
14627:, pp. 319–320.
13984:Divining the Deccan
13932:, pp. 168–175.
13518:, pp. 407–421.
13347:. D.K. Printworld.
13203:, pp. 671–673.
13161:, pp. 124–125.
13117:Tattwananda, p. 56.
13090:Tattwananda, p. 55.
12965:, pp. 375–376.
12941:, pp. 668–669.
12739:Kashmiri Literature
12601:, pp. 662–663.
12547:, pp. 667–668.
12474:, pp. 665–666.
12376:, pp. 124–129.
12352:, pp. 120–123.
12289:, pp. 140–141.
12206:, pp. 664–665.
12189:, pp. 660–663.
12138:, pp. 154–162.
11968:Sastri, AM (1950).
11223:, pp. 223–224.
10564:Lai Ah Eng (2008).
10367:, pp. 210–213.
10355:, pp. 208–209.
10340:, pp. 221–223.
10313:, pp. 206–207.
10292:, pp. 660–704.
10218:James Boon (1977).
9889:, pp. 349–352.
9874:, pp. 230–249.
9797:, pp. 206–214.
9785:, pp. 212–213.
9466:, pp. 153–154.
9244:South Asian Studies
9114:For translation of
9092:, pp. 204–205.
9037:Tattwananda, p. 54.
8751:, pp. 208–214.
8739:, p. 1, 66-70.
8714:on 20 October 2013.
8623:, pp. 202–204.
8580:, pp. 162–167.
8262:History of Shaivism
8257:Hindu denominations
8227:Sannyasa Upanishads
7243:Badami cave temples
7125:The sun god called
7007:architecture, from
6788:Jammu & Kashmir
6758:and the shastras."
6752:Palkuriki Somanatha
6726:Vijayanagara Empire
5586:1st millennium BCE
5569:1st millennium BCE
5548:1st millennium BCE
5523:
5440:—Alexis Sanderson,
5430:South India = 8,600
5424:(post-8th century)
5064:
4770:Badami cave temples
4760:, including in the
4758:Indian subcontinent
4583:Alexander the Great
4336:Origins and history
4170:non-theism such as
4046:Hinduism portal
3925:Hinduism by country
3761:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3705:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2788:Dayananda Saraswati
2773:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2679:Sripada Srivallabha
2619:Raghunatha Siromani
2584:Narasimha Saraswati
1561:Anumāṇa (inference)
671:Hinduism portal
34:
18690:Sukhothai province
18079:Kailash Mansarovar
17784:Pashupata Shaivism
17762:Hara Hara Mahadeva
17468:Alexis sanderson,
17365:Vasugupta (1992).
17281:. 90/91: 349–462.
16607:Rochester, Vermont
16562:Rochester, Vermont
16316:, pp. 14–32,
16072:Vivekananda Vol. 4
13604:Muller-Ortega 2010
13497:Muller-Ortega 2010
13485:Muller-Ortega 2010
12902:, pp. 209–210
12448:90—91 (2003—2004).
12386:Muller-Ortega 2010
11958:, p. 187-188.
11798:Beck, Guy (1995).
11724:AM Sastri (2001).
11714:, p. 274-286.
10824:10.1093/jhs/hit028
10447:Jan Gonda (1970).
10404:Hindu Spirituality
8843:Macdonell, p. 314.
7280:Seto Machindranath
7221:
7159:
7134:Srikanthiyasamhita
6930:
6823:
6685:
6615:
6582:Vajrayana Buddhism
6529:and his students.
6507:
6304:
6300:Karaikkal Ammaiyar
6214:
5952:
5927:Pashupata Atimargi
5868:
5742:Ganapati Upanishad
5661:Shiva as Sharabha
5653:Sharabha Upanishad
5543:Kaivalya Upanishad
5521:
5395:Videhamukti, Yoga,
5062:
4979:
4894:
4853:
4838:Paramesvarasamhita
4712:circa 500 CE, the
4687:
4614:
4479:
4372:
4346:
4290:The Sanskrit word
4231:in these regions.
3940:Caribbean Shaktism
3659:Kanakadhara Stotra
2908:U. G. Krishnamurti
2888:Satyadhyana Tirtha
2484:Gangesha Upadhyaya
2142:Six Astika schools
1386:Ānanda (happiness)
1365:Anātman (non-self)
442:Non - Saiddhantika
32:
20344:
20343:
20120:
20119:
19673:
19672:
19466:
19465:
19380:Sangam literature
19336:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
19184:
19183:
19000:
18999:
18709:
18708:
18341:Gold/Pon, Thillai
18224:Trilinga Kshetras
18182:
18181:
18112:
18111:
17378:978-0-7914-1264-0
17347:978-81-208-0544-6
17328:978-81-208-1569-8
17243:978-0-521-69534-3
17200:978-1-4008-6090-6
17179:978-0-14-044270-0
17158:978-1-4008-6006-7
17128:978-81-7625-427-4
17055:978-0-7914-3696-7
17036:978-1-4384-1385-3
17015:978-81-208-0776-1
16994:978-0-691-08953-9
16954:978-1-135-24061-5
16921:978-0-8160-7564-5
16891:978-0-691-01930-7
16870:978-0-8248-2779-3
16849:978-0-8021-3797-5
16809:978-9-8123-0937-2
16788:978-0-19-971825-2
16767:978-0-7914-5306-3
16748:978-0-7914-2440-7
16683:978-0-521-43878-0
16660:978-0-19-826523-8
16620:978-1-59477-736-3
16530:978-81-208-3638-9
16498:978-0-19-505742-3
16475:978-81-208-0053-3
16388:978-90-04-38246-6
16343:978-90-04-43266-6
16283:978-81-206-0122-2
16264:978-0-19-507349-2
16244:978-81-208-0567-5
16210:, pp. 11–12.
16135:978-0-19-507045-3
15988:978-0-231-11265-9
15949:978-81-321-1149-8
15910:978-1-85072-190-1
15812:978-1-78301-872-7
15773:978-0-14-341517-6
15734:978-0-226-03834-6
15695:978-602-17669-3-4
15414:978-81-8069-457-8
15375:978-0-8122-4560-8
15348:978-0-521-31333-9
15303:978-0-674-39189-5
15261:978-0-674-39189-5
15217:978-0-521-66369-4
15175:978-0-415-97361-8
15136:978-0-19-517667-4
15097:978-0-521-52865-8
15058:978-0-674-02691-9
14999:978-81-208-0877-5
14941:978-81-208-0877-5
14899:978-81-7099-016-1
14836:, pp. 96–97.
14808:978-0-226-56009-0
14769:978-81-208-3232-9
14722:978-81-208-1706-7
14587:978-81-246-0262-1
14521:978-0-300-06217-5
14451:978-0-231-11265-9
14424:978-0-521-43878-0
14226:978-81-206-0444-5
14177:978-0-415-45677-7
14142:978-0-470-99868-7
13994:978-0-19-564711-2
13955:978-81-206-0063-8
13891:978-0-684-80617-4
13785:978-1-136-23909-0
13629:978-0-14-306468-8
13606:, pp. 36–38.
13578:978-0-19-974598-2
13450:978-81-208-0323-7
13382:, pp. 16–17.
13354:978-81-246-0414-4
13317:978-94-017-9376-6
13250:978-0-7914-0180-4
13227:, pp. 45–47.
13027:978-81-208-1036-5
12988:978-0-89581-675-7
12815:978-0-52029-301-4
12788:978-0-52029-301-4
12749:978-3-447-02129-6
12710:978-1-55939-868-8
12668:978-1-84511-011-6
12624:978-81-208-1261-1
12497:978-81-208-1467-7
12411:978-0-14-341517-6
12388:, pp. 31–38.
12321:978-0-8239-3180-4
12150:, pp. 16–21.
12124:978-81-208-0407-4
12107:978-0-691-60308-7
12090:978-0-7914-0347-1
12073:978-81-208-0784-6
12056:978-90-420-1510-4
12029:978-0-7914-3068-2
11884:978-0-88920-158-3
11285:978-0-88706-431-9
11246:978-81-208-1892-7
11157:978-81-8069-544-5
11118:978-0-7914-2706-4
11052:978-90-04-15211-3
11013:978-0-19-534713-5
10928:978-81-208-1771-5
10889:978-0-299-15904-7
10850:978-1-59056-281-9
10784:978-0-89281-664-4
10694:978-0-521-43878-0
10577:978-981-230-754-5
10538:978-1-134-15774-7
10499:978-0-8006-9970-3
10460:978-1-4742-8080-8
10414:978-88-7652-818-7
10391:, pp. 17–18.
10192:978-981-4519-06-9
10116:978-1-4358-5617-2
10089:978-0-7141-1447-7
9993:978-0-304-70739-3
9954:978-0-304-70739-3
9912:978-0-520-28847-8
9757:978-0-520-01842-6
9703:978-94-93194-00-7
9656:Dandekar (1977).
9642:978-81-85067-10-0
9543:978-0-8122-7909-2
9518:978-0-231-14485-8
9414:978-81-208-1494-3
9329:, pp. 70–71.
9156:978-0-19-539534-1
9134:, pp. 28–29.
9058:, p. 66-106.
8968:978-0-415-45677-7
8689:978-81-208-0595-8
8669:978-88-7652-818-7
8643:978-0-521-48234-9
8604:978-81-208-1892-7
8473:, pp. 15–16.
8302:(illustration of
8277:Kashmiri Shaivism
8252:Chaturdasa Devata
7143:Vathula-Kalottara
7086:, but it praises
6960:Panchayatana puja
6557:) framework. The
6541:and 11th century
6527:Swami Lakshmanjoo
6110:) and pleasures (
5998:by Kaudinya, the
5794:
5793:
5555:, Self-knowledge
5530:Composition date
5527:Shaiva Upanishad
5411:
5410:
5141:Brahman principle
5079:Smarta Traditions
5076:Shakta Traditions
5070:Shaiva Traditions
4925:Siwa (shaivaites)
4920:Balinese Hinduism
4630:Smarta Traditions
4590:Pāśupata Shaivism
4172:Kashmiri Shaivism
4146:, which worships
4136:
4082:
4081:
3933:Balinese Hinduism
3432:Markandeya Purana
2669:Satyanatha Tirtha
2624:Raghuttama Tirtha
2614:Raghavendra Swami
2459:Ramdas Kathiababa
1540:Sources of dharma
1406:Dama (temperance)
1401:Sama (equanimity)
767:
705:
704:
52:
51:
16:(Redirected from
20425:
20385:
20384:
20373:
20372:
20371:
20361:
20360:
20359:
20352:
20334:
20333:
20324:
20314:
20313:
20303:
20302:
20213:Pilgrimage sites
19967:Ganesh Chaturthi
19682:
19681:
19477:
19476:
19458:Vedarthasamgraha
19453:Vinayagar Agaval
19418:Five Great Epics
19393:Divya Prabandham
19306:Minor Upanishads
19050:
19049:
19020:
19019:
19008:
19007:
18788:
18787:
18754:
18746:
18736:
18729:
18722:
18713:
18712:
18696:Hx Phar Ishvaran
18480:Kashi Vishvanath
18209:
18202:
18195:
18186:
18185:
18172:
18162:
18161:
17872:
17871:
17816:Siddha Siddhanta
17779:Shaiva Siddhanta
17706:Om Namah Shivaya
17638:
17501:
17494:
17487:
17478:
17477:
17435:
17426:
17405:
17394:
17382:
17361:
17351:
17332:
17311:
17290:
17273:
17264:
17255:
17246:
17226:
17204:
17183:
17169:Speaking of Śiva
17162:
17141:
17132:
17111:
17105:
17097:
17088:
17065:Social Scientist
17059:
17040:
17019:
16998:
16979:
16970:
16963:Mallinson, James
16958:
16937:
16935:
16933:
16904:
16895:
16874:
16853:
16840:India: A History
16834:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16792:
16771:
16752:
16733:
16706:
16687:
16675:
16664:
16643:
16632:
16611:Inner Traditions
16595:
16566:Inner Traditions
16550:
16502:
16488:
16478:
16460:
16451:
16422:
16421:
16419:
16399:
16380:
16369:Brill Publishers
16354:
16335:
16325:
16314:Brill Publishers
16299:
16287:
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16248:
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16205:
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16140:
16139:
16121:
16115:
16114:
16112:
16110:
16092:
16086:
16085:, pp. 92–95
16083:Venugopalam 2003
16080:
16074:
16069:
16063:
16057:
16051:
16045:
16039:
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16036:
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15874:
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15607:
15594:
15587:
15581:
15580:
15578:
15576:
15558:
15552:
15540:Rk Sahu (2011),
15538:
15532:
15529:
15523:
15512:
15506:
15503:
15497:
15496:
15472:
15466:
15465:
15440:(3/4): 311–357.
