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171:
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213:. Popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, its preparation required that the salep powder be added to water until thickened whereupon it would be sweetened, then flavored with orange flower or rose water. Substitution of British orchid roots, known as "dogstones", for the original Turkish variants was acceptable in the 18th century.
282:
region of Turkey is a major producer of sahlab known as Maraş Salepi. The popularity of sahlab in Turkey has led to a decline in the populations of wild orchids, and it was made illegal to export true salep. Consequently, many instant sahlab mixes are made with artificial flavoring. Salep is also
209:. It enjoyed a reputation as a "fattener" for young women, to make them plumper before marriage. Its consumption spread beyond there to England and Germany before the rise of coffee and tea, and it was later offered as an alternative beverage in coffee houses. In England, the drink was known as
286:
It is estimated that each year in Turkey, 30 tons of tubers from 38 species are harvested; it takes from 1,000 to 4,000 tubers to make a kilo of flour. With the increasing rarity of some species and local extinctions, traders are harvesting wild orchids in Iran. Abdolbaset
Ghorbani of
283:
drunk in
Albania and Greece; it is usually sold on the streets as a hot beverage during the cold months of the year. It is very popular in many parts of the Middle East, especially in Egypt and the Levant. Families in Turkey drink the hot version during the winter time.
291:
estimates that between 7 and 11 million orchids of nineteen species and sub-species were collected from northern Iran in 2013, with the majority being exported to Turkey. Harvesting of orchid tubers is also increasing in Greece.
202:
root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? No one can deny this. Accordingly, magic discovered it and revealed that it can restore a man's virility and passion".
785:
1167:
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1719:
1843:
2304:
1804:
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The beverage sahlab is now often made with hot milk instead of water. Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and
505:
2049:
1828:
2054:
2044:
1848:
1799:
613:"The Global Consumption of Hot Beverages, c. 1500-c. 1900," in Food and Globalization: Consumption Markets and Politics in the Modern World
295:
In the Middle East, "sahlab" is a hot milk-based winter drink with a pudding-like consistency, sometimes garnished with nuts and cinnamon.
108:
where it is a traditional winter beverage. An increase in consumption is causing local extinctions of orchids in parts of Turkey and Iran.
2009:
1057:
1984:
255:
This beverage was sold in place of tea and coffee, which were much more expensive, and was served in a similar way with milk and sugar.
2221:
2983:
827:
221:
2004:
1177:
535:
4673:
958:
925:
901:
592:
Dalby, p. 292; Theophrastus, 9.18.13; Pedanius
Dioscorides, 3.126-8; Pliny the Elder, 26.95-98, 27.65; Pseudo-Apuleius, 15.3.
240:
was a hot drink that was popular in
England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, it was made from salep, mostly from
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2014:
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911:
170:
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The wide wide sea: imperial ambition, first contact and the fateful final voyage of
Captain James Cook
266:
and so drinking it in public became shameful. Saloop stalls in London were replaced by coffee stalls.
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tree were the key ingredient. This plant thickened the drink and also had a stimulating quality.
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194:. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Of salep,
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used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially
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It was used as a remedy for various ailments, including "chronic alcoholic inebriety" and
8:
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Clarence-Smith, William
Gervase (2017). Nützenadel, Alexander; Trentmann, Frank (eds.).
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The encyclopedia of food: their comparative values and how best to use and enjoy them
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Look and Feel: Studies In
Texture, Appearance and Incidental Characteristics of Food
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88:
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Rowlandson's
Characteristic Sketches of the Lower Orders of the British Metropolis
279:
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100:. Salep flour is consumed in beverages and desserts, especially in the
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828:"Salep and Boza – History and Recipe of Special Turkish Winter Drinks"
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656:. The University of Leeds Library: Chapman and Hall Ld. p. 29.
275:
141:
in the mid 18th century. The Arabic word is perhaps shortened from
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44:
536:"salep - definition of salep in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
28:
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262:. Its popularity declined when it was purported to treat
764:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 463,
653:
Food: some account of its sources, constituents and uses
233:
enjoying saloop, which they are drinking from the saucer
469:
690:
373:
333:
409:
353:
142:
124:
736:(First ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 17.
