Salah al-Din al-Bitar

1905: 1940:—which abolished the 1962 Agrarian Reform Law and amending the 1958 one—was published. Bitar had promised to introduce a new agrarian law for some time; according to Rabinovich its publication was "probably fixed so as to serve the Ba'ath in its struggle against Hariri". Hariri resisted the committee's move and promptly returned to Damascus to marshal his supporters. Neither Hariri nor the Committee sought a violent confrontation, and when it became clear that the committee had a larger following in the officer corps, Hariri admitted defeat and left the country. He left for Paris on 8 July and was accompanied to the airport by Haddad and Bitar. Bitar reportedly had tears in his eyes when he said goodbye because he believed that without Hariri, the committee would have full control over the military, leaving the civilian leadership considerably weaker in its competition for control of the Ba'ath Party. 1947:, a Nasserite officer, launched a coup against the Ba'athists. The coup failed but the Ba'athists' violent suppression of it was controversial—20 suspected conspirators were immediately executed. President Atassi was removed from his post on 27 July and was replaced by Hafiz; according to Rabinovich, the Ba'athists thought it unnecessary to have an independent figurehead after the failed 18 July coup. Alwan's attempted coup and Atassi's demotion affected Egyptian–Syrian relations. On 22 July, the traditional date for Nasser's Revolution Day address, Nasser stated that Egypt had withdrawn from the Federal Union Agreement, blaming the Ba'athists for the withdrawal. He condemned the Ba'ath as irreligious and heretical; the latter was particularly effective because many Syrian Muslims viewed the Ba'ath Party's open embrace of 5956: 5812: 6044: 5724: 2054:

and respect for public freedoms." On 27 May, the Presidential Council announced its support for Bitar's policies and said it would try to ensure freedom of speech by educating reactionary and undesirable elements within Syrian society. Bitar eased the public atmosphere slightly; his government released 180 political prisoners in June. It is said that it was Hafiz who decided to release the political detainees, not Bitar. The Provisional Constitution, which ensured the trade unions' independence from the state, did not change the authoritarian nature of the government; either the Cabinet, the Syrian Regional Command or the Military Committee issued a decree which dismissed

1694: 1830: 253: 1884:, this was probably not the first step to establish a state-owned economy. Rabinovich said that this move was intended to deceive the Egyptians and the Nasserites; Nasser had previously told Bitar that the first step to revolutionary change was the nationalization of the banking sector. Bitar's policy statements at the time were moderate and did not explain the 2 May decree, but planning minister Zuhur stated that the reason for the decree was that the banks were too powerful, were exploiting people, and had too strong an influence within the political system. 706: 5768: 1822:—were given to Ba'athists. The Ba'athist–Nasserite coalition government was unstable and based upon power politics rather than any sort of allegiance. Bitar and Aflaq sought to gain popular legitimacy among the Syrian people and viewed the coalition government as a means towards gaining the blessings of Nasser, who was still popular in Syria. Many members wanted to turn the Ba'ath into a Syria-focused party and did not care about Nasser's position towards Syria. This faction later became known as the "Regionalists" ( 2085:

direct approach against the Military Committee–Regionalist alliance, constantly pressing Razzaz to dissolve the Regional Command and to expel what they considered "deviators" from the party. According to Razzaz, Bitar believed most party members supported them in their conflict against the Military Committee–Regionalist alliance. They were incorrect; during a visit to several party branches within Syria, Razzaz learnt that the National Command lacked any significant support at the local level.

1997:

the 1st Regional Congress were rigged in favor of the anti-Aflaq civilian factions and supporters of the Military Committee. The doctrinal and political resolutions of the 1st Regional Congress reflected an anti-Aflaqite discourse. Bitar was not elected to the Syrian Regional Command; all eight seats went to supporters of Shufi, who was appointed the Regional Secretary. The majority of the Syrian delegates elected at the 1st Regional Congress were anti-Aflaqites or radical Ba'athists.

1768:, and by August 1960 only three Syrians remained in the official decision-making bodies of the UAR. The lack of Syrian participation was "corrected" in September when five new Syrian cabinet members were appointed, but the ratio of two Egyptians for each Syrian central cabinet member was kept until 1961. From December 1959, Bitar and the Ba'ath Party began to oppose the UAR and its political structure. Bitar supported the coup of 28 September 1961, which dissolved the UAR as a 7091: 6077: 1876:, the Nasserites demanding more power for themselves in the political system. Both parties were averse to power-sharing but the Nasserites were outmaneuvered following the purge of their supporters in the officer corps, which ended their struggle for control over Syria. The Military Committee was adamantly opposed to continued negotiations with Nasser and the Nasserites, and by the time of the purge, Aflaq and Bitar had given up on them. 1617: 1522: 66: 25: 1932:, the independent chief of staff, was appointed defense minister. The formation of Bitar's second cabinet began a new phase in Egyptian–Syrian relations; the Egyptian government stated that Bitar's cabinet was an "unjustified blow to the Union's state". The Syrian media and press reported in kind, but their communiques made clear distinctions between Nasser and the "incompetent" people within the Egyptian government. 2050:. The composition of the Presidential Council showed the power balance between the three major factions more accurately then did Bitar's cabinet. Hafiz, Umran and Nureddin al-Atassi were Military Committee–Regionalist loyalists while Bitar and Atrash were Aflaqite old guards. Bitar was the only member of the Presidential Council who was not a member of either the National Command or the Syrian Regional Command. 2115:

22 December the National Command dissolved the Regional Command and appointed a Supreme Command, which included all the National Command members, five other old-guard members—including Bitar—and five places were left for the regionalists, who did not take up the offer. In response to the National Command's orders, Zu'ayyin's government and all the regionalist members of the Presidential Council resigned.

168: 2154:. As he was exiting the elevator to enter his office, his assassin fired two shots to the back of his head. The identity of his killer was never discovered, but it was reported that Assad ordered the assassination. At the time, Bitar had reported to local authorities in France that he had received death threats by mail and telephone. He took personal measures by limiting his movements. 2046:(NRC), which Devlin said, "was but another name for the NCRC". While the NRC was in theory the chief executive and legislative body of the state, the NRC relegated much of its powers to the Presidential Council. In May 1964, the Presidential Council comprised Hafiz as chairman, Umram as Deputy Chairman, Bitar, Nureddin al-Atassi and 1784:

criticism, withdrew his signature from the 2 October manifesto, but it was too late to prevent damage. Several members called upon Aflaq to expel Bitar from the party, citing his wild opportunism. After the dissolution of the UAR, Bitar did not join the reconstituted Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party until after the

1845:—the economy minister. Nasser treated them badly during the negotiations, and Bitar and Aflaq moved closer to the position of the Regionalists. Nasser would only resume negotiations if the Ba'ath Party made concessions to the Nasserites in Syria, which the Ba'athists refused to do. The Nasserite cabinet members of the 2098:

Regional Command in October and November had strengthened Jadid's position within the armed forces by appointing several Alawites and Druze to senior positions and appointed new provincial governors in Damascus, Hama, Aleppo and other cities. As the power of Jadid and the Military Committee grew, Aflaq, Bitar, Hafiz,

2010:. Bitar, who had reportedly resigned from his post as prime minister after his humiliation at the 1st Regional Congress, was forced to delay his resignation until the aftermath of the 6th National Congress. Bitar's third cabinet was dissolved on 11 November and Hafiz succeeded him as prime minister on 12 November. 2094:

the sixteen members to be members "with a pan-Arab outlook"—including Bitar. The Military Committee responded to Aflaq's and Bitar's request by appointing no old guard-affiliated members to the Regional Command; Hafiz was re-elected Regional Secretary and Jadid was elected Assistant Regional Secretary.