15425:
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15202:Nicholas Tarling
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14364:Gudrun Bühnemann
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14201:Chakravarti 1986
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14169:Julius J. Lipner
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12865:Shaiva Siddhanta
12862:
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12509:
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12475:
12469:
12458:
12455:
12449:
12438:Alexis Sanderson
12434:
12428:
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12423:
12395:
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12371:
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12133:
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12126:, pages 252, 259
12116:
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10215:
10209:
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10176:
10170:
10167:
10152:
10139:
10133:
10132:, p. 21-25.
10127:
10121:
10120:
10100:
10094:
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10073:
10067:
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10055:
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10026:
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9807:
9798:
9792:
9786:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9741:
9735:
9732:Tattwananda 1984
9729:
9723:
9717:
9708:
9707:
9687:
9676:
9675:
9653:
9647:
9646:
9628:
9622:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9581:
9575:
9574:, pp. 6–20.
9569:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9527:
9521:
9506:
9500:
9489:
9483:
9473:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9446:
9435:, pages 301–304;
9425:
9419:
9418:
9398:
9392:
9386:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9348:
9342:
9339:Chakravarti 1986
9336:
9330:
9327:Chakravarti 1994
9324:
9318:
9317:, p. 66-69.
9315:Chakravarti 1986
9312:
9306:
9303:Chakravarti 1986
9300:
9291:
9285:
9276:
9273:Chakravarti 1986
9270:
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9093:
9087:
9068:
9065:
9059:
9056:Chakravarti 1986
9053:
9047:
9044:
9038:
9035:
9029:
9026:
9020:
9006:
9000:
8989:
8983:
8960:Julius J. Lipner
8957:
8951:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8927:
8921:
8915:
8909:
8903:
8902:, p. 21-23.
8900:Chakravarti 1994
8897:
8891:
8890:, p. 21-22.
8888:Chakravarti 1994
8885:
8879:
8865:
8856:
8853:Chakravarti 1994
8850:
8844:
8841:
8832:
8826:
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8817:
8815:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8737:Chakravarti 1986
8734:
8728:
8727:, p. 66-70.
8725:Chakravarti 1986
8722:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8706:
8698:
8692:
8681:
8672:
8661:
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8596:
8581:
8575:
8566:
8560:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8542:
8514:
8505:
8502:Chakravarti 1986
8499:
8493:
8487:
8474:
8468:
8452:
8449:
8443:
8436:
8430:
8427:
8421:
8418:
8382:
8376:
8373:Chakravarti 1994
8370:
8363:
8357:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8335:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8296:
8272:Shaiva Siddhanta
8232:Jabala Upanishad
8142:Tirtha Mahatmyas
8018:
8017:
8002:
8001:
7986:
7985:
7970:
7969:
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7442:
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7408:
7402:
7316:
7305:
7048:
7039:
6952:Smarta Tradition
6946:Smarta Tradition
6792:Himachal Pradesh
6707:qualified monism
6519:Kashmiri Pandits
6510:Kashmir Shaivism
6497:Kashmir Shaivism
6491:Kashmir Shaivism
6376:
6370:
6260:Shaiva Siddhanta
6197:Shaiva Siddhanta
6183:Appayya Dikshita
6078:
6069:
6008:Rāśikara-bhāshya
5994:(commentary) on
5963:
5818:theistic dualism
5780:Jabali Upanishad
5524:
5495:
5484:
5444:
5118:None (Considers
5065:
5061:
5013:
4683:Hermitage Museum
4669:, worshipped in
4604:Puranic Shaivism
4531:
4515:
4507:
4395:
4301:
4295:
4273:Rigvedic deities
4263:
4255:
4223:. It arrived in
4194:Shaiva Siddhanta
4160:Shaiva Siddhanta
4156:dualistic theism
4144:Hindu traditions
4141:
4139:Śaivasampradāyaḥ
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4004:and Christianity
3974:Pilgrimage sites
3904:Reform movements
3782:Vinayagar Agaval
3733:Five Great Epics
3682:Tamil literature
3581:Sushruta Samhita
3376:Bhavishya Purana
3362:Brahmanda Purana
3313:Bhagavata Purana
3241:Other scriptures
2803:Mahavatar Babaji
2383:Satyakama Jabala
2054:Ganesh Chaturthi
1908:Rites of passage
1421:Shraddha (faith)
839:Major traditions
765:
730:
707:
706:
697:
690:
683:
669:
668:
667:
448:Kashmir Shaivism
242:Three Components
77:
54:
53:
42:
35:
31:
21:
20433:
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20010:Pahela Baishakh
19992:Makar Sankranti
19911:
19846:
19753:
19669:
19572:
19462:
19443:Abhirami Antati
19413:Kamba Ramayanam
19374:
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19009:
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18917:
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18275:Madhyamaheshwar
18246:
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18108:
18104:Vadakkum Nathan
18057:
17984:
17946:
17908:
17899:Madhyamaheshwar
17861:
17847:Maha Shivaratri
17830:
17767:
17720:Mahāmrityunjaya
17687:
17639:
17630:
17587:Ardhanarishvara
17521:
17510:
17505:
17451:
17439:
17423:
17403:
17379:
17352:Second edition.
17348:
17329:
17308:
17244:
17223:
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17077:10.2307/3518337
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16576:
16531:
16507:Daniélou, Alain
16499:
16476:
16417:
16415:
16389:
16344:
16284:
16265:
16245:
16228:
16223:
16218:
16214:
16208:Kramrisch 1994a
16206:
16202:
16197:
16193:
16187:Kramrisch 1994a
16185:
16178:
16171:Wayback Machine
16160:
16156:
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16122:
16118:
16108:
16106:
16093:
16089:
16081:
16077:
16070:
16066:
16058:
16054:
16048:Lochtefeld 2002
16046:
16042:
16032:
16030:
16017:
16008:
15998:
15996:
15989:
15973:
15969:
15959:
15957:
15950:
15934:
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15911:
15895:
15891:
15879:, p. 146,
15875:
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15724:Balinese Worlds
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14884:
14880:
14875:
14871:
14865:Wayback Machine
14858:Nath Sampradaya
14856:
14852:
14848:, pp. 7–8.
14844:
14840:
14832:
14828:
14818:
14816:
14809:
14793:
14789:
14779:
14777:
14770:
14754:
14750:
14744:Wayback Machine
14737:YOGA IN ŚAIVISM
14734:
14730:
14723:
14698:
14694:
14686:
14679:
14673:Kramrisch 1994a
14671:
14667:
14659:
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14607:
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14487:Wayback Machine
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14278:Wayback Machine
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14103:. Shaivam.org.
14099:
14098:
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14062:Wayback Machine
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13731:Wayback Machine
13722:
13713:
13709:, pages 243–244
13700:
13696:
13665:
13661:
13655:Rigopoulos 1998
13653:
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12567:
12563:
12555:
12551:
12543:
12534:
12530:, pages 182-183
12521:
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12507:
12505:
12498:
12482:
12478:
12470:
12461:
12456:
12452:
12435:
12431:
12421:
12419:
12412:
12396:
12392:
12384:
12380:
12372:
12368:
12364:, pp. 5–6.
12360:
12356:
12348:
12341:
12331:
12329:
12322:
12300:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12275:
12271:
12261:
12259:
12252:
12236:
12232:
12226:
12222:
12214:
12210:
12202:
12193:
12185:
12181:
12173:
12166:
12158:
12154:
12146:
12142:
12134:
12130:
12117:
12113:
12100:
12096:
12083:
12079:
12066:
12062:
12049:
12045:
12040:Wayback Machine
12022:
12015:
11999:
11995:
11980:
11966:
11962:
11956:Kramrisch 1994a
11954:
11950:
11943:
11933:Saiva Upanisads
11929:
11925:
11918:
11896:
11892:
11885:
11871:
11867:
11860:
11850:Saiva Upanisads
11846:
11842:
11835:
11825:Saiva Upanisads
11821:
11817:
11810:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11775:(in Sanskrit).
11769:
11765:
11755:
11753:
11738:
11722:
11718:
11712:Kramrisch 1994a
11710:
11706:
11696:
11694:
11687:
11671:
11667:
11657:
11655:
11651:
11647:(in Sanskrit).
11644:
11638:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11615:
11599:
11595:
11591:, pages 259–260
11582:
11578:
11565:
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11551:
11549:
11542:
11526:
11522:
11509:
11505:
11492:
11488:
11478:
11476:
11469:
11453:
11449:
11439:
11437:
11430:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11377:
11373:
11360:
11356:
11349:
11339:Saiva Upanisads
11335:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11309:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11286:
11270:
11266:
11256:
11254:
11247:
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11227:
11219:
11210:
11181:
11177:
11167:
11165:
11158:
11142:
11138:
11128:
11126:
11119:
11103:
11099:
11092:
11076:
11072:
11062:
11060:
11053:
11037:
11033:
11023:
11021:
11014:
10998:
10994:
10990:, pages 245–248
10981:
10977:
10969:
10965:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10929:
10913:
10909:
10899:
10897:
10890:
10874:
10870:
10860:
10858:
10851:
10835:
10831:
10808:
10804:
10794:
10792:
10785:
10769:
10765:
10755:
10753:
10752:on 26 June 2013
10749:
10742:
10734:
10730:
10720:
10718:
10705:
10704:
10700:
10696:, pages 162–167
10687:
10678:
10671:
10657:
10653:
10640:
10636:
10626:
10624:
10617:
10601:
10597:
10587:
10585:
10578:
10562:
10558:
10548:
10546:
10539:
10523:
10519:
10509:
10507:
10500:
10484:
10480:
10470:
10468:
10461:
10445:
10434:
10424:
10422:
10415:
10399:
10395:
10387:
10383:
10375:
10371:
10363:
10359:
10351:
10344:
10336:
10329:
10321:
10317:
10309:
10296:
10288:
10279:
10269:
10267:
10260:
10244:
10237:
10230:
10222:. CUP Archive.
10216:
10212:
10202:
10200:
10193:
10177:
10173:
10168:
10155:
10149:Wayback Machine
10142:Balinese people
10140:
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10124:
10117:
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10027:
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9870:
9863:
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9835:
9829:Wayback Machine
9820:
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9793:
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9781:
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9679:
9672:
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9612:
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9578:
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9528:
9524:
9507:
9503:
9490:
9486:
9474:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9449:
9445:, pages 106–111
9436:
9426:
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9399:
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9228:
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9209:Wayback Machine
9199:
9195:
9191:, pages 240–250
9178:
9174:
9170:, p. 2–10.