429:
634:
205:Salep was a popular beverage in the lands of the
174:Albanian salep merchant in Ottoman Üsküp (modern
4868:
967:
756:
860:"Sachlav: The Hot Chocolate of the Middle East"
843:Orchids as Aphrodisiac, Medicine or Food (2019)
762:The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics
610:
92:). These tubers contain a nutritious, starchy
4667:
2977:
2215:
1051:
136:
130:
4887:Bosnia and Herzegovina non-alcoholic drinks
993:
979:
666:
4681:
4674:
4660:
2984:
2970:
2222:
2208:
1058:
1044:
27:
1004:
910:
499:
497:
495:
298:
220:
169:
4869:
946:
936:"Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers"
894:Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z
802:"Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers"
783:
649:
4655:
2965:
2203:
1065:
1039:
888:
731:
667:Holly Chase (1994), "Suspect Salep",
615:. Oxford: Bloomsbury. pp. 37–56.
492:
102:cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire
2229:
671:, Oxford Symposium, pp. 45–46,
503:
2991:
399:
343:
323:
152:
131:
13:
525:Online Etymology Dictionary. 2008.
14:
4948:
1017:
787:London Labour and the London Poor
4633:
4620:
2182:
2170:
1023:
714:
43:
852:
834:
820:
794:
777:
750:
725:
708:
695:, Stackpole Books, p. 62,
691:Edwin Augustus Peeples (1994),
684:
660:
643:
628:
619:
512:. No. 3124. pp. 32–4.
953:. Princeton University Press.
882:
604:
595:
586:
568:
550:
528:
516:
504:Pain, Stephanie (6 May 2017).
305:
135:), through French and Turkish
1:
950:Paracelsus: Selected Writings
947:Jacobi, Jolande, ed. (1995).
540:Oxford Dictionaries | English
480:
269:
16:Flour made from orchid tubers
485:
162:'fox's testicles').
111:
7:
997:Herbarium Apuleii Platonici
920:. Oxford University Press.
470:
450:
439:
430:
410:
374:
354:
334:
143:
125:
70:, is a flour made from the
10:
4953:
4054:Cevizli kuru incir tatlısı
790:. Vol. 1. p. 27.
635:Thomas Rowlandson (1820).
165:
4801:
4690:
4615:
4539:
4488:
4336:
4003:
3906:
3610:
3526:
3420:
3259:
3173:
2999:
2908:
2882:
2726:
2630:
2599:
2533:
2492:
2461:
2388:
2342:
2237:
2165:
2094:
2063:
1872:
1813:
1632:
1586:
1505:
1406:
1275:
1224:
1073:
576:"the definition of salep"
459:
419:
363:
216:
38:
26:
4892:Edible thickening agents
4846:Korean ginseng root hair
3738:Ispanaklı Selanik Böreği
3407:Turkish cold bulgur soup
3302:Deniz börülcesi salatası
917:Oxford Companion to Food
244:. Later, the roots and
3006:Non-alcoholic beverages
1080:Non-alcoholic beverages
732:Sides, Hampton (2024).
693:Planting an Inheritance
562:www.merriam-webster.com
229:showing members of the
3698:Kabaklı peynirli börek
784:Mayhew, Henry (1861).
546:on September 26, 2016.
391:
383:
315:
248:of the North American
234:
179:
137:
120:ultimately comes from
4144:Kavala Almond Cookies
4059:Cevizli Irmik Tatlısı
650:Church, A.H. (1893).
558:"Definition of SALEP"
506:"Eaten to extinction"
299:Explanatory footnotes
224:
173:
4337:Frequent ingredients
3683:Corn poppy with lamb
3658:Şevketibostan yemeği
3332:Kabak çiçeği dolması
2727:Frequent ingredients
1032:at Wikimedia Commons
969:Pedanius Dioscorides
721:. 1923. p. 451.
601:Jacobi, ed., p. 122.