2135:, who came to power in 1970. Bitar returned briefly to Damascus; he was not reconciled with Assad and shortly, after a meeting with Assad ended without an agreement, Bitar launched a press campaign against the Syrian government from his exile in Paris, attacking it in a new magazine which he entitled 1996:

At the 1st Regional Congress (held 5 September) and the 6th National Congress (5–23 October 1963), the erosion of Aflaq's and Bitar's influence became evident. Unlike the highly unorganized March Regional Congress, the 1st Regional Congress followed the party's "Internal Regulation". The elections to

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argued that considering the political situation, the dissolution of the Regional Command would not favour the National Command in any way. Before the factions reached an agreement, forces loyal to Jadid seized control of the army brigade in Homs on 20 December. In the face of such abuse of power, on

2084:

succeeded Aflaq as secretary general. In an effort to rebuild the authority of the National Command, Razzaz had to contend with two factions; the Military Committee–Regionalist loyalists who controlled the party in Syria, and the old guard faction led by Aflaq–Bitar. Both Aflaq and Bitar supported a

1960:

In contrast to his second cabinet, no vacant portfolios were left for a possible re-accommodation with the Nasserites. The cabinet was composed of Ba'athists and unionist independents, who were brought in to signify wide popular support for the government. Hafiz left the cabinet and was succeeded as

1935:

A power struggle between Hariri and the Military Committee occurred between 23 June and 8 July 1963. The Military Committee viewed Hariri's independent power base with unease. Bitar supported Hariri in his conflict against the Military Committee; presumably believing that Hariri worked as a check on

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between Egypt, Iraq and Syria as proof of him lacking pro-Arab nationalist credentials. The manifesto, which was handwritten by Bitar, stated that Nasser had distorted "the idea of Arab nationalism" and accused him of strangling the "political and democratic life" in Syria. Bitar, then under popular

2079:

The old guard were humiliated, the new government led by Hafiz initiated several statist measures, and the Military Committee reduced the National Command to a formality. At the 8th National Congress in April 1965, Aflaq did not stand for the Secretary Generalship of the party but was re-elected to

2053:

Bitar's cabinet tried—within the limits given to it by the Presidential Council—to regain the people's trust in the Ba'ath Party. In a summary of his government's policies, Bitar said it would "provide freedom, security, confidence, equal opportunities, and to safeguard individual personal freedoms

1968:

However, things were not going according to Bitar's and Aflaq's plan. The reconstituted party was divided into many factions which differed on policy issues, but most of them supported Aflaq's ouster as Secretary General of the National Command. Immediately after the attempted coup, Aflaq and Bitar

1602:

region in central Syria and a valuable foothold in the military officer corps. The three politicians agreed to merge their parties and co-operated in the overthrow of Shishakli in 1954, following which a congress ratified the merger of the two parties into the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The rules

2093:

and to an extraordinary Regional Congress. Razzaz—who did not want to be seen supporting either side in the conflict—decided to expand the Regional Command membership. Razzaz wanted the Military Committee to co-opt some old guard members into the Regional Command; Aflaq and Bitar asked for nine of

2065:

Bitar resigned from office on 3 October, according to Devlin because he "failed ... to accomplish much beyond getting a constitution issued, easing tensions, and staying in office." Shortly after his resignation, Bitar and Atrash lost their seats on the Presidential Council. The two were

1503:

On 24 October 1942 both Bitar and Aflaq resigned from their teaching positions to take up politics full-time. They slowly gained supporters and in 1945 the first elected Bureau of the Arab Ba'ath Movement was formed, including both men. The following year, the organisation gained many new members

2097:

By this time, Bitar had begun discussions with Umran, which concluded with the understanding that Umran and Hafiz would act as the party's defenders against the Military Committee and their allies. Bitar informed the National Command about these discussions. To the National Command's dismay, the

2022:

but despite this, the power balance between the Aflaqite old guard and the Military Committee–Regionalist alliance remained unchanged. According to John Devlin, Hafiz's resigned as prime minister because the Military Committee believed that "its people would be better out of the public eye for a

1729:. At the beginning, Bitar was the only Syrian in the central cabinet. He and other Syrians in the UAR leadership became dismayed over the dominant role Nasser gave the Egyptians in administrating the UAR. Nasser had opposed the formation of a joint leadership council of Egyptians and Syrians. 1887:

The purge of pro-Egyptian officers led the Nasserite cabinet members who had resigned on 25 March, to publicly tender their resignations for a second time on 6 May. The Nasserites said that they would withdraw their resignations if all of their demands were met. Not long after, a violent

606:

in several early Ba'athist governments in Syria but became alienated from the party as it grew more radical. In 1966 he fled the country, lived mostly in Europe and remained politically active until he was assassinated in Paris in 1980 by unidentified hitmen linked to the regime of

1936:

the Military Committee's growing power. On 23 June, when Hariri was on a diplomatic visit to Algiers, the Military Committee transferred his supporters from sensitive military posts and demoted Hariri to become Syria's military attaché in Washington. On the same day, a new

665:

family. They were both interested in the political and intellectual movements of the time, and began applying nationalist and Marxist ideas to the situation of their homeland. Bitar returned to Syria in 1934, and took a job teaching physics and mathematics at the

2123:

Members of the party's other fractions fled; Bitar and other members of the party's historic leadership were captured and detained in a government guest house. When the new government launched a purge in August that year, Bitar escaped and fled to

1752:), as well as all former members of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party who worked within the UAR bureaucracy—resigned their posts. The resignation were made public, and were accepted later in December. A fifth Syrian regional minister, 1879:

After the negotiations with Nasser ended, the Syrian government tried to maintain the illusion that they were continuing. On 2 May, Bitar's government issued a decree calling for the nationalization of all Syrian banks. According to historian

1977:. Shufi's group, which controlled the Syrian Regional Command, became allies of the Military Committee in their fight to topple Aflaq and Bitar. Aflaq and Bitar could not rely upon support in the National Command from the Iraqis; the 2000:

Bitar and Aflaq also failed to get elected at the 6th National Congress. Bitar was not elected to the National Command, and of the nine seats allotted to the Syrian and Iraqi Regional Branches, only three were won by moderates. The

1916:, however, six ministerial portfolios were left vacant for a possible reconciliation with the Nasserites. Hafiz was appointed deputy prime minister and also continued as interior minister. Unionist Ba'ath officials—such as Zuhur, 2070:

and Hafiz—both Military Committee–Regionalist loyalists. The National Command was displeased by the military's domination of the state, and its members persuaded Aflaq—who had gone into self-imposed exile—to return to Syria.

1951:

and the fact that many party officials were Christians or belonged to heterodox Muslim sects with disdain. Once order had been restored after the coup attempt, Bitar dissolved his cabinet and appointed a new one on 4 August.

1841:. He represented Syria at the Egyptian–Syrian–Iraqi unity negotiations of March–April 1963. In the first round of negotiations, which lasted until 19 March when Bitar and Aflaq joined in, the Ba'ath Party was represented by 2023:

while", which Devlin said is the reason Bitar's cabinet did not contain any prominent Military Committee loyalists or Regionalists. The majority of cabinet members were old guard Aflaqites, including party ideologue

2005:

was approved by the congress, which signaled a radical change in Ba'athist thinking. Arab unity was replaced as the primary ideological focus of the party with a Marxist-inspired definition of socialism called the

5017: 1681:—one of the Ba'ath's bitterest ideological enemies. He became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1956 and held the post until 1958. Along with other Ba'athists, he agitated in favour of the unification of Syria with 3654: 2088:

In the meantime, a power struggle within the Military Committee between Hafiz and Jadid began. The National Command brokered a compromise between the two, which led to the formation of a new government led by

1586:, sometimes translated as "doyen"; this made him the effective leader of the party with sweeping powers within the organization under the constitution adopted at the congress. In 1952 Syria's military leader 1776: 1973:—the eventual Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch. By doing this, they were giving momentum to their opponents. Shufi, who was at first believed to be an Aflaq supporter, was a radical 5007: 4914: 4348: 4143: 7125: 1873: 1697:

Nasser at the gates of the Presidential Palace in Damascus in 1958. Nasser was standing with Syrian and Egyptian cabinet members of the UAR. From left to right; Vice President Hawrani,

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A meeting between the Syrian and Egyptian delegations. From left to right: Prime Minister Bitar, head of state Atassi, Egyptian President Nasser, and Aflaq, the Ba'ath Party leader

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Following the overthrow of Shishakli, Syria held its first democratic elections in five years. Bitar was elected as a deputy for Damascus, defeating the secretary general of the

1465:(the vanguard). According to Batatu, this publication displayed more concern with social issues than with national problems. Bitar and Aflaq's political stance was closer to the 4005: 2039: 642:

and preachers in the district's mosques. Bitar grew up in a conservative family atmosphere and attended a Muslim elementary school before receiving his secondary education in

1937: 2106:

began to support the Regional Command's dissolution on the orders of the National Command. These discussions lasted from 8 December to 20 December 1965; Razzaz, Atrash,

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was now part of the government, France's approach to its colonies barely changed. Bitar and Aflaq were unhappy with the Syrian party's stance in these circumstances.