9166:
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9017:Wayback Machine
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8876:Wayback Machine
8866:
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8465:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8415:Mrigendratantra
8412:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
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8379:
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8360:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8310:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8267:Jangam Lingayat
8248:
8240:Bhakti movement
8203:Trayambakesvara
8171:Śiva Mahāpurāṇa
8042:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8011:
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8003:
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7994:
7993:
7987:
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7909:
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7893:
7892:
7891:
7883:
7875:
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7858:
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7842:
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7394:
7362:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7275:
7226:
7198:Advaita Vedanta
7181:Mark Dyczkowski
7151:
7123:
7105:Sri Vaishnavism
7066:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7041:
7040:
7029:
6969:) are icons of
6956:Advaita Vedanta
6948:
6935:
6926:Ardhanarishvara
6883:Bhakti movement
6836:
6828:polycentrically
6764:
6730:Delhi Sultanate
6677:
6671:
6633:Advaita Vedanta
6604:
6598:
6561:of 9th century
6499:
6493:
6483:), scriptures (
6407:
6324:, along with a
6296:Bhakti movement
6288:
6199:
6175:Vishishtadvaita
6160:Advaita Vedanta
6098:"Mantramārga" (
6096:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6071:
6070:
6059:
6043:
6041:Lakula Atimargi
6012:Ashrama (stage)
5996:Pashupata-sutra
5987:Pashupata-sutra
5929:
5905:
5853:
5799:
5505:
5485:
5482:
5468:
5446:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5404:
5396:
5377:
5368:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5312:4. Self-evident
5311:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5057:
4967:
4938:
4916:
4878:
4814:Bhakti movement
4806:
4778:Elephanta Caves
4764:region such as
4691:Chandragupta II
4659:
4606:
4535:Shiva-bhagavata
4448:
4438:
4412:
4384:Lord of Animals
4360:
4354:
4338:
4308:
4248:
4198:Sanskritisation
4092:
4088:
4078:
4040:
4038:
4019:
4018:
4012:
3982:
3948:
3927:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3871:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3684:
3652:
3574:Charaka Samhita
3553:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
3511:Shilpa Shastras
3490:
3443:
3327:Naradiya Purana
3299:
3294:
3269:
3243:
3202:
3066:
2998:
2982:
2951:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2878:Shirdi Sai Baba
2873:Sathya Sai Baba
2853:Ramana Maharshi
2757:
2724:Vadiraja Tirtha
2719:Vācaspati Miśra
2599:Srinivasacharya
2579:Narahari Tirtha
2559:Matsyendranatha
2544:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
2509:Jagannatha Dasa
2499:Haridasa Thakur
2418:
2297:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2234:
2195:Vishishtadvaita
2144:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2079:Makar Sankranti
2059:Vasant Panchami
2022:Maha Shivaratri
2006:
1910:
1819:
1753:
1722:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1550:
1444:
1381:Prajña (wisdom)
1377:
1354:
1318:
1292:
1261:
1230:
1228:Meaning of life
1215:God in Hinduism
1204:
1168:
1166:Supreme reality
1143:Subtle elements
1132:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1096:
952:
921:
895:
887:
877:
876:
873:
840:
834:
824:
823:
768:
763:Hindu synthesis
759:
754:
701:
665:
663:
658:
657:
628:
620:
619:
550:
542:
541:
490:
418:
393:
391:
383:
382:
356:Maha Shivaratri
331:
323:
322:
282:
238:
230:
229:
186:
178:
177:
154:
94:(Supreme being)
92:
85:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20431:
20421:
20420:
20415:
20410:
20405:
20390:
20389:
20377:
20365:
20342:
20341:
20339:
20338:
20328:
20318:
20298:
20295:
20294:
20292:
20291:
20290:
20289:
20284:
20274:
20269:
20264:
20263:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20222:
20221:
20220:
20210:
20205:
20204:
20203:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20173:
20168:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20147:
20146:
20141:
20130:
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20122:
20121:
20118:
20117:
20115:
20114:
20109:
20104:
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20068:
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20032:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20007:
20002:
19994:
19989:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19963:
19962:
19957:
19952:
19942:
19940:Raksha Bandhan
19937:
19932:
19927:
19921:
19919:
19913:
19912:
19910:
19909:
19908:
19907:
19902:
19897:
19892:
19882:
19881:
19880:
19875:
19870:
19865:
19854:
19852:
19848:
19847:
19845:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19799:
19794:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19763:
19761:
19755:
19754:
19752:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19711:
19706:
19701:
19696:
19690:
19688:
19679:
19675:
19674:
19671:
19670:
19668:
19667:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19604:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19582:
19580:
19574:
19573:
19571:
19570:
19563:
19558:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19507:
19506:
19501:
19496:
19485:
19483:
19474:
19468:
19467:
19464:
19463:
19461:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19405:
19400:
19395:
19390:
19384:
19382:
19376:
19375:
19373:
19372:
19365:
19360:
19355:
19350:
19345:
19340:
19339:
19338:
19333:
19328:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19297:
19296:
19291:
19281:
19276:
19270:
19268:
19262:
19261:
19259:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
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19227:
19225:
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19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19194:
19192:
19186:
19185:
19182:
19181:
19179:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19151:Shvetashvatara
19148:
19143:
19138:
19133:
19128:
19126:Brihadaranyaka
19123:
19118:
19112:
19110:
19104:
19103:
19101:
19100:
19095:
19090:
19084:
19082:
19078:
19077:
19075:
19074:
19069:
19064:
19059:
19053:
19047:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19037:
19032:
19026:
19024:
19023:Classification
19017:
19011:
19010:
19003:
19001:
18998:
18997:
18995:
18994:
18985:
18984:
18983:
18976:
18969:
18957:
18952:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18927:
18925:
18919:
18918:
18916:
18915:
18914:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18898:
18893:
18888:
18883:
18878:
18873:
18862:
18861:
18860:
18859:
18854:
18849:
18844:
18833:
18832:
18827:
18822:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18796:
18794:
18785:
18779:
18778:
18776:
18775:
18770:
18767:
18761:
18758:
18757:
18739:
18738:
18731:
18724:
18716:
18707:
18706:
18704:
18703:
18693:
18683:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18588:
18586:
18580:
18579:
18577:
18576:
18571:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18529:Brihadeeswaram
18526:
18520:
18518:
18512:
18511:
18509:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18446:
18444:
18438:
18437:
18435:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18408:
18406:
18404:Pancheshwarams
18400:
18399:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18370:
18368:
18362:
18361:
18359:
18358:
18353:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18332:
18330:
18324:
18323:
18321:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18294:
18292:
18286:
18285:
18283:
18282:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18256:
18254:
18252:Pancha Kedaras
18248:
18247:
18245:
18244:
18239:
18234:
18228:
18226:
18220:
18219:
18212:
18211:
18204:
18197:
18189:
18180:
18179:
18177:
18176:
18166:
18155:
18152:
18151:
18149:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18132:
18131:
18120:
18118:
18117:Related topics
18114:
18113:
18110:
18109:
18107:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18074:Brihadeeswarar
18071:
18065:
18063:
18059:
18058:
18056:
18055:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18033:Ramanathaswamy
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17994:
17992:
17986:
17985:
17983:
17982:
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17956:
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17948:
17947:
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17909:
17907:
17906:
17901:
17896:
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17880:
17878:
17869:
17863:
17862:
17860:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17838:
17836:
17832:
17831:
17829:
17828:
17826:Shaiva Smartas
17823:
17818:
17813:
17811:Veera Shaivism
17808:
17806:Trika Shaivism
17803:
17802:
17801:
17796:
17786:
17781:
17775:
17773:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17765:
17758:
17751:
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17474:
17465:
17460:
17450:
17449:External links
17447:
17438:
17437:
17427:
17421:
17406:
17402:978-0691019307
17401:
17383:
17377:
17362:
17353:
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17307:978-2855396668
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17222:978-3447025225
17221:
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17157:
17142:
17133:
17127:
17112:
17089:
17071:(3/4): 19–50.
17060:
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16440:10.2307/596106
16434:(4): 230–249.
16423:
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16200:
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16189:, p. 164.
16176:
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15866:
15863:978-0415590389
15850:
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15811:
15791:
15772:
15752:
15733:
15713:
15694:
15671:
15662:
15658:Sanderson 2009
15650:
15646:Sanderson 2009
15638:
15634:Sanderson 2009
15626:
15614:
15612:, p. 243.
15610:Sanderson 2009
15595:
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15037:
15017:
14998:
14978:
14959:
14940:
14917:
14898:
14878:
14869:
14850:
14846:Vasugupta 1992
14838:
14826:
14807:
14787:
14768:
14748:
14728:
14721:
14692:
14688:Sanderson 2009
14677:
14675:, p. 438.
14665:
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14397:
14379:978-9004129023
14378:
14350:
14346:Sanderson 2009
14338:
14329:
14320:
14303:
14294:
14282:
14262:
14253:
14244:
14225:
14205:
14203:, p. 171.
14193:
14189:Sanderson 2009
14181:
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14141:
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14092:
14066:
14047:
14032:
14028:978-0231139212
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13866:978-8120812383
13853:
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13707:978-0813540689
13694:
13681:10.2307/600151
13659:
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13628:
13608:
13596:
13577:
13554:
13532:
13520:
13516:Mallinson 2012
13501:
13489:
13477:
13468:
13449:
13429:
13407:
13393:
13384:
13380:Sanderson 1995
13372:
13368:Sanderson 2009
13360:
13353:
13335:
13316:
13296:
13269:
13249:
13229:
13225:Sanderson 1995
13217:
13213:Vasugupta 1992
13205:
13201:Sanderson 1988
13190:
13175:
13171:Sanderson 1995
13163:
13159:Sanderson 2009
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12939:Sanderson 1988
12926:
12920:S. Arulsamy,
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12686:
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12642:
12623:
12603:
12599:Sanderson 1988
12591:
12582:
12580:, p. 171.
12570:
12561:
12557:Sanderson 1988
12549:
12545:Sanderson 1988
12532:
12528:978-9004178960
12515:
12496:
12476:
12472:Sanderson 1988
12459:
12450:
12429:
12410:
12390:
12378:
12366:
12354:
12339:
12320:
12291:
12287:Vasugupta 1992
12279:
12269:
12250:
12230:
12220:
12218:, p. 664.
12216:Sanderson 1988
12208:
12204:Sanderson 1988
12191:
12187:Sanderson 1988
12179:
12175:Sanderson 1988
12164:
12162:, p. 663.
12160:Sanderson 1988
12152:
12148:Sanderson 1995
12140:
12128:
12111:
12094:
12077:
12060:
12043:
12013:
11993:
11978:
11960:
11948:
11942:978-0895819819
11941:
11923:
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11883:
11865:
11859:978-0895819819
11858:
11840:
11834:978-0895819819
11833:
11815:
11809:978-8120812611
11808:
11790:
11763:
11737:978-8185208091
11736:
11716:
11704:
11686:978-8120814677
11685:
11665:
11632:
11614:978-8120814677
11613:
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11589:978-3520195036
11576:
11572:978-8876524813
11559:
11541:978-8120814677
11540:
11520:
11516:978-0814736500
11503:
11499:978-0195066289
11486:
11468:978-8120814677
11467:
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11429:978-8120814677
11428:
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11398:978-0192835765
11397:
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10988:978-0815336112
10975:
10973:, p. 225.
10963:
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10927:
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10783:
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10389:Sanderson 1988
10381:
10377:Sanderson 1988
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10290:Sanderson 1988
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9861:
9849:
9833:
9814:
9810:Sanderson 2009
9799:
9787:
9775:
9756:
9736:
9724:
9722:, p. 128.
9709:
9702:
9677:
9671:978-0028657332
9670:
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9623:
9610:
9576:
9561:
9542:
9522:
9501:
9497:978-9004107588
9484:
9468:
9456:
9447:
9443:978-8121509992
9433:978-8120814684
9420:
9413:
9393:
9391:, p. 154.
9378:
9343:
9331:
9319:
9307:
9292:
9290:, p. 150.
9277:
9265:
9263:, p. 205.
9248:
9246:, 23(1), 31–37
9235:
9231:Res Orientales
9219:
9193:
9189:978-0521795661
9172:
9160:
9144:Mark Singleton
9136:
9124:
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9094:
9069:
9060:
9048:
9039:
9030:
9021:
9001:
8997:978-0123695031
8984:
8952:
8950:Keay, p.xxvii.
8943:
8928:
8926:, p. 149.
8916:
8914:, p. 927.
8904:
8892:
8880:
8857:
8845:
8833:
8831:, p. 919.
8821:
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8693:
8673:
8647:
8625:
8608:
8582:
8567:
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7225:
7222:
7206:Matsyendranath
7150:
7149:Yoga movements
7147:
7122:
7119:
7053:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7025:
6982:Saguna Brahman
6947:
6944:
6934:
6931:
6835:
6832:
6786:as well as in
6784:Andhra Pradesh
6763:
6760:
6673:Main article:
6670:
6667:
6642:Matsyendranath
6600:Main article:
6597:
6594:
6495:Main article:
6492:
6489:
6406:
6403:
6399:Manikkavacagar
6383:(also spelled
6365:(also spelled
6334:Periya Puranam
6287:
6284:
6218:Śaivasiddhānta
6198:
6195:
6125:Southeast Asia
6083:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6042:
6039:
6016:Siddha-Ashrama
5950:and elsewhere.