74:of the orchid genus
4927:Palestinian cuisine
4129:İzmir Bomb Kurabiye
4019:Acıbadem kurabiyesi
3828:Patlıcan kızartması
3678:Colocasia with lamb
3463:Kars gravyer cheese
3115:Distilled beverages
3055:Fermented beverages
2773:Herbs & spices
2653:Walnut stuffed figs
2505:Sheep's sorrel soup
1156:Distilled beverages
1143:Fermented beverages
198:wrote: "behold the
80:(including species
23:
4489:Unique instruments
4381:Herbs & spices
4214:Murabbalı mecidiye
3927:Akçaabat meatballs
3562:Kuzukulağı çorbası
2883:Unique instruments
2064:Unique instruments
1010:Historia plantarum
986:Naturalis historia
866:. 17 November 2010
289:Uppsala University
235:
225:An 1820 sketch by
180:
19:
4912:Jordanian cuisine
4864:
4863:
4841:Orienta persimmon
4718:Chrysanthemum tea
4649:
4648:
4034:Balparmak tatlısı
3788:Libje lebje basta
3648:Bursa Cantik Pide
3518:Van herbed cheese
3438:Circassian cheese
3367:Patlıcan salatası
2959:
2958:
2638:Phoenicia dessert
2581:Stuffed eggplants
2197:
2196:
1930:Phoenicia dessert
1720:Kibbeh Bil Sanieh
1710:Fried cauliflower
1685:Stuffed eggplants
1178:Beer in Palestine
1067:Levantine cuisine
1028:Media related to
994:Pseudo-Apuleius.
973:De materia medica
960:978-0-691-01876-8
942:. August 5, 2003.
927:978-0-19-211579-9
903:978-0-415-23259-3
625:Davidson, p. 683.
468:
448:
428:
408:
372:
352:
332:
161:
57:
56:
4944:
4917:Lebanese cuisine
4897:Egyptian cuisine
4676:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4540:Related cuisines
4012:Turkish desserts
3952:İnegöl meatballs
3823:Patlıcan dolması
3793:Mallow with lamb
3733:Harput meatballs
3542:Analı kızlı soup
3352:Mercimek köftesi
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2909:Related cuisines
2561:Stuffed tomatoes
2479:Kashkawan cheese
2231:Lebanese cuisine
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2189:Drink portal
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2095:Related cuisines
1985:Kanafeh Mabrooma
1844:Kebab Khashkhash
1462:Kashkawan cheese
1206:Palestinian wine
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1027:
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1001:
990:
976:
964:
943:
931:
907:
876:
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832:
831:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
798:
792:
791:
781:
775:
774:
758:Jonathan Pereira
754:
748:
747:
729:
723:
722:
712:
706:
705:
688:
682:
681:
664:
658:
657:
647:
641:
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632:
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623:
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616:
608:
602:
599:
593:
590:
584:
583:
572:
566:
565:
554:
548:
547:
542:. Archived from
532:
526:
520:
514:
513:
501:
474:
473:
463:
461:
453:
443:
433:
423:
421:
413:
403:
401:
377:
367:
365:
357:
347:
345:
337:
327:
325:
309:
264:venereal disease
156:
154:
146:
140:
134:
133:
128:
89:Orchis militaris
49:Media: Salep
47:
31:
24:
22:
18:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4907:Israeli cuisine
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4831:Green moss coin
4797:
4773:Mint herbal tea
4686:
4680:
4650:
4645:
4632:
4611:
4535:
4484:
4332:
4219:Nevzine tatlısı
3999:
3902:
3833:Patlıcan kebabı
3688:Domates dolması
3606:
3522:
3498:Saganaki cheese
3473:Kaşkaval cheese
3416:
3261:
3255:
3169:
2995:
2993:Turkish cuisine
2990:
2960:
2955:
2904:
2878:
2722:
2718:Rahat al-halqum
2626:
2595:
2541:Stuffed quinces
2529:
2488:
2457:
2408:Glasswort salad
2384:
2338:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2177:Food portal
2169:
2161:
2090:
2059:
1885:Halawet el Jibn
1868:
1809:
1805:Mfaraket Koussa
1770:Galayet bandora
1715:Kibbeh Labanieh
1675:Stuffed peppers
1628:
1582:
1568:Fasoulia Khadra
1506:Soups and stews
1501:
1402:
1277:
1271:
1220:
1168:Beer in Lebanon
1069:
1064:
1020:
981:Pliny the Elder
961:
934:
928:
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879:
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808:. 5 August 2003
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715:Ward, Artemas.