2007: 1603:

and constitution of Bitar and Aflaq's party were adopted unchanged. All three were elected to the party's new National Command, along with a supporter of Hawrani.

1865:, resigned in protest because of the Ba'ath Party's position on the issue. Propaganda campaigns by both Ba'athist and Nasserite forces ensued in Syria. Bitar and 2024: 189: 1745: 1810:(NCRC) on 9 March 1963 in the aftermath of the 1963 Syrian coup d'état. Nine of the twenty cabinet members were Ba'athists. All vital ministries except the 7225: 4946: 1842: 1775:

On 2 October 1961, Bitar, Hawrani and 14 other politicians—mostly conservatives—signed a manifesto. Two months later, Bitar signed a similar document, the

1209: 4977: 3676: 1846: 1838: 1753: 1741: 1710: 1480:

In 1939, Aflaq and Bitar began to attract a small following of students, and in 1941 they issued leaflets agitating against French rule, using the title

1135: 434: 1904: 7175: 6850: 5690: 5191: 2107: 1780: 5024: 5002: 4904: 2055: 1277: 1235: 1051: 535: 2139:, in an echo of the name he and Aflaq had adopted almost forty years before. He was also rumored to be in contact with Syrian opposition figures in 2038:

On 24 April, a provisional constitution for Syria was introduced. It stated that principal executive power was to be given to the newly established

4909: 1978: 1925: 1850: 1737: 1072: 668: 3603: 2032: 1807: 1448: 1256: 1035: 1014: 6880: 6327: 5367: 2103: 1990: 1056: 966: 1114: 1077: 5248: 4863: 1304: 1230: 2062:(GFTU). Hakim was dismissed because he permitted radical Ba'athists—who supported Shufi and Sadi—to gather and hold meetings at the GFTU. 1582:

In 1947, during the first party congress held in Damascus; Bitar was elected secretary general. Aflaq took the pre-eminent position of '

6835: 6263: 5502: 5484: 3488: 2059: 1896:. The short-lived Ba'athist–Nasserite coalition government was dissolved on 11 May, and on 13 May, Bitar presented his second cabinet. 764: 176: 7240: 6830: 5955: 5811: 5263: 5241: 5221: 4894: 3479: 3456: 1337: 1009: 754: 6043: 5723: 130: 7205: 7130: 6960: 6890: 6855: 5211: 4992: 4921: 1093: 2240:

Hafiz al-Asad's regime suspected Bitar of plotting against it, and, on 21 July 1980, he was assassinated in Paris by Syrian agents

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On 21 July 1980, Bitar was shot dead in Paris. That morning, he received a telephone call to meet a journalist at the office of

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The Ba'ath Party purged several pro-Egyptian officers from the military between 28 April and 2 May. After the signing of the

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than to any of the other political groups in Damascus. They became disillusioned with the Communists in 1936, after the

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banned all political parties. Bitar and Aflaq took refuge in neighboring Lebanon, where they came into contact with

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in the early 1940s. As students in Paris in the early 1930s, the two formulated a doctrine that combined aspects of

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power in Syria. The district was heavily bombarded with considerable loss of life and physical damage.

44: 5767: 3217: 661:. There he became acquainted with Michel Aflaq, also the son of a Midan grain merchant who was from a 7094: 6895: 6785: 6682: 6371: 6349: 6249: 5507: 5316: 5129: 651: 6403: 5427: 5278: 4393: 4328: 4178: 3878: 3442: 3186:

Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature

2255:

Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature

1627: 1532: 1350: 123: 3242: 1693: 646:. He was exposed to the political vicissitudes of the time, as Midan played a leading role in the 7056: 6975: 6760: 6205: 5699: 5432: 5236: 4936: 4813: 4503: 4188: 4158: 3536: 3531: 2182: 1908:

Hafiz at Cairo Airport in August 1963 being greeted by Nasser. Bitar is standing to the far right

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in north-western Syria who had come to Damascus in the wake of his native area's annexation by

1474: 1470: 1466: 926: 846: 572: 7041: 6775: 6770: 6647: 6438: 6408: 6185: 6076: 6057: 5802: 5714: 5054: 4941: 4793: 4518: 4313: 4293: 4116: 3927: 3858: 3696: 3268:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

2313:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

2207:(The Baath's Struggle). Beirut: Dar al-Taliah, 1963–1965. Vols. 1-4 contain items by subject. 1982: 1188: 936: 689: 252: 7120: 7115: 7076: 7046: 7006: 7001: 6905: 6780: 6617: 6034: 5830: 5820: 5792: 5781: 4703: 4616: 4468: 4413: 4283: 4208: 4061: 3863: 1858: 1722: 1595: 831: 8: 7066: 6423: 6356: 6211: 6095: 5984: 5890: 5880: 5113: 4818: 4661: 4528: 4483: 4453: 4438: 4278: 4268: 4258: 4243: 3588: 2158: 1965:. Bitar's third cabinet was the first in which the Ba'athists controlled the government. 1761: 1725:(UAR) but instead he was appointed the Minister of State for Arab Affairs, and later the 1714: 658: 547: 1829: 7071: 7051: 7011: 6927: 6910: 6885: 6692: 6503: 6493: 6473: 6443: 6418: 6175: 6145: 5442: 5387: 5098: 4783: 4758: 4646: 4478: 4383: 4193: 4163: 4046: 3980: 3800: 3639: 3593: 3583: 3434: 1962: 1866: 1682: 911: 901: 376: 6687: 1461:

During the next two years, Bitar, Aflaq and other associates edited a review entitled

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On 23–24 December 1959 Bitar—together with Hawrani (the UAR Vice President and

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demonstration occurred in Damascus. It was violently put down by

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Nasser's Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic

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The Old Social Classes and New Revolutionary Movements of Iraq

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Commins, David (2013). "Bitar, Salah al-Din al- (1912-1980)".

1981:

had undergone a sudden radicalization under the leadership of

1912:

Bitar's second cabinet was composed largely of Ba'athists and

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Bitar was reappointed prime minister in the aftermath of the

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and had a considerable following among the peasantry of the

1594:—an experienced politician who had recently established the 2893: 2883: 2881: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2845: 2843: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2581: 2579: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2445: 2443: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 1742:

Syrian regional Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform

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Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000

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Reich, Bernard (1990). "Salah al-Din Bitar (1912-1980)".

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Bitar expected to be appointed the Vice President of the

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Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis

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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians

2409: 2390: 1924:—were not included in Bitar's second cabinet. General 1484:—"the Arab Resurrection". Their first use of the name 3088: 3076: 3059: 3038: 2996: 2963: 2932: 1869:, the NCRC chairman, sharply rebuked the Nasserites. 1504:

when most of the former supporters of Arsuzi, led by

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Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party

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The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966