5928:
5925:
5904:
5901:
5852:
5849:
5798:
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5792:
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5716:are important
5710:
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5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
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5398:
5393:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:Shakti-advaita
5355:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:Brahman, Atman
5286:
5283:
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5270:
5264:
5263:
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5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5002:
4966:
4963:
4937:
4934:
4915:
4912:
4877:
4876:Southeast Asia
4874:
4805:
4802:
4658:
4655:
4605:
4602:
4553:Shvetashvatara
4459:Vima Kadphises
4437:
4434:
4411:
4410:Vedic elements
4408:
4380:Pashupati seal
4356:Main article:
4353:
4350:
4337:
4334:
4307:
4304:
4247:
4244:
4221:Hindu kingdoms
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
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4049:
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4035:
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4017:
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3914:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3877:Discrimination
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3768:Abirami Antati
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3685:
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3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3616:Ramcharitmanas
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3567:Pramana Sutras
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3539:Mimamsa Sutras
3535:
3532:Samkhya Sutras
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3497:Dharma Shastra
3492:
3491:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3436:
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3407:
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3323:
3316:
3309:
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3300:
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3290:
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3265:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3245:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3198:
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3187:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3131:Shvetashvatara
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3103:Brihadaranyaka
3098:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Upasni Maharaj
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Vedanta Desika
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Samarth Ramdas
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Purandara Dasa
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Nimbarkacharya
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Jayanta Bhatta
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Raksha Bandhan
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Simantonnayana
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Carnatic music
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Bhagavata Mela
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:Kundalini yoga
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:Stages of life
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:God and gender
1217:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1153:Gross elements
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
963:
954:
953:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
917:
914:
913:
908:
903:
897:
896:
891:
888:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
867:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
841:
838:
835:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
809:Itihasa-Purana
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
740:
732:
731:
723:
722:
716:
715:
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:
685:
677:
674:
673:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Manikkavacakar
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
510:
509:
508:
497:
496:
489:
488:
487:
486:
465:
460:
455:
439:
438:
427:
426:
417:
416:
411:
406:
400:
399:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
367:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
289:
288:
284:
283:
277:
272:
266:
265:
264:Three bondages
261:
260:
255:
250:
244:
243:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
168:Forms of Shiva
165:
160:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
130:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
101:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
50:
49:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20430:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20400:
20398:
20388:
20383:
20378:
20376:
20366:
20364:
20354:
20353:
20350:
20337:
20329:
20327:
20323:
20319:
20317:
20309:
20308:
20306:
20296:
20288:
20285:
20283:
20280:
20279:
20278:
20277:Hindu temples
20275:
20273:
20270:
20268:
20265:
20261:
20258:
20256:
20253:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20227:
20226:
20223:
20219:
20216:
20215:
20214:
20211:
20209:
20206:
20202:
20199:
20198:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20181:Hindu studies
20179:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20151:Denominations
20149:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20137:
20136:
20135:
20132:
20131:
20129:
20127:
20123:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20094:
20092:
20088:
20082:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20064:
20063:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20039:
20038:
20035:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19997:
19995:
19993:
19990:
19988:
19985:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19970:
19968:
19965:
19961:
19960:Vijayadashami
19958:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19947:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19918:
19914:
19906:
19903:
19901:
19898:
19896:
19893:
19891:
19888:
19887:
19886:
19883:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19860:
19859:
19856:
19855:
19853:
19849:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19777:Simantonayana
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19764:
19762:
19760:
19756:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19691:
19689:
19687:
19683:
19680:
19676:
19666:
19665:
19661:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19588:
19587:
19584:
19583:
19581:
19579:
19575:
19569:
19568:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19557:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19527:
19524:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19497:
19495:
19492:
19491:
19490:
19487:
19486:
19484:
19482:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19469:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19385:
19383:
19381:
19377:
19371:
19370:
19366:
19364:
19363:Yoga Vasistha
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19323:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19295:
19292:
19290:
19287:
19286:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19274:Bhagavad Gita
19272:
19271:
19269:
19267:
19263:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19228:
19226:
19224:
19220:
19214:
19213:Sthapatyaveda
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19195:
19193:
19191:
19187:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19113:
19111:
19109:
19105:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19085:
19083:
19079:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19054:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19042:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19027:
19025:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19012:
18993:
18989:
18986:
18982:
18981:
18977:
18975:
18974:
18970:
18968:
18967:
18963:
18962:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18932:
18929:
18928:
18926:
18924:
18920:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18897:
18894:
18892:
18889:
18887:
18884:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18874:
18872:
18869:
18868:
18867:
18864:
18863:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18840:
18839:
18838:
18835:
18834:
18831:
18828:
18826:
18823:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18797:
18795:
18793:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18780:
18774:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18762:
18759:
18753:
18749:
18745:
18737:
18732:
18730:
18725:
18723:
18718:
18717:
18714:
18701:
18697:
18694:
18691:
18687:
18684:
18681:
18677:
18676:sao ching cha
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18589:
18587:
18585:
18581:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18549:Kudalasangama
18547:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18521:
18519:
18517:
18513:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18486:Trimbakeshwar
18484:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18460:Mahakaleshwar
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18447:
18445:
18443:
18439:
18433:
18432:Thondeshwaram
18430:
18428:
18427:Naguleshwaram
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18405:
18401:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18371:
18369:
18367:
18363:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18333:
18331:
18329:
18328:Pancha Sabhas
18325:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18295:
18293:
18291:
18287:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18257:
18255:
18253:
18249:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18229:
18227:
18225:
18221:
18217:
18216:Shiva temples
18210:
18205:
18203:
18198:
18196:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18175:
18171:
18167:
18165:
18157:
18156:
18153:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18130:
18127:
18126:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18119:
18115:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18066:
18064:
18060:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18043:Trimbakeshwar
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18018:Mahakaleshwar
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17995:
17993:
17991:
17987:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17957:
17955:
17953:
17949:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17915:
17914:Pancha Sabhai
17911:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17867:Shiva temples
17864:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17839:
17837:
17833:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17821:Shiva Advaita
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17791:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17776:
17774:
17770:
17764:
17763:
17759:
17757:
17756:
17755:Shiva Mahimna
17752:
17750:
17749:
17745:
17743:
17742:
17738:
17736:
17735:
17731:
17729:
17728:
17727:Shiva Tandava
17724:
17722:
17721:
17717:
17715:
17714:
17710:
17708:
17707:
17703:
17702:
17700:
17698:
17694:
17690:
17684:
17683:
17679:
17677:
17676:
17672:
17670:
17669:
17665:
17663:
17662:
17658:
17656:
17655:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17646:
17642:
17637:
17627:
17624:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17611:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17584:
17583:
17580:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17545:Dakshinamurti
17543:
17541:
17538:
17537:
17536:
17533:
17532:
17530:
17528:
17524:
17520:
17519:
17513:
17509:
17502:
17497:
17495:
17490:
17488:
17483:
17482:
17479:
17472:
17471:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17457:
17453:
17452:
17446:
17444:
17433:
17428:
17424:
17422:81-8056-373-1
17418:
17414:
17413:
17407:
17404:
17398:
17393:
17392:
17384:
17380:
17374:
17370:
17369:
17363:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17343:
17339:
17334:
17330:
17324:
17320:
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17309:
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17299:
17298:
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17288:
17284:
17280:
17275:
17271:
17266:
17262:
17257:
17253:
17248:
17245:
17239:
17235:
17234:
17228:
17224:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17206:
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17192:
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17185:
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17175:
17171:
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17164:
17160:
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17150:
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17139:
17134:
17130:
17124:
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17119:
17113:
17109:
17103:
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17090:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17066:
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17057:
17051:
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17042:
17038:
17032:
17028:
17027:
17021:
17017:
17011:
17007:
17006:
17000:
16996:
16990:
16986:
16981:
16977:
16972:
16968:
16964:
16960:
16956:
16950:
16947:. Routledge.
16946:
16945:
16939:
16927:
16923:
16917:
16913:
16912:
16906:
16902:
16897:
16893:
16887:
16883:
16882:
16876:
16872:
16866:
16862:
16861:
16855:
16851:
16845:
16841:
16836:
16832:
16827:
16815:
16811:
16805:
16801:
16800:
16794:
16790:
16784:
16780:
16779:
16773:
16769:
16763:
16759:
16754:
16750:
16744:
16740:
16735:
16731:
16729:9780199340378
16725:
16721:
16717:
16713:
16708:
16704:
16698:
16694:
16689:
16685:
16679:
16674:
16673:
16666:
16662:
16656:
16652:
16651:
16645:
16641:
16640:
16634:
16630:
16626:
16622:
16616:
16612:
16608:
16604:
16603:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16581:
16577:
16575:0-89281-374-1
16571:
16567:
16563:
16559:
16558:
16552:
16548:
16544:
16540:
16536:
16532:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16508:
16504:
16500:
16494:
16490:
16487:
16480:
16477:
16471:
16467:
16462:
16458:
16453:
16449:
16445:
16441:
16437:
16433:
16429:
16424:
16413:
16409:
16408:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16390:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16370:
16366:
16362:
16357:
16353:
16349:
16345:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16315:
16311:
16307:
16302:
16300:Four volumes.
16297:
16296:
16290:
16285:
16279:
16275:
16270:
16266:
16260:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16240:
16236:
16231:
16230:
16216:
16209:
16204:
16195:
16188:
16183:
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16173:
16172:
16168:
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16145:
16137:
16131:
16127:
16120:
16104:
16100:
16099:
16091:
16084:
16079:
16073:
16068:
16062:, pp. 158-158
16061:
16056:
16050:, pp. 324-325
16049:
16044:
16028:
16024:
16023:
16015:
16013:
16011:
15994:
15990:
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15906:
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15730:
15726:
15725:
15717:
15701:
15697:
15691:
15687:
15686:
15681:
15680:Edi Sedyawati
15675:
15666:
15659:
15654:
15647:
15642:
15635:
15630:
15624:, p. 17.
15623:
15618:
15611:
15606:
15604:
15602:
15600:
15592:
15586:
15570:
15566:
15565:
15557:
15550:
15546:
15543:
15537:
15528:
15521:
15517:
15511:
15502:
15494:
15492:0-8239-2287-1
15488:
15484:
15480:
15479:
15471:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15451:
15447:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15434:Artibus Asiae
15431:
15424:
15416:
15410:
15406:
15405:
15397:
15381:
15377:
15371:
15367:
15366:
15358:
15350:
15344:
15340:
15335:
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15294:
15286:
15284:
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15252:
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15223:
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15213:
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15166:
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15142:
15138:
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15064:
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15041:
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15030:
15027:
15021:
15005:
15001:
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14990:
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14968:
14963:
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14933:
14932:
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14922:
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14895:
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14866:
14862:
14859:
14854:
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14842:
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14800:
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14771:
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14752:
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14732:
14724:
14718:
14714:
14709:
14708:
14702:
14696:
14689:
14684:
14682:
14674:
14669:
14662:
14657:
14650:
14645:
14639:, p. 57.
14638:
14633:
14626:
14621:
14614:
14609:
14593:
14589:
14583:
14579:
14578:
14570:
14554:
14550:
14548:90-04-06498-2
14544:
14540:
14539:
14531:
14523:
14517:
14513:
14508:
14507:
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14496:
14488:
14484:
14481:
14476:
14474:
14457:
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14410:
14401:
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14370:
14365:
14359:
14357:
14355:
14347:
14342:
14333:
14324:
14316:
14315:
14307:
14298:
14289:
14287:
14279:
14275:
14272:
14266:
14257:
14248:
14232:
14228:
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14217:
14209:
14202:
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14190:
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14051:
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14039:
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14017:
14000:
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13990:
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13977:
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13957:
13951:
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13946:
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13914:
13897:
13893:
13887:
13883:
13882:
13874:
13867:
13863:
13857:
13850:
13849:9788124601457
13846:
13840:
13825:
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13807:
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13776:
13768:
13752:
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13716:
13708:
13704:
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13686:
13682:
13678:
13674:
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13663:
13656:
13651:
13635:
13631:
13625:
13621:
13620:
13612:
13605:
13600:
13584:
13580:
13574:
13570:
13569:
13561:
13559:
13551:
13547:
13544:
13539:
13537:
13529:
13524:
13517:
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13510:
13508:
13506:
13498:
13493:
13486:
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13472:
13456:
13452:
13446:
13442:
13441:
13433:
13426:
13422:
13419:
13414:
13412:
13402:
13400:
13398:
13388:
13381:
13376:
13369:
13364:
13356:
13350:
13346:
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13323:
13319:
13313:
13309:
13308:
13300:
13293:
13289:
13286:
13280:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13256:
13252:
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13242:
13241:
13233:
13226:
13221:
13214:
13209:
13202:
13197:
13195:
13187:
13182:
13180:
13173:, p. 24.
