Shaivism - Knowledge

4881: 4662: 5474:, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sub-traditions. The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era. The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas. According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas". This school's view can be summed as, 7216: 4974: 7046: 5847:) which is considered identical to Shiva in Shaivism. The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two. Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God. While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas. 7303: 6502: 6878:

Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms. The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).

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Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts, but in others Shiva is linked to Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests. According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism. The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia. In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evdient in the

19006: 6814: 4485:, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD." Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god, but eventually came to be incorporated into the Brahmanical fold. The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies, and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult. Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as 4844: 6076: 7314: 7400: 4451: 4341: 17636: 6067: 20312: 18160: 6202: 20382: 20322: 18170: 5932: 20301: 7037: 7282:. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler. Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully. 6921: 4363: 6018:. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death. 4609: 5856: 18752: 20370: 20332: 7785: 7742: 7571: 7154: 75: 7855: 7830: 7821: 7812: 7803: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7968: 7952: 20358: 8016: 8000: 6607: 4041: 666: 7984: 7384:, for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism. 18744: 7839: 7898: 7523: 7459: 7934: 7864: 7710: 7662: 7621: 7555: 7425: 40: 7880: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7653: 7605: 7916: 7539: 7491: 7407: 7637: 7589: 7441: 7507: 7475: 7726: 6291: 6282:

Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality, worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas. This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.

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Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show

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naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food. The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognized no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.

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realizing the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature, and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).

6942:(Shiva). The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate. Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples. 4989:(devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality. The Yoga practice is particularly pronounced in nondualistic Shaivism, with the practice refined into a methodology such as four-fold 6151:

and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Shaiva Siddhanta is a major subtradition that emphasized dualism during much of its history.

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Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava. While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on

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The syncretism between Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions. This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali

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mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as

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is closely related to Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine

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The Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualized as the beast, and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati. The tradition aims at

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The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighboring islands, though the sub-tradition that

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The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts. The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction. Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva

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and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra. This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism. Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved

6984:(i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou". 4940:

Shaivism centers around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Within each of these theologies, there are two sub-groups. One sub-group is

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy.

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monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras. Both the Mantramarga and Atimarga are ancient traditions, more ancient than the date of their texts that have survived, according to Sanderson. Mantramārga grew to

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Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India. The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants

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Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information

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According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly. The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with

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period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE. In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about

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Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings". Similarly, Asko Parpola states

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is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these. For

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in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity

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The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000). However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south. The philosophy of

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This second division of the Atimarga developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata Atimargi in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost

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of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be

4242:, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples. It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within. The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites. 5870:

Shaivism is ancient, and over time it developed many sub-traditions. These broadly existed and are studied in three groups: theistic dualism, nontheistic monism, and those that combine features or practices of the two. Sanderson presents the historic classification found in Indian texts, namely

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Shaivism is a major tradition within Hinduism with a theology that is predominantly related to the Hindu god Shiva. Shaivism has many different sub-traditions with regional variations and differences in philosophy. Shaivism has a vast literature with different philosophical schools ranging from

7183:, yoga – which literally means "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is. 5045:

epic. The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period. Among these are the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta and Bhairava Shaivas

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The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts. The Buddhist

9831:, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva." 7277:

Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the

5965:) are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era. It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of 4910:

developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed. In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.

6830:, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions. 8221:. Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others. Kashi ( 4969:

Scholars such as Alexis Sanderson discuss Shaivism in three categories: Vedic, Puranik and non-Puranik (esoteric, tantric). They place Vedic and Puranik together given the significant overlap, while placing Non-Puranik esoteric sub-traditions as a separate category.

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The reverence for Shiva is one of the pan-Hindu traditions found widely across South Asia predominantly in Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While Shiva is revered broadly, Hinduism itself is a complex religion and a way of life, with a diversity of ideas on

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and traditions. It has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.

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Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.

6584:. For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was 5973:, aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself. 5462:(nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta, the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians. 13908:; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state." 10018:

Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define

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Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali. This influence on classical

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mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140. Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on

5454:. According to Gavin Flood – a professor at Oxford University specializing in Shaivism and phenomenology, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions. Among the notable and influential commentaries by 6639:

traditions. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century

6254:. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage. 4716:

declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting. The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the

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that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.

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Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases. For example, in the

6721:, which the adherents wear. Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions. Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions. 4827:

The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the

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temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as

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of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties. In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses. These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using

4961:(neuter abstraction), wherein the theology integrates the goddess (Shakti) and the god (Shiva) with Tantra practices and Agama teachings. There is a considerable overlap between these Shaivas and the Shakta Hindus. 6532:

Kashmir Shaivism has been a nondualistic school, and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir. A notable philosophy of monistic Kashmiri Shaivism has been the

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is an influential tradition within Shaivism that emerged in Kashmir in the 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium before the region was overwhelmed by the Islamic invasions from the

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characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.

5805:, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice. These canonical texts exist in 4279:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic 6158:(Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in 15872: 15870: 8325:

The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.

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embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.

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is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in

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amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation, while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.

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According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism. The 11th-century Jain text

13267:, Quote: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..." 16304:

Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", in Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.),

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theology, and their practices include an interim step that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities, which includes Shiva along with Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. This is called the

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For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923

6479:(self lordship, a yogi is always free). More broadly, the tantric sub-traditions sought nondual knowledge and enlightening liberation by abandoning all rituals, and with the help of reasoning ( 6448:. The cult of Yoginis aimed to gain special powers through esoteric worship of the Shakti or the feminine aspects of the divine. The groups included sisterhoods that participated in the rites. 5046:(non-Saiddhantika), based on whether they recognize any value in Vedic orthopraxy. These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of 5035:

sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula. According to Sanderson, the Pashupatas have the oldest heritage, likely from the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by ancient Hindu texts such as the

5458:(dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva. The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of 5915:, in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life. The Atimarga revered the 4820:

developed a philosophical and organizational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the

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Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows:

6102:: मन्त्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks. It grew from the Atimarga tradition. This tradition sought not just liberation from 8970:, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be 6991:, but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the 4932:

into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.

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A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314;

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Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga. Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva

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Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, and the

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For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.

6893:. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the 6766:

There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism. Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of

4985:. The majority within Shaivism follow the Vedic-Puranik traditions. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva 4901:, a few caves include Shaivism ideas. The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the 18685: 6224:(tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century. The tradition emphasizes loving devotion to Shiva, uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called 4953:(trident), as well as anthropomorphic statues of Shiva in temples to help focus their practices. Another sub-group is called esoteric, which fuses it with abstract 14739: 6665:

They formed monastic organisations, and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.

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Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with

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the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.

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Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads. These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the

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Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called

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There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or

4428:, an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of 14078: 5050:(special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals. 4768:. Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at 6387:) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas. Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz. The 5511:

Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature. The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.

4378:, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE. Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the 4537:

in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an

14104: 4550:

mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram, but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed. The dating of the

7165:(pilgrimage) centers, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating. 15544: 10737: 9204: 4348:

The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars, as it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.

18695: 14057: 8298:

The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "seminal retention" and practice of

6049:

Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on

7019:. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as 10169:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253

4612:

Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.

4581:. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of 17107: 11776: 4517:, among others. The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns. 6917:. In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. 7364:

Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from

7241:

Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in

4941:

called Vedic-Puranic, who use the terms such as "Shiva, Mahadeva, Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and they use iconography such as the

14482: 14251:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552

12023:

Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press.

11648: 10714: 8871: 7168:

In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a

15816: 15221: 15140: 14812: 14773: 14230: 13633: 13321: 13031: 12714: 12628: 12501: 12415: 11433: 10196: 4219:

Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many

15953: 14860: 14383: 13959: 13789: 13582: 12753: 9916: 9019:, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu." 6037:. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent. In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct. 4382:, which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns. This "Pashupati" ( 17046:

Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity

16102: 16026: 15101: 13750: 11250: 8127:

has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).

6444:, ritual feasts, would sometimes be held in cemeteries and cremation grounds and featured possession by powerful female deities called 17250:

Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Shingo Einoo (ed.).

9454:

Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes

17498: 4432:

in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only present scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.

4357: 4302:

means "relating to the god Shiva", while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.

776: 8807: 12325: 10953:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

9012: 6569:

have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.

18631: 18206: 17318:Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources 16405: 14301:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463

14260:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552

14969: 11727:

Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika

8306:), and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation". 2948: 1539: 13345:

Saṃvidullāsaḥ: manifestation of divine consciousness: Swami Lakshman Joo, saint-scholar of Kashmir Śaivism, a centenary tribute

12877: 12867: 17467: 10144: 8242:

poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.

6713:(loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher 18733: 18383: 18098: 17974: 17376: 17345: 17326: 17241: 17198: 17177: 17156: 17126: 17053: 17034: 17013: 16992: 16952: 16919: 16889: 16868: 16847: 16807: 16786: 16765: 16746: 16681: 16658: 16618: 16528: 16496: 16473: 16386: 16341: 16281: 16262: 16242: 16133: 15986: 15947: 15908: 15810: 15771: 15732: 15693: 15412: 15373: 15346: 15301: 15259: 15215: 15173: 15134: 15095: 15056: 14997: 14939: 14897: 14806: 14767: 14720: 14585: 14519: 14449: 14422: 14224: 14176: 14140: 13992: 13953: 13889: 13783: 13627: 13576: 13448: 13352: 13315: 13248: 13025: 12986: 12813: 12786: 12747: 12708: 12666: 12622: 12495: 12409: 12319: 12123: 12106: 12089: 12072: 12055: 12028: 11882: 11510:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press,

11283: 11244: 11155: 11116: 11050: 11011: 10926: 10887: 10848: 10782: 10693: 10575: 10536: 10497: 10458: 10412: 10190: 10114: 10087: 9991: 9952: 9910: 9755: 9701: 9640: 9541: 9517: 9412: 9155: 8967: 8688: 8668: 8642: 8603: 5518:-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes. 4880: 16925: 16813: 15992: 15914: 15777: 15738: 15699: 15568: 15379: 15307: 15265: 15179: 15062: 15003: 14945: 14903: 14591: 14552: 14455: 14146: 13998: 13895: 13454: 13254: 12992: 12255: 12035: 11749: 11690: 11618: 11545: 11472: 11289: 11161: 11122: 11056: 11017: 10932: 10893: 10854: 10788: 10620: 10581: 10542: 10503: 10464: 10418: 10263: 9997: 9958: 9761: 9547: 9364: 8781: 8534: 4884:

An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi,

15531:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253

14022:

Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press,

12829:

A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I

12672: 7111:

Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine. The

6624:. The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in 4661: 2827: 13137: 20407: 18373: 17979: 14312: 12101:

Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press,

6787: 15505:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165

14736: 7186:

Many Yoga-emphasizing Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing

6817:

Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the

17400: 17305: 17220: 16700: 15862: 15567:. Vol. Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 1–3. 14377: 14027: 13865: 13726: 13706: 12527: 11940: 11857: 11832: 11807: 11735: 11684: 11612: 11588: 11571: 11539: 11515: 11498: 11466: 11427: 11396: 11366: 11346: 10987: 10958: 10668: 10646: 9669: 9496: 9442: 9432: 9188: 8996: 4071: 19397: 14876:

Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25

14292:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17

4756:(Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North 3704: 17420: 16727: 16573: 15490: 14546: 13848: 12249: 12008: 11915: 11089: 10614: 10257: 10227: 8775: 8528: 694: 20229: 13545: 8708: 8159:), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism. Twelve 7141:

acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text

15028: 10982:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

7232:, which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the 4808:

Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava

14273: 12003:(2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, 8144:(pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points, but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and 20417: 20217: 19748: 17005:

The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane

16426:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire".

15841: 14074: 13860:

Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass,

11977: 9824: 8165:

sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (

6053:(epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era. 4596:

suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late

2857: 1693: 17410: 17063:

Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".

16166: 10220:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7215: 4863:). Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 20335: 20046: 18573: 18215: 18073: 13821: 11419: 6976:, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by 813: 13701:

Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press,

13420: 13287: 9028:

For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", Flood (2003), pp. 200–228.

6954:, sometimes referred to as Smartism, another tradition of Hinduism. The Smarta Hindus are associated with the 5801:

The Agama texts of Shaivism are another important foundation of Shaivism theology. These texts include Shaiva

4906:

1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam, and persists today in the province of Bali.

20175: 18543: 17491: 16778:

The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective

9143: 7003:

era (pre-300 CE). According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the

6451:

Some traditions defined special powers differently. For example, the Kashmiri tantrics explain the powers as

4898: 4624:

literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with

2286: 14100: 8637:

David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press,

6987:

Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century

6628:

whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.

4264:) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious. As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One". 20412: 20224: 18563: 18388: 18340: 17959: 17926: 14327:

Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.

8225:) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu 7250: 4785: 2837: 2777: 762: 9067:

For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.

7399: 7045: 6010:. The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four 4182:

texts as important sources of theology. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the

4155: 1385: 20239: 18656: 18553: 18199: 16965:(2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". In Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). 15541: 10746: 9201: 8031: 6754:, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the 6189:

region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam (

4574:

era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on

4325: 4234:

Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the

4007: 3898: 2508: 14054: 9633:

Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna

6728:

that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by

6522: 6166:

as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.

4973: 4196:

traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. In the process of

20348: 20266: 19758: 19335: 18791: 18764: 18485: 18335: 18042: 17921: 16602:

While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind

8202: 7611: 7117:, for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva." 4851:

at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.

4026: 3697: 3601: 2548: 2222: 1907: 1219: 11275:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism

6147: 5942:, 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues are also found in seated yogi position in 4154:. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional 2543: 350: 20286: 19212: 18726: 18616: 18568: 18459: 18393: 18017: 17964: 17674: 17259:

Sanderson, Alexis (1988). "Saivism and the Tantric Traditions". In S Sutherland; et al. (eds.).

16361:

Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra

16164:

Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints

8182: 7448: 6154:

Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions. Its central premise has been that the

5724: 4741:. Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: 4375: 4367: 4287:

in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".

4003: 3649: 2767: 2503: 796: 781: 204: 18865: 17719: 11772: 11566:

Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press,

8134:

literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centers and temples. For example, the

5891:) in Shaivism. Sub-traditions of Shaivas did not exclusively focus on Shiva, but others such as the 4791:

Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as

1449: 20080: 19738: 19662: 19368: 19150: 19125: 18012: 17653: 17484: 16962: 8178: 7431: 6501: 5490: 4730: 4552: 4546: 4132: 3559: 3552: 3531: 3240: 3130: 3102: 2832: 1727: 1514: 219: 18900: 12067:

Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press,

9585:"Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE" 7294:, where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings 7228:

Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism. This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as

4737:

preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of

1489: 1405: 19916: 19776: 19447: 18987: 18930: 18699: 18479: 18052: 17526: 17026:

Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir

15514:

J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550;

14159:, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions". 8406:

Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not disaffected.

8198: 6517:

region. The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by

6190: 5635: 5618: 5580: 5563: 4585:

also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.

4189:

Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern

3774: 2987: 2892: 2817: 2003: 1925: 818: 786: 317: 17: 19811: 17443:

Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325

17436:

Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.

15482: 15476: 15338: 12311: 7356:– a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests. 7302: 6750:, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet 6679: 1965: 20259: 20212: 19422: 19145: 18495: 18378: 18192: 18047: 18022: 17969: 14479: 14414: 11907: 11641: 10706: 8868: 8210: 8206: 8044:

Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as

7545: 7481: 7258: 6391:

is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon. The

5859: 5703: 5686: 5597: 5015:) into a specific cult they prefer. Their goals vary, ranging from liberation in current life ( 4473:, his mount, as in Shaivism. The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as " 4064: 3973: 3903: 3739: 3368: 3137: 2797: 1703: 1380: 652: 88: 18711: 17297:

Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner

15800: 15205: 15124: 14867:, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428. 14796: 14757: 14712: 14511: 14214: 13617: 13305: 13015: 12698: 12612: 12485: 12399: 11493:

Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press,

11413: 11388: 10180: 9402: 8803: 7212:. The texts of these Yoga emphasizing Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context. 6813: 6185:(1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the 20281: 20234: 20207: 20170: 19427: 18558: 18500: 18103: 18032: 15937: 14857: 14367: 13943: 13811: 13773: 13566: 12737: 10104: 9900: 9691: 8214: 7595: 7529: 6962:. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals. 6873:

which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all

5919:

sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic

5758: 5669: 4013: 3991: 3881: 3746: 3319: 2927: 2807: 2215: 2201: 1369: 687: 536: 172: 19743: 17268:

Sanderson, Alexis (1995). "Meaning of a Tantric Ritual". In AM Blondeau; K Schipper (eds.).

16719: 16096: 16020: 15085: 13744: 12887: 11899: 11380: 11234: 9657: 4924: 1364: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20165: 19642: 19135: 19120: 18772: 18719: 18641: 18523: 18365: 17951: 17754: 17726: 17591: 15669:

Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press

10123: 9589: 9213: 4592:. The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of 3999: 3995: 3987: 3876: 3538: 3116: 3086: 2917: 2822: 2718: 2453: 2347: 505: 224: 139: 16799:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

16650:

Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism

8663:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press,

8404:

How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind?

7094:

list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.

8: 20304: 20271: 20150: 20041: 19976: 19826: 19685: 19565: 19437: 19265: 19202: 19155: 18621: 18528: 18505: 18474: 18426: 18411: 18289: 18002: 17997: 17660: 17517: 16520: 9242:

Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage.

8451:

Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).

8261: 8256: 8226: 7513: 7242: 6751: 6725: 6648:. They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic 5499:(400–200 BCE) is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. 4769: 4757: 4582: 4527: 4201: 4143: 4031: 3924: 3760: 3291: 3153: 2897: 2787: 2772: 2678: 2618: 2583: 2068: 1980: 1599: 1258: 869: 771: 742: 589: 167: 18954: 18814: 14363: 13775:

Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present

9850: 6123:

become a dominant form of Shaivism in this period. It also spread outside of India into

4600:

era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.

4179: 2169: 1359: 252: 20106: 20065: 19357: 19170: 19115: 18689: 18464: 18421: 18350: 18027: 17936: 17783: 17761: 17282: 17101: 17080: 16670: 16606: 16587: 16561: 16542: 16443: 16392: 16347: 15857:

Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge,

15522:, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava." 15457: 15331: 14705: 14407: 13684: 12522:

Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,

12304: 10046: 9009: 8520:

The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

8101: 8006: 7905: 7279: 6299: 5954: 5836:) Agama texts. The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic. 5741: 5652: 5542: 4589: 3953: 3939: 3658: 3183: 3079: 2907: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2483: 2249: 2120: 1732: 1618: 599: 403: 199: 19330: 19305: 12828: 5907:

The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasizes liberation (salvation) – or the end of all

462: 20402: 20321: 20315: 20195: 20185: 20051: 19986: 19379: 19320: 19175: 19165: 18661: 18626: 18611: 18490: 18416: 18223: 18169: 18163: 18145: 18083: 17733: 17625: 17416: 17396: 17389: 17372: 17341: 17322: 17301: 17237: 17216: 17194: 17173: 17152: 17122: 17049: 17030: 17009: 16988: 16948: 16915: 16885: 16864: 16843: 16803: 16782: 16761: 16742: 16723: 16710:

Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism".