2472: 582:;‎ 1 January 1912 – 21 July 1980) was a 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6851:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 5192:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 3409: 1750:Syrian regional social affairs and labour minister 2199:Al-Siyasah al-Arabiyah bayn al-Mabda wa al-Tatbiq 1473:government came to power in France. Although the 657:Bitar traveled to France in 1929 to study in the 631:in 1912; he was the son of a reasonably well-off 7107: 3677:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 1701:, a vice president, followed by Nasser, Marshal 3412:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 2157:At the time of the assassination, Bitar held a 1689:United Arab Republic and interregnum: 1958–1963 3604:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 1808:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 6881:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 6328:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 6257: 5684: 5368:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria 3450: 1442: 5155: 1606: 239: 7226:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1980s 2118: 1806:Bitar's first cabinet was appointed by the 1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 680: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6264: 6250: 5691: 5677: 3457: 3443: 3381: 3270:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, p. 111 2926: 2914: 2902: 2887: 2872: 2849: 2834: 2811: 2794: 2769: 2754: 2739: 2718: 2706: 2691: 2679: 2662: 2650: 2625: 2602: 2585: 2570: 2551: 2539: 2522: 2505: 2493: 2466: 1969:re-delegated basic organizational work to 1956:Third cabinet: 4 August – 11 November 1963 1791: 1777:National Charter for the Separatist Regime 1449: 1435: 278:1 January 1966 – 23 February 1966 251: 7176:Recipients of Syrian presidential pardons 5249:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 3343: 2449: 2434: 2384: 2131:In 1978, Bitar was pardoned by President 1727:Minister of Culture and National Guidance 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1570:Learn how and when to remove this message 1305:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 215:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 6961:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 6891:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 6856:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 5212:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 3362: 3329:(2nd ed.). Hoover Institute Press. 2403: 1993:, still supported the National Command. 1903: 1828: 1692: 429:6 April 1947 – 1 September 1959 368:9 March 1963 – 11 November 1963 192:of all important aspects of the article. 6836:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 6821:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 5353:Front of Patriotic and National Parties 5332:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces 5182:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 3304: 3182: 2415: 2258:. Transaction Publishers. p. 670. 2251: 2223: 2080:the National Command against his will. 7108: 6831:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 5264:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 3324: 3282: 3109: 3082: 3070: 3053: 3032: 3017: 3005: 2990: 2957: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2315:. Greenwood Press. pp. 110, 111. 1900:Second cabinet: 13 May – 4 August 1963 1338:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 188:Please consider expanding the lead to 6245: 5672: 5533: 5154: 4861: 3722: 3504: 3438: 3404: 3145: 3133: 3121: 2478: 2310: 1512:On the leadership of the Ba'ath Party 672:, where Aflaq was already a teacher. 447:June 1956 – 22 February 1958 323:13 May 1964 – 3 October 1964 6271: 5383:Palestinian National Salvation Front 2013: 1802:First cabinet: 9 March – 11 May 1963 1705:, who became Governor of Syria, and 1643:adding citations to reliable sources 1610: 1548:adding citations to reliable sources 1515: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 6871:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 5453:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party 5418:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 2074: 1874:Federal Union Agreement of 17 April 567: 240: 13: 6811:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 6333:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 6075: 6042: 5954: 5810: 5766: 5722: 5503:General Federation of Trade Unions 5363:Lebanese National Resistance Front 5076:National Progressive Front (Syria) 2060:General Federation of Trade Unions 877:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue 675: 14: 7262: 6876:Palestine Liberation Organization 5534: 5327:Palestine Liberation Organization 5071:National Progressive Front (Iraq) 4724:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai 4154:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur 3308:Dictionary Of Modern Arab History 1814:—which was headed by independent 34:This article has multiple issues. 7241:Politicians assassinated in 1980 7090: 7089: 6816:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 6499:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 5232:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 4862: 4136:Members of the Regional Commands 1853:, the deputy prime minister and 1709:, a vice president. Then stands 1615: 1520: 1325:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 704: 650:of 1925 against France—then the 166: 64: 23: 7206:20th-century Syrian politicians 7131:Assassinated Syrian politicians 6459:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 5480:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 3614:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 3276: 3260: 3235: 3210: 3176: 3151: 1786:8 March 1963 Syrian coup d'état 1772:union between Egypt and Syria. 180:may be too short to adequately 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 6901:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 6663:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 5302:Alliance of Palestinian Forces 3723: 3418:University of California Press 2304: 2279: 2245: 2226:Historical Dictionary of Syria 2217: 2044:National Revolutionary Council 614: 586:politician who co-founded the 190:provide an accessible overview 1: 7191:Syrian people murdered abroad 5513:General Union of Syrian Women 5423:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party 5378:Palestinian National Alliance 3650:Revolutionary Command Council 3542:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1796: 1492:—a nationalist activist from 948:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 16:Syrian politician (1912-1980) 6846:Federation of Arab Republics 6806:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 6796:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 6397:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 6345:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 5322:National Democratic Alliance 5307:Forces of Freedom and Change 4304:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i 4264:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi 4214:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri 3348:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 3290:(3rd ed.). Saqi Books. 1679:Syrian Social National Party 972:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7: 7246:Syrian ministers of culture 7136:Deaths by firearm in France 6971:Flag of the Arab Federation 6801:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 6791:Arab Socialist Action Party 5448:Social Democratic Unionists 5413:Arab Democratic Union Party 5109:National Defense Battalions 3505: 3467:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 3382:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). 3183:Jongman, Albert J. (1988). 2252:Jongman, Albert J. (1988). 1734:central Minister of Justice 977:Assadist-Saddamist conflict 578: 435:Minister of Foreign Affairs 417:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 10: 7267: 7236:University of Paris alumni 7231:Unsolved murders in France 7196:Terrorism deaths in France 7141:Foreign ministers of Syria 6942:On the Way of Resurrection 6935:The Battle for One Destiny 6866:Lebanese National Movement 6307:Third International Theory 5626:On the Way of Resurrection 5619:The Battle for One Destiny 5408:Arab Socialist Union Party 5358:Lebanese National Movement 4588:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab 4299:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i 3363:Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). 3189:. Transaction Publishers. 