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By April 1973, the UFW was "fighting for our lives" and threatening to launch a nationwide boycott of any grower which signed a contract with the
Teamsters. Thousands of UFW members began picketing in the fields on April 15, 1973. Mass arrests quickly occurred, and many county jails were soon overflowing with detainees. The organizing battles between the two unions became violent with audacious and brutal attacks on UFW members day and night. The UFW appeared to be losing the battle physically, legally, and organizationally. The violence worsened; seventy farm workers were attacked on July 31, a UFW picketer was shot on August 3, five firebombs were thrown at UFW picket lines on August 9, two UFW members were shot on August 11, and a UFW picketer was shot to death on August 16, 1973.
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nationwide almost ceased, and the price of lettuce doubled almost overnight. Lettuce growers lost $ 500,000 a day. A state district court enjoined Chávez personally and the UFW as an organization from engaging in picketing, but both Chávez and the union refused to obey the court's orders. In late
September 1970, the UFW asked consumers to join in a nationwide boycott of all lettuce which had not been picked by members of the United Farm Workers. Violence, sporadic at first but increasingly widespread, began to occur in the fields. On November 4, 1970 a UFW regional office was bombed.
25:
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238:, eager to win the political support of farm-state members of Congress, argued that farm workers were excluded. When the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was enacted in 1935, it specifically exempted agricultural workers due to pressure from the "farm bloc" in Congress. The NLRA was not the only federal law to discriminate against farm workers; the
262:, boycotts and secondary boycotts (including the successful Delano grape strike), marches, rallies and cutting-edge public relations campaigns, the United Farm Workers (UFW) began organizing large numbers of agricultural laborers into unions. In some cases, the UFW even won recognition and negotiated contracts.
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union of having links with organised crime and that this was bringing a lot of unwarranted attention focused onto The Mob), and the day after the peace talks ended the
Teamsters shocked other unions and many growers by repudiating all the contracts they had signed since the new round of battles had begun.
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The Salad Bowl strike did not end the jurisdictional disagreement between the
Teamsters and the UFW. The Teamsters resumed their dispute with the UFW in December 1972, which led to further extensive disruptions in the state agricultural industry, mass picketing, mass arrests, and extensive violence.
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By late 1974, many observers were concluding that the UFW was no longer a viable force. In July it was forced to end picketing at some grape fields near Delano. Newspaper columnists suggested in June that the UFW no longer had any capacity to fight, and by
February 1975 had concluded the union had
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Although it considered mass picketing, rallies, and more boycotts, the UFW worried that it had lost the support of farm workers and that such events would only highlight the union's political weakness. Instead, the UFW settled on a 110-mile (180 km) march by a small group of UFW leaders from
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The dramatic success of the
Modesto march energized the farm labor movement in California, and Governor Brown quickly began pushing for labor law reform. The march may have been the capstone, but it was the Delano grape boycott's success which brought the growers to the table. "The grape boycott
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With the UFW beginning to buckle under the financial, legal, and organizational stress of the jurisdictional dispute, Chávez entered into talks with the
Teamsters on August 6 but quit them on August 10. But the Teamsters, too, had suffered greatly (it is possible that the FBI still suspected the
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But the August 12 agreement collapsed, and 5,000–7,000 UFW workers struck the
Salinas Valley growers on August 23 in what was the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history. More workers walked off the job in the next few weeks, while other unions supported the strike, shipments of fresh lettuce
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In August 1966, the
National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), two unrecognized and relatively minor labor unions claiming organizing jurisdiction over farm workers in California, merged to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (the
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tripled overnight, and thousands of acres of lettuce were plowed under as crops spoiled on the ground. The strike ended on July 23, but the contract included a special agreement by the growers to give the
Teamsters, not the UFW, access to farms and the right to organize workers into unions.
274:. In June 1969, about 25 small growers broke ranks with the rest of the industry, and by the end of July 1970 the strike had ended. The UFW believed that success over the Delano grape growers would lead hundreds of growers to recognize the union and negotiate contracts with the union.