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639:. Samuel Leigh.
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153:خُصَى الثَعْلَب
114:
62:, also spelled
53:
34:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4937:Turkish drinks
4934:
4932:Syrian cuisine
4929:
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4914:
4909:
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4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Middle Eastern
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4159:Kestane şekeri
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Fenike tatlısı
4091:
4086:
4084:Ekmek kadayıfı
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
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4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:(main article)
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3995:Tire meatballs
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Eggplant kebab
3967:
3964:
3959:
3957:İskender kebab
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Alinazik kebab
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:(main article)
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3808:Mirik meatball
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3653:Çorbalık kesme
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3618:Arnavut ciğeri
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3538:(main article)
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3505:
3503:Teleme peyniri
3500:
3495:
3493:Mihaliç cheese
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Künefe peyniri
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3433:Braided cheese
3430:
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3273:(main article)
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3155:Kalecik Karası
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3136:(main article)
3129:
3126:
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3092:(main article)
3089:Beer in Turkey
3085:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Turkish coffee
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
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2956:
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2953:
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2931:Middle Eastern
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2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2713:Flour kurabiye
2710:
2705:
2703:Quince dessert
2700:
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2690:
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2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:Fried eggplant
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
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2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
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2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
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2474:Braided cheese
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2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Turkish coffee
2255:
2250:
2244:Non-alcoholic
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2194:
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2179:
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2160:
2159:
2154:
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2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Middle Eastern
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
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2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Luqmat al-Qadi
1892:
1887:
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1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
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1825:(main article)
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1767:
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1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:Grilled Kibbeh
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Fried eggplant
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Stuffed squash
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Vegetable soup
1535:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1517:(main article)
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Braided cheese
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Nabulsi cheese
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:(main article)
1410:
1408:
1407:Dairy products
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1323:Gigandes plaki
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1295:
1290:
1289:(main article)
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1234:
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1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:Jordanian wine
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:Beer in Israel
1185:
1183:Beer in Jordan
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1157:
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1144:
1141:
1136:
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1111:
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1089:Turkish coffee
1086:
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1062:
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1019:
1018:External links
1016:
1015:
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1002:
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977:
965:
959:
944:
932:
926:
912:Davidson, Alan
908:
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840:Eng Soon Teoh
833:
819:
793:
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771:978-1108068833
770:
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702:978-0811712064
701:
683:
678:978-0907325567
677:
659:
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603:
594:
585:
580:Dictionary.com
567:
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436:Serbo-Croatian
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268:
218:
215:
207:Ottoman Empire
184:Ancient Romans
167:
164:
144:ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab
113:
110:
94:polysaccharide
83:Orchis mascula
55:
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4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Arabic drinks
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4857:
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4783:Fermented tea
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4734:
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4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Buckwheat tea
4706:
4704:
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4696:
4695:
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4689:
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4641:
4640:Turkey Portal
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4588:
4587:Mediterranean
4585:
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4575:
4573:
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4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Central Asian
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4411:
4410:Dried apricot
4408:
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4350:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Vezir parmağı
4321:
4319:
4318:Un kurabiyesi
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
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4301:
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4207:
4205:
4204:Muğla halkası
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
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4169:Köylü pastası
4167:
4165:
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4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Kabak tatlısı
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Ispanaklı kek
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
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4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
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4072:
4070:
4069:Dilber dudağı
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Cevizli sucuk
4047:
4045:
4044:Bülbül yuvası
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
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4008:
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3933:
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3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:Grilled meats
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
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3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Perdeli pilav
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Yayla çorbası
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Balık çorbası
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Tomas peyniri
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Çömlek cheese
3446:
3444:
3443:Civil peyniri
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Kandil simidi
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Çerkes simidi
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Mediterranean
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Dried apricot
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:Grilled meats
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Dry meatballs
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:Hallum cheese
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Baba ghanoush
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Khubz tannoor
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Arabic coffee
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Mediterranean
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Osh El Bulbul
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Balah El Sham
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Stuffed dates
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:Grilled meats
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Baladi cheese
1450:
1448:
1447:Tresse cheese
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Hallum cheese
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:Syrian Cheese
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Kibbeh nayyeh
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Baba ghanoush
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Khubz tannoor
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Lebanese wine
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Beer in Syria
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Mint lemonade
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Arabic coffee
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
952:
951:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
918:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:. Routledge.