1762:Executive Council of Syria 1717:, the Minister of Interior 871:The Battle for One Destiny 866:On the Way of Resurrection 7161:Politicians from Damascus 7085: 6994: 6951: 6919: 6896:Unified Political Command 6786:Arab Nationalist Movement 6731: 6683:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 6543: 6512: 6479:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6350:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 6315: 6279: 6230: 6066: 6033: 5945: 5801: 5757: 5713: 5635: 5610: 5544: 5540: 5529: 5508:General Union of Peasants 5495: 5400: 5340: 5317:National Consensus Forces 5294: 5287: 5220: 5169: 5165: 5150: 5130:Revolutionary Youth Union 5122: 5091: 5084: 5063: 5037: 4965: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4857: 4842: 4732: 4692: 4685: 4630: 4605: 4598: 4582: 4347: 4142: 4135: 4004: 3958: 3936: 3915: 3888: 3841: 3834: 3793: 3761: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3718: 3632: 3571: 3550: 3519: 3515: 3500: 3474: 3344:Jankowski, James (2002). 1837:Bitar was also appointed 1607:Power politics: 1954–1958 1349: 1336: 1323: 1313: 1303: 1265: 1244: 1223: 1202: 1181: 1160: 1144: 1123: 1107: 1086: 1065: 1044: 1023: 1002: 907:November 1963 coup d'état 763: 753: 743: 733: 723: 553: 541: 531: 515: 495: 490: 486: 473: 461: 451: 440: 433: 422: 410: 398: 386: 372: 361: 349: 337: 327: 316: 304: 292: 282: 271: 263: 259: 250: 241: 238: 231: 7201:Assassinations in France 7181:Syrian Arab nationalists 7171:Prime ministers of Syria 7166:People murdered in Paris 7146:Leaders ousted by a coup 6404:1952 Egyptian revolution 5700:Prime ministers of Syria 5458:Socialist Unionist Party 5428:Libyan National Movement 5254:Arabic Toilers' Movement 5158:Associated organizations 5018:National Security Bureau 4966:Syrian-dominated faction 4394:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan 4329:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi 4179:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 3879:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 3794:Syrian-dominated faction 3490:Syrian-dominated faction 2211: 2189: 2119:Assassination and legacy 1839:foreign affairs minister 1699:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 765:Baath Party (pro-Syrian) 681:Early political activity 623:, Bitar was born in the 602:. Bitar later served as 7057:Palestinian nationalism 6976:Flag of the Arab Revolt 6469:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6449:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6429:1961 Syrian coup d'état 5433:National Covenant Party 5237:Arab Socialist Movement 4888:Iraqi-dominated faction 4814:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji 4504:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham 4189:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash 4159:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun 3762:Iraqi-dominated faction 3682:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 3672:Union of Arab Republics 3624:1966 Syrian coup d'état 3599:1963 Syrian coup d'état 3579:1954 Syrian coup d'état 3537:Arab Socialist Movement 3481:Iraqi-dominated faction 3305:Bidwell, Robin (2012), 1792:Terms as Prime Minister 967:Intervention in Lebanon 755:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi) 648:Great Syrian Revolution 619:According to historian 266:Prime Minister of Syria 99:"Salah al-Din al-Bitar" 7221:1980s murders in Paris 7186:Syrian anti-communists 7156:1980 murders in France 6484:1969 Libyan revolution 6362:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 6081: 6048: 5960: 5947:Second Syrian Republic 5816: 5772: 5728: 5463:Syrian Communist Party 5269:Palestinian Arab Front 4799:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 4779:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 4769:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 4719:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 4524:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 4499:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 4434:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 4339:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 4274:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi 4219:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 4174:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah 3874:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 3779:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 3388:Transaction Publishers 3163:www.washingtonpost.com 2291:www.washingtonpost.com 2194:His writings include: 2035:as interior minister. 2008:Arab road to socialism 1909: 1834: 1718: 1475:French Communist Party 1467:Syrian Communist Party 995:Regional organisations 847:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 519:21 July 1980 (aged 68) 7211:Syrian schoolteachers 7042:Jordanian nationalism 6776:Arab Islamic Republic 6771:Arab Higher Committee 6648:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 6628:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6439:North Yemen civil war 6372:Arab–Israeli conflict 6079: 6046: 5959:First Syrian Republic 5958: 5815:First Syrian Republic 5814: 5803:First Syrian Republic 5770: 5727:Arab Kingdom of Syria 5726: 5715:Arab Kingdom of Syria 5279:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 4794:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 4744:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 4519:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 4314:Nayef Shindakh Thamer 4067:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 3928:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 3563:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 3325:Devlin, John (1975). 3266:Bernard Reich (ed.), 1979:Iraqi Regional Branch 1961:interior minister by 1907: 1832: 1696: 1351:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 962:Corrective Revolution 802:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 579:Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn al-Bīṭār 560:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 233:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 7077:Tunisian nationalism 7047:Lebanese nationalism 7007:Egyptian nationalism 7002:Algerian nationalism 6906:United Arab Republic 6781:Arab Liberation Army 6761:Arab Ba'ath Movement 6618:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6080:Syrian Arab Republic 6068:Syrian Arab Republic 6047:United Arab Republic 6035:United Arab Republic 5856:post vacant, 1939–41 5373:National Union Front 4704:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 4662:Abdul Halim Khaddam 4617:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 4469:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi 4414:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 4284:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi 4209:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 4062:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 3864:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 3835:Regional Secretaries 3532:Arab Ba'ath Movement 2168:He was portrayed by 2040:Presidential Council 2029:information minister 2025:Abdallah Abd al-Daim 1859:Abd al-Wahhab Hawmad 1760:and a member of the 1723:United Arab Republic 1639:improve this section 1596:Arab Socialist Party 1544:improve this section 832:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 735:Arab Ba'ath Movement 84:improve this article 7067:Sahrawi nationalism 6424:1959 Mosul uprising 6357:Great Syrian Revolt 5496:Other organizations 5438:Popular Unity Party 5288:Political alliances 4819:Wael Nader al-Halqi 4686:Heads of government 4529:Abdul Qadir Qaddura 4484:Abdul Halim Khaddam 4454:Mohammad al-Hussein 4439:Wael Nader al-Halqi 4279:Taha Yassin Ramadan 4269:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan 4259:Ali Hassan al-Majid 4244:Latif Nassif Jassim 3734:General Secretaries 3667:Corrective Movement 3589:1959 Mosul uprising 3035:, pp. 296–297. 3020:, pp. 292–296. 2929:, pp. 220–221. 2370:, pp. 726–727. 2358:, pp. 725–726. 2346:, pp. 724–725. 2159:diplomatic passport 2148:al-Ihiyyaa al-Arabi 2003:Points of Departure 1938:Agrarian Reform Law 1758:Minister of Economy 1746:Abd al-Ghani Qannut 1715:Abd al-Hamid Sarraj 1494:Iskandarun province 1486:al-ba'ath al-'arabi 1482:al-ihyaa' al-'arabi 548:University of Paris 7072:Syrian nationalism 7052:Libyan nationalism 7012:Greater Mauritania 6928:The Arab Awakening 6911:United Arab States 6886:Rejectionist Front 6693:Gamal Abdel Nasser 6504:Yemeni unification 6494:Lebanese Civil War 6474:17 July Revolution 6444:Ramadan Revolution 6419:14 July Revolution 6082: 6049: 5961: 5817: 5773: 5729: 5388:Rejectionist Front 4784:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 4759:Nureddin al-Atassi 4647:Nureddin al-Atassi 4479:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 4384:Nureddin al-Atassi 4294:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 4194:Salih Mahdi Ammash 4164:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil 4117:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 4047:Nureddin al-Atassi 3981:Nureddin al-Atassi 3859:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 3811:Abdullah al-Ahmar 3801:Nureddin al-Atassi 3697:De-Ba'athification 3640:17 July Revolution 3594:Ramadan Revolution 3584:14 July Revolution 1983:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 1963:Nureddin al-Atassi 1910: 1843:Abd al-Karim Zuhur 1835: 1719: 1309:1960–1962/63 937:De-Ba'athification 912:17 July Revolution 902:Ramadan Revolution 663:Christian Orthodox 568:صلاح الدين البيطار 242:صلاح الدين البيطار 7216:Muslim socialists 7103: 7102: 7032:Iraqi nationalism 6723:Constantin Zureiq 6573:Abdul Rahman Arif 6553:Butrus al-Bustani 6239: 6238: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5401:Political parties 5396: 5395: 5274:Socialist Lebanon 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5033: 5032: 4879:Regional branches 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4837: 4809:Riyad Farid Hijab 4774:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 4681: 4680: 4667: 4594: 4593: 4544:Hikmat al-Shihabi 4359:Abdullah al-Ahmar 4324:Hardan al-Tikriti 4254:Adnan Khayr Allah 4249:Rashid Taan Kazim 4184:Salah Omar al-Ali 4027:Abdullah al-Ahmar 4000: 3999: 3830: 3829: 3816: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3336:978-0-8179-6561-7 3318:978-0-7103-0505-3 3222:www.itnsource.com 2905:, pp. 84–90. 