16696: 16677: 16654: 16624: 16614: 16591: 16579: 16569: 16546: 16534: 16524: 16492: 16469: 16396: 16382: 16351: 16337: 16293: 16277: 16258: 16238: 16129: 15982: 15943: 15904: 15858: 15806: 15767: 15728: 15689: 15515: 15486: 15449: 15408: 15369: 15342: 15297: 15255: 15211: 15169: 15130: 15091: 15052: 14993: 14966: 14935: 14893: 14802: 14763: 14716: 14581: 14542: 14515: 14504: 14445: 14418: 14373: 14220: 14172: 14136: 14023: 13988: 13949: 13885: 13861: 13844: 13817: 13779: 13702: 13623: 13572: 13444: 13348: 13311: 13244: 13021: 12982: 12809: 12782: 12743: 12704: 12662: 12618: 12523: 12491: 12405: 12315: 12245: 12119: 12102: 12085: 12068: 12051: 12024: 12004: 11983: 11973: 11936: 11911: 11900: 11878: 11853: 11828: 11803: 11741: 11731: 11680: 11608: 11584: 11567: 11535: 11511: 11494: 11462: 11423: 11392: 11381: 11362: 11342: 11279: 11240: 11151: 11112: 11085: 11046: 11007: 10983: 10954: 10922: 10883: 10844: 10778: 10689: 10664: 10642: 10610: 10571: 10532: 10493: 10454: 10408: 10253: 10223: 10186: 10110: 10083: 10050: 9987: 9948: 9906: 9751: 9697: 9665: 9636: 9537: 9513: 9492: 9438: 9428: 9408: 9184: 9151: 8992: 8963: 8771: 8684: 8664: 8638: 8599: 8524: 8334:

There is an overlap in this approach with those found in non-puranik tantric rituals.

8316:

about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.

8276: 8251: 7497: 6959: 6898: 6572:

A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from

6088:) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolizing 4919: 4864: 4765: 4383: 4257: 4171: 4123: 4057: 3963: 3932: 3888: 3545: 3496: 3431: 3190: 3176: 2922: 2847: 2668: 2628: 2623: 2613: 2458: 2154: 2088: 1683: 1420: 711: 292: 58: 19786: 18836: 16506: 13081:

For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.

12944: 12864: 10641:

Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press,

6995:

period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from

5969:

that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males. Pashupata theology, according to

4843: 4312: 2528: 1940: 1227: 20056: 19966: 19857: 19457: 19452: 19417: 19392: 19278: 19235: 18922: 18782: 18651: 18596: 18538: 18431: 18403: 18345: 18093: 18088: 18078: 18007: 17931: 17883: 17825: 17815: 17805: 17798: 17778: 17705: 17072: 16715: 16610: 16565: 16435: 16372: 16368: 16327: 16317: 16313: 15441: 15201: 14168: 13676: 12437: 11196: 10819: 10141: 10082:. British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 162. 10038: 9598: 9476: 9437:

R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge,

9229:

Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans.

8959: 8395:

Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained,

8271: 8231: 8190: 7627: 7090:

and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama in the

7062:

river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.

6951: 6928:

symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.

6791: 6742:. Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the 6706: 6518: 6509: 6496: 6259: 6217: 6182: 6155: 5939: 5840: 5817: 5779: 5768: 5276: 4682: 4629: 4272: 4235: 4193: 4159: 4090: 3839: 3801: 3781: 3732: 3681: 3580: 3375: 3361: 3312: 3255: 2802: 2463: 2382: 2133: 2053: 1678: 1104: 958: 855: 680: 632: 609: 471: 467: 447: 435: 345: 195: 19240: 17116: 16152:, History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360 16150:

Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography

13307:

The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics

8401:

Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level.

4466: 3217: 20386: 20362: 20325: 20190: 20143: 20125: 20075: 20009: 19991: 19934: 19884: 19703: 19607: 19480: 19442: 19412: 19250: 19140: 18979: 18972: 18819: 18533: 18274: 18173: 18068: 17898: 17846: 17586: 17442: 17366: 17316: 17295: 17231: 17188: 17167: 17146: 17024: 17003: 16942: 16909: 16879: 16858: 16797: 16776: 16648: 16600: 16555: 16510: 16170: 15976: 15898: 15845: 15761: 15722: 15683: 15562: 15548: 15402: 15363: 15291: 15249: 15163: 15046: 15032: 14987: 14973: 14929: 14887: 14864: 14743: 14575: 14536: 14486: 14439: 14277: 14130: 14061: 13982: 13879: 13730: 13549: 13438: 13424: 13291: 13238: 12976: 12871: 12803: 12776: 12656: 12239: 12084:

DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press,

12039: 12032: 11725: 11674: 11602: 11529: 11456: 11273: 11145: 11106: 11081:

Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path

11079: 11040: 11001: 10916: 10877: 10838: 10772: 10604: 10565: 10526: 10487: 10448: 10402: 10247: 10148: 10077: 9981: 9942: 9828: 9745: 9533:

Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery

9531: 9352: 9208: 9016: 8875: 8765: 8518: 8239: 8105: 7887: 7197: 7180: 7104: 6955: 6925: 6914: 6882: 6729: 6632: 6620:: a Shaiva subtradition that emerged from a much older Siddha tradition based on 6314:

with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars. The devotional

6295: 6251: 6174: 6163: 6159: 6011: 5986: 5242: 4993:: being pathless (anupaya, iccha-less, desire-less), being divine (sambhavopaya, 4813: 4777: 4690: 4197: 4045: 3968: 3916: 3725: 3629: 3573: 3510: 3326: 3227: 3123: 2872: 2852: 2723: 2598: 2578: 2498: 2194: 2180: 2078: 2058: 2021: 1613: 1608: 1335: 1214: 1178: 1123: 1118: 945: 670: 355: 279: 214: 18905: 17138:

History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D

16741:. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. 13181: 13179: 10774:

The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras

8035:

Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent.

6885:

ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in

6827: 6075: 4183: 1742: 1494: 1195: 20160: 20096: 19939: 19283: 19160: 19130: 18965: 18606: 18449: 18037: 17644: 16306:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson 14216:

Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.

14171:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 13843:

Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes,

13131: 12843: 8962:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 8399:

Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all .

8388:

be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself.

8174: 7414: 7205: 6981: 6783: 6683:

A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.

6641: 6398: 6333: 6325: 6315: 6124: 5810: 4458: 4379: 4224: 4212:

and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the

3958: 3767: 3615: 3266: 3160: 3109: 2912: 2738: 2658: 2608: 2593: 2558: 2513: 2415: 2187: 2048: 1930: 1879: 1864: 1844: 1808: 1737: 1519: 1474: 1425: 1183: 808: 579: 18829: 17368:

The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika

16322: 12700:

The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master

11201: 11184: 10042: 9805: 9803: 9603: 9584: 9480: 6230:. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century 5007:. These are esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated ( 4632:

of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.

1565: 1345: 1276: 791: 20396: 20276: 20180: 19959: 19733: 19471: 19362: 19273: 19207: 18636: 18548: 18355: 18327: 17941: 17913: 17820: 17544: 16831:

Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1

16198:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.

15679: 15453: 14827: 14683: 14681: 14606: 13176: 12000: 11987: 11875:

Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India

11745: 10840:

Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions

10688:

Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,

9898: 8397:

he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades.

8136: 7923: 7374: 7262: 7234: 7113: 7070: 7000: 6807: 6734: 6690:, also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in 6549:. Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an 6542: 6162:

of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider

5947: 5839:

The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of

5217: 4643: 4571: 4454: 3622: 3587: 3524: 3470: 3463: 3424: 3417: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3305: 3249: 2867: 2812: 2792: 2782: 2762: 2733: 2643: 2438: 2433: 2423: 2372: 2294: 2208: 2041: 1990: 1889: 1824: 1663: 1430: 884: 604: 559: 18591: 17454: 16628: 16583: 16538: 15591:

Buddhism in Ceylon and studies on religious syncretism in Buddhist countries

14642: 13813:

Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele

13723: 11185:"The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature" 6318:

poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as

4450: 2603: 2367: 1575: 1570: 20374: 19831: 19796: 19693: 19310: 18666: 17866: 17841: 17740: 17712: 17667: 17635: 16899:

Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.).

15883:

The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called

14759:

Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson

14700: 13478: 13361: 13206: 12805:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

12778:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

9800: 9427:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

8971: 8438:

Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the

8218: 8194: 8170: 7974: 7958: 7643: 7313: 7246: 7209: 6992: 6988: 6739: 6645: 6534: 6526: 6393: 6379: 6128: 5863: 5295: 5036: 4946: 4889: 4856:

who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.

4848: 4792: 4781: 4713: 4670: 4649: 4637: 4617: 4597: 4470: 4344:

The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.

3594: 3503: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3382: 3040: 2862: 2698: 2693: 2653: 2563: 2553: 2523: 2493: 2428: 2332: 2254: 1985: 1950: 1874: 1849: 1778: 1628: 1479: 1271: 1266: 1165: 1152: 1147: 483: 452: 422: 302: 16856: 16484: 16377: 14678: 14339: 14182: 10129: 9902:

Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent

9856: 9116: 8366: 6372: 6366: 6310:, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient 5959: 5491: 5009: 4525: 4511: 4503: 4391: 4340: 4291: 4251: 4137: 1803: 20138: 19971: 19899: 19889: 19801: 19791: 19766: 19407: 19402: 19293: 19087: 19071: 19014: 18949: 18885: 18675: 18601: 18441: 18307: 18302: 18251: 18241: 18231: 17989: 17875: 17810: 17747: 17208: 15519: 14967:

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century

13542: 13052:

For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with

12170: 12168: 11042:

The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order

10823: 8975: 8683:

Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,

8186: 8161: 8022: 7792: 7465: 7323: 7287: 7266: 7254: 6902: 6803: 6687: 6674: 6577: 6362: 6263: 6066: 5370: 5267: 5119: 5041: 4742: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4625: 4575: 4565: 4482: 4398: 3665: 3389: 3282: 3212: 3025: 2979: 2940: 2842: 2683: 2673: 2538: 2407: 2397: 2266: 2261: 2164: 2063: 1955: 1945: 1915: 1884: 1793: 1560: 1374: 1297: 1289: 1091: 860: 647: 516: 512: 475: 17286: 16174:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90 15678: 15025: 10029:

Srinivasan, Doris (1984). "Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization".

8598:

Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

5911:– as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits. It was the path for Shaiva 4608: 4588:

In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of

20036: 20004: 19949: 19806: 19515: 19352: 19325: 19107: 18880: 18671: 18312: 18279: 18128: 17903: 17856: 17569: 17277:

Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I".

17084: 16639:

A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism

16332: 15461: 15430:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia" 15429: 14270: 10528:

Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati

9899:

Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016).

7990: 7365: 7187: 7059: 6890: 6795: 6767: 6546: 6538: 6514: 6475:(control, realize that one always has power to do whatever one wants), 6441: 6311: 6221: 5966: 5912: 5829: 5346: 4927: 4761: 4697: 4678: 4557: 4424:("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114. The text also includes a 4397:) seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva. 4329: 4238:(Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to 4220: 4213: 4205: 3711: 3672: 3636: 3517: 3456: 3063: 3055: 2966: 2743: 2518: 2473: 2327: 2317: 2083: 2031: 1960: 1869: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1555: 1330: 1307: 1302: 1031: 831: 569: 312: 307: 120: 16447: 16163: 15838: 13688: 12165: 11970:

The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin

10370: 9882: 9880: 9847:, Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113 9821: 6424:

A notable feature of some "left tantra" ascetics was their pursuit of

6201: 5866:

in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.

5508: 5027:

or "outer higher path" versus those whose means are recitation-driven

20155: 19944: 19894: 19867: 19816: 19781: 19771: 19723: 19622: 19590: 19535: 19432: 19387: 19061: 18646: 18469: 18454: 18297: 18269: 18259: 18236: 17893: 17681: 17608: 17564: 17371:. Translated by Mark Dyczkowski. State University of New York Press. 14577:

Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture

8761: 7941: 7578: 7561: 7257:

and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in

7012: 6910: 6909:. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the 6886: 6775: 6771: 6738:, which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler 6732:

and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be

6610: 6589: 6581: 6562: 6348: 6320: 6298:

in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century

6275: 6267: 6231: 6226: 6205: 6186: 6085: 6026: 5981: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5887: 5802: 5607: 5238: 4885: 4860: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4694: 4674: 4520: 4502: 3821: 3753: 3690: 3608: 3440: 3011: 2971: 2902: 2748: 2713: 2663: 2633: 2568: 2488: 2392: 2362: 2342: 2026: 1970: 1935: 1920: 1839: 1834: 1816: 1142: 1056: 987: 926: 584: 564: 554: 457: 408: 340: 257: 247: 209: 162: 17186: 17076: 16098:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

16022:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

15445: 15161: 14042: 13923: 13490: 13475:

Wallis, Christopher; Tantra Illuminated, Chapter 2, Kashmir Shaivism

11147:

A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals

6463:(heaviness, realize one's limit is beyond one's own consciousness), 5678:

Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography

1623: 526: 20381: 20200: 20019: 20014: 19904: 19841: 19821: 19652: 19488: 19315: 19288: 19255: 19197: 19097: 19092: 19066: 18991: 18875: 18747: 18317: 18264: 17888: 17851: 17788: 17613: 17574: 17559: 17549: 17539: 17294:

Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (ed.).

16439: 15900:

Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas

13680: 13417: 13284: 12781:. University of California Press. pp. 11–12, 209–211 note 28. 10031:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

9877: 8299: 8222: 8113: 7338: 7327: 7291: 7229: 7201: 7099: 7055: 7020: 6938: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6714: 6636: 6573: 6356: 6307: 6271: 6170: 6099: 6050: 5896: 5881: 5806: 5713: 5552: 5471: 5169: 4950: 4869: 4817: 4796: 4753: 4462: 4387: 4268: 4239: 4228: 3893: 3449: 3275: 3232: 3199: 3050: 3045: 3018: 2728: 2708: 2638: 2588: 2468: 2357: 2273: 2244: 2108: 2098: 1995: 1975: 1899: 1894: 1859: 1529: 1509: 1469: 1435: 1415: 1395: 1281: 1157: 892: 850: 719: 574: 413: 110: 105: 19029: 17445:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P., 1993 13648: 13521: 12550: 10057: 8991:

Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict,

8390:

Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards.

8343:

Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.

8039:

Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.

7036: 6920: 5382: 4362: 2956: 20101: 19954: 19872: 19862: 19637: 19627: 19600: 19595: 19585: 19540: 19525: 19520: 19300: 19245: 19230: 19222: 19189: 19056: 18959: 18934: 18910: 18809: 18799: 18679: 18140: 17603: 17596: 16512:

The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism

13667:

Lorenzen, David N. (1978). "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History".

11361:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press,

10745:. Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from 10316: 9407:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 277–278, 58 with note on Guleri. 8979: 8767:

Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions

8356:(Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder. 8353: 8131: 7083: 7016: 6977: 6973: 6965:

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (

6855: 6799: 6747: 6699: 6550: 6425: 6414: 6339: 6178: 6030: 6022: 5990:, a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the 5855: 5844: 5833: 5816:

The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from

5300: 5272: 4746: 4666: 4486: 4416: 4321: 4208:, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity 3826: 3816: 3566: 3487: 3479: 3296: 3222: 3207: 3004: 2703: 2648: 2387: 2337: 2307: 2302: 2174: 2149: 2036: 1668: 1547: 1524: 1499: 1410: 1400: 1209: 1173: 1061: 1046: 1041: 977: 972: 936: 931: 918: 614: 521: 479: 335: 157: 134: 18895: 18751: 18184: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13196: 13194: 12978:Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue 12934: 12932: 12930: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12457:

For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.

12199: 12197: 12195: 10606:

Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives

10570:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. 8679: 8677: 7196:

Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated philosophy from

7153: 6862:

continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.

6662:) state of realizing oneness of self and everything with Shiva. 3862: 1713: 1708: 1534: 20133: 20111: 19924: 19877: 19836: 19718: 19708: 19647: 19555: 19498: 19493: 19347: 19034: 18870: 18856: 18841: 18741: 18135: 18123: 17793: 17696: 17692: 17581: 17554: 16364: 16309: 14630: 13877: 13597: 13056: 13053: 12924:, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1 12379: 12345: 12343: 12050:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi,

10836: 10285: 10283: 10281: 8730: 8439: 8266: 7342: 7179:(aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to 7087: 7079: 7075: 7008: 6906: 6818: 6779: 6710: 6695: 6694:. It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman 6654: 6606: 6554: 6445: 6410: 6328: 5991: 5908: 5825: 5821: 5515: 5450: 5213: 5192: 5148: 4986: 4809: 4773: 4693:(Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or 4621: 4429: 4190: 4167: 3831: 3645: 2961: 2688: 2573: 2478: 2448: 2443: 2377: 2352: 2141: 2011: 1854: 1829: 1768: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1580: 1504: 1464: 1459: 1390: 1315: 1250: 1235: 1137: 1081: 1066: 1012: 992: 905: 900: 737: 642: 637: 594: 531: 377: 373: 364: 127: 16557:

Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

11949: 11705: 11098: 10182:

Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia

10079:

Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route

8151:

Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (

7219:

Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.

7068:

Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the

6865:

In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been

6652:

in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or

74: 20029: 20024: 19728: 19698: 19632: 19612: 19550: 19530: 19503: 19342: 19044: 18944: 18890: 18846: 18824: 17618: 17534: 16516: 16182: 16180: 15935: 15651: 15639: 15627: 15365:

India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought

15333:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

15035:, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215 13742: 13502: 13405:

Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167

13394: 13191: 13152: 12956: 12927: 12592: 12533: 12460: 12280: 12192: 12180: 9049: 8674: 7353: 7346: 7175: 7127: 6996: 6966: 6894: 6755: 6691: 6625: 6459:(lightness, be free from presumed diversity or differences), 6352: 6344: 6247: 6140: 6056: 6034: 5920: 5916: 5390: 5378: 5246: 4942: 4902: 4816:

in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as

4738: 4635:

The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the

4593: 4578: 4541:(iron spear, trident lance) as an icon representing his god. 4498: 4490: 4474: 4445: 4441: 4421: 4276: 4209: 4147: 3848: 3718: 3483: 2995: 2533: 2402: 2312: 2159: 2113: 2093: 1773: 1758: 1698: 1688: 1673: 1658: 1633: 1484: 1454: 1340: 1240: 1071: 1036: 1007: 1002: 997: 982: 910: 360: 274: 269: 190: 144: 115: 98: 44: 39: 16201: 15763:

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15605: 15603: 15601: 15599: 14573: 13911: 12401:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

12367: 12340: 11304: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11105:

Kim Skoog (1996). Andrew O. Fort; Patricia Y. Mumme (eds.).