895:
891:
890:Dalby, Andrew
887:
886:
865:
861:
855:
849:
845:
844:
837:
829:
823:
807:
803:
797:
789:
788:
780:
773:
767:
763:
759:
753:
745:
743:9780385544764
739:
735:
728:
720:
719:
711:
704:
698:
694:
687:
680:
674:
670:
663:
655:
654:
646:
638:
631:
622:
614:
607:
598:
589:
581:
577:
571:
563:
559:
553:
545:
541:
537:
531:
524:
519:
511:
510:New Scientist
507:
500:
498:
496:
491:
472:
466:
457:
452:
446:
441:
437:
432:
426:
417:
412:
406:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
370:
361:
356:
350:
341:
336:
330:
321:
317:
316:salep, sahlep
313:
308:
304:
296:
293:
290:
284:
281:
280:Kahramanmaraş
277:
267:
265:
261:
256:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
228:
223:
214:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
172:
163:
159:
150:
145:
139:
127:
123:
119:
109:
107:
104:, notably in
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
30:
25:
4877:Arab cuisine
4757:
4748:Mountain tea
4743:Labrador tea
4713:Cannabis tea
4691:Types of tea
4631:
4619:
4390:Black pepper
4279:Sütlü Nuriye
4199:Mesir macunu
4139:Kalburabastı
4109:Hanım göbeği
4029:Ayva tatlısı
4010:
3975:Pideli köfte
3913:
3878:Tatar böreği
3768:Kuru fasulye
3728:Elma dolması
3693:Etli makarna
3623:Ayva dolması
3602:Chicken soup
3533:
3513:Tulum cheese
3483:Lavaş cheese
3468:Kaşar cheese
3453:Dolaz cheese
3428:Beyaz peynir
3397:Taramasalata
3327:İmam bayıldı
3282:Bakla Ezmesi
3268:
3246:Tandır bread
3133:Turkish wine
3131:
3087:
3080:Yayık ayranı
3024:
2782:Black pepper
2693:Marron glacé
2277:
2263:White coffee
2157:Mesopotamian
2050:Taj El Malik
2015:Znoud El Sit
2005:Qashtaliyyeh
1839:Cherry kebab
1829:Kebab Halabi
1820:
1790:Cabbage roll
1735:Batata harra
1533:Chicken soup
1520:
1512:
1442:Tzfat cheese
1413:
1284:
1252:Taboon bread
1216:Israeli wine
1129:Qamar al-Din
1118:
1009:
1006:Theophrastus
996:
985:
972:
949:
916:
893:
868:. Retrieved
863:
854:
848:Google Books
846:, p. 52, at
841:
836:
822:
810:. Retrieved
796:
786:
779:
761:
752:
733:
727:
717:
710:
692:
686:
668:
662:
652:
645:
636:
630:
621:
612:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
561:
552:
544:the original
539:
530:
518:
509:
307:
294:
285:
273:
257:
254:
237:
236:
231:lower orders
204:
199:
181:
117:
115:
87:
81:
75:
67:
63:
59:
58:
4902:Herbal teas
4836:Korean pine
4703:Black drink
4683:Herbal teas
4626:Food portal
4475:Urfa pepper
4352:Bell pepper
4298:Tahini roll
4224:Orcik candy
3947:Döner kebab
3937:Beyti kebab
3922:Adana kebab
3888:Uzun erişte
3868:Soğan dolma
3748:İzmir köfte
3638:Buğu kebabı
3628:Balık ekmek
3357:Midye dolma
3297:Çoban salad
3251:Kete (food)
3165:Papazkarası
3050:Turkish tea
2742:Bell pepper
2733:Vegetables
2622:Shish kofte
2525:Yogurt soup
2515:Haleem soup
2510:Lentil soup