2837:, pp. 75–78. 2772:, pp. 70–72. 2721:, pp. 68–69. 2508:, pp. 52–53. 2235:978-0-8108-7820-4 2137:al-Ihyaa al-Arabi 2014:Second term: 1964 1894:interior minister 1882:Itamar Rabinovich 1847:United Arab Front 1754:Khalil al-Khallas 1711:Fakhir al-Kayyali 1703:Abd al-Hakim Amer 1675: 1674: 1667: 1588:Adib al-Shishakli 1580: 1579: 1572: 1459: 1458: 1362: 1361: 1315:Socialist Lebanon 1286: 1285: 957:1966 coup d'états 776: 775: 576: 557: 556: 456:Shukri al-Quwatli 225: 224: 217: 207: 206: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 7258: 7093: 7092: 6966:Eagle of Saladin 6673:Amin al-Husseini 6638:Faisal I of Iraq 6608:Sultan al-Atrash 6603:Mansur al-Atrash 6578:Abdul Salam Arif 6387:War of Attrition 6273:Arab nationalism 6266: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6234: 5708: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5562:Arab nationalism 5552:Anti-imperialism 5542: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5312:March 8 Alliance 5292: 5291: 5224: 5223:Breakaway groups 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5151: 5089: 5088: 4915:Regional Command 4885: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4789:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi 4736: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4663: 4634: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4539:Farouk al-Sharaa 4534:Hammouda Sabbagh 4424:Ibrahim al-Hadid 4404:Mahdi Dakhlallah 4389:Shibli al-Aysami 4351: 4199:Hussein Al-Awadi 4169:Saad Abdul-Majid 4146: 4140: 4139: 4087:Akram al-Hawrani 4057:Shibli al-Aysami 4052:Mansur al-Atrash 4014: 4013:National Command 4008: 3971:Shibli al-Aysami 3839: 3838: 3812: 3784:Salah Al-Mukhtar 3738: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3719: 3702:Syrian civil war 3609:Ar-Rashid revolt 3517: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3482: 3468: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3415: 3401: 3378: 3359: 3340: 3321: 3301: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3243:"General Ad-Din" 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2961: 2955: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2815: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2737: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2629: 2623: 2606: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2388: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2221: 2170:Stanley Townsend 2108:Jibran Majdalani 2100:Shibli al-Aysami 2075:Third term: 1966 2048:Mansur al-Atrash 1863:finance minister 1855:justice minister 1820:Muhammad al-Sufi 1812:defense ministry 1781:1963 Unity Talks 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1619: 1611: 1592:Akram al-Hawrani 1575: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1524: 1516: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1423: 1421:Socialism portal 1416: 1378:Arab nationalism 1358: 1345: 1332: 1301: 1300: 1000: 999: 982:Syrian civil war 772: 721: 720: 708: 685: 684: 581: 571: 569: 491:Personal details 476: 464: 445: 427: 413:National Command 401: 389: 366: 352: 340: 321: 307: 295: 276: 264:47th & 50th 255: 246: 245: 243: 229: 228: 220: 213: 202: 199: 193: 170: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7081: 7017:Greater Morocco 6990: 6986:Pan-Arab colors 6981:Hawk of Quraish 6947: 6915: 6766:Arab Federation 6727: 6713:Abdullah Rimawi 6688:Mostéfa Merarda 6643:Muammar Gaddafi 6623:Ahmed Ben Bella 6598:Jamal al-Atassi 6588:Bashar al-Assad 6539: 6508: 6489:Black September 6367:Anglo-Iraqi War 6311: 6275: 6270: 6240: 6235: 6232: 6226: 6070: 6062: 6037: 6029: 5949: 5941: 5805: 5797: 5761: 5753: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5667: 5654: 5650:Pan-Arab colors 5644:Arḍ ul-Furātayn 5631: 5606: 5536: 5517: 5491: 5392: 5336: 5283: 5242:Damascus branch 5222: 5216: 5187:Free Iraqi Army 5177:Al-Abud Network 5161: 5157: 5134: 5118: 5104:Fedayeen Saddam 5099:Ba'ath Brigades 5080: 5059: 5050:Sawt al-Jamahir 5029: 5008:Central Command 4961: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4845: 4834: 4734: 4728: 4694: 4677: 4672:Bashar al-Assad 4652:Ahmad al-Khatib 4632: 4626: 4607: 4590: 4578: 4549:Hammud al-Shufi 4514:Zuhair Masharqa 4509:Ibrahim Makhous 4494:Ahmad al-Khatib 4459:Hisham Ikhtiyar 4379:Rifaat al-Assad 4369:Bashar al-Assad 4349: 4343: 4309:Talib El-Shibib 4224:Saadoun Ghaidan 4144: 4131: 4127:Khaled Yashruti 4122:Talib El-Shibib 4112:Abdullah Rimawi 4077:Wahib al-Ghanim 4037:Bashar al-Assad 4012: 4006: 3996: 3991:Bashar al-Assad 3966:Hammud al-Shufi 3954: 3932: 3911: 3896:Abdullah Rimawi 3884: 3854:Talib El-Shibib 3826: 3821:Bashar al-Assad 3789: 3757: 3725: 3706: 3628: 3567: 3546: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3428: 3398: 3375: 3356: 3337: 3319: 3298: 3279: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3060: 3052: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2964: 2956: 2933: 2927:Rabinovich 1972 2925: 2921: 2915:Rabinovich 1972 2913: 2909: 2903:Rabinovich 1972 2901: 2894: 2888:Rabinovich 1972 2886: 2879: 2873:Rabinovich 1972 2871: 2856: 2850:Rabinovich 1972 2848: 2841: 2835:Rabinovich 1972 2833: 2818: 2812:Rabinovich 1972 2810: 2801: 2795:Rabinovich 1972 2793: 2776: 2770:Rabinovich 1972 2768: 2761: 2755:Rabinovich 1972 2753: 2746: 2740:Rabinovich 1972 2738: 2725: 2719:Rabinovich 1972 2717: 2713: 2707:Rabinovich 1972 2705: 2698: 2692:Rabinovich 1972 2690: 2686: 2680:Rabinovich 1972 2678: 2669: 2663:Rabinovich 1972 2661: 2657: 2651:Rabinovich 1972 2649: 2632: 2626:Rabinovich 1972 2624: 2609: 2603:Rabinovich 1972 2601: 2592: 2586:Rabinovich 1972 2584: 2577: 2571:Rabinovich 1972 2569: 2558: 2552:Rabinovich 1972 2550: 2546: 2540:Rabinovich 1972 2538: 2529: 2523:Rabinovich 1972 2521: 2512: 2506:Rabinovich 1972 2504: 2500: 2494:Rabinovich 1972 2492: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2467:Rabinovich 1972 2465: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2391: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2323: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2192: 2121: 2082:Munif al-Razzaz 2077: 2058:as head of the 2056:Khalid al-Hakim 2016: 1987:Talib El-Shibib 1971:Hammud al-Shufi 1958: 1918:Jamal al-Atassi 1902: 1867:Lu'ay al-Atassi 1804: 1799: 1794: 1691: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1636: 1620: 1609: 1576: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1541: 1525: 1514: 1506:Wahib al-Ghanim 1455: 1426: 1419: 1414:Politics portal 1412: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1343: 1330: 1319:1965–1970 1298: 1296:Splinter groups 1288: 1287: 1282: 1261: 1240: 1219: 1198: 1177: 1156: 1140: 1119: 1103: 1082: 1061: 1040: 1019: 997: 987: 986: 946: 900: 891: 883: 882: 879: 861: 853: 852: 851: 842:Bashar al-Assad 812:Wahib al-Ghanim 807:Abdullah Rimawi 786: 778: 777: 770: 759:1968–2003 749:1947–1966 739:1940–1947 729:1940–1947 718: 683: 678: 676:Ba'ath politics 617: 532:Political party 520: 500: 474: 462: 446: 441: 428: 423: 399: 387: 379: 377:Lu'ay al-Atassi 367: 362: 350: 338: 322: 317: 305: 293: 277: 272: 234: 221: 210: 209: 208: 203: 197: 194: 187: 175:This article's 171: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7264: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6995:Related topics 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6861:Islamic Legion 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6751:Al-Mourabitoun 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6718:Hamdeen Sabahi 6715: 6710: 6708:Fuad al-Rikabi 6705: 6700: 6698:Adnan Pachachi 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6668:Saddam Hussein 6665: 6660: 6658:Sati' al-Husri 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Hafez al-Assad 6590: 6585: 6583:Zaki al-Arsuzi 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Aden Emergency 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6409:Iraqi Intifada 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6392:Yom Kippur War 6389: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6287:Arab socialism 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6074: 6072: 6071:(1961–present) 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5771:State