10348: 10346: 10333: 10331: 10278: 9867: 9865: 9320: 9308: 9298: 9296: 8893: 8881: 8718: 7330:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image 6290: 5788:

Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art

20070: 19999: 19981: 19929: 19713: 19657: 19617: 19577: 19560: 19545: 19510: 18939: 18851: 17476: 17144: 14833: 14798:

Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement

14194: 13373: 13218: 12893: 12141: 10382: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 9567: 9565: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 7192: 7169: 6874: 6839: 6743: 6649: 6621: 6617: 6601: 6418: 6136: 6132: 5892: 5627:

Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism

5386: 4510: 4494: 4175: 4163: 4111: 4099: 2322: 2103: 2073: 2016: 1763: 1750: 1643: 1245: 1086: 1076: 1051: 1017: 967: 949: 500: 369: 297: 149: 17462: 17360:(First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. 16177: 15361: 15087:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

14666: 14654: 14618: 13427:, David Peter Lawrence, University of Manitoba, IEP (2010) 13236: 10185:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 261–275. 9715: 9713: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8573: 8571: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8148:

is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.

6588:, or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by 5712:

Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and

5514:

The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from

4096: 18743: 17190:

Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha

16298:. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 15596: 15404:

India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods

14839: 14535:

Frederick Asher (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.).

12583: 12209: 12153: 12129: 11209: 10358: 10343: 10328: 9862: 9725: 9332: 9293: 9266: 8846: 8109: 6467:(attain, be restful and at peace with one's own nature), 6409:

The main element of all Shaiva Tantra is the practice of

5980:

The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named

5054: 4151: 4105: 16760:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 15044: 14580:. National Museum Institute. pp. 159 with note 13. 13240:

A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana

13164: 12905: 12658:

The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion

12355: 12237: 11935:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 110–114. 11852:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 165–192. 11827:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 193–199. 10295: 10130:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9857:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9788: 9776: 9562: 9510:

Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy

9491:

D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill,

9457: 9225: 9223: 9070: 8742: 8464: 8100:

and others. In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called

6234:. This theology presents three universal realities: the 6208:, the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint ( 4964: 4788:, Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram. 18804: 16860:

Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java

16857:

Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003).

16796:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010).

16468:(Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 13243:. State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xiv. 12860: 12858: 12118:

JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,

11583:

H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner,

9710: 9384: 9382: 9283: 9281: 9256: 9254: 9252: 8609: 8568: 8549: 8495: 6846:) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism. 6761: 6177:. In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with 6089: 5733:

Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation

4752:

In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim

1190: 727: 17314: 16795: 16755: 15478:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2

13987:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110, 213–215. 12950: 12831:, V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48 12808:. University of California Press. pp. 9–12, 220. 11278:. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–25. 10063: 9536:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 274–276. 9161: 9125: 9046:

Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152

8934: 8932: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8371:

Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see:

6717:. Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of 6537:

ideas, particularly those by the 10th century scholar

6220:("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest 5828:) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism ( 20346: 17415:(First ed.). Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 17395:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 16987:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15682:; Hariani Santiko; Hasan Djafar; et al. (2013). 15593:, Vol. 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 146–177 15589:

Jacob Ensink (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali,

14756:

Paul E Muller-Ortega (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).

14280:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 12696: 12571: 11271: 11232: 10964: 10485: 10102: 9750:. University of California Press. pp. xii, 4–5. 9220: 6413:, a ceremonial initiation in which divinely revealed 6106:(suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers ( 5984:(~2nd century CE). He is the purported author of the 4186:, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus. 4108: 16646: 15368:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. 14755: 14358: 14356: 14354: 13560: 13558: 13125: 13123: 12855: 12849: 12228:

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.

10875: 10602: 10400: 9747:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

9379: 9278: 9249: 8917: 8839: 8837: 4102: 19005: 16025:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 5–7, 12. 15896: 15615: 15560: 15296:. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30, 84–85. 14985: 14927: 14506:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

13440:

Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition

12301: 11322:

For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.

11038: 10882:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183. 10241: 10239: 8929: 8905: 8822: 8476: 6525:in the 20th century due especially to influence of 6021:The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in 5695:Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism 5644:Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism 5354:

Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita

4824:, Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier. 4461:(2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a 4420:(~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of 4114: 4093: 17388: 16691:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". 16669: 15330: 15289: 15285: 15283: 15247: 15243: 15241: 15239: 14992:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–238, 247–258. 14704: 14503: 14406: 14124: 14122: 13413: 13411: 13342: 13068:For eleven collections, with the first seven (the 12303: 11877:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 134, 371. 11802:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–134, 201–202. 11332: 11330: 11328: 10135: 10106:Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China 9905:. University of California Press. pp. 61–62. 9839: 9837: 9529: 9202:The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great 8392:To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam). 8037:Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 6471:(forbearance, grasp and accept cosmic diversity), 5470:The Vedas and Upanishads are shared scriptures of 5023:). Their means also vary, ranging from meditative 4977:Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting) 4533:, dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term 16756:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). 16255:The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism 16101:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 36–41. 15688:. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 4–15. 15254:. Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 191. 15122: 14801:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 161–163. 14538:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 14497: 14495: 14351: 14212: 13568:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 13555: 13120: 12974: 12297: 12295: 11316: 10596: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10394: 9743: 9194: 9148:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 8834: 6181:, but shares with the Supreme all its qualities. 5843:(Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality ( 5750:Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda 5465: 4297: 20394: 17434:. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 17293: 17276: 17001: 16877: 16359:Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), "Universal Śaivism", 16274:Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems 15542:Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha 15474: 15210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. 15200: 14636: 14362: 14206: 14043:Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014 13929: 13719: 13717: 13715: 13391:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61-66 13303: 13185: 10810:Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". 10252:. Princeton University Press. pp. 215–217. 10236: 10179:Andrea Acri (2015). D Christian Lammerts (ed.). 9936: 9934: 9886: 9621:pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4. 8796: 8155:), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and 7341:(half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing 6343:and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the 5938:at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka ( 5001:, action-full) and being individual (anavopaya). 17187:Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014). 17165: 17114: 16774: 16065: 15876: 15727:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–36. 15280: 15236: 15162:Anita M. Leopold; Jeppe Sinding Jensen (2005). 14534: 14528: 14311:General, India Office of the Registrar (1974). 14119: 14018: 14016: 13917: 13408: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13273: 12883: 12692: 12690: 11994: 11906:. State University of New York Press. pp. 11405: 11325: 11143: 9834: 9664:. 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In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic ( 4972: 4935: 4879: 4842: 4689:Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with 4660: 4607: 4449: 4435: 4361: 4339: 18662:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 17254:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture. 16489:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings 15337:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15207:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 14918: 14889:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings 14574:Anupa Pande; Parul Pandya Dhar (2004). 14310: 12483: 12014: 11672: 11600: 11527: 11454: 11411: 11111:. SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239. 11078:Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). 10818:(2). Oxford University Press: 101–113. 10809: 10154: 9947:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–48. 9630: 9363:. 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Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. 15819:from the original on 14 March 2017 15802:Khon Mask : Thailand Heritage 15780:from the original on 18 April 2017 15741:from the original on 14 March 2017 15702:from the original on 14 March 2017 15571:from the original on 28 March 2017 15382:from the original on 29 March 2017 15224:from the original on 20 March 2017 15182:from the original on 20 March 2017 15143:from the original on 15 March 2017 15104:from the original on 15 March 2017 15065:from the original on 15 March 2017 15006:from the original on 15 March 2017 14948:from the original on 15 March 2017 14815:from the original on 15 March 2017 14594:from the original on 27 March 2017 14510:. Yale University Press. pp. 14480:The Four Denominations of Hinduism 14233:from the original on 15 March 2017 13636:from the original on 17 March 2017 13457:from the original on 15 March 2017 13324:from the original on 15 March 2017 13257:from the original on 15 March 2017 12756:from the original on 25 March 2017 12717:from the original on 24 March 2017 12504:from the original on 13 March 2020 12418:from the original on 30 March 2017 12328:from the original on 16 March 2020 12244:. 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SAGE Publications. p. 76. 15310:from the original on 30 June 2016 15268:from the original on 30 June 2016 15045:Anna Libera Dallapiccola (2007). 14776:from the original on 2 April 2017 13585:from the original on 4 March 2017 13215:, pp. 197–198 with note 117. 13140:from the original on 1 April 2017 13034:from the original on 2 April 2017 13017:Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women 12995:from the original on 2 April 2017 12631:from the original on 2 April 2017 12258:from the original on 2 April 2017 12238:Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997). 11773:"शरभोपनिषत् (Sharabha Upanishad)" 11654:from the original on 22 July 2017 9690:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020). 9635:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 36. 9550:from the original on 27 June 2019 7933: 7863: 7741: 7709: 7661: 7620: 7570: 7554: 7424: 7148: 6869:, which is derived from Sanskrit 6118:were particularly the pursuit of 5771:, Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge 5709:Late medieval, post-12th century 5606:Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads, 5603:Late medieval, post-12th century 4875: 4700:and had been ardent promoters of 4409: 4204:, starting in the last centuries 20380: 20368: 20356: 20330: 20320: 20311: 20310: 20299: 19004: 18750: 18742: 18632:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 18336:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 18168: 18159: 18158: 17634: 16967:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16288:Third AES reprint edition, 1995. 16155: 16142: 16117: 16088: 16071: 15968: 15929: 15890: 15851: 15831: 15792: 15753: 15714: 15672: 15663: 15583: 15554: 15534: 15525: 15508: 15499: 15468: 15421: 15394: 15355: 15322: 15194: 15165:Syncretism in Religion: A Reader 15155: 15116: 15077: 15038: 15018: 14979: 14960: 14870: 14851: 14834:Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014 14788: 14749: 14729: 14711:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 14693: 14690:, pp. 53–58 with footnotes. 14567: 14541:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–4. 14431: 14348:, pp. 45–52 with footnotes. 14330: 14321: 14304: 14295: 14263: 14254: 14245: 14191:, pp. 44–45 with footnotes. 14162: 14093: 14067: 14048: 13974: 13871: 13837: 13804: 13765: 13736: 13733:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015) 13660: 13552:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) 13469: 13430: 13385: 13370:, p. 221 with footnote 500. 13336: 13297: 13230: 13111: 13102: 13093: 13084: 13075: 13062: 13046: 13007: 12968: 12922:Saivism – A Perspective of Grace 12874:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) 12834: 12822: 12795: 12768: 12729: 12604: 12562: 12516: 12477: 12451: 12430: 12391: 12270: 12231: 12221: 12112: 12078: 12061: 12044: 11961: 11924: 11891: 11866: 11841: 11816: 11791: 11779:from the original on 30 May 2017 11764: 11717: 11666: 11633: 11594: 11577: 11560: 11521: 11487: 11448: 11372: 11355: 11265: 11226: 11176: 11137: 11071: 11032: 11003:Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls 10993: 10976: 10947: 10908: 10869: 10830: 10803: 10764: 10729: 10699: 10652: 10635: 10567:Religious Diversity in Singapore 10518: 10479: 10151:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) 8978:, even an agnostic, humanist or 8445: 8432: 8423: 8378: 8359: 8346: 8337: 8328: 8014: 7998: 7982: 7966: 7950: 7932: 7914: 7896: 7879: 7878: 7862: 7854: 7853: 7837: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7819: 7811: 7810: 7802: 7801: 7783: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7756: 7740: 7724: 7708: 7693: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7675: 7674: 7660: 7652: 7651: 7635: 7619: 7604: 7603: 7587: 7569: 7553: 7537: 7521: 7505: 7489: 7473: 7457: 7439: 7423: 7405: 7398: 7312: 7301: 7044: 7035: 6084:The horizontal three ash lines ( 6074: 6065: 5796: 4089: 4039: 726: 664: 73: 38: 20300: 18667:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 17473:, scholarly studies in Shaivism 17315:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000). 17023:Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010). 16695:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 16636:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). 16047: 14179:, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375 13945:A History of Kannada Literature 12703:. Shambhala. pp. 243–244. 12442:Śaivism among the Khmers Part I 11873:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). 10879:Plants of Life, Plants of Death 10584:from the original on 3 May 2016 10492:. Fortress Press. p. 182. 10489:Introduction to World Religions 10172: 10096: 10069: 10022: 10012: 9983:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9973: 9944:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9892: 9815: 9737: 9649: 9624: 9611: 9577: 9523: 9502: 9469: 9448: 9421: 9394: 9353:"Silk Road Art and Archaeology" 9344: 9236: 9173: 9137: 9095: 9061: 9040: 9031: 9022: 9002: 8985: 8953: 8867:Monier Monier-Williams (1899), 8754: 8694: 8319: 8309: 7915: 7538: 7490: 7406: 6417:are given to the initiate by a 5520: 20225:Relations with other religions 17412:Meditation: Any Time Any Where 17340:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17236:, Cambridge University Press, 17233:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra 17193:. Princeton University Press. 17151:. Princeton University Press. 16969:. Vol. 3. Brill Academic. 16884:. Princeton University Press. 16863:. University of Hawaii Press. 16295:The Cultural Heritage of India 15407:. Concept Publishing Company. 14746:, Oxford University, pages 1-7 14372:. BRILL Academic. p. 60. 13746:Contributions to Asian Studies 13310:. Springer. pp. 402–408. 12697:John Myrdhin Reynolds (1996). 12661:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–61. 12404:. Penguin Books. p. 206. 12277:Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72. 11420:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 11272:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). 11233:Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (2002). 10736:Munavalli, Somashekar (2007). 10486:Christopher Partridge (2013). 10103:Edward L. Shaughnessy (2009). 9631:Ganguli, Kalyan Kumar (1988). 9619:The World of the Skandapurāṇa, 9217:, No. 227 (July 2012); page 11 9183:, Cambridge University Press, 8707:. January 2012. Archived from 7636: 7588: 7440: 7204:traditions. It was founded by 7026: 6668: 6521:. The tradition experienced a 5767:Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism, 5466:Vedas and Principal Upanishads 4803: 4374:Some trace the origins to the 4366:The "Pashupati" seal from the 814:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 13: 1: 16647:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). 16642:. Cambridge University Press. 16464:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), 16455:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), 15805:. MOCA Bangkok. p. 222. 15766:. Penguin Books. p. 24. 15401:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). 14989:Elements of Hindu Iconography 14931:Elements of Hindu Iconography 13749:. Brill Academic. p. 5. 13487:, pp. 15–16, 43–45, 118. 13283:David Peter Lawrence (2012), 12953:, pp. 1–7, 29–37, 44–49. 11972:. The Adyar Library, Madras. 10876:Frederick J. Simoons (1998). 10603:Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). 10531:. Routledge. pp. 65–71. 10401:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). 9512:, Columbia University Press, 8974:or monotheistic, monistic or 8458: 7506: 7474: 6428:(supernatural abilities) and 6262:, is particularly popular in 5850: 4899:Caves of the Thousand Buddhas 4620:(c. 320–500 CE) the genre of 3870:Other society-related topics: 1566:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 18617:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 17506: 17432:History of Indian Literature 17430:Winternitz, Maurice (1972). 17215:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 17118:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism 17115:Parmeshwaranand, S. (2004). 17044:Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). 16901:The Encyclopedia of Religion 16829:Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13". 16482:Courtright, Paul B. (1985). 16233:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). 16059: 15897:Geoffrey Waring Maw (1997). 15561:Christiaan Hooykaas (1974). 15481:. Rosen Publishing. p. 14986:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 14928:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 13188:, pp. 260–262, 329–333. 12487:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 12302:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 12177:, pp. 663–670, 690–693. 11676:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11604:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11531:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11458:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11039:Matthew James Clark (2006). 10812:The Journal of Hindu Studies 10379:, pp. 660–663, 681–690. 10325:, pp. 205–207, 215–221. 9404:Pāṇini: A Survey of Research 9181:Deciphering the Indus Script 8671:, pages 31–34 with footnotes 8352:Vasugupta is claimed by two 7725: 7345:on its right and a standing 6833: 5093:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 5090:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 4913: 4872:district of Andhra Pradesh. 4477:", a possibly kushan deity. 4271:, as an epithet for several 3981:Hinduism and other religions 2778:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 17387:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), 17356:Tattwananda, Swami (1984), 16781:. Oxford University Press. 16714:. Oxford University Press. 16672:An Introduction to Hinduism 16485: 16410:, Oxford University Press, 16404:Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), 15939:Tagore at Home in the World 15290:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 15248:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 14409:An Introduction to Hinduism 13881:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 13099:Winternitz, p. 588, note 1. 12951:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000 11771:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11640:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11236:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy 11045:. Brill. pp. 177–225. 10843:. Lantern. pp. 27–36. 10711:Overview Of World Religions 9660:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 9530:Michael W. Meister (1984). 9499:, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9 9150:, Oxford University Press, 9117: 8806:. Himalayan Academy. 2009. 8367: 8245: 7272: 7023:(half Shiva, half Vishnu). 6932: 6592:in the early 10th century. 6487:) and the initiating Guru. 6373: 6367: 6285: 5960: 5532: 5526: 5492: 5432:Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000 5337:5. Negative/cognitive proof 5010: 4526: 4512: 4504: 4392: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4252: 4138: 3726:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3698:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1431:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1375:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1370:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 20434: 20408:Theistic Indian philosophy 17336:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). 16985:Hinduism: Past and Present 16739:Ganapati: Song of the Self 16225: 16124:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 15168:. Routledge. p. 303. 15123:Frank Burch Brown (2014). 15024:Gomathi Narayanan (1986), 14317:. Manager of Publications. 13418:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 13285:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 12975:Rohan A. Dunuwila (1985). 12852:, pp. 14–22, 257–258. 11902:Ganapati: Song of the Self 11379:Olivelle, Patrick (1998). 11183:Sanderson, Alexis (2013). 10659:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 10249:Hinduism: Past and Present 9744:David N. Lorenzen (1972). 9658:"Vaishnavism: an overview" 8804:"Introduction to Hinduism" 8169:) of infiniteness, as per 7359: 6672: 6599: 6494: 5535: 5529: 5403:Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, 5397:champions householder life 5360:Advaita, qualified advaita 5335:4. Postulation, derivation 4439: 4355: 4246:Etymology and nomenclature 3602:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2287:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2223:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1411:Uparati (self-settledness) 20297: 20124: 20089: 19915: 19850: 19757: 19684: 19677: 19576: 19479: 19470: 19378: 19264: 19221: 19188: 19106: 19080: 19052: 19043: 19022: 19013: 19002: 18921: 18790: 18781: 18760: 18582: 18524:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 18514: 18440: 18402: 18364: 18356:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 18326: 18288: 18250: 18222: 18154: 18116: 18061: 17988: 17950: 17912: 17874: 17865: 17835:Festivals and observances 17834: 17771: 17691: 17675:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 17643: 17632: 17525: 17514: 17441:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao, 17230:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 17002:R. Blake Michael (1992). 16878:Stella Kramrisch (1993). 16842:. New York: Grove Press. 16554:Daniélou, Alain (1984) . 16323:10.1163/9789004432802_003 15844:12 September 2016 at the 15475:James Lochtefeld (2002). 15031:28 September 2018 at the 14735:Alexis Sanderson (1999), 13778:. Routledge. p. 83. 13304:Stanley D. Brunn (2015). 12850:Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971 11202:10.1163/15728536-13560308 10043:10.1017/s0035869x00166134 9843:Alexis Sanderson (2014), 9604:10.1163/15728536-05904001 9508:Stephen Phillips (2009), 9481:10.1017/S0041977X00146531 7349:(Hindu Sun god) on left. 7208:and further developed by 7132:example, the Shaiva text 6169:Srikantha, influenced by 5903:Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga 5725:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad 5333:3. Comparison and analogy 4376:Indus Valley civilization 4368:Indus Valley civilisation 4352:Indus Valley Civilisation 4261: 4184:second-largest Hindu sect 4127: 2768:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1426:Samadhana (concentration) 1290:Three paths to liberation 797:Tribal religions in India 782:Historical Vedic religion 777:Indus Valley Civilisation 37: 19369:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 18700:Kamphaeng Phet province 18686:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 18652:Sivan temple (Singapore) 18622:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 18597:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 18094:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 17654:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 17409:Venugopalam, R. (2003). 17166:A. K. Ramanujan (1973). 16911:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16775:Ariel Glucklich (2008). 16737:Grimes, John A. (1995). 16599:Daniélou, Alain (1987). 16161:Indira Peterson (1982), 16148:Indira Peterson (1983), 14972:15 February 2017 at the 14269:Hariani Santiko (1997), 13530:, pp. 169–170, 308. 12559:, pp. 664, 667–668. 11898:Grimes, John A. (1995). 11150:. Concept. p. 375. 11144:Rajendra Prasad (2008). 9827:23 November 2019 at the 9207:20 December 2016 at the 8874:27 February 2017 at the 8282: 7054:Shaivism iconography in 6405:Tantra Diksha traditions 6306:By the 7th century, the 6014:into the fifth stage of 6004:Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā 5875:of the Shaiva monks and 5434:Bali and SE Asia = Many 5413: 4547:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4174:. It considers both the 1602:, sacrifice, and charity 19448:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 18647:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 18627:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 18602:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 18592:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 18384:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 18351:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 17456:Encyclopædia Britannica 17321:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17094:Die Religion des Rgveda 17008:. Motilal Banarsidass. 16983:Michaels, Axel (2004). 16941:Lipner, Julius (2012). 16914:. Infobase Publishing. 15799:Jack M. Clontz (2016). 15547:10 October 2016 at the 14742:19 October 2016 at the 14502:James C. Harle (1994). 14405:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 14060:9 February 2020 at the 13942:Edward P. Rice (1982). 13816:. Brill Archive. 