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to preempt UFW members from walking off the job, the UFW held secret talks with the Teamsters to avert a strike by the UFW. An agreement to return jurisdiction over the field workers to the farm union was reached on August 12, and FreshPict Foods (then owned by the
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The UFW, which had long asserted jurisdiction over the field workers, was outraged, especially when the Teamsters signed a contract with the growers days later without having to do much organizing or build support among the workers. Even as UFW leader
462:"The United Farmworkers of America organized strikes and boycotts—including the 'Salad Bowl Strike,' the largest farmworker strike in U.S. history—to protest for, and later win, higher wages for farmworkers working for grape and lettuce growers."
422:. The march would be dramatic, but not require large numbers of participants. Although just a few hundred marchers left San Francisco on February 22, 1975, more than 15,000 people had joined them by the time they reached Modesto on March 1.
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After hundreds of elections under the law in its first two years, the UFW and Teamsters finally signed a long-lasting jurisdictional agreement in March 1977, and the UFW ended its boycotts of lettuce, grapes, and wine in February 1978.
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Because of the large number of vegetable growers in the Salinas Valley and the diversity of crops grown there, the Salinas Valley is known as "the Salad Bowl." See: Anderson, Burton.
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The ongoing fight between the Teamsters and UFW and its effect on UFW's organizational viability led César Chávez to seriously consider and advocate for legal reform in 1974. Although
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in California, represented by the Teamsters, struck on July 17, 1970 effectively preventing most of the nation's summer lettuce crop from reaching consumers. The price of
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Talks resumed, and a tentative agreement was reached on September 27, 1973 in which the Teamsters again agreed to leave jurisdiction over farm field workers to the UFW.
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The bitter strike ended on March 26, 1971 when the Teamsters and UFW signed a new jurisdictional agreement reaffirming the UFW's right to organize field workers.
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of 1938 also excluded them. Although a number of attempts were made in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s to organize farm laborers, these efforts were unsuccessful.
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in November 1974, Brown's election was not enough to win passage of legislation. The UFW knew it had to make a strong political showing in order to push the
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But the UFW was not the only union to see the end of the Delano grape strike as an opportunity. Six thousand drivers and packing workers in the
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passed the bill two days later. Governor Brown signed the legislation into law on June 4, 1975. The act went into effect on August 28, 1975.
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Collective bargaining rights for most hourly workers in the United States were first given legal protection in 1933 by Section 7a of the
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scared the heck out of the farmers, all of us," said one major grower. The march brought politicians and the Teamsters to the table.
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arrested Chávez and, for the first time in his life, César Chávez was put in jail. Two days later, he was visited in the
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347:. Kennedy and Johnson were attacked by an anti-union mob on the steps of the jail, and only intervention by city
218:, for many of the actions taken during the event were not strikes. The strike led directly to the passage of the
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June 14, 1969; Roberts, Steven V. "United Front Against Union Is Broken, But Majority of Growers Stand Firm."
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234:(NIRA). Although NIRA did not specifically exempt agricultural laborers from the protection of the Act, the
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June 8, 1973; Bernstein, Harry and Del Olmo, Frank. "Teamsters Hit Use of Guards by Farm Union."
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August 25, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "5,000–7,000 Strike in Largest Farm Walkout in U.S. History."
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Broad agreement on a bill was reached on May 7, 1975 just 68 days after the Modesto march. The
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went on a hunger strike to protest the Teamsters' actions and a state district court imposed a
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August 17, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Chavez Picket Shot to Death in Violence Near Bakersfield."
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July 31, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Arrests, Trouble Mark Second Day of Escalated Grape Strike."
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July 21, 1973; Caldwell, Earl. "Grape Workers Assail Judges As Arrests of Pickets Continue."
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March 27, 1971; Kendall, John. "Chavez Signs Nation's Largest Independent Lettuce Producer."
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on December 23, but the next day called a strike against six additional lettuce growers.