of Syria 5765: 5763: 5759:State of Syria 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5721: 5719: 5711: 5710: 5696: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:Arab socialism 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:Jeish Muhammad 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5162: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5064:Popular fronts 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4882: 4870: 4869: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4829:Hussein Arnous 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764:Hafez al-Assad 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Sa'dun Hammadi 4711: 4709:Saddam Hussein 4706: 4700: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4659: 4657:Hafez al-Assad 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4622:Saddam Hussein 4619: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4599:Heads of state 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4564:Muhammad Umran 4561: 4559:Hasan Turkmani 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:Hafez al-Assad 4371: 4366: 4364:Hussein Arnous 4361: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4289:Fuad al-Rikabi 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239:Saddam Hussein 4236: 4231: 4229:Sa'dun Hammadi 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4107:Fuad al-Rikabi 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Hafez al-Assad 4039: 4034: 4032:Zaki al-Arsuzi 4029: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3986:Hafez al-Assad 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3906:Akram al-Homsi 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3871: 3869:Saddam Hussein 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3849:Fuad al-Rikabi 3845: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3808: 3806:Hafez al-Assad 3803: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3776: 3774:Saddam Hussein 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3692:Iraqi conflict 3689: 3687:Faith Campaign 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3645:Ba'athist Iraq 3642: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3619:1964 Hama riot 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3485: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3406:Seale, Patrick 3402: 3396: 3379: 3373: 3367:. Cune Press. 3360: 3354: 3341: 3335: 3322: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3259: 3234: 3209: 3195: 3175: 3150: 3148:, p. 360. 3138: 3136:, p. 111. 3126: 3124:, p. 102. 3114: 3112:, p. 301. 3087: 3085:, p. 300. 3075: 3073:, p. 299. 3058: 3056:, p. 298. 3037: 3022: 3010: 3008:, p. 292. 2995: 2993:, p. 291. 2962: 2960:, p. 290. 2931: 2919: 2907: 2892: 2877: 2854: 2839: 2816: 2799: 2774: 2759: 2744: 2723: 2711: 2696: 2684: 2667: 2665:, p. 219. 2655: 2630: 2607: 2590: 2575: 2556: 2544: 2527: 2510: 2498: 2483: 2471: 2454: 2452:, p. 127. 2450:Jankowski 2002 2439: 2437:, p. 126. 2435:Jankowski 2002 2420: 2418:, p. 430. 2408: 2406:, p. 214. 2389: 2387:, p. 116. 2385:Jankowski 2002 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2321: 2303: 2278: 2264: 2244: 2234: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2205:Nida al-Ba'th 2202: 2191: 2188: 2133:Hafez al-Assad 2120: 2117: 2076: 2073: 2020:1964 Hama riot 2015: 2012: 1957: 1954: 1930:Ziad al-Hariri 1926:Ghassan Haddad 1901: 1898: 1851:Nihad al-Qasim 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1738:Mustafa Hamdun 1707:Sabri al-Asali 1690: 1687: 1673: 1672: 1623: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1578: 1577: 1528: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1490:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1457: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383:Arab socialism 1380: 1374: 1373: 1371:Related topics 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1004: 998: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 950: 943:Baathist Syria 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 897:Ba'athist Iraq 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 875: 873: 868: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 850: 849: 844: 839: 837:Saddam Hussein 834: 829: 827:Hafez al-Assad 824: 819: 817:Fuad al-Rikabi 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 792:Zaki al-Arsuzi 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 773: 767: 761: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 719: 714: 713: 710: 709: 701: 700: 694: 693: 682: 679: 677: 674: 636:grain merchant 616: 613: 609:Hafez al-Assad 604:prime minister 555: 554: 551: 550: 545: 539: 538: 533: 529: 528: 517: 513: 512: 510:Ottoman Empire 499:1 January 1912 497: 493: 492: 488: 487: 484: 483: 477: 471: 470: 468:Said al-Ghazzi 465: 459: 458: 453: 449: 448: 438: 437: 431: 430: 420: 419: 411:Member of the 408: 407: 402: 396: 395: 390: 384: 383: 374: 370: 369: 359: 358: 353: 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 314: 313: 308: 302: 301: 296: 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 269: 268: 261: 260: 257: 256: 248: 247: 236: 235: 232: 223: 222: 205: 204: 184:the key points 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7263: 7252: 7251:Syrian exiles 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027:Greater Yemen 7025: 7023: 7022:Greater Syria 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6733:Organizations 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:George Habash 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6633:Izzat Darwaza 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Yasser Arafat 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6545:Personalities 6542: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Arab identity 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Arab Cold War 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Republicanism 5585: 5583: 5582:Progressivism 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535:Miscellaneous 5532: 5528: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202:Rejectionists 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5149: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4844:* = incumbent 4841: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:Yusuf Zuayyin 4752: 4750: 4749:Amin al-Hafiz 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Amin al-Hafiz 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4574:Yusuf Zuayyin 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4554:Mustafa Tlass 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Sami al-Jundi 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429:Amin al-Hafiz 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419:Marwan Habash 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319:Khamis Sirhan 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Qusay Hussein 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097:Zuheir Mohsen 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082:Amin al-Hafiz 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3976:Amin al-Hafiz 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3429: 3427:0-520-06976-5 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3397:0-7065-1266-9 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3374:1-885942-40-0 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311:, Routledge, 3310: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284:Batatu, Hanna 3281: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3196:9781412815666 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2917:, p. 97. 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2890:, p. 83. 2889: 2884: 2882: 2875:, p. 80. 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2852:, p. 79. 2851: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2814:, p. 73. 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2797:, p. 72. 2796: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2757:, p. 70. 2756: 2751: 2749: 2742:, p. 69. 2741: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2709:, p. 68. 2708: 2703: 2701: 2694:, p. 67. 2693: 2688: 2682:, p. 66. 2681: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2653:, p. 65. 2652: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2628:, p. 64. 2627: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2605:, p. 63. 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2588:, p. 61. 2587: 2582: 2580: 2573:, p. 60. 2572: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2554:, p. 59. 2553: 2548: 2542:, p. 56. 2541: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2525:, p. 54. 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2496:, p. 43. 2495: 2490: 2488: 2481:, p. 68. 2480: 2475: 2469:, p. 36. 