2413:Ful medames
2310:Almaza Beer
2288:Turkish tea
2055:Swar El Sit
2045:Othmalliyya
1854:Shish taouk
1849:Kebab Hindi
1834:Shish kebab
1578:Sumaghiyyeh
1528:Lentil soup
1318:Ful medames
1201:Syrian wine
883:Cited texts
864:The Forward
388:Azerbaijani
98:glucomannan
33:Salep drink
4871:Categories
4856:Sicklepods
4816:Yellow tea
4803:Korean tea
4793:Oolong tea
4698:Barley tea
4685:or tisanes
4465:Red pepper
4343:Vegetables
4303:Tavukgöğsü
3853:Puf Böreği
3758:Karnıyarık
3723:Kuru köfte
3713:Kelle Paça
3597:Kelle paça
3587:Erişte aşı
3577:Toyga soup
3488:Lor cheese
3322:İçli köfte
3262:and salads
3260:Appetizers
3112:(inactive)
2862:Red pepper
2520:Tripe soup
2438:Shakshouka
2398:Arab salad
2316:Distilled
2294:Fermented
2081:Tabun oven
1925:Muhallabia
1800:Siyyadiyeh
1755:Shakshouka
1730:Shushbarak
1558:Mulukhiyah
1548:Shakriyyeh
1293:Arab salad
1278:and salads
1276:Appetizers
1094:Arabic tea
870:30 October
812:9 November
481:References
270:Modern use
227:Rowlandson
196:Paracelsus
192:priapiscus
106:the Levant
4826:Money tea
4811:Green tea
4788:Green tea
4768:Earl Grey
4733:Honeybush
4597:Mongolian
4582:Levantine
4557:Caucasian
4501:Çaydanlık
4460:Pul biber
4455:Pistachio
4254:Şekerpare
4244:Pişmaniye
4209:Muhallebi
4149:Kazandibi
3990:Şiş tavuk
3985:Şiş köfte
3980:Şiş kebab
3966:Miskender
3942:Cağ kebab
3893:Van köfte
3873:Tas kebap
3863:Su Böreği
3743:İçli Pide
3668:Çiğ börek
3292:Çiğ köfte
3236:Saj bread
3150:Çalkarası
3145:Boğazkere
3140:Adakarası
3065:Hardaliye
3000:Beverages
2921:Levantine
2857:Pistachio
2832:Olive oil
2698:Muhallebi
2571:Fasouliya
2443:Tabbouleh
2428:Muhammara
2238:Beverages
2127:Sephardic
2010:Ballorieh
1950:Shaabiyat
1765:Makhlouta
1760:Jazz Mazz
1660:Mujaddara
1599:Lahmajoun
1492:Kashkaval
1427:Shanklish
1378:Muhammara
1343:Tabbouleh
1074:Beverages
486:Citations
465:romanized
456:Bulgarian
445:romanized
425:romanized
405:romanized
369:romanized
349:romanized
329:romanized
250:sassafras
116:The word
112:Etymology
4728:Corn tea
4723:Coca tea
4420:Hazelnut
4400:Cinnamon
4395:Chestnut
4357:Eggplant
4264:Supangle
4229:Pepeçura
4174:Kurabiye
4119:Hoşmerim
4089:Fig roll
4079:Dondurma
4004:Desserts
3848:Piyaziye
3818:Papucaki
3778:Lahmacun
3567:Mercimek
3552:Ezogelin
3362:Pastırma
3160:Öküzgözü
3106:GaraGuzu
3020:Rize tea
2936:Armenian
2812:Hazelnut
2792:Cinnamon
2787:Chestnut
2747:Eggplant
2683:Ma'amoul
2673:Qurabiya
2663:Fig roll
2648:Basbousa
2631:Desserts
2612:Shawarma
2576:Musaqa‘a
2360:Manakish
2132:Armenian
2025:Mabrooma
1995:Meshabek
1940:Qurabiya
1920:Ma'amoul
1910:Fig roll
1905:Basbousa
1873:Desserts
1864:Shawarma
1785:Musaqa‘a
1740:Fawaregh
1640:Mfarakeh
1624:Musakhan
1619:Manakish
1587:Pastries
1348:Fattoush
1313:Msabbaha
1134:Tamarind
940:BBC News
914:(1987).