13172:
13167:
13160:
13155:
13139:
13135:
13134:
13126:
13124:
13114:
13105:
13096:
13087:
13078:
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13019:
13018:
13010:
12994:
12990:
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12964:
12959:
12952:
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12933:
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12901:
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12873:
12869:
12866:
12861:
12859:
12851:
12846:
12837:
12830:
12825:
12817:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12798:
12790:
12784:
12780:
12779:
12771:
12755:
12751:
12745:
12741:
12740:
12732:
12716:
12712:
12706:
12702:
12701:
12693:
12691:
12674:
12670:
12664:
12660:
12659:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12616:
12615:
12607:
12600:
12595:
12586:
12579:
12574:
12565:
12558:
12553:
12546:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12529:
12525:
12519:
12503:
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12473:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12454:
12447:
12443:
12439:
12433:
12417:
12413:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12394:
12387:
12382:
12375:
12374:Daniélou 1987
12370:
12363:
12362:Dasgupta 1955
12358:
12351:
12350:Daniélou 1987
12346:
12344:
12327:
12323:
12317:
12313:
12308:
12307:
12298:
12296:
12288:
12283:
12273:
12257:
12253:
12251:90-04-10789-4
12247:
12243:
12242:
12234:
12224:
12217:
12212:
12205:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12188:
12183:
12176:
12171:
12169:
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12156:
12149:
12144:
12137:
12132:
12125:
12121:
12115:
12108:
12104:
12098:
12091:
12087:
12081:
12075:, pages 11–18
12074:
12070:
12064:
12058:, pages 54–56
12057:
12053:
12047:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12018:
12011:, pages 27–28
12010:
12009:0-415-21527-7
12006:
12002:
12001:Julius Lipner
11997:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11975:
11971:
11964:
11957:
11952:
11944:
11938:
11934:
11927:
11919:
11917:0-7914-2440-5
11913:
11909:
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11894:
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11643:
11636:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11597:
11590:
11586:
11580:
11574:, pages 24-25
11573:
11569:
11563:
11547:
11543:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11524:
11518:, pages 85–86
11517:
11513:
11507:
11500:
11496:
11490:
11474:
11470:
11464:
11460:
11459:
11451:
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11431:
11425:
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11417:
11416:
11408:
11400:
11394:
11390:
11385:
11384:
11375:
11369:, pages 60–88
11368:
11364:
11358:
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11329:
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11093:
11091:9780983784722
11087:
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10776:
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10708:
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10685:
10683:
10681:
10672:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10622:
10618:
10616:90-420-1510-1
10612:
10608:
10607:
10599:
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10579:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10560:
10544:
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10339:
10334:
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10324:
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10312:
10307:
10305:
10303:
10301:
10299:
10291:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10265:
10261:
10259:0-691-08952-3
10255:
10251:
10250:
10242:
10240:
10231:
10229:0-521-21398-3
10225:
10221:
10214:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10175:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10150:
10146:
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10138:
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10126:
10118:
10112:
10108:
10107:
10099:
10091:
10085:
10081:
10080:
10072:
10065:
10060:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10025:
10015:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9985:
9984:
9976:
9960:
9956:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9937:
9935:
9918:
9914:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9895:
9888:
9883:
9881:
9873:
9868:
9866:
9859:, p. 17.
9858:
9853:
9846:
9840:
9838:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9818:
9811:
9806:
9804:
9796:
9791:
9784:
9779:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9740:
9734:, p. 46.
9733:
9728:
9721:
9720:Daniélou 1987
9716:
9714:
9705:
9699:
9695:
9694:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9652:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9614:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9580:
9573:
9572:Lorenzen 1987
9568:
9566:
9549:
9545:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9526:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9498:
9494:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9451:
9444:
9440:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9397:
9390:
9385:
9383:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9341:, p. 70.
9340:
9335:
9328:
9323:
9316:
9311:
9305:, p. 69.
9304:
9299:
9297:
9289:
9284:
9282:
9275:, p. 66.
9274:
9269:
9262:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9245:
9239:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9197:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9169:
9164:
9158:, pages 25–34
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9133:
9128:
9121:
9119:
9111:
9104:
9098:
9091:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9064:
9057:
9052:
9043:
9034:
9025:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9005:
8998:
8994:
8988:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8956:
8947:
8941:, p. 17.
8940:
8935:
8933:
8925:
8920:
8913:
8908:
8901:
8896:
8889:
8884:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8864:
8862:
8855:, p. 28.
8854:
8849:
8840:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8783:
8779:
8777:90-04-04330-6
8773:
8769:
8768:
8763:
8757:
8750:
8745:
8738:
8733:
8726:
8721:
8710:
8703:
8697:
8691:, pages 43–44
8690:
8686:
8680:
8678:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8622:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8606:, pages 16–19
8605:
8601:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8564:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8536:
8532:
8530:9781118323038
8526:
8522:
8521:
8513:
8511:
8503:
8498:
8491:
8490:Bisschop 2011
8486:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8472:
8471:Bisschop 2020
8467:
8463:
8448:
8441:
8435:
8426:
8416:
8408:
8384:For example:
8381:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8349:
8340:
8331:
8322:
8312:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8293:
8288:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8183:Mahakaleshwar
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8137:Skanda Purana
8133:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8094:Mahadevagriha
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8078:Bhuvaneshvara
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8033:
8024:
8008:
7992:
7976:
7960:
7944:
7943:
7926:
7925:
7908:
7907:
7890:
7889:
7872:
7847:
7795:
7794:
7750:
7734:
7718:
7702:
7645:
7629:
7613:
7597:
7581:
7580:
7563:
7547:
7531:
7515:
7499:
7483:
7467:
7451:
7450:
7433:
7417:
7416:
7401:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7355:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7304:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7263:Bharatanatyam
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7235:Natya Shastra
7231:
7217:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7171:
7166:
7164:
7155:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7114:Skanda Purana
7109:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:Vishnu Purana
7061:
7057:
7047:
7038:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
7001:Kushan Empire
6998:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6943:
6940:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6867:Bhattara Guru
6863:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6829:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:Uttar Pradesh
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6735:Basava Purana
6731:
6727:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6676:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6543:Abhinavagupta
6540:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6503:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6149:
6148:Shaiva Agamas
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6068:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5949:
5948:Uttar Pradesh
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:Shaiva Agamas
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5425:
5422:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5329:1. Perception
5328:
5322:1. Perception
5321:
5315:1. Perception
5314:
5306:1. Perception
5305:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:Vegetarianism
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:Supreme deity
5105:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4983:Vedic-Puranik
4981:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:Padmasamhita,
4831:
4830:Isvarasamhita
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:launched the
4811:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:Skanda Purāṇa
4640:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4572:Kushan Empire
4568:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:According to
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4330:mixed schools
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4254:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:Supreme Being
4149:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4128:शैवसम्प्रदायः
4125:
4119:
4086:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:Hindu culture
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Organisations
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:Yoga Vasistha
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3588:Natya Shastra
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:Brahma Sutras
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:Sthapatyaveda
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:Gandharvaveda
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:Varaha Purana
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:Skanda Purana
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:Brahma Purana
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:Garuda Purana
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:Matsya Purana
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:Vāmana Purana
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:Vishnu Purana
3303:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:Bhagavad Gita
3247:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3197:
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3188:
3186:
3185:
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3179:
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3158:
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3147:
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3128:
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3119:
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3112:
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3107:
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3016:
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3009:
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3006:
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2997:
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2989:
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2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Radhakrishnan
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Narayana Guru
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Jaggi Vasudev
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Chinmayananda
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2754:
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2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
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2647:
2645:
2644:Ramprasad Sen
2642:
2640:
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2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
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2617:
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2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Gorakshanatha
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Allama Prabhu
2437:
2435:
2434:Akka Mahadevi
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Abhinavagupta
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Prashastapada
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
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2329:
2326:
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2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
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2291:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:Other schools
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:Shuddhadvaita
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Kalaripayattu
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Bharatanatyam
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
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1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
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1757:
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1752:
1748:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Nritta-Nritya
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
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1660:
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1632:
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1627:
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1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
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1601:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1579:
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1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
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1549:
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1533:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
960:
956:
955:
951:
947:
942:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
890:
889:
886:
881:
880:
872:
871:
866:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
837:
836:
833:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
764:
761:
760:
758:
750:
749:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
717:
713:
709:
708:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:
676:
675:
672:
662:
661:
654:
653:Shiva Temples
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
560:Abhinavagupta
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
491:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
444:
443:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
425:
424:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
394:
387:
386:
379:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:other aspects
286:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
234:
233:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
96:
95:
91:
90:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
20287:Architecture
19890:Brahmacharya
19832:Samavartanam
19797:Annaprashana
19663:
19566:
19367:
19321:Dharmaśāstra
19311:Arthashastra
19146:Maitrayaniya
18978:
18971:
18964:
18886:Brahmacharya
18584:Out of India
18583:
18515:
18506:Grishneshwar
18475:Bhimashankar
18422:Munneshwaram
18412:Kethishwaram
18099:Tiruchengode
18003:Grishneshwar
17998:Bhimashankar
17990:Jyotirlingas
17842:Kanwar Yatra
17760:
17753:
17746:
17739:
17732:
17725:
17718:
17713:Rudrashtakam
17711:
17704:
17680:
17673:
17668:Shiva Purana
17666:
17659:
17652:
17516:
17507:
17470:Publications
17469:
17458:, "Shaivism"
17455:
17440:
17431:
17411:
17390:
17367:
17357:
17337:
17317:
17296:
17278:
17269:
17263:. Routledge.
17260:
17251:
17232:
17212:
17209:Rocher, Ludo
17189:
17168:
17147:
17137:
17117:
17093:
17068:
17064:
17045:
17025:
17004:
16984:
16975:
16966:
16943:
16930:. Retrieved
16910:
16900:
16880:
16859:
16839:
16830:
16818:. Retrieved
16798:
16777:
16757:
16738:
16711:
16692:
16671:
16649:
16638:
16601:
16556:
16511:
16483:
16465:
16456:
16431:
16427:
16416:, retrieved
16406:
16360:
16305:
16294:
16273:
16254:
16234:
16215:
16203:
16194:
16162:
16157:
16149:
16144:
16125:
16119:
16107:. Retrieved
16097:
16090:
16078:
16067:
16060:Harding 1998
16055:
16043:
16031:. Retrieved
16021:
15997:. Retrieved
15977:
15970:
15958:. Retrieved
15938:
15931:
15919:. Retrieved
15899:
15892:
15884:
15880:
15853:
15833:
15821:. Retrieved
15801:
15794:
15782:. Retrieved
15762:
15755:
15743:. Retrieved
15723:
15716:
15704:. Retrieved
15684:
15674:
15665:
15653:
15641:
15629:
15617:
15590:
15585:
15573:. Retrieved
15563:
15556:
15536:
15527:
15510:
15501:
15477:
15470:
15437:
15433:
15423:
15403:
15396:
15384:. Retrieved
15364:
15357:
15332:
15324:
15312:. Retrieved
15292:
15270:. Retrieved
15250:
15226:. Retrieved
15206:
15196:
15184:. Retrieved
15164:
15157:
15145:. Retrieved
15125:
15118:
15106:. Retrieved
15086:
15079:
15067:. Retrieved
15047:
15040:
15020:
15008:. Retrieved
14988:
14981:
14962:
14950:. Retrieved
14930:
14908:. Retrieved
14888:
14881:
14872:
14853:
14841:
14829:
14817:. Retrieved
14797:
14790:
14778:. Retrieved
14758:
14751:
14731:
14706:
14701:Mikel Burley
14695:
14668:
14656:
14644:
14632:
14620:
14608:
14596:. Retrieved
14576:
14569:
14557:. Retrieved
14537:
14530:
14505:
14460:. Retrieved
14440:
14433:
14408:
14400:
14388:. Retrieved
14368:
14341:
14332:
14323:
14313:
14306:
14297:
14265:
14256:
14247:
14235:. Retrieved
14215:
14208:
14196:
14184:
14164:
14151:. Retrieved
14131:
14109:. Retrieved
14095:
14083:. Retrieved
14069:
14050:
14003:. Retrieved
13983:
13976:
13964:. Retrieved
13944:
13937:
13925:
13913:
13900:. Retrieved
13880:
13873:
13856:
13839:
13827:. Retrieved
13812:
13806:
13794:. Retrieved
13774:
13767:
13755:. Retrieved
13745:
13738:
13697:
13675:(1): 61–75.