1981. 13729:2 February 2017 at the 13657:, pp. 99–104, 218. 13565:Mark Singleton (2010). 13059:see: Flood (1996), 131. 12736:Braj B. Kachru (1981). 11000:McDaniel, June (2004). 10649:, page 332 with note 68 10453:. Bloomsbury Academic. 9980:Heather Elgood (2000). 9941:Heather Elgood (2000). 9401:George Cardona (1997). 9351:Laura Giuliano (2004). 9200:Loeschner, Hans (2012) 9010:The Essence of Hinduism 8413:Bhatta Narayanakantha, 8123:(Sanskrit: क्षेत्र). A 7259:Indian classical dances 6950:Shiva is a part of the 6913:empire and pre-Islamic 6705:Lingayatism emphasizes 6595: 6242:(lord, Shiva), and the 6238:(individual Self), the 6191:Tiruvannamalai district 5730:After the 10th century 5636:Dakshinamurti Upanishad 5619:Kalagni Rudra Upanishad 5581:Atharvashikha Upanishad 5564:Atharvashiras Upanishad 5551:Shiva, Atman, Brahman, 5503:Shaiva minor Upanishads 5405:champions monastic life 5282:Brahman (Vishnu), Atman 4888:temple, Yoni-Linga and 4847:The 7th to 8th-century 4795:of Advaita Vedanta and 3775:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2988:Timeline of Hindu texts 2893:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1926:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1581:Śabda (word, testimony) 819:Epic-Puranic chronology 787:Dravidian folk religion 20418:Monotheistic religions 19423:Eighteen Greater Texts 17975:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 17140:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17136:Pathak, V. S. (1960). 16833:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 16126:The Samnyasa Upanisads 15721:Fredrik Barth (1993). 14886:Saroj Panthey (1987). 14276:22 August 2018 at the 13616:Romila Thapar (2008). 13499:, pp. 7–8, 17–32. 13437:Jaideva Singh (1982). 12802:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12775:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12484:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11931:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11848:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11823:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11673:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11601:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11528:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11455:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11412:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11337:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 10661:The Samnyasa Upanisads 10609:. Rodopi. p. 63. 10246:Axel Michaels (2004). 10076:S. J. Vainker (1990). 9105:: Flood (1996), p. 29. 8999:, Academic Press, 2008 8420: 7392:Temples and pilgrimage 7382:Bhairavapadmavatikalpa 7224:Hindu performance arts 7220: 7158: 6929: 6822: 6821:in a Vajrayana temple. 6684: 6614: 6506: 6303: 6213: 5951: 5867: 5704:Bhasmajabala Upanishad 5687:Rudrahridaya Upanishad 5598:Brihajjabala Upanishad 5486: 5437: 4978: 4893: 4852: 4686: 4681:, 7th–8th century CE. 4657:Post-Gupta development 4613: 4478: 4371: 4345: 4214:Vedic-Brahmanical fold 4142:) is one of the major 3740:Eighteen Greater Texts 3369:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2798:Krishnananda Saraswati 2042:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1556:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1416:Titiksha (forbearance) 20176:Hindu gurus and sants 19428:Eighteen Lesser Texts 18672:Thewasathan Bot Phram 18642:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 18379:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 18346:Silver/Velli, Madurai 17970:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 17261:The World's Religions 17092:Oberlies, T. (1998). 16668:Flood, Gavin (1996). 16378:10.1163/9789004384361 16169:30 March 2017 at the 15975:Diana L. Eck (1998). 15760:Roshen Dalal (2010). 15428:Lee, Junghee (1993). 15329:Peter Harvey (1990). 14637:Stella Kramrisch 1993 14485:28 March 2017 at the 14438:Diana L. Eck (1998). 14064:, Pew Research (2012) 13930:R. Blake Michael 1992 13884:. Gale. p. 475. 13528:Jones & Ryan 2006 13423:12 March 2017 at the 13290:12 March 2017 at the 13186:Alexis Sanderson 2010 13014:Julia Leslie (1992). 12963:Jones & Ryan 2006 12870:18 March 2017 at the 12444:, pp. 349—462 in the 12398:Roshen Dalal (2010). 11313:, pp. 11, 51–52. 10915:K. Sivaraman (1973). 10771:Prem Prakash (1998). 10147:17 April 2019 at the 9887:Alexis Sanderson 2004 9617:Bakker, Hans (2014). 8563:Jones & Ryan 2006 8385: 8140:deals primarily with 8130:Many of the historic 8116:and nearby regions). 7218: 7156: 6923: 6816: 6682: 6609: 6504: 6377:), the author of the 6293: 6204: 5934: 5860:Kauai Hindu monastery 5858: 5764:About 7th century CE 5759:Pancabrahma Upanishad 5747:16th or 17th century 5670:Akshamalika Upanishad 5476: 5418: 5339:6. Reliable testimony 5326:3. Reliable testimony 5319:3. Reliable testimony 5310:3. Reliable testimony 5285:Brahman (Devi), Atman 4976: 4957:(feminine energy) or 4936:Beliefs and practices 4883: 4846: 4784:(Kailasha, cave 16), 4664: 4611: 4453: 4436:Emergence of Shaivism 4365: 4343: 4202:formation of Hinduism 3856:Varna-related topics: 3747:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3320:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2216:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2202:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2134:Philosophical schools 1436:Ahamkara (attachment) 1396:Vairagya (dispassion) 1324:Mokṣa-related topics: 20166:Anti-Hindu sentiment 18657:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 18612:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 18607:Iraivan temple (USA) 18389:Chidambaram (Ether) 18366:Panchabhuta Sthalams 17952:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 17391:The Presence of Śiva 17270:Essais sur le Rituel 17121:. Sarup & Sons. 16974:Mate, M. S. (1988). 16881:The Presence of Siva 15877:Ariel Glucklich 2008 15084:David Smith (2003). 15048:Indian Art in Detail 14795:Lise McKean (1996). 14514:–142, 191, 201–203. 14129:Gavin Flood (2008). 14101:"Shaivism in Tamils" 13981:Bill Aitken (1999). 13918:A. K. Ramanujan 1973 13772:Aya Ikegame (2013). 13724:Lingayat: Hindu sect 13548:4 March 2017 at the 13130:Gavin Flood (2007). 12884:Parmeshwaranand 2004 12655:Gavin Flood (2006). 12611:Guy L. Beck (1995). 12038:7 March 2017 at the 11189:Indo-Iranian Journal 9845:The Saiva Literature 9590:Indo-Iranian Journal 9214:Sino-Platonic Papers 9179:Asko Parpola(2009), 9015:24 July 2015 at the 8032:class=notpageimage| 7121:Sauraism (Sun deity) 6565:and his ideas about 6173:, formulated Shaiva 5885:) and householders ( 5522:Shaivism Upanishads 5442:The Saiva Literature 5400:Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga 5231:Recommends, Optional 5222:Recommends, Optional 5099:Vedas and Upanishads 5096:Vedas and Upanishads 5087:Scriptural authority 5073:Vaishnava Traditions 4704:. But following the 4469:state and next to a 3988:Hinduism and Jainism 2918:Vethathiri Maharishi 2823:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1391:Viveka (discernment) 766:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 225:Siddhanta Shikhamani 185:Scriptures and texts 20413:Hindu denominations 20272:Hinduism by country 19438:Iraiyanar Akapporul 19398:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 18637:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 18442:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 18394:Srikalahasthi (Air) 18374:Kanchipuram (Earth) 18290:Pancharama Kshetras 17980:Kanchipuram (Earth) 17965:Tirukalahasti (Air) 17960:Chidambaram (Ether) 17661:Shivarahasya Purana 17272:. Louvain: Peeters. 16838:Keay, John (2000). 16758:The Roots of Tantra 16653:. Clarendon Press. 16521:Motilal Banarsidass 16095:B Sarawati (1985). 16019:B Sarawati (1985). 15660:, pp. 245–249. 15648:, pp. 245–246. 15636:, pp. 243–244. 14863:17 May 2017 at the 14663:, pp. 319–333. 14627:, pp. 319–320. 13984:Divining the Deccan 13932:, pp. 168–175. 13518:, pp. 407–421. 13347:. D.K. Printworld. 13203:, pp. 671–673. 13161:, pp. 124–125. 13117:Tattwananda, p. 56. 13090:Tattwananda, p. 55. 12965:, pp. 375–376. 12941:, pp. 668–669. 12739:Kashmiri Literature 12601:, pp. 662–663. 12547:, pp. 667–668. 12474:, pp. 665–666. 12376:, pp. 124–129. 12352:, pp. 120–123. 12289:, pp. 140–141. 12206:, pp. 664–665. 12189:, pp. 660–663. 12138:, pp. 154–162. 11968:Sastri, AM (1950). 11223:, pp. 223–224. 10564:Lai Ah Eng (2008). 10367:, pp. 210–213. 10355:, pp. 208–209. 10340:, pp. 221–223. 10313:, pp. 206–207. 10292:, pp. 660–704. 10218:James Boon (1977). 9889:, pp. 349–352. 9874:, pp. 230–249. 9797:, pp. 206–214. 9785:, pp. 212–213. 9466:, pp. 153–154. 9244:South Asian Studies 9114:For translation of 9092:, pp. 204–205. 9037:Tattwananda, p. 54. 8751:, pp. 208–214. 8739:, p. 1, 66-70. 8714:on 20 October 2013. 8623:, pp. 202–204. 8580:, pp. 162–167. 8262:History of Shaivism 8257:Hindu denominations 8227:Sannyasa Upanishads 7243:Badami cave temples 7125:The sun god called 7007:architecture, from 6788:Jammu & Kashmir 6758:and the shastras." 6752:Palkuriki Somanatha 6726:Vijayanagara Empire 5586:1st millennium BCE 5569:1st millennium BCE 5548:1st millennium BCE 5523: 5440:—Alexis Sanderson, 5430:South India = 8,600 5424:(post-8th century) 5064: 4770:Badami cave temples 4760:, including in the 4758:Indian subcontinent 4583:Alexander the Great 4336:Origins and history 4170:non-theism such as 4046:Hinduism portal 3925:Hinduism by country 3761:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3705:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2788:Dayananda Saraswati 2773:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2679:Sripada Srivallabha 2619:Raghunatha Siromani 2584:Narasimha Saraswati 1561:Anumāṇa (inference) 671:Hinduism portal 34: 18690:Sukhothai province 18079:Kailash Mansarovar 17784:Pashupata Shaivism 17762:Hara Hara Mahadeva 17468:Alexis sanderson, 17365:Vasugupta (1992). 17281:. 90/91: 349–462. 16607:Rochester, Vermont 16562:Rochester, Vermont 16316:, pp. 14–32, 16072:Vivekananda Vol. 4 13604:Muller-Ortega 2010 13497:Muller-Ortega 2010 13485:Muller-Ortega 2010 12902:, pp. 209–210 12448:90—91 (2003—2004). 12386:Muller-Ortega 2010 11958:, p. 187-188. 11798:Beck, Guy (1995). 11724:AM Sastri (2001). 11714:, p. 274-286. 10824:10.1093/jhs/hit028 10447:Jan Gonda (1970). 10404:Hindu Spirituality 8843:Macdonell, p. 314. 7280:Seto Machindranath 7221: 7159: 7134:Srikanthiyasamhita 6930: 6823: 6685: 6615: 6582:Vajrayana Buddhism 6529:and his students. 6507: 6304: 6300:Karaikkal Ammaiyar 6214: 5952: 5927:Pashupata Atimargi 5868: 5742:Ganapati Upanishad 5661:Shiva as Sharabha 5653:Sharabha Upanishad 5543:Kaivalya Upanishad 5521: 5395:Videhamukti, Yoga, 5062: 4979: 4894: 4853: 4838:Paramesvarasamhita 4712:circa 500 CE, the 4687: 4614: 4479: 4372: 4346: 4290:The Sanskrit word 4231:in these regions. 3940:Caribbean Shaktism 3659:Kanakadhara Stotra 2908:U. G. Krishnamurti 2888:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2484:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2142:Six Astika schools 1386:Ānanda (happiness) 1365:Anātman (non-self) 442:Non - Saiddhantika 32: 20344: 20343: 20120: 20119: 19673: 19672: 19466: 19465: 19380:Sangam literature 19336:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 19184: 19183: 19000: 18999: 18709: 18708: 18341:Gold/Pon, Thillai 18224:Trilinga Kshetras 18182: 18181: 18112: 18111: 17378:978-0-7914-1264-0 17347:978-81-208-0544-6 17328:978-81-208-1569-8 17243:978-0-521-69534-3 17200:978-1-4008-6090-6 17179:978-0-14-044270-0 17158:978-1-4008-6006-7 17128:978-81-7625-427-4 17055:978-0-7914-3696-7 17036:978-1-4384-1385-3 17015:978-81-208-0776-1 16994:978-0-691-08953-9 16954:978-1-135-24061-5 16921:978-0-8160-7564-5 16891:978-0-691-01930-7 16870:978-0-8248-2779-3 16849:978-0-8021-3797-5 16809:978-9-8123-0937-2 16788:978-0-19-971825-2 16767:978-0-7914-5306-3 16748:978-0-7914-2440-7 16683:978-0-521-43878-0 16660:978-0-19-826523-8 16620:978-1-59477-736-3 16530:978-81-208-3638-9 16498:978-0-19-505742-3 16475:978-81-208-0053-3 16388:978-90-04-38246-6 16343:978-90-04-43266-6 16283:978-81-206-0122-2 16264:978-0-19-507349-2 16244:978-81-208-0567-5 16210:, pp. 11–12. 16135:978-0-19-507045-3 15988:978-0-231-11265-9 15949:978-81-321-1149-8 15910:978-1-85072-190-1 15812:978-1-78301-872-7 15773:978-0-14-341517-6 15734:978-0-226-03834-6 15695:978-602-17669-3-4 15414:978-81-8069-457-8 15375:978-0-8122-4560-8 15348:978-0-521-31333-9 15303:978-0-674-39189-5 15261:978-0-674-39189-5 15217:978-0-521-66369-4 15175:978-0-415-97361-8 15136:978-0-19-517667-4 15097:978-0-521-52865-8 15058:978-0-674-02691-9 14999:978-81-208-0877-5 14941:978-81-208-0877-5 14899:978-81-7099-016-1 14836:, pp. 96–97. 14808:978-0-226-56009-0 14769:978-81-208-3232-9 14722:978-81-208-1706-7 14587:978-81-246-0262-1 14521:978-0-300-06217-5 14451:978-0-231-11265-9 14424:978-0-521-43878-0 14226:978-81-206-0444-5 14177:978-0-415-45677-7 14142:978-0-470-99868-7 13994:978-0-19-564711-2 13955:978-81-206-0063-8 13891:978-0-684-80617-4 13785:978-1-136-23909-0 13629:978-0-14-306468-8 13606:, pp. 36–38. 13578:978-0-19-974598-2 13450:978-81-208-0323-7 13382:, pp. 16–17. 13354:978-81-246-0414-4 13317:978-94-017-9376-6 13250:978-0-7914-0180-4 13227:, pp. 45–47. 13027:978-81-208-1036-5 12988:978-0-89581-675-7 12815:978-0-52029-301-4 12788:978-0-52029-301-4 12749:978-3-447-02129-6 12710:978-1-55939-868-8 12668:978-1-84511-011-6 12624:978-81-208-1261-1 12497:978-81-208-1467-7 12411:978-0-14-341517-6 12388:, pp. 31–38. 12321:978-0-8239-3180-4 12150:, pp. 16–21. 12124:978-81-208-0407-4 12107:978-0-691-60308-7 12090:978-0-7914-0347-1 12073:978-81-208-0784-6 12056:978-90-420-1510-4 12029:978-0-7914-3068-2 11884:978-0-88920-158-3 11285:978-0-88706-431-9 11246:978-81-208-1892-7 11157:978-81-8069-544-5 11118:978-0-7914-2706-4 11052:978-90-04-15211-3 11013:978-0-19-534713-5 10928:978-81-208-1771-5 10889:978-0-299-15904-7 10850:978-1-59056-281-9 10784:978-0-89281-664-4 10694:978-0-521-43878-0 10577:978-981-230-754-5 10538:978-1-134-15774-7 10499:978-0-8006-9970-3 10460:978-1-4742-8080-8 10414:978-88-7652-818-7 10391:, pp. 17–18. 10192:978-981-4519-06-9 10116:978-1-4358-5617-2 10089:978-0-7141-1447-7 9993:978-0-304-70739-3 9954:978-0-304-70739-3 9912:978-0-520-28847-8 9757:978-0-520-01842-6 9703:978-94-93194-00-7 9656:Dandekar (1977). 9642:978-81-85067-10-0 9543:978-0-8122-7909-2 9518:978-0-231-14485-8 9414:978-81-208-1494-3 9329:, pp. 70–71. 9156:978-0-19-539534-1 9134:, pp. 28–29. 9058:, p. 66-106. 8968:978-0-415-45677-7 8689:978-81-208-0595-8 8669:978-88-7652-818-7 8643:978-0-521-48234-9 8604:978-81-208-1892-7 8473:, pp. 15–16. 8302:(illustration of 8277:Kashmiri Shaivism 8252:Chaturdasa Devata 7143:Vathula-Kalottara 7086:, but it praises 6960:Panchayatana puja 6557:) framework. The 6541:and 11th century 6527:Swami Lakshmanjoo 6110:) and pleasures ( 5998:by Kaudinya, the 5794: 5793: 5555:, Self-knowledge 5530:Composition date 5527:Shaiva Upanishad 5411: 5410: 5141:Brahman principle 5079:Smarta Traditions 5076:Shakta Traditions 5070:Shaiva Traditions 4925:Siwa (shaivaites) 4920:Balinese Hinduism 4630:Smarta Traditions 4590:Pāśupata Shaivism 4172:Kashmiri Shaivism 4146:, which worships 4136: 4082: 4081: 3933:Balinese Hinduism 3432:Markandeya Purana 2669:Satyanatha Tirtha 2624:Raghuttama Tirtha 2614:Raghavendra Swami 2459:Ramdas Kathiababa 1540:Sources of dharma 1406:Dama (temperance) 1401:Sama (equanimity) 767: 705: 704: 52: 51: 16:(Redirected from 20425: 20385: 20384: 20373: 20372: 20371: 20361: 20360: 20359: 20352: 20334: 20333: 20324: 20314: 20313: 20303: 20302: 20213:Pilgrimage sites 19967:Ganesh Chaturthi 19682: 19681: 19477: 19476: 19458:Vedarthasamgraha 19453:Vinayagar Agaval 19418:Five Great Epics 19393:Divya Prabandham 19306:Minor Upanishads 19050: 19049: 19020: 19019: 19008: 19007: 18788: 18787: 18754: 18746: 18736: 18729: 18722: 18713: 18712: 18696:Hx Phar Ishvaran 18480:Kashi Vishvanath 18209: 18202: 18195: 18186: 18185: 18172: 18162: 18161: 17872: 17871: 17816:Siddha Siddhanta 17779:Shaiva Siddhanta 17706:Om Namah Shivaya 17638: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17478: 17477: 17435: 17426: 17405: 17394: 17382: 17361: 17351: 17332: 17311: 17290: 17273: 17264: 17255: 17246: 17226: 17204: 17183: 17169:Speaking of Śiva 17162: 17141: 17132: 17111: 17105: 17097: 17088: 17065:Social Scientist 17059: 17040: 17019: 16998: 16979: 16970: 16963:Mallinson, James 16958: 16937: 16935: 16933: 16904: 16895: 16874: 16853: 16840:India: A History 16834: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16792: 16771: 16752: 16733: 16706: 16687: 16675: 16664: 16643: 16632: 16611:Inner Traditions 16595: 16566:Inner Traditions 16550: 16502: 16488: 16478: 16460: 16451: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16399: 16380: 16369:Brill Publishers 16354: 16335: 16325: 16314:Brill Publishers 16299: 16287: 16268: 16248: 16220: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16199: 16196: 16190: 16184: 16175: 16159: 16153: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16121: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16092: 16086: 16085:, pp. 92–95 16083:Venugopalam 2003 16080: 16074: 16069: 16063: 16057: 16051: 16045: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16016: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15894: 15888: 15874: 15865: 15855: 15849: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15824: 15796: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15707: 15676: 15670: 15667: 15661: 15655: 15649: 15643: 15637: 15631: 15625: 15619: 15613: 15607: 15594: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15558: 15552: 15540:Rk Sahu (2011), 15538: 15532: 15529: 15523: 15512: 15506: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15472: 15466: 15465: 15440:(3/4): 311–357. 15425: 15419: 15418: 15398: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15387: 15359: 15353: 15352: 15336: 15326: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15287: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15273: 15245: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15202:Nicholas Tarling 15198: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15187: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15148: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15081: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15042: 15036: 15022: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15011: 14983: 14977: 14964: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14925: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14911: 14883: 14877: 14874: 14868: 14855: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14831: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14820: 14792: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14781: 14753: 14747: 14733: 14727: 14726: 14710: 14697: 14691: 14685: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14646: 14640: 14634: 14628: 14622: 14616: 14610: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14599: 14571: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14560: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14509: 14499: 14490: 14477: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14435: 14429: 14428: 14412: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14391: 14364:Gudrun Bühnemann 14360: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14334: 14328: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14308: 14302: 14299: 14293: 14290: 14281: 14267: 14261: 14258: 14252: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14238: 14210: 14204: 14201:Chakravarti 1986 14198: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14169:Julius J. Lipner 14166: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14126: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14071: 14065: 14052: 14046: 14040: 14031: 14020: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13875: 13869: 13858: 13852: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13769: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13758: 13740: 13734: 13721: 13710: 13699: 13693: 13692: 13664: 13658: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13562: 13553: 13540: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13434: 13428: 13415: 13406: 13403: 13392: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13358: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13301: 13295: 13281: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13234: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13210: 13204: 13198: 13189: 13183: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13127: 13118: 13115: 13109: 13106: 13100: 13097: 13091: 13088: 13082: 13079: 13073: 13066: 13060: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13011: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12925: 12918: 12912: 12909: 12903: 12897: 12891: 12881: 12875: 12865:Shaiva Siddhanta 12862: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12694: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12652: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12566: 12560: 12554: 12548: 12542: 12531: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12481: 12475: 12469: 12458: 12455: 12449: 12438:Alexis Sanderson 12434: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12309: 12299: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12235: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12201: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12126:, pages 252, 259 12116: 12110: 12099: 12093: 12082: 12076: 12065: 12059: 12048: 12042: 12021: 12012: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11965: 11959: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11905: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11598: 11592: 11581: 11575: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11525: 11519: 11508: 11502: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11386: 11376: 11370: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11334: 11323: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 10997: 10991: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10751: 10744: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10703: 10697: 10686: 10675: 10674: 10656: 10650: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10444: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10341: 10335: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10293: 10287: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10243: 10234: 10233: 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10152: 10139: 10133: 10132:, p. 21-25. 10127: 10121: 10120: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10005: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9938: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9875: 9869: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9841: 9832: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9741: 9735: 9732:Tattwananda 1984 9729: 9723: 9717: 9708: 9707: 9687: 9676: 9675: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9628: 9622: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9581: 9575: 9574:, pp. 6–20. 