892:(2003).
806:BBC News
760:(2014),
523:"salep."
400:סַחְלָבּ
380:Albanian
360:Armenian
276:dondurma
200:Satyrion
188:satyrion
4821:Red tea
4753:Rooibos
4602:Ottoman
4577:Kurdish
4572:Iranian
4526:Semaver
4450:Parsley
4445:Paprika
4440:Oregano
4372:Spinach
4313:Tulumba
4308:Trileçe
4284:Şöbiyet
4249:Şambali
4154:Kaysefe
4064:Cezerye
4039:Baklava
3813:Musakka
3803:Menemen
3753:Kapuska
3703:Kavurma
3592:Keledoş
3572:Tarhana
3557:İşkembe
3421:Cheeses
3402:Tarator
3392:Şakşuka
3347:Lakerda
3342:Kokoreç
3196:Gözleme
3181:Bazlama
3100:Bomonti
2946:Ottoman
2941:Cypriot
2852:Parsley
2847:Paprika
2842:Oregano
2762:Spinach
2678:Kanafeh
2643:Baklava
2556:Falafel
2462:Cheeses
2380:Markook
2370:Fatayer
2283:Sharbat
2147:Ottoman
2142:Kurdish
2137:Iranian
2122:Mizrahi
2117:Israeli
2086:Tandoor
2035:Barazek
2030:Makaron
2020:Kallaaj
1975:Murabba
1935:Qatayef
1900:Baklawa
1880:Kanafeh
1780:Maftoul
1700:Freekeh
1695:Falafel
1665:Makdous
1650:Maqluba
1594:Fatayer
1563:Fasolia
1393:Tarator
1303:Falafel
1262:Markook
1124:Sharbat
467::
447::
427::
407::
371::
351::
335:sa'alab
331::
320:Persian
312:Turkish
178:), 1907
166:History
160:
132:سَحْلَب
96:called
4922:Orchis
4851:Jujube
4778:Matcha
4763:Saloop
4738:Kuding
4552:Balkan
4531:Tandır
4516:Oklava
4511:Mangal
4480:Walnut
4415:Garlic
4385:Almond
4377:Tomato
4367:Lentil
4293:pekmez
4274:Revani
4269:Sütlaç
4259:Şıllık
4234:Pestil
4179:Künefe
4164:Keşkül
4099:Güllaç
4074:Dibile
3763:Keşkek
3708:Erişte
3673:Çılbır
3663:Şırdan
3643:Bulgur
3611:Dishes
3458:Hellim
3412:Yoğurt
3372:Pilaki
3231:Poğaça
3206:Katmer
3174:Breads
3124:Kanyak
3035:Şerbet
3030:Şalgam
3015:Pekmez
2951:Syrian
2900:Manqal
2872:Walnut
2807:Garlic
2777:Almond
2767:Tomato
2757:Lentil
2708:Moghli
2551:Bulgur
2534:Dishes
2500:Chorba
2469:Akkawi
2453:Labneh
2448:Yogurt
2423:Kibbeh
2418:Hommus
2343:Breads
2278:Sahlab
2248:Jallab
2152:Jewish
2076:Manqal
2000:Awameh
1980:Nougat
1965:Meghli
1955:Dragée
1775:Awarma
1750:Tharid
1745:Fatteh
1690:Bulgur
1670:Mahshi
1645:Mansaf
1633:Dishes
1604:Samosa
1543:Harees
1522:Yakhni
1514:Chorba
1497:Qishta
1472:Labneh
1467:Jameed
1422:Ackawi
1398:Yogurt
1383:Tahini
1373:Torshi
1368:Balila
1338:Yabrak
1333:Labneh
1328:Kibbeh
1308:Hummus
1257:Samoon
1225:Breads
1119:Sahlab
1099:Jallab
957:
924:
900:
768:
740:
699:
675:
431:salepi
420:σαλέπι
411:saḥlab
396:Hebrew
392:səhləb
355:saḥlab
340:Arabic