13672:
13668:
13662:
13650:
13638:. Retrieved
13618:
13611:
13599:
13587:. Retrieved
13567:
13523:
13492:
13480:
13471:
13459:. Retrieved
13439:
13432:
13387:
13375:
13363:
13344:
13338:
13326:. Retrieved
13306:
13299:
13259:. Retrieved
13239:
13232:
13220:
13208:
13166:
13154:
13142:. Retrieved
13132:
13113:
13104:
13095:
13086:
13077:
13069:
13064:
13048:
13036:. Retrieved
13016:
13009:
12997:. Retrieved
12977:
12970:
12958:
12946:
12921:
12916:
12907:
12895:
12879:
12845:
12836:
12824:
12804:
12797:
12777:
12770:
12758:. Retrieved
12738:
12731:
12719:. Retrieved
12699:
12677:. Retrieved
12657:
12633:. Retrieved
12613:
12606:
12594:
12585:
12573:
12564:
12552:
12518:
12506:. Retrieved
12486:
12479:
12453:
12445:
12441:
12432:
12420:. Retrieved
12400:
12393:
12381:
12369:
12357:
12330:. Retrieved
12305:
12282:
12272:
12260:. Retrieved
12240:
12233:
12223:
12211:
12182:
12155:
12143:
12131:
12114:
12097:
12092:, pages 9–14
12080:
12063:
12046:
11996:
11969:
11963:
11951:
11932:
11926:
11901:
11893:
11874:
11868:
11849:
11843:
11824:
11818:
11799:
11793:
11781:. Retrieved
11766:
11754:. Retrieved
11726:
11719:
11707:
11695:. Retrieved
11675:
11668:
11656:. Retrieved
11635:
11623:. Retrieved
11603:
11596:
11579:
11562:
11550:. Retrieved
11530:
11523:
11506:
11489:
11477:. Retrieved
11457:
11450:
11438:. Retrieved
11414:
11407:
11382:
11374:
11357:
11338:
11318:
11306:
11294:. Retrieved
11274:
11267:
11255:. Retrieved
11235:
11228:
11192:
11188:
11178:
11166:. Retrieved
11146:
11139:
11127:. Retrieved
11107:
11100:
11080:
11073:
11061:. Retrieved
11041:
11034:
11022:. Retrieved
11002:
10995:
10978:
10966:
10949:
10937:. Retrieved
10917:
10910:
10898:. Retrieved
10878:
10871:
10859:. Retrieved
10839:
10832:
10815:
10811:
10805:
10793:. Retrieved
10773:
10766:
10754:. Retrieved
10747:the original
10738:
10731:
10719:. Retrieved
10710:
10701:
10660:
10654:
10637:
10625:. Retrieved
10605:
10598:
10586:. Retrieved
10566:
10559:
10547:. Retrieved
10527:
10520:
10508:. Retrieved
10488:
10481:
10469:. Retrieved
10449:
10423:. Retrieved
10403:
10396:
10384:
10372:
10360:
10318:
10268:. Retrieved
10248:
10219:
10213:
10201:. Retrieved
10181:
10174:
10137:
10125:
10105:
10098:
10078:
10071:
10059:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10014:
10002:. Retrieved
9982:
9975:
9963:. Retrieved
9943:
9921:. Retrieved
9901:
9894:
9852:
9844:
9817:
9790:
9778:
9766:. Retrieved
9746:
9739:
9727:
9692:
9661:
9651:
9632:
9626:
9618:
9613:
9594:
9588:
9579:
9552:. Retrieved
9532:
9525:
9509:
9504:
9487:
9471:
9459:
9450:
9423:
9403:
9396:
9369:. Retrieved
9360:
9356:
9346:
9334:
9322:
9310:
9268:
9243:
9238:
9230:
9212:
9196:
9180:
9175:
9163:
9147:
9139:
9127:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9097:
9063:
9051:
9042:
9033:
9024:
9008:MK Gandhi,
9004:
8987:
8972:polytheistic
8955:
8946:
8919:
8907:
8895:
8883:
8848:
8824:
8812:. Retrieved
8798:
8786:. Retrieved
8766:
8756:
8744:
8732:
8720:
8709:the original
8696:
8539:. Retrieved
8519:
8504:, p. 1.
8497:
8466:
8447:
8434:
8425:
8414:
8387:
8380:
8375:, p. 9.
8368:Śvetāśvatara
8361:
8348:
8339:
8330:
8321:
8311:
8304:Urdhva Retas
8303:
8237:
8230:
8229:such as the
8219:Grishneshwar
8195:Bhimashankar
8179:Mallikarjuna
8166:
8160:
8157:pancha-ganga
8156:
8152:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8124:
8120:
8118:
8108:(Bali), and
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8062:Jyotirlingam
8061:
8058:Shambhunatha
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8043:
7975:Ketheeswaram
7959:Naguleswaram
7940:
7922:
7904:
7886:
7870:
7846:Bhairavanath
7845:
7791:
7748:
7732:
7716:
7700:
7577:
7447:
7413:
7386:
7381:
7379:
7370:
7363:
7351:
7335:
7284:
7276:
7247:Ellora Caves
7240:
7233:
7227:
7210:Gorakshanath
7191:
7185:
7173:
7167:
7162:
7160:
7142:
7139:Saurasamhita
7138:
7133:
7126:
7124:
7112:
7110:
7096:
7091:
7069:
7067:
7004:
6993:Gupta Empire
6989:Adi Shankara
6986:
6970:
6964:
6949:
6936:
6880:
6870:
6866:
6864:
6848:
6837:
6824:
6806:and central
6765:
6740:Bukka Raya I
6733:
6723:
6718:
6704:
6686:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6646:Gorakshanath
6630:
6616:
6585:
6571:
6566:
6558:
6535:Pratyabhijna
6531:
6508:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6408:
6392:
6389:Tirumantiram
6388:
6385:Tirumandiram
6384:
6380:Tirumantiram
6378:
6361:
6338:
6332:
6319:
6305:
6280:
6256:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6215:
6209:
6168:
6153:
6145:
6129:Khmer Empire
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6048:
6044:
6020:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:Shiva Sutras
5970:
5958:
5953:
5906:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5864:Kauai Island
5838:
5820:to absolute
5815:
5800:
5778:
5757:
5740:
5723:
5702:
5685:
5668:
5651:
5634:
5617:
5596:
5579:
5562:
5541:
5513:
5506:
5493:Śvetāśvatara
5489:
5487:
5477:
5469:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5427:
5420:
5419:
5331:2. Inference
5324:2. Inference
5317:2. Inference
5308:2. Inference
5296:Epistemology
5058:
5047:
5040:
5039:book of the
5037:Shanti Parva
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4968:
4958:
4954:
4939:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4895:
4890:Hindu temple
4858:
4854:
4849:Shore Temple
4837:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4807:
4793:Adi Shankara
4790:
4782:Ellora Caves
4751:
4714:Gupta Empire
4688:
4671:Central Asia
4650:Linga Purāṇa
4648:
4642:
4638:Shiva Purāṇa
4636:
4634:
4628:, Shaktism,
4618:Gupta Empire
4615:
4587:
4564:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4539:ayah sulikah
4538:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4480:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4390:
4373:
4347:
4318:
4313:spirituality
4309:
4289:
4284:
4283:to the noun
4280:
4275:, including
4266:
4249:
4233:
4218:
4188:
4166:-orientated
4084:
4083:
4006: /
4002: /
3998: /
3994: /
3992:and Buddhism
3990: /
3954:Architecture
3917:Other topics
3855:
3838:
3810:Four varnas:
3809:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3595:Panchatantra
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3546:Nyāya Sūtras
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3504:Artha Śastra
3502:
3495:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3411:Kūrma Purana
3409:
3404:Linga Purana
3402:
3397:Shiva Purana
3395:
3388:
3383:Padma Purana
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3281:
3274:
3259:s (Hinduism)
3256:
3248:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3169:Atharvaveda:
3168:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2883:Shraddhanand
2858:Ravi Shankar
2838:R. D. Ranade
2699:Śyāma Śastri
2694:Swaminarayan
2654:Rupa Goswami
2564:Morya Gosavi
2524:Jiva Goswami
2429:Adi Shankara
2255:Pratyabhijña
2239:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
1986:Samavartanam
1966:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1951:Annaprashana
1875:Dandiya Raas
1850:Mohiniyattam
1743:Nididhyāsana
1548:Epistemology
1480:Brahmacharya
1360:Ātman (self)
1323:
1267:Brahmacharya
1196:Saccidānanda
1148:Panchikarana
1024:
957:
948: /
944:Other major
868:
845:
802:
801:
756:
493:
453:Pratyabhijna
441:
440:
430:Saiddhantika
429:
428:
423:Mantra marga
421:
396:
346:Panchakshara
303:Satkaryavada
220:Svetasvatara
93:
89:Parameshvara
87:
66:
29:
20336:WikiProject
20208:Persecution
20196:Nationalism
20186:Iconography
20066:Ratha Yatra
19977:Janmashtami
19972:Rama Navami
19900:Vanaprastha
19851:Varnashrama
19827:Ritushuddhi
19812:Vidyarambha
19802:Chudakarana
19792:Nishkramana
19767:Garbhadhana
19408:Thirukkural
19403:Thiruppugal
19331:Nāradasmṛti
19294:Mahabharata
19072:Atharvaveda
18950:Vaisheshika
18837:Puruṣārthas
18516:Significant
18501:Rameshwaram
18465:Omkareshwar
18417:Koneshwaram
18308:Ksheerarama
18303:Daksharamam
18242:Kaleshwaram
18232:Daksharamam
18146:Other names
18028:Omkareshwar
18013:Mallikarjun
17876:Panch Kedar
17748:Shri Rudram
17734:Sahasranama
17463:Saivism.Net
17213:The Puranas
17172:. Penguin.
16333:1887/135642
14661:Lipner 2012
14649:Lipner 2012
14625:Lipner 2012
14613:Rocher 1986
14045:, p. 7
13868:, pages 2–3
12886:, pp.
12033:pages 16–17
11979:81-85141029
11311:Pathak 1960
10756:13 December
10721:13 December
10713:. Philtar.
9872:Briggs 1951
9520:, Chapter 1
9233:, 17, 41–53
9168:Samuel 2008
8976:pantheistic
8207:Vaidyanatha
8199:Visheshvara
8187:Omkareshwar
8173:. They are
8162:jyotirlinga
8050:Shivayatana
8023:Tondeswaram
8007:Munneswaram
7906:Chandranath
7793:Chidambaram
7530:Rameshwaram
7466:Omkareshwar
7366:Hindu kings
7324:Kizil Caves
7288:Kizil Caves
7255:Chidambaram
7092:Mahabharata
7027:Vaishnavism
7005:pancayatana
6804:Maharashtra
6688:Lingayatism
6675:Lingayatism
6669:Lingayatism
6655:jivan-mukti
6578:Vaishnavism
6559:Siva Sutras
6442:Ganachakras
6394:Tiruvacakam
6331:called the
6264:south India
6120:Mantramarga
5877:Mantramarga
5376:Jivanmukta,
5371:Soteriology
5268:Metaphysics
5159:Significant
5156:Key concept
5120:Parabrahman
5082:References
5042:Mahabharata
5005:Non-Puranik
4822:Mahabharata
4804:South India
4743:South India
4710:Alchon Huns
4702:Vaishnavism
4665:Shiva with
4626:Vaishnavism
4616:During the
4576:Zoroastrian
4566:Mahabharata
4483:Gavin Flood
4467:ithyphallic
4426:Satarudriya
4399:Gavin Flood
4281:Rudra-Shiva
4000:and Judaism
3996:and Sikhism
3964:Iconography
3889:Nationalism
3882:Persecution
3666:Shiva Stuti
3560:Yoga Sutras
3390:Agni Purana
3292:Other texts
3283:Mahabharata
3026:Atharvaveda
2923:Vivekananda
2848:Rama Tirtha
2843:Ramakrishna
2818:Nigamananda
2808:Mahesh Yogi
2684:Sripadaraja
2674:Siddheshwar
2569:Mukundarāja
2549:Madhusūdana
2539:Kanaka Dasa
2464:Chakradhara
2408:Yajnavalkya
2398:Vishvamitra
2267:Pancharatra
2165:Vaisheshika
2121:Ratha Yatra
2069:Janmashtami
2064:Rama Navami
1981:Ritushuddhi
1956:Chudakarana
1946:Nishkramana
1916:Garbhadhana
1885:Pandav Lila
1794:Bhakti yoga
1679:Prāyaścitta
1450:Niti śastra
1298:Bhakti yoga
1277:Vānaprastha
1092:Vishvakarma
1025:Post-Vedic:
861:Vaishnavism
803:Traditional
648:Jyotirlinga
517:Lingayatism
513:Veerashaiva
436:Siddhantism
205:Shivasutras
20397:Categories
20037:Kumbh Mela
20005:Gudi Padwa
19950:Durga Puja
19935:Shivaratri
19807:Karnavedha
19787:Namakarana
19749:Tirthatana
19516:Dattatreya
19353:Subhashita
19326:Manusmriti
19203:Dhanurveda
19136:Taittiriya
19121:Kaushitaki
19108:Upanishads
18881:Aparigraha
18783:Philosophy
18564:Thiruvarur
18496:Nageshvara
18491:Vaidyanath
18313:Kumararama
18280:Kalpeshwar
18129:Rasalingam
18053:Vishwanath
18048:Vaidyanath
17904:Kalpeshwar
17857:Shiva Puja
17772:Traditions
17570:Tatpurusha
14237:8 February
14111:31 January
14085:31 January
14030:, page 104
13851:, page 983
13823:9004063706
12900:Flood 2003
12578:Flood 1996
12136:Gonda 1977
11501:, page 168
11221:Flood 2003
10971:Flood 1996
10961:, page 238
10365:Flood 2003
10353:Flood 2003
10338:Flood 2003
10323:Flood 2003
10311:Flood 2003
9795:Flood 2003
9783:Flood 2003
9464:Flood 1996
9389:Flood 1996
9288:Flood 1996
9261:Flood 2003
9132:Flood 1996
9090:Flood 2003
8939:Flood 1996
8924:Flood 1996
8814:1 February
8749:Flood 2003
8645:, page 116
8621:Flood 2003
8578:Flood 1996
8459:References
8442:of Vishnu.