9569: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9527: 9521: 9506: 9500: 9489: 9483: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9452: 9446: 9435:, pages 301–304; 9425: 9419: 9418: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9348: 9342: 9339:Chakravarti 1986 9336: 9330: 9327:Chakravarti 1994 9324: 9318: 9317:, p. 66-69. 9315:Chakravarti 1986 9312: 9306: 9303:Chakravarti 1986 9300: 9291: 9285: 9276: 9273:Chakravarti 1986 9270: 9264: 9258: 9247: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9218: 9198: 9192: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9068: 9065: 9059: 9056:Chakravarti 1986 9053: 9047: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9029: 9026: 9020: 9006: 9000: 8989: 8983: 8960:Julius J. Lipner 8957: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8902:, p. 21-23. 8900:Chakravarti 1994 8897: 8891: 8890:, p. 21-22. 8888:Chakravarti 1994 8885: 8879: 8865: 8856: 8853:Chakravarti 1994 8850: 8844: 8841: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8737:Chakravarti 1986 8734: 8728: 8727:, p. 66-70. 8725:Chakravarti 1986 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8706: 8698: 8692: 8681: 8672: 8661: 8646: 8635: 8624: 8618: 8607: 8596: 8581: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8514: 8505: 8502:Chakravarti 1986 8499: 8493: 8487: 8474: 8468: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8382: 8376: 8373:Chakravarti 1994 8370: 8363: 8357: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8335: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8296: 8272:Shaiva Siddhanta 8232:Jabala Upanishad 8142:Tirtha Mahatmyas 8018: 8017: 8002: 8001: 7986: 7985: 7970: 7969: 7954: 7953: 7936: 7935: 7918: 7917: 7900: 7899: 7882: 7881: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7856: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7823: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7744: 7743: 7728: 7727: 7712: 7711: 7696: 7695: 7687: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7664: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7639: 7638: 7623: 7622: 7607: 7606: 7591: 7590: 7573: 7572: 7557: 7556: 7541: 7540: 7525: 7524: 7509: 7508: 7493: 7492: 7477: 7476: 7461: 7460: 7443: 7442: 7427: 7426: 7409: 7408: 7402: 7316: 7305: 7048: 7039: 6952:Smarta Tradition 6946:Smarta Tradition 6792:Himachal Pradesh 6707:qualified monism 6519:Kashmiri Pandits 6510:Kashmir Shaivism 6497:Kashmir Shaivism 6491:Kashmir Shaivism 6376: 6370: 6260:Shaiva Siddhanta 6197:Shaiva Siddhanta 6183:Appayya Dikshita 6078: 6069: 6008:Rāśikara-bhāshya 5994:(commentary) on 5963: 5818:theistic dualism 5780:Jabali Upanishad 5524: 5495: 5484: 5444: 5118:None (Considers 5065: 5061: 5013: 4683:Hermitage Museum 4669:, worshipped in 4604:Puranic Shaivism 4531: 4515: 4507: 4395: 4301: 4295: 4273:Rigvedic deities 4263: 4255: 4223:. It arrived in 4194:Shaiva Siddhanta 4160:Shaiva Siddhanta 4156:dualistic theism 4144:Hindu traditions 4141: 4139:Śaivasampradāyaḥ 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4004:and Christianity 3974:Pilgrimage sites 3904:Reform movements 3782:Vinayagar Agaval 3733:Five Great Epics 3682:Tamil literature 3581:Sushruta Samhita 3376:Bhavishya Purana 3362:Brahmanda Purana 3313:Bhagavata Purana 3241:Other scriptures 2803:Mahavatar Babaji 2383:Satyakama Jabala 2054:Ganesh Chaturthi 1908:Rites of passage 1421:Shraddha (faith) 839:Major traditions 765: 730: 707: 706: 697: 690: 683: 669: 668: 667: 448:Kashmir Shaivism 242:Three Components 77: 54: 53: 42: 35: 31: 21: 20433: 20432: 20428: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20423: 20422: 20393: 20392: 20391: 20379: 20369: 20367: 20357: 20355: 20347: 20345: 20340: 20307: 20293: 20116: 20085: 20076:Vasant Panchami 20010:Pahela Baishakh 19992:Makar Sankranti 19911: 19846: 19753: 19669: 19572: 19462: 19443:Abhirami Antati 19413:Kamba Ramayanam 19374: 19260: 19217: 19180: 19102: 19076: 19039: 19009: 18996: 18980:Vishishtadvaita 18917: 18777: 18756: 18740: 18710: 18705: 18578: 18510: 18482: 18436: 18398: 18360: 18322: 18284: 18275:Madhyamaheshwar 18246: 18218: 18213: 18183: 18178: 18150: 18108: 18104:Vadakkum Nathan 18057: 17984: 17946: 17908: 17899:Madhyamaheshwar 17861: 17847:Maha Shivaratri 17830: 17767: 17720:Mahāmrityunjaya 17687: 17639: 17630: 17587:Ardhanarishvara 17521: 17510: 17505: 17451: 17439: 17423: 17403: 17379: 17352:Second edition. 17348: 17329: 17308: 17244: 17223: 17201: 17180: 17159: 17129: 17099: 17098: 17077:10.2307/3518337 17056: 17037: 17016: 16995: 16955: 16931: 16929: 16922: 16892: 16871: 16850: 16819: 16817: 16810: 16789: 16768: 16749: 16730: 16703: 16684: 16661: 16621: 16576: 16531: 16507:Daniélou, Alain 16499: 16476: 16417: 16415: 16389: 16344: 16284: 16265: 16245: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16214: 16208:Kramrisch 1994a 16206: 16202: 16197: 16193: 16187:Kramrisch 1994a 16185: 16178: 16171:Wayback Machine 16160: 16156: 16147: 16143: 16136: 16122: 16118: 16108: 16106: 16093: 16089: 16081: 16077: 16070: 16066: 16058: 16054: 16048:Lochtefeld 2002 16046: 16042: 16032: 16030: 16017: 16008: 15998: 15996: 15989: 15973: 15969: 15959: 15957: 15950: 15934: 15930: 15920: 15918: 15911: 15895: 15891: 15879:, p. 146, 15875: 15868: 15856: 15852: 15846:Wayback Machine 15836: 15832: 15822: 15820: 15813: 15797: 15793: 15783: 15781: 15774: 15758: 15754: 15744: 15742: 15735: 15724:Balinese Worlds 15719: 15715: 15705: 15703: 15696: 15677: 15673: 15668: 15664: 15656: 15652: 15644: 15640: 15632: 15628: 15620: 15616: 15608: 15597: 15588: 15584: 15574: 15572: 15559: 15555: 15549:Wayback Machine 15539: 15535: 15530: 15526: 15513: 15509: 15504: 15500: 15493: 15473: 15469: 15446:10.2307/3250524 15426: 15422: 15415: 15399: 15395: 15385: 15383: 15376: 15360: 15356: 15349: 15327: 15323: 15313: 15311: 15304: 15288: 15281: 15271: 15269: 15262: 15246: 15237: 15227: 15225: 15218: 15199: 15195: 15185: 15183: 15176: 15160: 15156: 15146: 15144: 15137: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15098: 15082: 15078: 15068: 15066: 15059: 15043: 15039: 15033:Wayback Machine 15023: 15019: 15009: 15007: 15000: 14984: 14980: 14974:Wayback Machine 14965: 14961: 14951: 14949: 14942: 14926: 14919: 14909: 14907: 14900: 14884: 14880: 14875: 14871: 14865:Wayback Machine 14858:Nath Sampradaya 14856: 14852: 14848:, pp. 7–8. 14844: 14840: 14832: 14828: 14818: 14816: 14809: 14793: 14789: 14779: 14777: 14770: 14754: 14750: 14744:Wayback Machine 14737:YOGA IN ŚAIVISM 14734: 14730: 14723: 14698: 14694: 14686: 14679: 14673:Kramrisch 1994a 14671: 14667: 14659: 14655: 14647: 14643: 14635: 14631: 14623: 14619: 14611: 14607: 14597: 14595: 14588: 14572: 14568: 14558: 14556: 14549: 14533: 14529: 14522: 14500: 14493: 14487:Wayback Machine 14478: 14471: 14461: 14459: 14452: 14436: 14432: 14425: 14403: 14399: 14389: 14387: 14380: 14361: 14352: 14344: 14340: 14335: 14331: 14326: 14322: 14309: 14305: 14300: 14296: 14291: 14284: 14278:Wayback Machine 14268: 14264: 14259: 14255: 14250: 14246: 14236: 14234: 14227: 14211: 14207: 14199: 14195: 14187: 14183: 14167: 14163: 14152: 14150: 14143: 14127: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14103:. 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Self-evident 5311: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5057: 4967: 4938: 4916: 4878: 4814:Bhakti movement 4806: 4778:Elephanta Caves 4764:region such as 4691:Chandragupta II 4659: 4606: 4535:Shiva-bhagavata 4448: 4438: 4412: 4384:Lord of Animals 4360: 4354: 4338: 4308: 4248: 4198:Sanskritisation 4092: 4088: 4078: 4040: 4038: 4019: 4018: 4012: 3982: 3948: 3927: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3871: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3684: 3652: 3574:Charaka Samhita 3553:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3511:Shilpa Shastras 3490: 3443: 3327:Naradiya Purana 3299: 3294: 3269: 3243: 3202: 3066: 2998: 2982: 2951: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2878:Shirdi Sai Baba 2873:Sathya Sai Baba 2853:Ramana Maharshi 2757: 2724:Vadiraja Tirtha 2719:Vācaspati Miśra 2599:Srinivasacharya 2579:Narahari Tirtha 2559:Matsyendranatha 2544:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2509:Jagannatha Dasa 2499:Haridasa Thakur 2418: 2297: 2289: 2279: 2278: 2234: 2195:Vishishtadvaita 2144: 2136: 2126: 2125: 2079:Makar Sankranti 2059:Vasant Panchami 2022:Maha Shivaratri 2006: 1910: 1819: 1753: 1722: 1603: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1550: 1444: 1381:Prajña (wisdom) 1377: 1354: 1318: 1292: 1261: 1230: 1228:Meaning of life 1215:God in Hinduism 1204: 1168: 1166:Supreme reality 1143:Subtle elements 1132: 1113: 1107: 1097: 1096: 952: 921: 895: 887: 877: 876: 873: 840: 834: 824: 823: 768: 763:Hindu synthesis 759: 754: 701: 665: 663: 658: 657: 628: 620: 619: 550: 542: 541: 490: 418: 393: 391: 383: 382: 356:Maha Shivaratri 331: 323: 322: 282: 238: 230: 229: 186: 178: 177: 154: 94:(Supreme being) 92: 85: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20431: 20421: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20405: 20390: 20389: 20377: 20365: 20342: 20341: 20339: 20338: 20328: 20318: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20289: 20284: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20263: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20222: 20221: 20220: 20210: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20141: 20130: 20128: 20122: 20121: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20093: 20091: 20087: 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18925: 18919: 18918: 18916: 18915: 18914: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18833: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18796: 18794: 18785: 18779: 18778: 18776: 18775: 18770: 18767: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18739: 18738: 18731: 18724: 18716: 18707: 18706: 18704: 18703: 18693: 18683: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18588: 18586: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18529:Brihadeeswaram 18526: 18520: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18446: 18444: 18438: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18408: 18406: 18404:Pancheshwarams 18400: 18399: 18397: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18370: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18332: 18330: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18294: 18292: 18286: 18285: 18283: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18256: 18254: 18252:Pancha Kedaras 18248: 18247: 18245: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18228: 18226: 18220: 18219: 18212: 18211: 18204: 18197: 18189: 18180: 18179: 18177: 18176: 18166: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18120: 18118: 18117:Related topics 18114: 18113: 18110: 18109: 18107: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18074:Brihadeeswarar 18071: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18033:Ramanathaswamy 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17994: 17992: 17986: 17985: 17983: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17956: 17954: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17918: 17916: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17880: 17878: 17869: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17838: 17836: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17828: 17826:Shaiva Smartas 17823: 17818: 17813: 17811:Veera Shaivism 17808: 17806:Trika Shaivism 17803: 17802: 17801: 17796: 17786: 17781: 17775: 17773: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17701: 17699: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17649: 17647: 17641: 17640: 17633: 17631: 17629: 17628: 17623: 17622: 17621: 17616: 17606: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17531: 17529: 17523: 17522: 17515: 17512: 17511: 17504: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17481: 17475: 17474: 17465: 17460: 17450: 17449:External links 17447: 17438: 17437: 17427: 17421: 17406: 17402:978-0691019307 17401: 17383: 17377: 17362: 17353: 17346: 17333: 17327: 17312: 17307:978-2855396668 17306: 17291: 17274: 17265: 17256: 17247: 17242: 17227: 17222:978-3447025225 17221: 17205: 17199: 17184: 17178: 17163: 17157: 17142: 17133: 17127: 17112: 17089: 17071:(3/4): 19–50. 17060: 17054: 17041: 17035: 17020: 17014: 16999: 16993: 16980: 16971: 16959: 16953: 16938: 16920: 16905: 16896: 16890: 16875: 16869: 16854: 16848: 16835: 16826: 16808: 16793: 16787: 16772: 16766: 16753: 16747: 16734: 16728: 16707: 16702:978-1405132510 16701: 16688: 16682: 16665: 16659: 16644: 16633: 16619: 16596: 16574: 16551: 16529: 16503: 16497: 16479: 16474: 16461: 16452: 16440:10.2307/596106 16434:(4): 230–249. 16423: 16401: 16387: 16356: 16342: 16301: 16289: 16282: 16269: 16263: 16250: 16243: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16221: 16212: 16200: 16191: 16189:, p. 164. 16176: 16154: 16141: 16134: 16116: 16087: 16075: 16064: 16052: 16040: 16006: 15987: 15967: 15948: 15928: 15909: 15889: 15866: 15863:978-0415590389 15850: 15830: 15811: 15791: 15772: 15752: 15733: 15713: 15694: 15671: 15662: 15658:Sanderson 2009 15650: 15646:Sanderson 2009 15638: 15634:Sanderson 2009 15626: 15614: 15612:, p. 243. 15610:Sanderson 2009 15595: 15582: 15553: 15533: 15524: 15507: 15498: 15491: 15467: 15420: 15413: 15393: 15374: 15354: 15347: 15321: 15302: 15279: 15260: 15235: 15216: 15193: 15174: 15154: 15135: 15115: 15096: 15076: 15057: 15037: 15017: 14998: 14978: 14959: 14940: 14917: 14898: 14878: 14869: 14850: 14846:Vasugupta 1992 14838: 14826: 14807: 14787: 14768: 14748: 14728: 14721: 14692: 14688:Sanderson 2009 14677: 14675:, p. 438. 14665: 14653: 14641: 14629: 14617: 14605: 14586: 14566: 14547: 14527: 14520: 14491: 14469: 14450: 14430: 14423: 14397: 14379:978-9004129023 14378: 14350: 14346:Sanderson 2009 14338: 14329: 14320: 14303: 14294: 14282: 14262: 14253: 14244: 14225: 14205: 14203:, p. 171. 14193: 14189:Sanderson 2009 14181: 14161: 14141: 14118: 14092: 14066: 14047: 14032: 14028:978-0231139212 14012: 13993: 13973: 13954: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13890: 13870: 13866:978-8120812383 13853: 13836: 13822: 13803: 13784: 13764: 13735: 13711: 13707:978-0813540689 13694: 13681:10.2307/600151 13659: 13647: 13628: 13608: 13596: 13577: 13554: 13532: 13520: 13516:Mallinson 2012 13501: 13489: 13477: 13468: 13449: 13429: 13407: 13393: 13384: 13380:Sanderson 1995 13372: 13368:Sanderson 2009 13360: 13353: 13335: 13316: 13296: 13269: 13249: 13229: 13225:Sanderson 1995 13217: 13213:Vasugupta 1992 13205: 13201:Sanderson 1988 13190: 13175: 13171:Sanderson 1995 13163: 13159:Sanderson 2009 13151: 13119: 13110: 13101: 13092: 13083: 13074: 13061: 13045: 13026: 13006: 12987: 12967: 12955: 12943: 12939:Sanderson 1988 12926: 12920:S. Arulsamy, 12913: 12904: 12892: 12876: 12854: 12842: 12833: 12821: 12814: 12794: 12787: 12767: 12748: 12728: 12709: 12686: 12667: 12642: 12623: 12603: 12599:Sanderson 1988 12591: 12582: 12580:, p. 171. 12570: 12561: 12557:Sanderson 1988 12549: 12545:Sanderson 1988 12532: 12528:978-9004178960 12515: 12496: 12476: 12472:Sanderson 1988 12459: 12450: 12429: 12410: 12390: 12378: 12366: 12354: 12339: 12320: 12291: 12287:Vasugupta 1992 12279: 12269: 12250: 12230: 12220: 12218:, p. 664. 12216:Sanderson 1988 12208: 12204:Sanderson 1988 12191: 12187:Sanderson 1988 12179: 12175:Sanderson 1988 12164: 12162:, p. 663. 12160:Sanderson 1988 12152: 12148:Sanderson 1995 12140: 12128: 12111: 12094: 12077: 12060: 12043: 12013: 11993: 11978: 11960: 11948: 11942:978-0895819819 11941: 11923: 11916: 11890: 11883: 11865: 11859:978-0895819819 11858: 11840: 11834:978-0895819819 11833: 11815: 11809:978-8120812611 11808: 11790: 11763: 11737:978-8185208091 11736: 11716: 11704: 11686:978-8120814677 11685: 11665: 11632: 11614:978-8120814677 11613: 11593: 11589:978-3520195036 11576: 11572:978-8876524813 11559: 11541:978-8120814677 11540: 11520: 11516:978-0814736500 11503: 11499:978-0195066289 11486: 11468:978-8120814677 11467: 11447: 11429:978-8120814677 11428: 11404: 11398:978-0192835765 11397: 11371: 11367:978-0814736500 11354: 11348:978-0895819819 11347: 11324: 11315: 11303: 11284: 11264: 11245: 11225: 11208: 11175: 11156: 11136: 11117: 11097: 11090: 11070: 11051: 11031: 11012: 10992: 10988:978-0815336112 10975: 10973:, p. 225. 10963: 10959:978-0791430675 10946: 10927: 10907: 10888: 10868: 10849: 10829: 10802: 10783: 10763: 10728: 10698: 10676: 10670:978-0195070453 10669: 10651: 10647:978-0812692983 10634: 10615: 10595: 10576: 10556: 10537: 10517: 10498: 10478: 10459: 10432: 10413: 10393: 10389:Sanderson 1988 10381: 10377:Sanderson 1988 10369: 10357: 10342: 10327: 10315: 10294: 10290:Sanderson 1988 10277: 10258: 10235: 10228: 10210: 10191: 10171: 10153: 10134: 10122: 10115: 10095: 10088: 10068: 10056: 10021: 10011: 9992: 9972: 9953: 9930: 9911: 9891: 9876: 9861: 9849: 9833: 9814: 9810:Sanderson 2009 9799: 9787: 9775: 9756: 9736: 9724: 9722:, p. 128. 9709: 9702: 9677: 9671:978-0028657332 9670: 9648: 9641: 9623: 9610: 9576: 9561: 9542: 9522: 9501: 9497:978-9004107588 9484: 9468: 9456: 9447: 9443:978-8121509992 9433:978-8120814684 9420: 9413: 9393: 9391:, p. 154. 9378: 9343: 9331: 9319: 9307: 9292: 9290:, p. 150. 9277: 9265: 9263:, p. 205. 9248: 9246:, 23(1), 31–37 9235: 9231:Res Orientales 9219: 9193: 9189:978-0521795661 9172: 9160: 9144:Mark Singleton 9136: 9124: 9107: 9094: 9069: 9060: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9021: 9001: 8997:978-0123695031 8984: 8952: 8950:Keay, p.xxvii. 8943: 8928: 8926:, p. 149. 8916: 8914:, p. 927. 8904: 8892: 8880: 8857: 8845: 8833: 8831:, p. 919. 8821: 8795: 8776: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8693: 8673: 8647: 8625: 8608: 8582: 8567: 8565:, p. 474. 8548: 8529: 8506: 8494: 8475: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8444: 8431: 8422: 8410: 8386: 8377: 8358: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8308: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8244: 8030: 8029: 8021: 8020: 8013: 8012: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7972: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7808: 7800: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7772: 7764: 7763: 7755: 7754: 7747: 7746: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7706: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7649: 7642: 7641: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7617: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7559: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7527: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7511: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7437: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7361: 7358: 7321: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7274: 7271: 7225: 7222: 7206:Matsyendranath 7150: 7149:Yoga movements 7147: 7122: 7119: 7053: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7025: 6982:Saguna Brahman 6947: 6944: 6934: 6931: 6835: 6832: 6786:as well as in 6784:Andhra Pradesh 6763: 6760: 6673:Main article: 6670: 6667: 6642:Matsyendranath 6600:Main article: 6597: 6594: 6495:Main article: 6492: 6489: 6406: 6403: 6399:Manikkavacagar 6383:(also spelled 6365:(also spelled 6334:Periya Puranam 6287: 6284: 6218:Śaivasiddhānta 6198: 6195: 6125:Southeast Asia 6083: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6042: 6039: 6016:Siddha-Ashrama 5950:and elsewhere. 5928: 5925: 5904: 5901: 5852: 5849: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5765: 5762: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716:are important 5710: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5504: 5501: 5480: 5467: 5464: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357:Shakti-advaita 5355: 5352: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5304: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288:Brahman, Atman 5286: 5283: 5280: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5002: 4966: 4963: 4937: 4934: 4915: 4912: 4877: 4876:Southeast Asia 4874: 4805: 4802: 4658: 4655: 4605: 4602: 4553:Shvetashvatara 4459:Vima Kadphises 4437: 4434: 4411: 4410:Vedic elements 4408: 4380:Pashupati seal 4356:Main article: 4353: 4350: 4337: 4334: 4307: 4304: 4247: 4244: 4221:Hindu kingdoms 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4010: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3877:Discrimination 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3768:Abirami Antati 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3616:Ramcharitmanas 3612: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3567:Pramana Sutras 3563: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3539:Mimamsa Sutras 3535: 3532:Samkhya Sutras 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3497:Dharma Shastra 3492: 3491: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3131:Shvetashvatara 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3103:Brihadaranyaka 3098: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2913:Upasni Maharaj 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739:Vedanta Desika 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2659:Samarth Ramdas 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2609:Purandara Dasa 2606: 2601: 2596: 2594:Nimbarkacharya 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2514:Jayanta Bhatta 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049:Raksha Bandhan 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931:Simantonnayana 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880:Carnatic music 1877: 1872: 1867: 1865:Bhagavata Mela 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1809:Kundalini yoga 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259:Stages of life 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220:God and gender 1217: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1153:Gross elements 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 954: 953: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 923: 922: 917: 914: 913: 908: 903: 897: 896: 891: 888: 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 867: 864: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 841: 838: 835: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 811: 809:Itihasa-Purana 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 740: 732: 731: 723: 722: 716: 715: 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 580:Manikkavacakar 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 510: 509: 508: 497: 496: 489: 488: 487: 486: 465: 460: 455: 439: 438: 427: 426: 417: 416: 411: 406: 400: 399: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 367: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 277: 272: 266: 265: 264:Three bondages 261: 260: 255: 250: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 193: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 168:Forms of Shiva 165: 160: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 130: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 101: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 62: 50: 49: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20430: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20400: 