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July 14, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Seafarers Union to 'Guard' Chavez Pickets in Strike."
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August 27, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "Growers Losing $ 500,000 a Day in Lettuce Strike."
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June 19, 1969; Bernstein, Harry. "Further Breaks in Ranks of Grape Growers Reported."
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The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act.
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February 25, 1975; Del Olmo, Frank. "Demonstrators at Gallo Aim for Farm Labor Law."
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August 10, 1973; Bernstein, Harry. "Peace Talks Collapse in Grape Strike Dispute."
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August 2, 1973; Caldwell, Earl. "Picket Shot, Many More Arrested in Grape Strike."
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April 13, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Chavez' Farm Union in All-Out 'Fight for Life'."
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Roberts, Steven V. "Fear and Tension Grip Salinas Valley in Farm Workers' Strike."
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March 17, 1971; Turner, Wallace. "Chavez-Teamsters Pact Ends Lettuce Labor Rift."
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Aug 27, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "Lettuce Strike Gaining Support of Other Unions."
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Shabecoff, Philip. "Farm Union Boycott of Grapes and Lettuce Appears to Falter."
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predecessor organization to the United Farm Workers). Adopting the philosophy of
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June 27, 1973; Bernstein, Harry. "Chavez' Farm Workers Facing Severest Crisis."
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Bernstein, Harry. "New Pact to End Unions' Long Lettuce Dispute Reported Near."
307:) broke ranks with the other lettuce growers and signed contracts with the UFW.
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in the face of often violent reaction to its organizing efforts and engaging in
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August 7, 1973; Bernstein, Harry. "Chavez Quits Peace Meeting With Teamsters."
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April 24, 1971; Bernstein, Harry. "Teamsters Ask Farms to Sign Chavez Pacts."
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Bernstein, Harry. "Teamsters Give Chavez Clear Field to Organize Farm Hands."
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August 5, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "Chavez Union and Teamster Talks Revealed."
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Bernstein, Harry. "Harvest, Shipping Near Standstill in 'Salad Bowl' Strike."
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March 27, 1971; Bernstein, Harry. "New Teamster-Chavez Peace Treaty Signed."
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August 23, 1970; "Farm Union Signs a Contract With Lettuce Grower on Coast."
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July 18, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "450 Arrested in Kern County Farm Dispute."
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December 5, 1970; "Chavez Jailed First Time, Urges Union to Press Boycott."
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June 11, 1970; Boyarsky, Bill. "Handshakes Seal Pact Ending Grape Boycott."
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September 28, 1973; "Chavez Says Pact Means Teamsters Will Leave Fields."
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August 1, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Court Curbs Pickets at Major Vineyard."
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December 24, 1970; "Chavez Union Calls Strike Against 6 Lettuce Growers."
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Dark Sweat, White Gold: California Farm Workers, Cotton, and the New Deal.
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Levy, Jacques E.; Chávez, César; Ross, Fred Jr.; and Levy, Jacqueline M.
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June 19, 1969; Bernstein, Harry. "Federal Mediators Enter Grape Strike."
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August 9, 1973; "2 Chavez Pickets Shot in Clash With Nonunion Workers."
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prevented a riot and injury to the visitors. Chávez was released by the
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April 18, 1973; "135 More Picketers Held In Coast Vineyard Dispute."
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April 16, 1973; Del Olmo, Frank. "Teamsters Sign First Grape Pacts."
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July 22, 1970; "Acres of Lettuce Plowed Under in Strike at Salinas."
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August 3, 1973; "Firebombs Hurled in Area Of Grape Labor Disputes."
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America's Salad Bowl: An Agricultural History of the Salinas Valley.
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The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement,
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Bernstein, Harry. "Grape Growers Group Offers to Talk With Union."
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The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement.
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September 15, 1974; Taylor, Ronald B. "Chavez's Union: A Future?"
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Bernstein, Harry. "Grape Growers in Delano Sign Union Contracts."