8238:The early
8215:Rameshvara
8211:Nageshvara
8191:Kedarnatha
8086:Harayatana
8074:Bhavaggana
8066:Shristhala
7991:Koneswaram
7188:Hatha Yoga
7060:Kbal Spean
6905:) and the
6891:Tamil Nadu
6871:Bhattaraka
6796:Uttrakhand
6768:Tamil Nadu
6719:Ishtalinga
6547:Kshemaraja
6539:Utpaladeva
6515:Hindu Kush
6312:Tamil Nadu
6222:sampradaya
6000:Gaṇakārikā
5967:asceticism
5895:(goddess)
5851:Traditions
5830:bhedabheda
5536:Reference
5367:Liberation
5347:Philosophy
5184:Recommends
5175:Recommends
4928:Sampradaya
4865:Gudimallam
4762:Hindu Kush
4698:Vaishnavas
4679:Uzbekistan
4647:, and the
4528:Mahābhāṣya
4440:See also:
4322:nondualism
3840:Varna-less
3712:Tiruppukal
3673:Vayu Stuti
3637:Panchadasi
3630:Swara yoga
3518:Kama Sutra
3457:Dhanurveda
3117:Taittiriya
3095:Yajurveda:
3087:Kaushitaki
3064:Upanishads
3056:Upanishads
2980:Scriptures
2828:Prabhupada
2744:Vidyaranya
2629:Ram Charan
2604:Prabhākara
2519:Jayatīrtha
2474:Dadu Dayal
2469:Chāngadeva
2328:Bharadwaja
2318:Ashtavakra
2084:Kumbh Mela
2032:Durga Puja
1961:Karnavedha
1941:Nāmakaraṇa
1870:Yakshagana
1799:Karma yoga
1789:Jnana yoga
1784:Hatha yoga
1721:Meditation
1694:Tirthadana
1475:Aparigraha
1331:Paramātman
1316:Liberation
1308:Karma yoga
1303:Jnana yoga
1032:Dattatreya
832:Traditions
757:Historical
570:Utpaladeva
537:Indonesian
522:Siddharism
313:Svatantrya
308:Abhasavada
293:36 Tattvas
237:Philosophy
121:Virabhadra
20260:Theosophy
20191:Mythology
20171:Criticism
20139:Etymology
20097:Svādhyāya
19996:New Year
19945:Navaratri
19917:Festivals
19895:Grihastha
19868:Kshatriya
19842:Antyeshti
19817:Upanayana
19782:Jatakarma
19772:Pumsavana
19759:Sanskaras
19724:Naivedhya
19678:Practices
19623:Mahavidya
19591:Saraswati
19578:Goddesses
19536:Kartikeya
19433:Athichudi
19388:Tirumurai
19241:Vyākaraṇa
19208:Natyaveda
19156:Chandogya
19081:Divisions
19062:Yajurveda
18569:Khajuraho
18470:Kedarnath
18455:Srisailam
18298:Amararama
18270:Rudranath
18260:Kedarnath
18237:Srisailam
18089:Lingaraja
18084:Katas Raj
18023:Nageshvar
18008:Kedarnath
17894:Rudranath
17884:Kedarnath
17682:Tirumurai
17609:Kartikeya
17565:Sadyojata
17102:cite book
17096:. Vienna.
16592:191033152
16547:169604069
16509:(2017) .
16397:158081966
16352:229212351
15885:mahatmyas
15622:Gray 2016
15454:0004-3648
15293:Hindu Art
15251:Hindu Art
14715:–12, 59.
13619:Somanatha
12332:27 August
11988:863321204
11746:604013222
11383:Upaniṣads
10707:"Shaivas"
10051:162904592
8912:Apte 1965
8829:Apte 1965
8762:Jan Gonda
8070:Chattraka
8054:Shivalaya
7942:Katas Raj
7871:Taraknath
7749:Khajuraho
7717:Badrinath
7668:Sivasagar
7628:Kedarnath
7579:Kathmandu
7562:Jageshwar
7432:Srisailam
7251:Khajuraho
7013:Karnataka
6924:A seated
6911:Majapahit
6903:lingayats
6887:Karnataka
6834:Influence
6776:Telangana
6772:Karnataka
6611:Goraknath
6590:Somananda
6563:Vasugupta
6438:abhicarah
6374:Tirumūlar
6368:Tirumūlār
6363:Tirumular
6349:Sambandar
6321:Tirumurai
6276:Singapore
6268:Sri Lanka
6232:Meykandar
6227:Tirumurai
6206:Tirumular
6187:Karnataka
6086:Tripundra
6027:Rajasthan
5982:Lakulisha
5961:Pāśupatas
5957:: (IAST:
5955:Pashupata
5944:Rajasthan
5936:Lakulisha
5888:grihastha
5803:cosmology
5608:Tripundra
5496:Upanishad
5275:(Shiva),
5239:Free will
5191:Rituals,
5122:to be so)
4914:Indonesia
4886:Prambanan
4861:svayambhu
4786:Khajuraho
4735:Vardhanas
4731:Kalacuris
4727:Maitrakas
4723:Maukharis
4719:Aulikaras
4695:Bhagavata
4675:Penjikent
4558:Upanishad
4521:Patanjali
4505:Prajāpati
4225:Southeast
4133:romanized
4014:Criticism
4008:and Islam
3969:Mythology
3822:Kshatriya
3754:Athichudi
3691:Tirumurai
3609:Tirumurai
3218:Vyākaraṇa
3154:Chandogya
3146:Samaveda:
3034:Divisions
3012:Yajurveda
2972:Ātmatuṣṭi
2928:Yogananda
2903:Trailanga
2898:Sivananda
2763:Aurobindo
2749:Vyasaraja
2714:Tyagaraja
2664:Sankardev
2634:Ramananda
2529:Jñāneśvar
2504:Harivansh
2489:Gaudapada
2454:Chaitanya
2393:Vashistha
2363:Patanjali
2343:Jamadagni
2262:Vaishnava
2250:Pashupata
2027:Navaratri
2004:Festivals
1971:Upanayana
1936:Jatakarma
1921:Pumsavana
1840:Kuchipudi
1835:Kathakali
1804:Rāja yoga
1738:Samādhāna
1619:Prarthana
1593:Practices
1520:Svādhyāya
1124:Mythology
1119:Cosmology
1112:Worldview
1057:Kartikeya
988:Prajapati
927:Saraswati
605:Srikantha
585:Meykandar
565:Vasugupta
555:Lakulisha
527:Sroutaism
506:Inchegeri
409:Kalamukha
404:Pashupata
397:Ati marga
341:Rudraksha
330:Practices
210:Tirumurai
163:Kartikeya
20403:Shaivism
20387:Religion
20363:Hinduism
20316:Category
20267:Glossary
20235:Buddhism
20201:Hindutva
20161:Calendar
20042:Haridwar
20020:Vaisakhi
20015:Puthandu
19905:Sannyasa
19822:Keshanta
19653:Shashthi
19489:Trimurti
19316:Nitisara
19289:Ramayana
19284:Itihasas
19256:Jyotisha
19198:Ayurveda
19190:Upavedas
19171:Mandukya
19116:Aitareya
19098:Aranyaka
19093:Brahmana
19067:Samaveda
18992:Charvaka
18792:Concepts
18773:Timeline
18765:Glossary
18748:Hinduism
18559:Thrissur
18539:Lingaraj
18534:Amarnath
18318:Somarama
18265:Tungnath
18164:Category
18069:Amarnath
17942:Chitiram
17937:Thamiram
17922:Rathinam
17889:Tungnath
17852:Pradosha
17789:Kapalika
17614:Devasena
17575:Vamadeva
17560:Nataraja
17550:Harihara
17540:Bhairava
17508:Shaivism
17287:43732654
17211:(1986).
16926:Archived
16820:19 March
16814:Archived
16629:15696932
16584:25281659
16539:24247413
16418:10 March
16412:archived
16407:Shaivism
16167:Archived
16109:29 March
16103:Archived
16033:29 March
16027:Archived
15999:13 March
15993:Archived
15960:29 March
15954:Archived
15921:29 March
15915:Archived
15842:Archived
15823:13 March
15817:Archived
15784:13 March
15778:Archived
15745:13 March
15739:Archived
15706:13 March
15700:Archived
15575:28 March
15569:Archived
15545:Archived
15520:10404094
15386:29 March
15380:Archived
15314:25 March
15308:Archived
15272:25 March
15266:Archived
15228:19 March
15222:Archived
15204:(1999).
15186:19 March
15180:Archived
15147:14 March
15141:Archived
15108:14 March
15102:Archived
15069:14 March
15063:Archived
15029:Archived
15010:14 March
15004:Archived
14970:Archived
14952:14 March
14946:Archived
14910:14 March
14904:Archived
14861:Archived
14819:14 March
14813:Archived
14774:Archived
14740:Archived
14703:(2000).
14598:26 March
14592:Archived
14559:13 March
14553:Archived
14483:Archived
14462:13 March
14456:Archived
14390:13 March
14384:Archived
14366:(2003).
14274:Archived
14231:Archived
14153:10 March
14147:Archived
14105:Archived
14079:Archived
14058:Archived
14005:11 March
13999:Archived
13966:11 March
13960:Archived
13902:11 March
13896:Archived
13796:11 March
13790:Archived
13757:11 March
13751:Archived
13727:Archived
13640:19 March
13634:Archived
13589:14 March
13583:Archived
13546:Archived
13461:14 March
13455:Archived
13421:Archived
13328:14 March
13322:Archived
13288:Archived
13261:14 March
13255:Archived
13144:29 March
13138:Archived
13070:Thevaram
13054:Vaisnava
13032:Archived
12993:Archived
12868:Archived
12760:24 March
12754:Archived
12721:24 March
12715:Archived
12673:Archived
12629:Archived
12502:Archived
12422:29 March
12416:Archived
12326:Archived
12256:Archived
12036:Archived
11783:13 March
11777:Archived
11756:13 March
11750:Archived
11697:13 March
11691:Archived
11658:13 March
11649:Archived
11625:13 March
11619:Archived
11552:13 March
11546:Archived
11479:13 March
11473:Archived
11440:13 March
11434:Archived
11296:13 March
11290:Archived
11257:15 March
11251:Archived
11168:10 March
11162:Archived
11129:10 March
11123:Archived
11063:10 March
11057:Archived
11024:10 March
11018:Archived
10939:10 March
10933:Archived
10900:10 March
10894:Archived
10861:10 March
10855:Archived
10795:10 March
10789:Archived
10715:Archived
10627:10 March
10621:Archived
10588:10 March
10582:Archived
10549:10 March
10543:Archived
10510:10 March
10504:Archived
10471:10 March
10465:Archived
10425:10 March
10419:Archived
10270:12 March
10264:Archived
10203:28 March
10197:Archived
10145:Archived
10004:26 March
9998:Archived
9965:26 March
9959:Archived
9923:26 March
9917:Archived
9825:Archived
9768:12 March
9762:Archived
9554:12 March
9548:Archived
9371:11 March
9365:Archived
9205:Archived
9146:(2010),
9118:paśupati
9013:Archived
8872:Archived
8808:Archived
8788:10 March
8782:Archived
8764:(1975).