20398: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20376: 20366: 20364: 20354: 20353: 20350: 20337: 20329: 20327: 20323: 20319: 20317: 20309: 20308: 20306: 20296: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20278: 20277:Hindu temples 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20227: 20226: 20223: 20219: 20216: 20215: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20198: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20181:Hindu studies 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20151:Denominations 20149: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20132: 20131: 20129: 20127: 20123: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20088: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20063: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20038: 20035: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19960:Vijayadashami 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19922: 19920: 19918: 19914: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19883: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19859: 19856: 19855: 19853: 19849: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19777:Simantonayana 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19764: 19762: 19760: 19756: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19691: 19689: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19676: 19666: 19665: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19588: 19587: 19584: 19583: 19581: 19579: 19575: 19569: 19568: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19491: 19490: 19487: 19486: 19484: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19469: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19385: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19371: 19370: 19366: 19364: 19363:Yoga Vasistha 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19323: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19274:Bhagavad Gita 19272: 19271: 19269: 19267: 19263: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19228: 19226: 19224: 19220: 19214: 19213:Sthapatyaveda 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19195: 19193: 19191: 19187: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19085: 19083: 19079: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19054: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19042: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19027: 19025: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19012: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18981: 18977: 18975: 18974: 18970: 18968: 18967: 18963: 18962: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18932: 18929: 18928: 18926: 18924: 18920: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18838: 18835: 18834: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18797: 18795: 18793: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18780: 18774: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18759: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18737: 18732: 18730: 18725: 18723: 18718: 18717: 18714: 18701: 18697: 18694: 18691: 18687: 18684: 18681: 18677: 18676:sao ching cha 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18589: 18587: 18585: 18581: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18549:Kudalasangama 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18519: 18517: 18513: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18486:Trimbakeshwar 18484: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18460:Mahakaleshwar 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18443: 18439: 18433: 18432:Thondeshwaram 18430: 18428: 18427:Naguleshwaram 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18405: 18401: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18367: 18363: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18333: 18331: 18329: 18328:Pancha Sabhas 18325: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18291: 18287: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18249: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18227: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18216:Shiva temples 18210: 18205: 18203: 18198: 18196: 18191: 18190: 18187: 18175: 18171: 18167: 18165: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18119: 18115: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18060: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18043:Trimbakeshwar 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18018:Mahakaleshwar 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17993: 17991: 17987: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17957: 17955: 17953: 17949: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17914:Pancha Sabhai 17911: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17867:Shiva temples 17864: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17833: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17821:Shiva Advaita 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17763: 17759: 17757: 17756: 17755:Shiva Mahimna 17752: 17750: 17749: 17745: 17743: 17742: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17727:Shiva Tandava 17724: 17722: 17721: 17717: 17715: 17714: 17710: 17708: 17707: 17703: 17702: 17700: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17684: 17683: 17679: 17677: 17676: 17672: 17670: 17669: 17665: 17663: 17662: 17658: 17656: 17655: 17651: 17650: 17648: 17646: 17642: 17637: 17627: 17624: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17584: 17583: 17580: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17545:Dakshinamurti 17543: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17519: 17513: 17509: 17502: 17497: 17495: 17490: 17488: 17483: 17482: 17479: 17472: 17471: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17457: 17453: 17452: 17446: 17444: 17433: 17428: 17424: 17422:81-8056-373-1 17418: 17414: 17413: 17407: 17404: 17398: 17393: 17392: 17384: 17380: 17374: 17370: 17369: 17363: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17324: 17320: 17319: 17313: 17309: 17303: 17299: 17298: 17292: 17288: 17284: 17280: 17275: 17271: 17266: 17262: 17257: 17253: 17248: 17245: 17239: 17235: 17234: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17196: 17192: 17191: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17171: 17170: 17164: 17160: 17154: 17150: 17149: 17143: 17139: 17134: 17130: 17124: 17120: 17119: 17113: 17109: 17103: 17095: 17090: 17086: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17061: 17057: 17051: 17047: 17042: 17038: 17032: 17028: 17027: 17021: 17017: 17011: 17007: 17006: 17000: 16996: 16990: 16986: 16981: 16977: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16960: 16956: 16950: 16947:. Routledge. 16946: 16945: 16939: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16913: 16912: 16906: 16902: 16897: 16893: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16876: 16872: 16866: 16862: 16861: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16841: 16836: 16832: 16827: 16815: 16811: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16794: 16790: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16759: 16754: 16750: 16744: 16740: 16735: 16731: 16729:9780199340378 16725: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16708: 16704: 16698: 16694: 16689: 16685: 16679: 16674: 16673: 16666: 16662: 16656: 16652: 16651: 16645: 16641: 16640: 16634: 16630: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16603: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16581: 16577: 16575:0-89281-374-1 16571: 16567: 16563: 16559: 16558: 16552: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16526: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16480: 16477: 16471: 16467: 16462: 16458: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16424: 16413: 16409: 16408: 16402: 16398: 16394: 16390: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16357: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16315: 16311: 16307: 16302: 16300:Four volumes. 16297: 16296: 16290: 16285: 16279: 16275: 16270: 16266: 16260: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16240: 16236: 16231: 16230: 16216: 16209: 16204: 16195: 16188: 16183: 16181: 16173: 16172: 16168: 16165: 16158: 16151: 16145: 16137: 16131: 16127: 16120: 16104: 16100: 16099: 16091: 16084: 16079: 16073: 16068: 16062:, pp. 158-158 16061: 16056: 16050:, pp. 324-325 16049: 16044: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16015: 16013: 16011: 15994: 15990: 15984: 15980: 15979: 15971: 15955: 15951: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15932: 15916: 15912: 15906: 15902: 15901: 15893: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15873: 15871: 15864: 15860: 15854: 15847: 15843: 15840: 15834: 15818: 15814: 15808: 15804: 15803: 15795: 15779: 15775: 15769: 15765: 15764: 15756: 15740: 15736: 15730: 15726: 15725: 15717: 15701: 15697: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15680:Edi Sedyawati 15675: 15666: 15659: 15654: 15647: 15642: 15635: 15630: 15624:, p. 17. 15623: 15618: 15611: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15592: 15586: 15570: 15566: 15565: 15557: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15537: 15528: 15521: 15517: 15511: 15502: 15494: 15492:0-8239-2287-1 15488: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15471: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15434:Artibus Asiae 15431: 15424: 15416: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15397: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15367: 15366: 15358: 15350: 15344: 15340: 15335: 15334: 15325: 15309: 15305: 15299: 15295: 15294: 15286: 15284: 15267: 15263: 15257: 15253: 15252: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15223: 15219: 15213: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15197: 15181: 15177: 15171: 15167: 15166: 15158: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15128: 15127: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15089: 15088: 15080: 15064: 15060: 15054: 15050: 15049: 15041: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15021: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14990: 14982: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14963: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14924: 14922: 14905: 14901: 14895: 14891: 14890: 14882: 14873: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14854: 14847: 14842: 14835: 14830: 14814: 14810: 14804: 14800: 14799: 14791: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14761: 14760: 14752: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14732: 14724: 14718: 14714: 14709: 14708: 14702: 14696: 14689: 14684: 14682: 14674: 14669: 14662: 14657: 14650: 14645: 14639:, p. 57. 14638: 14633: 14626: 14621: 14614: 14609: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14579: 14578: 14570: 14554: 14550: 14548:90-04-06498-2 14544: 14540: 14539: 14531: 14523: 14517: 14513: 14508: 14507: 14498: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14481: 14476: 14474: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14443: 14442: 14434: 14426: 14420: 14416: 14411: 14410: 14401: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14359: 14357: 14355: 14347: 14342: 14333: 14324: 14316: 14315: 14307: 14298: 14289: 14287: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14266: 14257: 14248: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14209: 14202: 14197: 14190: 14185: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14165: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14133: 14125: 14123: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14051: 14044: 14039: 14037: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14017: 14000: 13996: 13990: 13986: 13985: 13977: 13961: 13957: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13938: 13931: 13926: 13919: 13914: 13897: 13893: 13887: 13883: 13882: 13874: 13867: 13863: 13857: 13850: 13849:9788124601457 13846: 13840: 13825: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13807: 13791: 13787: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13768: 13752: 13748: 13747: 13739: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13663: 13656: 13651: 13635: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13612: 13605: 13600: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13561: 13559: 13551: 13547: 13544: 13539: 13537: 13529: 13524: 13517: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13493: 13486: 13481: 13472: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13442: 13441: 13433: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13414: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13388: 13381: 13376: 13369: 13364: 13356: 13350: 13346: 13339: 13323: 13319: 13313: 13309: 13308: 13300: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13256: 13252: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13233: 13226: 13221: 13214: 13209: 13202: 13197: 13195: 13187: 13182: 13180: 13173:, p. 24. 13172: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13139: 13135: 13134: 13126: 13124: 13114: 13105: 13096: 13087: 13078: 13071: 13065: 13058: 13055: 13049: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13010: 12994: 12990: 12984: 12980: 12979: 12971: 12964: 12959: 12952: 12947: 12940: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12923: 12917: 12908: 12901: 12896: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12873: 12869: 12866: 12861: 12859: 12851: 12846: 12837: 12830: 12825: 12817: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12798: 12790: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12771: 12755: 12751: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12732: 12716: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12693: 12691: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12660: 12659: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12607: 12600: 12595: 12586: 12579: 12574: 12565: 12558: 12553: 12546: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12489: 12488: 12480: 12473: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12454: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12433: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12394: 12387: 12382: 12375: 12374:Daniélou 1987 12370: 12363: 12362:Dasgupta 1955 12358: 12351: 12350:Daniélou 1987 12346: 12344: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12298: 12296: 12288: 12283: 12273: 12257: 12253: 12251:90-04-10789-4 12247: 12243: 12242: 12234: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12205: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12171: 12169: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12144: 12137: 12132: 12125: 12121: 12115: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12075:, pages 11–18 12074: 12070: 12064: 12058:, pages 54–56 12057: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12018: 12011:, pages 27–28 12010: 12009:0-415-21527-7 12006: 12002: 12001:Julius Lipner 11997: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11971: 11964: 11957: 11952: 11944: 11938: 11934: 11927: 11919: 11917:0-7914-2440-5 11913: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11894: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11869: 11861: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11836: 11830: 11826: 11819: 11811: 11805: 11801: 11794: 11778: 11774: 11767: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11720: 11713: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11669: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11597: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11574:, pages 24-25 11573: 11569: 11563: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11524: 11518:, pages 85–86 11517: 11513: 11507: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11408: 11400: 11394: 11390: 11385: 11384: 11375: 11369:, pages 60–88 11368: 11364: 11358: 11350: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11268: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11229: 11222: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11203: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11101: 11093: 11091:9780983784722 11087: 11083: 11082: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11035: 11019: 11015: 11009: 11005: 11004: 10996: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10972: 10967: 10960: 10956: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10911: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10872: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10833: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10767: 10748: 10741: 10740: 10732: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10622: 10618: 10616:90-420-1510-1 10612: 10608: 10607: 10599: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10560: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10482: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10397: 10390: 10385: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10347: 10339: 10334: 10332: 10324: 10319: 10312: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10291: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10265: 10261: 10259:0-691-08952-3 10255: 10251: 10250: 10242: 10240: 10231: 10229:0-521-21398-3 10225: 10221: 10214: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10175: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10138: 10131: 10126: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10015: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9976: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9937: 9935: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9873: 9868: 9866: 9859:, p. 17. 9858: 9853: 9846: 9840: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9804: 9796: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9740: 9734:, p. 46. 9733: 9728: 9721: 9720:Daniélou 1987 9716: 9714: 9705: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9652: 9644: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9614: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9573: 9572:Lorenzen 1987 9568: 9566: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9526: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9451: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9397: 9390: 9385: 9383: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9341:, p. 70. 9340: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9305:, p. 69. 9304: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9284: 9282: 9275:, p. 66. 9274: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9245: 9239: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9158:, pages 25–34 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9119: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9091: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9025: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9005: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8947: 8941:, p. 17. 8940: 8935: 8933: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8855:, p. 28. 8854: 8849: 8840: 8838: 8830: 8825: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8777:90-04-04330-6 8773: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8710: 8703: 8697: 8691:, pages 43–44 8690: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8606:, pages 16–19 8605: 8601: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8564: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8536: 8532: 8530:9781118323038 8526: 8522: 8521: 8513: 8511: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8490:Bisschop 2011 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8472: 8471:Bisschop 2020 8467: 8463: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8426: 8416: 8408: 8384:For example: 8381: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8349: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8288: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8183:Mahakaleshwar 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8137:Skanda Purana 8133: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8094:Mahadevagriha 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8078:Bhuvaneshvara 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8033: 8024: 8008: 7992: 7976: 7960: 7944: 7943: 7926: 7925: 7908: 7907: 7890: 7889: 7872: 7847: 7795: 7794: 7750: 7734: 7718: 7702: 7645: 7629: 7613: 7597: 7581: 7580: 7563: 7547: 7531: 7515: 7499: 7483: 7467: 7451: 7450: 7433: 7417: 7416: 7401: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7304: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263:Bharatanatyam 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7235:Natya Shastra 7231: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7114:Skanda Purana 7109: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7071:Vishnu Purana 7061: 7057: 7047: 7038: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 7001:Kushan Empire 6998: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6940: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6867:Bhattara Guru 6863: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6808:Uttar Pradesh 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735:Basava Purana 6731: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6543:Abhinavagupta 6540: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6503: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6149: 6148:Shaiva Agamas 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6068: 6054: 6052: 6047: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5948:Uttar Pradesh 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797:Shaiva Agamas 5790: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5479: 5475: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5425: 5422: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5329:1. Perception 5328: 5322:1. Perception 5321: 5315:1. Perception 5314: 5306:1. Perception 5305: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:Vegetarianism 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5106:Supreme deity 5105: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983:Vedic-Puranik 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834:Padmasamhita, 4831: 4830:Isvarasamhita 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812:launched the 4811: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644:Skanda Purāṇa 4640: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4572:Kushan Empire 4568: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4481:According to 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4330:mixed schools 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4254: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:Supreme Being 4149: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4128:शैवसम्प्रदायः 4125: 4119: 4086: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947:Hindu culture 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899:Organisations 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3623:Yoga Vasistha 3620: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3588:Natya Shastra 3585: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3525:Brahma Sutras 3522: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471:Sthapatyaveda 3468: 3466: 3465: 3464:Gandharvaveda 3461: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3425:Varaha Purana 3422: 3420: 3419: 3418:Skanda Purana 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3355:Brahma Purana 3352: 3350: 3349: 3348:Garuda Purana 3345: 3343: 3342: 3341:Matsya Purana 3338: 3336: 3335: 3334:Vāmana Purana 3331: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3306:Vishnu Purana 3303: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3250:Bhagavad Gita 3247: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2833:Radhakrishnan 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2813:Narayana Guru 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793:Jaggi Vasudev 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783:Chinmayananda 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2644:Ramprasad Sen 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494:Gorakshanatha 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2439:Allama Prabhu 2437: 2435: 2434:Akka Mahadevi 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424:Abhinavagupta 2422: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373:Prashastapada 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233:Other schools 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2209:Shuddhadvaita 2206: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890:Kalaripayattu 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Bharatanatyam 1823: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Nritta-Nritya 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 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17998:Bhimashankar 17990:Jyotirlingas 17842:Kanwar Yatra 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17713:Rudrashtakam 17711: 17704: 17680: 17673: 17668:Shiva Purana 17666: 17659: 17652: 17516: 17507: 17470:Publications 17469: 17458:, "Shaivism" 17455: 17440: 17431: 17411: 17390: 17367: 17357: 17337: 17317: 17296: 17278: 17269: 17263:. Routledge. 