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Gilliam, Jerry. "Assembly Sends Farm Bill to Brown for Signing."
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August 11, 1973; "Shots Fired at Chavez' Son in Vineyard Fight."
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The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941.
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August 24, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "Massive Farm Strike Begins."
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Del Olmo, Frank. "Chavez Union Marches to Back Winery Boycott."
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By 1969, the UFW was on the verge of winning its four years old
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Bernstein, Harry. "Battle Between Teamsters and Chavez Looms."
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
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Del Olmo, Frank. "UFWA Ends Picketing at Some Grape Fields."
1251:"Teamsters Repudiate Contracts As Chavez Quits Grape Talks."
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April 20, 1973; "350 Pickets of UFWU Jailed in Kern County."
934:"Chavez Defies Court Order on Picketing but Escapes Arrest."
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Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
951:"Chavez Is Pressing Nationwide Boycott In Lettuce Dispute."
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The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920–1933.
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Shabecoff, Philip. "Chavez Union Struggling for Survival."
1126:"Chavez' Pickets Defy Court Order; Kern County Jail Full."
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Salinas, Calif.: Monterey County Historical Society, 2000.
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Gender and Rural Migration: Realities, Conflict and Change
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July 21, 1973; "Arrest Toll Is 1,700 For Chavez Pickets."
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August 15, 1973; "Chavez Picket Shot to Death On Coast."
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Roberts, Steven V. "Chavez Is Jailed In Lettuce Strike."
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Powers, Charles T. "Chavez and the State of His Union."
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May 21, 1970; "Farm Workers Sign Largest Pact to Date."
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Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1996.
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Taylor, Ronald B. "Farm Union Peace Is Seen On Coast."
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Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
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June 23, 1974; Griffith, Winthrop. "Is Chavez Beaten?"
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Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970.
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del Castillo, Richard Griswold and Garcia, Richard A.
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Shabecoff, Philip. "Chavez Reaches Tentative Accord."
1067:"Chavez Warns of Boycott If Grape Pacts Are Shifted."
913:"Price of Lettuce Doubles As Coast Strike Continues."
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Feriss, Susan; Sandoval, Ricardo; and Hembree, Diana.
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National Farm Workers Association/United Farm Workers
1475:"Chavez Ends the Boycotts Of Lettuce, Grapes, Wine."
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Turner, Wallace. "Chavez and Teamsters Sign Accord."
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Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History.
500:"Coast Workers Vote Strike At 27 Vegetable Ranches."
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that began on August 23, 1970 and led to the largest
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1436:"Governor Signs Historic Farm Labor Legislation."
1347:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
938:September 10, 1970; "Court Enjoins Chavez Union."
206:strike in U.S. history. The strike was led by the
1410:Gilliam, Jerry. "Senate Passes Farm Labor Bill."
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683:Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2002.
655:(Originally published 1960); Bernstein, Irving.
627:Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2002.
799:July 24, 1970; "6,000 Back in Lettuce Fields."
1449:Bernstein, Harry. "Farm Labor Law in Effect."
841:"Chavez Goes on Fast and Assails Injunction."
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647:Paperback ed. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972.
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1147:Pandol, Jack. "Violence on the Grape Farms."
968:September 6, 1970; "Union Office Is Bombed."
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815:"Chavez Union Plans Salinas Protest Walk."
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607:5th ed. Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 2006.
564:New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998.
220:California Agricultural Labor Relations Act
214:. The Salad Bowl strike was only in part a
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884:"Grower Breaks Ranks, Talks With Chavez."
745:"Strike By Teamsters Hits Produce Crops."
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795:"Salinas Agreement Ends Lettuce Strike."
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61:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa.
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1101:"33 Farm Worker Pickets Arrested."
1084:"Teamsters Gain California Farms."
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433:passed the bill on May 26, and the
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1322:Cesar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit.
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1627:César E. Chávez National Monument
998:"Chavez Ordered Freed By Court."
781:"From Fruit Bowl to Salad Bowl."