278:. The
260:scurvy
246:leaves
242:Smyrna
238:Saloop
217:Saloop
211:saloop
176:Skopje
149:Arabic
126:saḥlab
122:Arabic
77:Orchis
72:tubers
68:sahlab
64:sahlep
42:
4758:Salep
4607:Tatar
4567:Greek
4506:Kazan
4496:Cezve
4470:Thyme
4435:Onion
4405:Cumin
4328:Zerde
4289:Tahin
4194:Macun
4189:Lokum
4184:Lokma
4114:Hoşaf
4104:Helva
4024:Aşure
3962:Köfte
3915:Kebab
3898:Yahni
3883:Türlü
3858:Siron
3843:Pilav
3798:Mantı
3783:Lepsi
3718:Kömbe
3633:Börek
3535:Çorba
3527:Soups
3387:Sucuk
3382:Sarma
3377:Piyaz
3337:Kısır
3317:Katık
3312:Humus
3307:Dolma
3287:Cacık
3277:Acuka
3241:Simit
3216:Nokul
3211:Lavaş
3186:Boyoz
3128:Wines
3110:Tekel
3084:Beers
3075:Kefir
3060:Ayran
3025:Salep
3010:Mırra
2895:Kazan
2890:Raʾwa
2867:Thyme
2837:Onion
2827:Olive
2797:Cumin
2688:Majun
2668:Halva
2658:Hurma
2617:Kofta
2607:Kebab
2591:Pilaf
2546:Börek
2493:Soups
2433:Sarma
2355:Katma
2350:Ka'ak
2332:Ksara
2327:Wines
2298:Ayran
2071:Raʾwa
1970:Sfouf
1915:Halwa
1890:Booza
1859:Kofta
1822:Kebab
1655:Kabsa
1614:Sfiha
1609:Börek
1573:Bamia
1553:Pacha
1487:Laban
1482:Kashk
1363:Sujuk
1353:Raheb
1267:Nokul
1237:Khubz
1232:Ka'ak
1192:Wines
1164:Beers
1152:Leben
1147:Ayran
1030:Salep
471:salep
460:салеп
451:salep
440:салеп
416:Greek
384:salep
375:salep
364:սալեպ
138:salep
118:salep
60:Salep
21:Salep
4547:Arab
4425:Mint
4362:Leek
4347:Bean
4239:Pişi
3773:Lâpa
3270:Meze
3226:Pişi
3221:Pide
3119:Rakı
3103:Pera
3096:Efes
3070:Boza
3040:Şıra
2916:Arab
2817:Mint
2752:Leek
2737:Bean
2390:Meze
2365:Pita
2320:Arak
2305:Beer
2273:Dibs
2102:Arab
1945:Raha
1795:Zarb
1477:Feta
1388:Toum
1286:Meze
1242:Pita
1160:Arak
1114:Dibs
1109:Mate
955:ISBN
922:ISBN
898:ISBN
872:2019
814:2015
766:ISBN
738:ISBN
697:ISBN
673:ISBN
344:سحلب
324:ثعلب
190:and
182:The
158:lit.
86:and
4521:Sac
4430:Nut
2822:Nut
2268:Mur
1104:Mur
66:or
4873::
1008:.
983:.
971:.
938:.
862:.
804:.
578:.
560:.
538:.
508:.
494:^
462:,
458::
454:;
442:,
438::
434:;
422:,
418::
414:;
402:,
398::
394:;
390::
386:;
382::
378:;
366:,
362::
358:;
346:,
342::
338:;
326:,
322::
318:;
314::
155:,
151::
4675:e
4668:t
4661:v
4291:-
2985:e
2978:t
2971:v
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
1059:e
1052:t
1045:v
1012:.
1000:.
989:.
975:.
963:.
930:.
906:.
874:.
830:.
816:.
746:.
582:.
564:.
147:(
129:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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