17260: 17251: 17232: 17212: 17209:Rocher, Ludo 17189: 17168: 17147: 17137: 17117: 17093: 17068: 17064: 17045: 17025: 17004: 16984: 16975: 16966: 16943: 16930:. Retrieved 16910: 16900: 16880: 16859: 16839: 16830: 16818:. Retrieved 16798: 16777: 16757: 16738: 16711: 16692: 16671: 16649: 16638: 16601: 16556: 16511: 16483: 16465: 16456: 16431: 16427: 16416:, retrieved 16406: 16360: 16305: 16294: 16273: 16254: 16234: 16215: 16203: 16194: 16162: 16157: 16149: 16144: 16125: 16119: 16107:. Retrieved 16097: 16090: 16078: 16067: 16060:Harding 1998 16055: 16043: 16031:. Retrieved 16021: 15997:. Retrieved 15977: 15970: 15958:. Retrieved 15938: 15931: 15919:. Retrieved 15899: 15892: 15884: 15880: 15853: 15833: 15821:. Retrieved 15801: 15794: 15782:. Retrieved 15762: 15755: 15743:. Retrieved 15723: 15716: 15704:. Retrieved 15684: 15674: 15665: 15653: 15641: 15629: 15617: 15590: 15585: 15573:. 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Retrieved 9360: 9356: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9310: 9268: 9243: 9238: 9230: 9212: 9196: 9180: 9175: 9163: 9147: 9139: 9127: 9115: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9063: 9051: 9042: 9033: 9024: 9008:MK Gandhi, 9004: 8987: 8972:polytheistic 8955: 8946: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8848: 8824: 8812:. Retrieved 8798: 8786:. Retrieved 8766: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8709:the original 8696: 8539:. Retrieved 8519: 8504:, p. 1. 8497: 8466: 8447: 8434: 8425: 8414: 8387: 8380: 8375:, p. 9. 8368:Śvetāśvatara 8361: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8311: 8304:Urdhva Retas 8303: 8237: 8230: 8229:such as the 8219:Grishneshwar 8195:Bhimashankar 8179:Mallikarjuna 8166: 8160: 8157:pancha-ganga 8156: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8118: 8108:(Bali), and 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8062:Jyotirlingam 8061: 8058:Shambhunatha 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8043: 7975:Ketheeswaram 7959:Naguleswaram 7940: 7922: 7904: 7886: 7870: 7846:Bhairavanath 7845: 7791: 7748: 7732: 7716: 7700: 7577: 7447: 7413: 7386: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7363: 7351: 7335: 7284: 7276: 7247:Ellora Caves 7240: 7233: 7227: 7210:Gorakshanath 7191: 7185: 7173: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7142: 7139:Saurasamhita 7138: 7133: 7126: 7124: 7112: 7110: 7096: 7091: 7069: 7067: 7004: 6993:Gupta Empire 6989:Adi Shankara 6986: 6970: 6964: 6949: 6936: 6880: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6848: 6837: 6824: 6806:and central 6765: 6740:Bukka Raya I 6733: 6723: 6718: 6704: 6686: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6646:Gorakshanath 6630: 6616: 6585: 6571: 6566: 6558: 6535:Pratyabhijna 6531: 6508: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6408: 6392: 6389:Tirumantiram 6388: 6385:Tirumandiram 6384: 6380:Tirumantiram 6378: 6361: 6338: 6332: 6319: 6305: 6280: 6256: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6215: 6209: 6168: 6153: 6145: 6129:Khmer Empire 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6048: 6044: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971:Shiva Sutras 5970: 5958: 5953: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5864:Kauai Island 5838: 5820:to absolute 5815: 5800: 5778: 5757: 5740: 5723: 5702: 5685: 5668: 5651: 5634: 5617: 5596: 5579: 5562: 5541: 5513: 5506: 5493:Śvetāśvatara 5489: 5487: 5477: 5469: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5427: 5420: 5419: 5331:2. Inference 5324:2. Inference 5317:2. Inference 5308:2. Inference 5296:Epistemology 5058: 5047: 5040: 5039:book of the 5037:Shanti Parva 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4968: 4958: 4954: 4939: 4923: 4917: 4908: 4895: 4890:Hindu temple 4858: 4854: 4849:Shore Temple 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4807: 4793:Adi Shankara 4790: 4782:Ellora Caves 4751: 4714:Gupta Empire 4688: 4671:Central Asia 4650:Linga Purāṇa 4648: 4642: 4638:Shiva Purāṇa 4636: 4634: 4628:, Shaktism, 4618:Gupta Empire 4615: 4587: 4564: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539:ayah sulikah 4538: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4480: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4390: 4373: 4347: 4318: 4313:spirituality 4309: 4289: 4284: 4283:to the noun 4280: 4275:, including 4266: 4249: 4233: 4218: 4188: 4166:-orientated 4084: 4083: 4006: / 4002: / 3998: / 3994: / 3992:and Buddhism 3990: / 3954:Architecture 3917:Other topics 3855: 3838: 3810:Four varnas: 3809: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3595:Panchatantra 3593: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3546:Nyāya Sūtras 3544: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3504:Artha Śastra 3502: 3495: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3411:Kūrma Purana 3409: 3404:Linga Purana 3402: 3397:Shiva Purana 3395: 3388: 3383:Padma Purana 3381: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3281: 3274: 3259:s (Hinduism) 3256: 3248: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3169:Atharvaveda: 3168: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3033: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2883:Shraddhanand 2858:Ravi Shankar 2838:R. D. Ranade 2699:Śyāma Śastri 2694:Swaminarayan 2654:Rupa Goswami 2564:Morya Gosavi 2524:Jiva Goswami 2429:Adi Shankara 2255:Pratyabhijña 2239: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2179: 1986:Samavartanam 1966:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1951:Annaprashana 1875:Dandiya Raas 1850:Mohiniyattam 1743:Nididhyāsana 1548:Epistemology 1480:Brahmacharya 1360:Ātman (self) 1323: 1267:Brahmacharya 1196:Saccidānanda 1148:Panchikarana 1024: 957: 948: / 944:Other major 868: 845: 802: 801: 756: 493: 453:Pratyabhijna 441: 440: 430:Saiddhantika 429: 428: 423:Mantra marga 421: 396: 346:Panchakshara 303:Satkaryavada 220:Svetasvatara 93: 89:Parameshvara 87: 66: 29: 20336:WikiProject 20208:Persecution 20196:Nationalism 20186:Iconography 20066:Ratha Yatra 19977:Janmashtami 19972:Rama Navami 19900:Vanaprastha 19851:Varnashrama 19827:Ritushuddhi 19812:Vidyarambha 19802:Chudakarana 19792:Nishkramana 19767:Garbhadhana 19408:Thirukkural 19403:Thiruppugal 19331:Nāradasmṛti 19294:Mahabharata 19072:Atharvaveda 18950:Vaisheshika 18837:Puruṣārthas 18516:Significant 18501:Rameshwaram 18465:Omkareshwar 18417:Koneshwaram 18308:Ksheerarama 18303:Daksharamam 18242:Kaleshwaram 18232:Daksharamam 18146:Other names 18028:Omkareshwar 18013:Mallikarjun 17876:Panch Kedar 17748:Shri Rudram 17734:Sahasranama 17463:Saivism.Net 17213:The Puranas 17172:. Penguin. 16333:1887/135642 14661:Lipner 2012 14649:Lipner 2012 14625:Lipner 2012 14613:Rocher 1986 14045:, p. 7 13868:, pages 2–3 12886:, pp. 12033:pages 16–17 11979:81-85141029 11311:Pathak 1960 10756:13 December 10721:13 December 10713:. Philtar. 9872:Briggs 1951 9520:, Chapter 1 9233:, 17, 41–53 9168:Samuel 2008 8976:pantheistic 8207:Vaidyanatha 8199:Visheshvara 8187:Omkareshwar 8173:. They are 8162:jyotirlinga 8050:Shivayatana 8023:Tondeswaram 8007:Munneswaram 7906:Chandranath 7793:Chidambaram 7530:Rameshwaram 7466:Omkareshwar 7366:Hindu kings 7324:Kizil Caves 7288:Kizil Caves 7255:Chidambaram 7092:Mahabharata 7027:Vaishnavism 7005:pancayatana 6804:Maharashtra 6688:Lingayatism 6675:Lingayatism 6669:Lingayatism 6655:jivan-mukti 6578:Vaishnavism 6559:Siva Sutras 6442:Ganachakras 6394:Tiruvacakam 6331:called the 6264:south India 6120:Mantramarga 5877:Mantramarga 5376:Jivanmukta, 5371:Soteriology 5268:Metaphysics 5159:Significant 5156:Key concept 5120:Parabrahman 5082:References 5042:Mahabharata 5005:Non-Puranik 4822:Mahabharata 4804:South India 4743:South India 4710:Alchon Huns 4702:Vaishnavism 4665:Shiva with 4626:Vaishnavism 4616:During the 4576:Zoroastrian 4566:Mahabharata 4483:Gavin Flood 4467:ithyphallic 4426:Satarudriya 4399:Gavin Flood 4281:Rudra-Shiva 4000:and Judaism 3996:and Sikhism 3964:Iconography 3889:Nationalism 3882:Persecution 3666:Shiva Stuti 3560:Yoga Sutras 3390:Agni Purana 3292:Other texts 3283:Mahabharata 3026:Atharvaveda 2923:Vivekananda 2848:Rama Tirtha 2843:Ramakrishna 2818:Nigamananda 2808:Mahesh Yogi 2684:Sripadaraja 2674:Siddheshwar 2569:Mukundarāja 2549:Madhusūdana 2539:Kanaka Dasa 2464:Chakradhara 2408:Yajnavalkya 2398:Vishvamitra 2267:Pancharatra 2165:Vaisheshika 2121:Ratha Yatra 2069:Janmashtami 2064:Rama Navami 1981:Ritushuddhi 1956:Chudakarana 1946:Nishkramana 1916:Garbhadhana 1885:Pandav Lila 1794:Bhakti yoga 1679:Prāyaścitta 1450:Niti śastra 1298:Bhakti yoga 1277:Vānaprastha 1092:Vishvakarma 1025:Post-Vedic: 861:Vaishnavism 803:Traditional 648:Jyotirlinga 517:Lingayatism 513:Veerashaiva 436:Siddhantism 205:Shivasutras 20397:Categories 20037:Kumbh Mela 20005:Gudi Padwa 19950:Durga Puja 19935:Shivaratri 19807:Karnavedha 19787:Namakarana 19749:Tirthatana 19516:Dattatreya 19353:Subhashita 19326:Manusmriti 19203:Dhanurveda 19136:Taittiriya 19121:Kaushitaki 19108:Upanishads 18881:Aparigraha 18783:Philosophy 18564:Thiruvarur 18496:Nageshvara 18491:Vaidyanath 18313:Kumararama 18280:Kalpeshwar 18129:Rasalingam 18053:Vishwanath 18048:Vaidyanath 17904:Kalpeshwar 17857:Shiva Puja 17772:Traditions 17570:Tatpurusha 14237:8 February 14111:31 January 14085:31 January 14030:, page 104 13851:, page 983 13823:9004063706 12900:Flood 2003 12578:Flood 1996 12136:Gonda 1977 11501:, page 168 11221:Flood 2003 10971:Flood 1996 10961:, page 238 10365:Flood 2003 10353:Flood 2003 10338:Flood 2003 10323:Flood 2003 10311:Flood 2003 9795:Flood 2003 9783:Flood 2003 9464:Flood 1996 9389:Flood 1996 9288:Flood 1996 9261:Flood 2003 9132:Flood 1996 9090:Flood 2003 8939:Flood 1996 8924:Flood 1996 8814:1 February 8749:Flood 2003 8645:, page 116 8621:Flood 2003 8578:Flood 1996 8459:References 8442:of Vishnu. 8238:The early 8215:Rameshvara 8211:Nageshvara 8191:Kedarnatha 8086:Harayatana 8074:Bhavaggana 8066:Shristhala 7991:Koneswaram 7188:Hatha Yoga 7060:Kbal Spean 6905:) and the 6891:Tamil Nadu 6871:Bhattaraka 6796:Uttrakhand 6768:Tamil Nadu 6719:Ishtalinga 6547:Kshemaraja 6539:Utpaladeva 6515:Hindu Kush 6312:Tamil Nadu 6222:sampradaya 6000:Gaṇakārikā 5967:asceticism 5895:(goddess) 5851:Traditions 5830:bhedabheda 5536:Reference 5367:Liberation 5347:Philosophy 5184:Recommends 5175:Recommends 4928:Sampradaya 4865:Gudimallam 4762:Hindu Kush 4698:Vaishnavas 4679:Uzbekistan 4647:, and the 4528:Mahābhāṣya 4440:See also: 4322:nondualism 3840:Varna-less 3712:Tiruppukal 3673:Vayu Stuti 3637:Panchadasi 3630:Swara yoga 3518:Kama Sutra 3457:Dhanurveda 3117:Taittiriya 3095:Yajurveda: 3087:Kaushitaki 3064:Upanishads 3056:Upanishads 2980:Scriptures 2828:Prabhupada 2744:Vidyaranya 2629:Ram Charan 2604:Prabhākara 2519:Jayatīrtha 2474:Dadu Dayal 2469:Chāngadeva 2328:Bharadwaja 2318:Ashtavakra 2084:Kumbh Mela 2032:Durga Puja 1961:Karnavedha 1941:Nāmakaraṇa 1870:Yakshagana 1799:Karma yoga 1789:Jnana yoga 1784:Hatha yoga 1721:Meditation 1694:Tirthadana 1475:Aparigraha 1331:Paramātman 1316:Liberation 1308:Karma yoga 1303:Jnana yoga 1032:Dattatreya 832:Traditions 757:Historical 570:Utpaladeva 537:Indonesian 522:Siddharism 313:Svatantrya 308:Abhasavada 293:36 Tattvas 237:Philosophy 121:Virabhadra 20260:Theosophy 20191:Mythology 20171:Criticism 20139:Etymology 20097:Svādhyāya 19996:New Year 19945:Navaratri 19917:Festivals 19895:Grihastha 19868:Kshatriya 19842:Antyeshti 19817:Upanayana 19782:Jatakarma 19772:Pumsavana 19759:Sanskaras 19724:Naivedhya 19678:Practices 19623:Mahavidya 19591:Saraswati 19578:Goddesses 19536:Kartikeya 19433:Athichudi 19388:Tirumurai 19241:Vyākaraṇa 19208:Natyaveda 19156:Chandogya 19081:Divisions 19062:Yajurveda 18569:Khajuraho 18470:Kedarnath 18455:Srisailam 18298:Amararama 18270:Rudranath 18260:Kedarnath 18237:Srisailam 18089:Lingaraja 18084:Katas Raj 18023:Nageshvar 18008:Kedarnath 17894:Rudranath 17884:Kedarnath 17682:Tirumurai 17609:Kartikeya 17565:Sadyojata 17102:cite book 17096:. Vienna. 16592:191033152 16547:169604069 16509:(2017) . 16397:158081966 16352:229212351 15885:mahatmyas 15622:Gray 2016 15454:0004-3648 15293:Hindu Art 15251:Hindu Art 14715:–12, 59. 13619:Somanatha 12332:27 August 11988:863321204 11746:604013222 11383:Upaniṣads 10707:"Shaivas" 10051:162904592 8912:Apte 1965 8829:Apte 1965 8762:Jan Gonda 8070:Chattraka 8054:Shivalaya 7942:Katas Raj 7871:Taraknath 7749:Khajuraho 7717:Badrinath 7668:Sivasagar 7628:Kedarnath 7579:Kathmandu 7562:Jageshwar 7432:Srisailam 7251:Khajuraho 7013:Karnataka 6924:A seated 6911:Majapahit 6903:lingayats 6887:Karnataka 6834:Influence 6776:Telangana 6772:Karnataka 6611:Goraknath 6590:Somananda 6563:Vasugupta 6438:abhicarah 6374:Tirumūlar 6368:Tirumūlār 6363:Tirumular 6349:Sambandar 6321:Tirumurai 6276:Singapore 6268:Sri Lanka 6232:Meykandar 6227:Tirumurai 6206:Tirumular 6187:Karnataka 6086:Tripundra 6027:Rajasthan 5982:Lakulisha 5961:Pāśupatas 5957:: (IAST: 5955:Pashupata 5944:Rajasthan 5936:Lakulisha 5888:grihastha 5803:cosmology 5608:Tripundra 5496:Upanishad 5275:(Shiva), 5239:Free will 5191:Rituals, 5122:to be so) 4914:Indonesia 4886:Prambanan 4861:svayambhu 4786:Khajuraho 4735:Vardhanas 4731:Kalacuris 4727:Maitrakas 4723:Maukharis 4719:Aulikaras 4695:Bhagavata 4675:Penjikent 4558:Upanishad 4521:Patanjali 4505:Prajāpati 4225:Southeast 4133:romanized 4014:Criticism 4008:and Islam 3969:Mythology 3822:Kshatriya 3754:Athichudi 3691:Tirumurai 3609:Tirumurai 3218:Vyākaraṇa 3154:Chandogya 3146:Samaveda: 3034:Divisions 3012:Yajurveda 2972:Ātmatuṣṭi 2928:Yogananda 2903:Trailanga 2898:Sivananda 2763:Aurobindo 2749:Vyasaraja 2714:Tyagaraja 2664:Sankardev 2634:Ramananda 2529:Jñāneśvar 2504:Harivansh 2489:Gaudapada 2454:Chaitanya 2393:Vashistha 2363:Patanjali 2343:Jamadagni 2262:Vaishnava 2250:Pashupata 2027:Navaratri 2004:Festivals 1971:Upanayana 1936:Jatakarma 1921:Pumsavana 1840:Kuchipudi 1835:Kathakali 1804:Rāja yoga 1738:Samādhāna 1619:Prarthana 1593:Practices 1520:Svādhyāya 1124:Mythology 1119:Cosmology 1112:Worldview 1057:Kartikeya 988:Prajapati 927:Saraswati 605:Srikantha 585:Meykandar 565:Vasugupta 555:Lakulisha 527:Sroutaism 506:Inchegeri 409:Kalamukha 404:Pashupata 397:Ati marga 341:Rudraksha 330:Practices 210:Tirumurai 163:Kartikeya 20403:Shaivism 20387:Religion 20363:Hinduism 20316:Category 20267:Glossary 20235:Buddhism 20201:Hindutva 20161:Calendar 20042:Haridwar 20020:Vaisakhi 20015:Puthandu 19905:Sannyasa 19822:Keshanta 19653:Shashthi 19489:Trimurti 19316:Nitisara 19289:Ramayana 19284:Itihasas 19256:Jyotisha 19198:Ayurveda 19190:Upavedas 19171:Mandukya 19116:Aitareya 19098:Aranyaka 19093:Brahmana 19067:Samaveda 18992:Charvaka 18792:Concepts 18773:Timeline 18765:Glossary 18748:Hinduism 18559:Thrissur 18539:Lingaraj 18534:Amarnath 18318:Somarama 18265:Tungnath 18164:Category 18069:Amarnath 17942:Chitiram 17937:Thamiram 17922:Rathinam 17889:Tungnath 17852:Pradosha 17789:Kapalika 17614:Devasena 17575:Vamadeva 17560:Nataraja 17550:Harihara 17540:Bhairava 17508:Shaivism 17287:43732654 17211:(1986). 16926:Archived 16820:19 March 16814:Archived 16629:15696932 16584:25281659 16539:24247413 16418:10 March 16412:archived 16407:Shaivism 16167:Archived 16109:29 March 16103:Archived 16033:29 March 16027:Archived 15999:13 March 15993:Archived 15960:29 March 15954:Archived 15921:29 March 15915:Archived 15842:Archived 15823:13 March 15817:Archived 15784:13 March 15778:Archived 15745:13 March 15739:Archived 15706:13 March 15700:Archived 15575:28 March 15569:Archived 15545:Archived 15520:10404094 15386:29 March 15380:Archived 15314:25 March 15308:Archived 15272:25 March 15266:Archived 15228:19 March 15222:Archived 15204:(1999). 15186:19 March 15180:Archived 15147:14 March 15141:Archived 15108:14 March 15102:Archived 15069:14 March 15063:Archived 15029:Archived 15010:14 March 15004:Archived 14970:Archived 14952:14 March 14946:Archived 14910:14 March 14904:Archived 14861:Archived 14819:14 March 14813:Archived 14774:Archived 14740:Archived 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8788:10 March 8782:Archived 8764:(1975). 8541:10 March 8535:Archived 8411:— 8300:celibacy 8246:See also 8223:Varanasi 8175:Somnatha 8114:Cambodia 8104:(Java), 8098:Saudhala 8090:Kailasha 8082:Goputika 7888:Amarnath 7701:Varanasi 7612:Triambak 7339:Harihara 7328:Xinjiang 7292:Xinjiang 7273:Buddhism 7261:such as 7230:Nataraja 7202:Buddhism 7100:Harihara 7082:such as 7078:and his 7056:Cambodia 7021:Harihara 6939:Shaktism 6933:Shaktism 6860:Thailand 6852:Cambodia 6844:Nataraja 6748:shastras 6746:and the 6715:Ramanuja 6700:Sharanas 6637:Buddhism 6574:Shaktism 6469:prakamya 6357:Sundarar 6308:Nayanars 6286:Nayanars 6272:Malaysia 6171:Ramanuja 6100:Sanskrit 6051:pramanas 5940:Chalukya 5913:ascetics 5897:Shaktism 5882:sannyasi 5873:Atimarga 5807:Sanskrit 5785:unknown 5714:Varanasi 5692:Unknown 5658:Unknown 5641:Unknown 5624:Unknown 5553:Sannyasa 5481:— 5472:Hinduism 5228:Optional 5206:Optional 5170:Monastic 5033:atimarga 5025:atimarga 4951:Trishula 4870:Chittoor 4818:Ramanuja 4797:Ramanuja 4766:Nuristan 4754:Xuanzang 4457:coin of 4393:paśupati 4388:Sanskrit 4306:Overview 4269:Rig Veda 4258:Sanskrit 4240:Shaktism 4229:Buddhism 4200:and the 4178:and the 4168:monistic 4158:such as 4124:Sanskrit 4085:Shaivism 4027:Glossary 3959:Calendar 3894:Hindutva 3817:Brahmana 3488:samhitas 3480:Shastras 3450:Ayurveda 3441:Upavedas 3276:Ramayana 3267:Itihasas 3233:Jyotisha 3200:Vedangas 3184:Mandukya 3080:Aitareya 3072:Rigveda: 3051:Aranyaka 3046:Brahmana 3019:Samaveda 2734:Valluvar 2729:Vallabha 2709:Tulsidas 2639:Ramanuja 2589:Nayanars 2574:Namadeva 2416:Medieval 2358:Kashyapa 2274:Charvaka 2245:Kapalika 2109:Puthandu 2099:Vaisakhi 1996:Antyesti 1976:Keshanta 1900:Adimurai 1895:Silambam 1860:Sattriya 1845:Manipuri 1530:Mitahara 1510:Santosha 1470:Achourya 1282:Sannyasa 1272:Gṛhastha 1131:Ontology 1105:Concepts 893:Trimurti 856:Smartism 851:Shaktism 846:Shaivism 720:Hinduism 712:a series 710:Part of 638:Tantrism 590:Nirartha 575:Nayanars 549:Scholars 463:Dakshina 414:Kapalika 215:Vachanas 111:Bhairava 106:Sadasiva 67:Shaivism 59:a series 57:Part of 33:Shaivism 20349:Portals 20305:Outline 20255:Sikhism 20250:Judaism 20245:Jainism 20126:Related 20102:Namaste 19955:Ramlila 19885:Ashrama 19873:Vaishya 19863:Brahmin 19686:Worship 19638:Rukmini 19628:Matrika 19601:Parvati 19596:Lakshmi 19586:Tridevi 19541:Krishna 19526:Hanuman 19521:Ganesha 19472:Deities 19358:Tantras 19348:Stotras 19301:Puranas 19246:Nirukta 19236:Chandas 19231:Shiksha 19223:Vedanga 19176:Prashna 19166:Mundaka 19088:Samhita 19057:Rigveda 18988:Nāstika 18973:Advaita 18960:Vedanta 18955:Mīmāṃsā 18935:Samkhya 18923:Schools 18911:Akrodha 18830:Saṃsāra 18810:Ishvara 18800:Brahman 18680:Bangkok 18574:More... 18544:Gokarna 18450:Somnath 18141:Vibhuti 18038:Somnath 17741:Chalisa 17604:Ganesha 17597:Parvati 17527:Deities 17518:History 17085:3518337 16932:9 March 16226:Sources 15839:क्षेत्र 15462:3250524 14780:2 April 13038:1 April 12999:1 April 12679:1 April 12635:1 April 12508:2 April 12262:2 April 8980:atheist 8440:avatars 8354:Advaita 8132:Puranas 7924:Kailash 7546:Dwaraka 7498:Deoghar 7415:Somnath 7360:Jainism 7084:Krishna 7080:avatars 7017:Kashmir 6978:Smartas 6974:Brahman 6907:Rajputs 6856:Vietnam 6800:Haryana 6551:advaita 6523:revival 6485:sastras 6457:laghima 6446:Yoginis 6426:siddhis 6415:mantras 6340:Tevaram 6179:Brahman 6031:Kashmir 6023:Gujarat 5845:Brahman 5834:advaita 5610:tilaka 5533:Topics 5509:Muktikā 5460:advaita 5301:Pramana 5273:Brahman 5260:Affirms 5257:Affirms 5254:Affirms 5251:Affirms 5225:Affirms 5203:Affirms 5200:Affirms 5197:Affirms 5181:Accepts 5178:Accepts 5129:Creator 5029:mantras 4959:Sivatva 4892:layout. 4747:Kashmir 4733:or the 4667:Trisula 4487:Purusha 4463:trident 4417:Rigveda 4326:dualism 4250:Shiva ( 4150:as the 4135:: 4032:Outline 3827:Vaishya 3795:Society 3646:Stotras 3297:Puranas 3223:Nirukta 3213:Chandas 3208:Shiksha 3191:Prashna 3177:Mundaka 3041:Samhita 3005:Rigveda 2868:Samarth 2704:Tukaram 2649:Ravidas 2388:Valmiki 2338:Jaimini 2308:Angiras 2303:Agastya 2295:Ancient 2181:Advaita 2175:Vedanta 2170:Mīmāṃsā 2150:Samkhya 2037:Ramlila 1779:Sādhanā 1669:Tarpana 1654:Kīrtana 1649:Bhajana 1600:Worship 1525:Shaucha 1500:Akrodha 1346:Saṃsāra 1210:Ishvara 1179:Nirguna 1174:Brahman 1138:Tattvas 1062:Krishna 1047:Hanuman 1042:Ganesha 978:Chandra 973:Ashvins 937:Parvati 932:Lakshmi 919:Tridevi 885:Deities 792:Śramaṇa 772:History 753:Origins 743:History 627:Related 615:Navnath 610:Appayya 600:Sharana 480:Kubjika 390:Schools 365:Niyamas 336:Vibhuti 200:Tantras 158:Ganesha 135:Parvati 84:Deities 18:Saivite 20326:Portal 20230:Baháʼí 20134:Hindus 20112:Tilaka 20081:Others 20057:Ujjain 20052:Prayag 20047:Nashik 19987:Pongal 19925:Diwali 19878:Shudra 19837:Vivaha 19744:Dhyāna 19719:Bhajan 19709:Bhakti 19694:Temple 19648:Shakti 19556:Varuna 19499:Vishnu 19494:Brahma 19343:Sutras 19279:Agamas 19035:Smriti 18966:Dvaita 18931:Āstika 18876:Asteya 18871:Ahimsa 18857:Moksha 18842:Dharma 18755:topics 18554:Vaikom 18174:Portal 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