303:) and Inter-Harvest (part of the
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1371:February 28, 1975; "The State."
758:"Strike Triples Lettuce Price."
232:National Industrial Recovery Act
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404:California State Legislature
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1498:. New York: Routledge.
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32:This article cites its
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400:Governor of California
1786:History of California
216:jurisdictional strike
104:Collective bargaining
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1272:September 29, 1973./
305:United Fruit Company
296:temporary injunction
1756:United Farm Workers
1686:Helen Fabela Chávez
1599:Delano Grape Strike
1477:The New York Times.
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1047:Arneson, Eric, ed.
1021:The New York Times.
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955:September 20, 1970.
942:September 17, 1970.
940:The New York Times.
785:September 14, 1970.
705:The New York Times.
643:Bernstein, Irving.
272:Delano grape strike
240:Social Security Act
208:United Farm Workers
145:United Farm Workers
1816:1971 in California
1811:1970 in California
1726:(2014 documentary)
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390:Enactment of CALRA
355:deputies, and the
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200:secondary boycotts
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989:December 5, 1970.
972:November 5, 1970.
953:Associated Press.
502:Associated Press.
398:had been elected
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340:, widow of slain
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804:
793:
787:
778:
767:
756:
750:
743:
737:
722:
716:
697:
691:
677:
668:
641:
635:
621:
615:
601:
595:
581:
572:
558:
533:
519:
513:
512:August 25, 1970.
498:
489:
488:August 26, 1970.
482:
463:
460:
316:federal marshals
186:was a series of
133:
132:
85:
73:
72:
66:
59:
55:
52:
46:
27:
26:
19:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1674:
1615:
1604:The Forty Acres
1587:
1562:
1557:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1466:March 11, 1977.
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1125:
1121:
1100:
1096:
1092:April 16, 1973.
1083:
1079:
1075:April 15, 1973.
1066:
1062:
1046:
1039:
1014:
1010:
997:
993:
980:
976:
963:
959:
950:
946:
933:
929:
912:
908:
900:
896:
883:
879:
870:
866:
862:August 7, 1970.
853:
849:
840:
836:
832:August 2, 1970.
827:
823:
814:
807:
794:
790:
779:
770:
757:
753:
744:
740:
723:
719:
698:
694:
678:
671:
642:
638:
622:
618:
602:
598:
582:
575:
559:
536:
520:
516:
499:
492:
483:
476:
467:
466:
461:
457:
447:
392:
372:
320:Monterey County
283:iceberg lettuce
268:
228:
176:
175:
168:
147:
140:
88:
67:
56:
50:
47:
44:
40:page references
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1709:McDonnell Hall
1706:
1704:Dolores Huerta
1701:
1698:Richard Chavez
1695:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1375:March 2, 1975.
1356:
1333:
1308:
1287:
1274:
1257:
1244:
1223:
1178:
1176:July 26, 1973.
1161:
1159:June 12, 1973.
1140:
1138:July 22, 1973.
1119:
1117:July 19, 1973.
1094:
1077:
1060:
1037:
1008:
991:
974:
957:
944:
927:
906:
904:, p. 120.
902:Bonifacio 2014
894:
877:
864:
847:
834:
821:
819:July 31, 1970.
805:
803:July 25, 1970.
788:
768:
766:July 23, 1970.
751:
749:July 18, 1970.
738:
736:July 30, 1970.
717:
715:June 29, 1969.
692:
669:
636:
616:
596:
583:Weber, Devra.
573:
534:
514:
490:
473:
465:
464:
454:
453:
446:
443:
391:
388:
371:
368:
314:On December 4
279:Salinas Valley
267:
264:
260:hunger strikes
227:
224:
178:
177:
169:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
141:
136:
129:
128:
124:
123:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1794:
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1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
1757:
1754:
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1747:
1744:
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1741:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:(2007 statue)
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1505:9780415817387
1501:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1440:June 5, 1975.
1439:
1433:
1427:May 30, 1975.