8541:10 March
8535:Archived
8411:—
8300:celibacy
8246:See also
8223:Varanasi
8175:Somnatha
8114:Cambodia
8104:(Java),
8098:Saudhala
8090:Kailasha
8082:Goputika
7888:Amarnath
7701:Varanasi
7612:Triambak
7339:Harihara
7328:Xinjiang
7292:Xinjiang
7273:Buddhism
7261:such as
7230:Nataraja
7202:Buddhism
7100:Harihara
7082:such as
7078:and his
7056:Cambodia
7021:Harihara
6939:Shaktism
6933:Shaktism
6860:Thailand
6852:Cambodia
6844:Nataraja
6748:shastras
6746:and the
6715:Ramanuja
6700:Sharanas
6637:Buddhism
6574:Shaktism
6469:prakamya
6357:Sundarar
6308:Nayanars
6286:Nayanars
6272:Malaysia
6171:Ramanuja
6100:Sanskrit
6051:pramanas
5940:Chalukya
5913:ascetics
5897:Shaktism
5882:sannyasi
5873:Atimarga
5807:Sanskrit
5785:unknown
5714:Varanasi
5692:Unknown
5658:Unknown
5641:Unknown
5624:Unknown
5553:Sannyasa
5481:—
5472:Hinduism
5228:Optional
5206:Optional
5170:Monastic
5033:atimarga
5025:atimarga
4951:Trishula
4870:Chittoor
4818:Ramanuja
4797:Ramanuja
4766:Nuristan
4754:Xuanzang
4457:coin of
4393:paśupati
4388:Sanskrit
4306:Overview
4269:Rig Veda
4258:Sanskrit
4240:Shaktism
4229:Buddhism
4200:and the
4178:and the
4168:monistic
4158:such as
4124:Sanskrit
4085:Shaivism
4027:Glossary
3959:Calendar
3894:Hindutva
3817:Brahmana
3488:samhitas
3480:Shastras
3450:Ayurveda
3441:Upavedas
3276:Ramayana
3267:Itihasas
3233:Jyotisha
3200:Vedangas
3184:Mandukya
3080:Aitareya
3072:Rigveda:
3051:Aranyaka
3046:Brahmana
3019:Samaveda
2734:Valluvar
2729:Vallabha
2709:Tulsidas
2639:Ramanuja
2589:Nayanars
2574:Namadeva
2416:Medieval
2358:Kashyapa
2274:Charvaka
2245:Kapalika
2109:Puthandu
2099:Vaisakhi
1996:Antyesti
1976:Keshanta
1900:Adimurai
1895:Silambam
1860:Sattriya
1845:Manipuri
1530:Mitahara
1510:Santosha
1470:Achourya
1282:Sannyasa
1272:Gṛhastha
1131:Ontology
1105:Concepts
893:Trimurti
856:Smartism
851:Shaktism
846:Shaivism
720:Hinduism
712:a series
710:Part of
638:Tantrism
590:Nirartha
575:Nayanars
549:Scholars
463:Dakshina
414:Kapalika
215:Vachanas
111:Bhairava
106:Sadasiva
67:Shaivism
59:a series
57:Part of
33:Shaivism
20349:Portals
20305:Outline
20255:Sikhism
20250:Judaism
20245:Jainism
20126:Related
20102:Namaste
19955:Ramlila
19885:Ashrama
19873:Vaishya
19863:Brahmin
19686:Worship
19638:Rukmini
19628:Matrika
19601:Parvati
19596:Lakshmi
19586:Tridevi
19541:Krishna
19526:Hanuman
19521:Ganesha
19472:Deities
19358:Tantras
19348:Stotras
19301:Puranas
19246:Nirukta
19236:Chandas
19231:Shiksha
19223:Vedanga
19176:Prashna
19166:Mundaka
19088:Samhita
19057:Rigveda
18988:Nāstika
18973:Advaita
18960:Vedanta
18955:Mīmāṃsā
18935:Samkhya
18923:Schools
18911:Akrodha
18830:Saṃsāra
18810:Ishvara
18800:Brahman
18680:Bangkok
18574:More...
18544:Gokarna
18450:Somnath
18141:Vibhuti
18038:Somnath
17741:Chalisa
17604:Ganesha
17597:Parvati
17527:Deities
17518:History
17085:3518337
16932:9 March
16226:Sources
15839:क्षेत्र
15462:3250524
14780:2 April
13038:1 April
12999:1 April
12679:1 April
12635:1 April
12508:2 April
12262:2 April
8980:atheist
8440:avatars
8354:Advaita
8132:Puranas
7924:Kailash
7546:Dwaraka
7498:Deoghar
7415:Somnath
7360:Jainism
7084:Krishna
7080:avatars
7017:Kashmir
6978:Smartas
6974:Brahman
6907:Rajputs
6856:Vietnam
6800:Haryana
6551:advaita
6523:revival
6485:sastras
6457:laghima
6446:Yoginis
6426:siddhis
6415:mantras
6340:Tevaram
6179:Brahman
6031:Kashmir
6023:Gujarat
5845:Brahman
5834:advaita
5610:tilaka
5533:Topics
5509:Muktikā
5460:advaita
5301:Pramana
5273:Brahman
5260:Affirms
5257:Affirms
5254:Affirms
5251:Affirms
5225:Affirms
5203:Affirms
5200:Affirms
5197:Affirms
5181:Accepts
5178:Accepts
5129:Creator
5029:mantras
4959:Sivatva
4892:layout.
4747:Kashmir
4733:or the
4667:Trisula
4487:Purusha
4463:trident
4417:Rigveda
4326:dualism
4250:Shiva (
4150:as the
4135::
4032:Outline
3827:Vaishya
3795:Society
3646:Stotras
3297:Puranas
3223:Nirukta
3213:Chandas
3208:Shiksha
3191:Prashna
3177:Mundaka
3041:Samhita
3005:Rigveda
2868:Samarth
2704:Tukaram
2649:Ravidas
2388:Valmiki
2338:Jaimini
2308:Angiras
2303:Agastya
2295:Ancient
2181:Advaita
2175:Vedanta
2170:Mīmāṃsā
2150:Samkhya
2037:Ramlila
1779:Sādhanā
1669:Tarpana
1654:Kīrtana
1649:Bhajana
1600:Worship
1525:Shaucha
1500:Akrodha
1346:Saṃsāra
1210:Ishvara
1179:Nirguna
1174:Brahman
1138:Tattvas
1062:Krishna
1047:Hanuman
1042:Ganesha
978:Chandra
973:Ashvins
937:Parvati
932:Lakshmi
919:Tridevi
885:Deities
792:Śramaṇa
772:History
753:Origins
743:History
627:Related
615:Navnath
610:Appayya
600:Sharana
480:Kubjika
390:Schools
365:Niyamas
336:Vibhuti
200:Tantras
158:Ganesha
135:Parvati
84:Deities
18:Saivism
20326:Portal
20230:Baháʼí
20134:Hindus
20112:Tilaka
20081:Others
20057:Ujjain
20052:Prayag
20047:Nashik
19987:Pongal
19925:Diwali
19878:Shudra
19837:Vivaha
19744:Dhyāna
19719:Bhajan
19709:Bhakti
19694:Temple
19648:Shakti
19556:Varuna
19499:Vishnu
19494:Brahma
19343:Sutras
19279:Agamas
19035:Smriti
18966:Dvaita
18931:Āstika
18876:Asteya
18871:Ahimsa
18857:Moksha
18842:Dharma
18755:topics
18554:Vaikom
18174:Portal
18136:Siddha
18124:Lingam
18062:Others
17794:Aghori
17697:Stotra
17693:Mantra
17582:Shakti
17555:Ishana
17419:
17399:
17375:
17344:
17325:
17304:
17285:
17240:
17219:
17197:
17176:
17155:
17125:
17083:
17052:
17033:
17012:
16991:
16951:
16918:
16888:
16867:
16846:
16806:
16785:
16764:
16745:
16726:
16699:
16680:
16657:
16627:
16617:
16590:
16582:
16572:
16545:
16537:
16527:
16495:
16486:Gaṇeśa
16472:
16448:596106
16446:
16395:
16385:
16365:Leiden
16350:
16340:
16310:Leiden
16280:
16261:
16241:
16132:
15985:
15946:
15907:
15881:Quote:
15861:
15809:
15770:
15731:
15692:
15518:
15489:
15460:
15452:
15411:
15372:
15345:
15341:–144.
15300:
15258:
15214:
15172:
15133:
15094:
15055:
14996:
14938:
14896:
14805:
14766:
14719:
14584:
14545:
14518:
14448:
14421:
14376:
14223:
14175:
14139:
14026:
13991:
13952:
13888:
13864:
13847:
13829:22 May
13820:
13782:
13705:
13689:600151
13687:
13626:
13575:
13447:
13351:
13314:
13247:
13057:Alvars
13024:
12985:
12812:
12785:
12746:
12707:
12665:
12621:
12526:
12494:
12408:
12318:
12248:
12122:
12105:
12088:
12071:
12054:
12027:
12007:
11986:
11976:
11939:
11914:
11881:
11856:
11831:
11806:
11744:
11734:
11683:
11611:
11587:
11570:
11538:
11514:
11497:
11465:
11426:
11395:
11365:
11345:
11282:
11243:
11154:
11115:
11088:
11049:
11010:
10986:
10957:
10925:
10886:
10847:
10781:
10692:
10667:
10645:
10613:
10574:
10535:
10496:
10457:
10411:
10256:
10226:
10189:
10113:
10086:
10049:
10019:(...)"
9990:
9951:
9909:
9754:
9700:
9668:
9639:
9540:
9516:
9495:
9441:
9431:
9411:
9187:
9154:
8995:
8966:
8774:
8687:
8667:
8641:
8602:
8527:
8153:sangam
8146:tirtha
8125:kṣétra
8121:kṣétra
8046:Mandir
7644:Ellora
7596:Aundha
7449:Ujjain
7377:fire.
7343:Buddha
7176:Sutras
7174:Shiva
7172:. The
7163:tritha
7088:Brahma
7076:Vishnu
7009:Odisha
6971:saguna
6915:Malaya
6899:Nayaks
6819:Buddha
6780:Kerala
6711:bhakti
6696:Basava
6660:siddha
6567:Spanda
6555:monism
6481:yuktih
6477:isitva
6473:vasita
6465:prapti
6461:mahima
6434:santih
6411:diksha
6355:, and
6329:Purana
6210:siddha
6116:siddhi
6108:siddhi
6104:Dukkha
5992:bhasya
5909:Dukkha
5826:dvaita
5822:monism
5769:So'ham
5516:bhakti
5456:dvaita
5451:Bhasya
5379:Charya
5279:(Self)
5214:Ahimsa
5193:Bhakti
5149:Avatar
5135:Vishnu
5112:Vishnu
5048:siddhi
5031:. The
5021:bhukti
4987:Bhakti
4955:Sivata
4810:Alvars
4774:Aihole
4729:, the
4725:, the
4721:, the
4641:, the
4622:Purāṇa
4598:Guptas
4455:Kushan
4430:Hindus
4328:, and
4299:shaiva
3832:Shudra
3650:stutis
3486:, and
3484:sutras
3138:Maitri
2863:Ramdas
2756:Modern
2689:Surdas
2554:Madhva
2479:Eknath
2449:Basava
2444:Alvars
2378:Raikva
2368:Pāṇini
2353:Kapila
2348:Kanada
2333:Gotama
2240:Shaiva
2188:Dvaita
2089:Pongal
2012:Diwali
1991:Vivaha
1855:Odissi
1830:Kathak
1769:Yogini
1733:Dhyana
1684:Tirtha
1639:Bhakti
1629:Temple
1624:Śrauta
1505:Arjava
1465:Ahimsa
1460:Niyama
1443:Ethics
1251:Moksha
1236:Dharma
1184:Saguna
1082:Shakti
1067:Kubera
1013:Varuna
993:Pushan
906:Vishnu
901:Brahma
738:Hindus
643:Bhakti
595:Basava
532:Aghori
494:Others
476:Yamala
378:Jangam
173:Others
128:Shakti
20375:India
20240:Islam
20218:India
20107:Bindi
20090:Other
20030:Ugadi
20025:Vishu
19858:Varna
19739:Tapas
19729:Yajna
19699:Murti
19633:Radha
19613:Durga
19608:Bhumi
19551:Surya
19531:Indra
19504:Shiva
19266:Other
19251:Kalpa
19141:Katha
19045:Vedas
19030:Śruti
19015:Texts
18945:Nyaya
18901:Damah
18891:Satya
18847:Artha
18825:Karma
18815:Atman
18769:Index
17932:Velli
17799:Kaula
17645:Texts
17626:Nandi
17619:Valli
17535:Shiva
17283:JSTOR
17081:JSTOR
16588:S2CID
16543:S2CID
16517:Delhi
16444:JSTOR
16393:S2CID
16348:S2CID
15458:JSTOR
13685:JSTOR
13543:Natha
13294:, IEP
12890:–217.
11910:–29.
11652:(PDF)
11645:(PDF)
11391:–14.
10750:(PDF)
10743:(PDF)
10047:S2CID
8712:(PDF)
8705:(PDF)
8283:Notes
8167:jyoti
8102:Candi
7514:Bhima
7482:Parli
7371:japas
7354:Nyepi
7347:Surya
7267:Chhau
7128:Surya
7058:, at
6997:Ajmer
6967:murti
6895:Chola
6875:Gurus
6756:Vedas
6744:Vedas
6692:India
6650:Gurus
6626:India
6586:Trika
6453:anima
6353:Appar
6345:Vedas
6326:Tamil
6316:Tamil
6248:karma
6244:pasha
6236:pashu
6156:Atman
6112:bhoga
6035:Nepal
5921:Rudra
5917:Vedic
5841:Atman
5811:Tamil
5414:Texts
5391:Jnana
5383:Kriyā
5277:Atman
5247:Karma
5162:Minor
5153:Minor
5132:Shiva
5109:Shiva
5017:mukti
5011:dīkṣa
4999:kriya
4995:jnana
4991:upaya
4947:Nandi
4943:Linga
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