2468: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2404:Moubayed 2006 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2322:0-313-26213-6 2318: 2314: 2307: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2267: 2265:9781412815666 2261: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2091:Yusuf Zuayyin 2086: 2083: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890:Amin al-Hafiz 1885: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1655:November 2013 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1624:This section 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1574: 1571: 1563: 1560:November 2013 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1529:This section 1527: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508:, joined it. 1507: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1471:Popular Front 1468: 1464: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 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357: 356:Amin al-Hafiz 354: 348: 345: 344:Amin al-Hafiz 342: 336: 333: 332:Amin al-Hafiz 330: 326: 320: 315: 312: 311:Yusuf Zuayyin 309: 303: 300: 299:Yusuf Zuayyin 297: 291: 288: 287:Amin al-Hafiz 285: 281: 275: 270: 267: 262: 258: 254: 249: 237: 230: 227: 219: 216: 201: 191: 185: 183: 178: 173: 169: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 140:February 2016 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 7062:Pan-Islamism 6940: 6933: 6926: 6826:Ba'ath Party 6703:Ameen Rihani 6627: 6563:Jassem Alwan 6558:Michel Aflaq 6414:Algerian War 6340:Iraqi Revolt 6161:M. al-Ayyubi 6146:N. al-Atassi 6135: 6120: 6110: 5922:H. al-Atassi 5917:M. al-Barazi 5871:H. al-Barazi 5855: 5836:A. al-Ayyubi 5738:H. al-Atassi 5642: 5624: 5617: 5557:Anti-Zionism 5170:Armed groups 5114:Popular Army 5092:Paramilitary 4865:Organization 4743: 4664: 4399:Muhsen Bilal 4102:Munif Razzaz 4066: 4022:Michel Aflaq 3944:Isam al-Qadi 3901:Munif Razzaz 3813: 3769:Michel Aflaq 3753:Munif Razzaz 3748:Michel Aflaq 3562: 3558:Michel Aflaq 3520:Predecessors 3487: 3478: 3411: 3383: 3364: 3345: 3326: 3307: 3287: 3277:Bibliography 3267: 3262: 3252:12 September 3250:. 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Retrieved 2254: 2247: 2239: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2181: 2172:in the 2019 2167: 2156: 2152:Avenue Hoche 2147: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2122: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2066:replaced by 2064: 2052: 2037: 2033:Fahmi Ashuri 2017: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1967: 1959: 1945:Jassem Alwan 1943:On 18 July, 1942: 1934: 1914:independents 1911: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1836: 1823: 1805: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1731: 1720: 1676: 1661: 1652: 1637:Please help 1625: 1583: 1581: 1566: 1557: 1542:Please help 1530: 1502: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1462: 1460: 955: / 941: 927:UN sanctions 895: 801: 797:Michel Aflaq 745:Ba'ath Party 667: 656: 644:Maktab Anbar 633:Sunni Muslim 621:Hanna Batatu 618: 592:Michel Aflaq 588:Baʿath Party 559: 558: 536:Ba'ath Party 475:Succeeded by 442: 424: 400:Succeeded by 363: 351:Succeeded by 318: 306:Succeeded by 273: 226: 211: 195: 179: 177:lead section 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 7121:1980 deaths 7116:1912 births 6756:Arab Ba'ath 6678:Salah Jadid 6535:Arabization 6382:Six-Day War 6377:Suez Crisis 6323:Arab Revolt 6302:Pan-Arabism 6096:al-Dawalibi 6038:(1958–1961) 5985:al-Dawalibi 5950:(1950–1958) 5806:(1930–1950) 5762:(1925–1930) 5602:Vanguardism 5577:Pan-Arabism 5207:Snake Party 4993:South Yemen 4824:Imad Khamis 4569:Salim Yasin 4489:Imad Khamis 4464:Salah Jadid 4449:Hilal Hilal 4444:Salim Hatum 4409:Ahmad Diyab 4334:Tahir Yahya 4092:Salah Jadid 4072:Elias Farah 3949:Rakad Salem 3923:Assem Qanso 3527:Arab Ba'ath 3227:1 September 3202:1 September 3168:1 September 3110:Devlin 1975 3083:Devlin 1975 3071:Devlin 1975 3054:Devlin 1975 3033:Devlin 1975 3018:Devlin 1975 3006:Devlin 1975 2991:Devlin 1975 2958:Devlin 1975 2368:Batatu 2000 2356:Batatu 2000 2344:Batatu 2000 2296:1 September 2271:1 September 2180:miniseries 2163:South Yemen 2104:Ali Ghannam 2068:Salah Jadid 1991:Hazim Jawad 1922:Sami Droubi 1824:"Qutriyyin" 1393:Pan-Arabism 1355:2002– 1342:1970– 1329:1966– 822:Salah Jadid 769:1966– 725:Arab Ba'ath 615:Early years 596:nationalism 463:Preceded by 388:Preceded by 339:Preceded by 294:Preceded by 7110:Categories 6920:Literature 6613:Tariq Aziz 6530:Arab world 6525:Arab Union 6454:Dhofar War 6206:Ghalawanji 6086:al-Kuzbari 5851:al-Bukhari 5611:Literature 5597:Secularism 5485:in Lebanon 5038:Newspapers 4983:Mauritania 4937:Mauritania 4804:Adel Safar 4204:Tariq Aziz 3814:(de facto) 3724:Leadership 3633:Post-split 3355:1588260348 3297:0863565204 3146:Seale 1990 3134:Seale 1990 3122:Seale 1990 2479:Seale 1990 2161:issued by 2112:Ali Khalil 1949:secularism 1797:First term 1685:'s Egypt. 1161:Mauritania 860:Literature 543:Alma mater 110:newspapers 39:improve it 6953:Symbolism 6297:Nasserism 6292:Ba'athism 6171:al-Halabi 6166:Khleifawi 6156:Khleifawi 6106:K. al-Azm 6020:al-Ghazzi 6010:al-Khoury 6005:al-Ghazzi 5995:Shishakli 5980:al-Khatib 5970:K. al-Azm 5932:K. al-Azm 5907:K. al-Azm 5896:K. al-Azm 5891:al-Jabiri 5886:al-Khoury 5881:al-Jabiri 5861:K. al-Azm 5846:al-Haffar 5831:al-Hasani 5826:H. al-Azm 5821:al-Hasani 5793:al-Hasani 5782:al-Hasani 5744:Al-Droubi 5733:al-Rikabi 5636:Symbolism 5592:Saddamism 5572:Ba'athism 5055:Al-Thawra 5045:Al-Ba'ath 4988:Palestine 4942:Palestine 4665:(interim) 3937:Palestine 3741:Pre-split 3662:Arab Belt 3572:Pre-split 1816:Nasserite 1626:does not 1531:does not 1463:al-Tali`a 1398:Saddamism 1388:Nasserism 1278:pro-Syria 1257:pro-Syria 1236:pro-Syria 1215:pro-Syria 1194:pro-Syria 1182:Palestine 1173:pro-Syria 1136:pro-Syria 1099:pro-Syria 1078:pro-Syria 1057:pro-Syria 1036:pro-Syria 1015:pro-Syria 698:Ba'athism 652:mandatory 600:socialism 573:romanized 452:President 443:In office 425:In office 373:President 364:In office 328:President 319:In office 283:President 274:In office 182:summarize 45:talk page 7095:Category 7037:Islamism 6746:Al-Fatat 6513:Concepts 6280:Ideology 6233:* acting 6212:al-Halqi 6191:al-Otari 6181:Al-Zoubi 6151:al-Assad 6136:al-Bitar 6126:al-Hafiz 6121:al-Bitar 6116:al-Hafiz 6111:al-Bitar 6025:al-Asali 6015:al-Asali 6000:al-Asali 5975:al-Hakim 5965:al-Qudsi 5937:al-Qudsi 5927:al-Qudsi 5912:al-Za'im 5876:al-Ulshi 5866:al-Hakim 5749:al-Ulshi 5545:Ideology 5348:Ahd Bloc 3551:Founders 3408:(1990). 3286:(2000). 1818:General 1770:de facto 1766:en masse 1273:pro-Iraq 1252:pro-Iraq 1231:pro-Iraq 1210:pro-Iraq 1189:pro-Iraq 1168:pro-Iraq 1152:pro-Iraq 1131:pro-Iraq 1115:pro-Iraq 1094:pro-Iraq 1073:pro-Iraq 1052:pro-Iraq 1031:pro-Iraq 1010:pro-Iraq 932:Iraq War 922:Gulf War 690:a series 688:Part of 659:Sorbonne 629:Damascus 627:area of 502:Damascus 198:May 2022 6741:Al-Awda 6316:History 6176:al-Kasm 6141:Zuayyin 6131:Zuayyin 6101:al-Azma 6091:al-Nuss 5777:Barakat 5473:Unified 5468:Bakdash 5295:Current 5259:Al-Awda 5013:History 4978:Lebanon 4952:Tunisia 4927:Lebanon 4900:Bahrain 4895:Algeria 4010:of the 4007:Members 3916:Lebanon 3655:Members 3508:History 3247:TV Maze 2331:89-7498 2183:The Spy 2178:Netflix 2141:Baghdad 1975:Marxist 1647:removed 1632:sources 1552:removed 1537:sources 1357:present 1344:present 1331:present 1245:Tunisia 1124:Lebanon 1024:Bahrain 1003:Algeria 890:History 771:present 575:: 415:of the 244:‎ 124:scholar 6222:Arnous 6217:Khamis 6058:Sarraj 6053:Kahala 5902:Mardam 5841:Mardam 5718:(1920) 5341:Former 4973:Jordan 4922:Jordan 3889:Jordan 3424: 3394: 3371: 3352: 3333: 3315: 3294: 3193: 2329: 2319: 2262: 2232: 2126:Beirut 1892:, the 1861:, the 1857:, and 1756:, the 1744:) and 1683:Nasser 1498:Turkey 1108:Kuwait 1087:Jordan 785:People 584:Syrian 564:Arabic 526:France 126: 119: 112: 105: 97: 6841:Fatah 6201:Hijab 6196:Safar 5443:Sawab 5123:Youth 5085:Wings 5025:Yemen 5003:Syria 4998:Sudan 4957:Yemen 4947:Sudan 4932:Libya 4905:Egypt 4735:Syria 4633:Syria 4583:Yemen 4350:Syria 3959:Syria 2212:Notes 2190:Books 1748:(the 1266:Yemen 1224:Syria 1203:Sudan 1145:Libya 1045:Egypt 640:ulama 625:Midan 590:with 522:Paris 482:(UAR) 131:JSTOR 117:books 6186:Mero 5990:Selu 5788:Nami 5705:List 4910:Iraq 4695:Iraq 4608:Iraq 4145:Iraq 3842:Iraq 3422:ISBN 3392:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3331:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3292:ISBN 3254:2023 3229:2016 3204:2017 3191:ISBN 3170:2017 2327:LCCN 2317:ISBN 2298:2017 2273:2017 2260:ISBN 2230:ISBN 2150:in 2110:and 2102:and 2031:and 1989:and 1920:and 1630:any 1628:cite 1600:Hama 1584:amid 1535:any 1533:cite 1066:Iraq 953:1963 598:and 516:Died 496:Born 103:news 2174:OCS 2027:as 1826:). 1736:), 1641:by 1546:by 86:by 7112:: 3420:. 3416:. 3390:. 3386:. 3245:. 3220:. 3161:. 3090:^ 3061:^ 3040:^ 3025:^ 2998:^ 2965:^ 2934:^ 2895:^ 2880:^ 2857:^ 2842:^ 2819:^ 2802:^ 2777:^ 2762:^ 2747:^ 2726:^ 2699:^ 2670:^ 2633:^ 2610:^ 2593:^ 2578:^ 2559:^ 2530:^ 2513:^ 2486:^ 2457:^ 2442:^ 2423:^ 2392:^ 2375:^ 2325:. 2289:. 2238:. 2186:. 2165:. 2143:. 2128:. 1849:, 1500:. 692:on 611:. 570:, 566:: 524:, 508:, 504:, 48:. 6265:e 6258:t 6251:v 6208:* 5898:* 5784:* 5740:* 5707:) 5703:( 5692:e 5685:t 5678:v 4831:* 4674:* 3993:* 3951:* 3908:* 3881:* 3823:* 3786:* 3458:e 3451:t 3444:v 3430:. 3400:. 3377:. 3358:. 3339:. 3300:. 3256:. 3231:. 3206:. 3172:. 2333:. 2300:. 2275:. 2176:/ 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