1426:
1420:
1414:May 27, 1975.
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1388:1998, p. 161.
1387:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1353:0-8166-5049-7
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1330:0-8061-2957-3
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1285:July 6, 1974.
1284:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1057:0-415-96826-7
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1035:May 12, 1971.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1005:
1001:
995:
988:
984:
978:
971:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
937:
931:
924:
920:
916:
910:
903:
898:
891:
887:
881:
874:
868:
861:
857:
851:
844:
838:
831:
825:
818:
812:
810:
802:
798:
792:
786:
784:
777:
775:
773:
765:
761:
755:
748:
742:
735:
731:
727:
721:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
690:
689:1-55753-281-8
686:
682:
676:
674:
666:
665:0-395-11778-X
662:
658:
654:
653:0-395-13657-1
650:
646:
640:
634:
633:1-55753-281-8
630:
626:
620:
614:
613:1-57018-585-9
610:
606:
600:
594:
593:0-520-20710-6
590:
586:
580:
578:
571:
570:0-15-600598-0
567:
563:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
532:
531:0-9705860-0-0
528:
524:
518:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
487:
481:
479:
474:
472:
471:
459:
455:
452:
451:
442:
438:
436:
432:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:San Francisco
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
383:
380:
376:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:Ethel Kennedy
335:
334:Rafer Johnson
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
306:
302:
297:
293:
287:
284:
280:
275:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
154:
146:
142:
139:
135:
134:
130:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
84:
79:
74:
65:
62:
54:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1761:Cesar Chavez
1721:
1715:Cesar Chavez
1713:
1664:Cesar Chavez
1663:
1654:
1648:Cesar Chavez
1646:
1610:
1580:El Malcriado
1578:
1560:Cesar Chavez
1494:
1486:Bibliography
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1401:May 8, 1975.
1398:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1321:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1048:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
986:
982:
977:
969:
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
935:
930:
922:
918:
914:
909:
897:
889:
885:
880:
872:
867:
859:
855:
850:
842:
837:
829:
824:
816:
800:
796:
791:
782:
763:
759:
754:
746:
741:
733:
729:
725:
720:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
680:
656:
644:
639:
624:
619:
604:
599:
584:
561:
522:
517:
509:
505:
501:
485:
469:
468:
458:
449:
448:
439:
428:
424:
408:
393:
384:
381:
377:
373:
365:
357:Brown Berets
313:
309:
292:César Chávez
288:
276:
269:
248:
242:of 1935 and
229:
210:against the
183:
181:
172:César Chávez
170:
163:
156:Lead figures
57:
48:
37:
1718:(2014 film)
396:Jerry Brown
386:no future.
204:farm worker
51:August 2020
1740:Categories
1694:(grandson)
1692:Sam Chavez
1567:Co-founded
445:References
331:decathlete
327:gold medal
226:Background
1700:(brother)
470:Citations
353:sheriff's
329:-winning
222:in 1975.
138:Teamsters
406:to act.
252:pacifism
196:boycotts
1679:Related
420:Modesto
414:to the
342:Senator
324:Olympic
256:strikes
192:pickets
190:, mass
188:strikes
127:Parties
117:boycott
113:Pickets
109:Methods
34:sources
1688:(wife)
1620:Honors
1502:
1351:
1328:
1055:
687:
663:
651:
631:
611:
591:
568:
529:
370:Impact
349:police
266:Strike
1662:USNS
783:Time.
450:Notes
101:Goals
1592:Life
1500:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1053:ISBN
685:ISBN
661:ISBN
649:ISBN
629:ISBN
609:ISBN
589:ISBN
566:ISBN
527:ISBN
336:and
198:and
182:The
93:Date
36:but
418:in
1742::
1336:^
1311:^
1040:^
808:^
771:^
672:^
576:^
537:^
493:^
477:^
258:,
194:,
119:;
115:;
1552:e
1545:t
1538:v
1508:.
64:)
58:(
53:)
49:(
43:.
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