432:"Given humanity's collective experience with unchecked power, which becomes its own principle and its practice its own raison d'etre, resulting in the eventual dehumanisation of all people, the scouring of the earth by the unquenchable thirst for natural resources by imperialist powers, and the horrors of two World Wars, modern Constitutionalism posits that no wielder of power should be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate the state's violence against any one, much less its own citizens, unchecked by law, and notions of innate human dignity of every individual."
315:
170:
55:
421:." The state government had earlier denied Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement. The Supreme Court later directed the state government to take up remedial measures suggested in the earlier NHRC report. The Human Rights Commission alleged that security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against the Maoists.
358:, the Supreme Court directed the Chhattisgarh Police to "immediately cease and desist from using SPOs in any manner or form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities" and directed the police to recall all firearms issued to these men.
408:, reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to the Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding.
279:
Salwa Judum herded villagers and tribal people into makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife, and the movement became increasingly violent and out of control. Salwa Judum has also been accused of burning more than 600 villages, forcing 300,000 people to flee their homes. As the situation
288:
Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people have been killed by the
Naxalites and security forces. This includes 300 security personnel, of which SPO deaths total 98—one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008. By 2008, the Maoist rebels had altered their tactics. Operating
931:, 16 July 2008."The 182-page report — 'Being Neutral Is Our Biggest Crime: Government, Vigilante and Naxalite Abuses in India's Chhattisgarh State' — documents human rights abuses against civilians, particularly tribals, caught in a tug-of-war between government forces, Salwa Judum and Naxalites. "
284:
reported atrocities on both sides and large-scale displacement of the civilian population. By early 2008, at least 100,000 civilians caught in the conflict between the
Naxalites and Salwa Judum militia had fled to camps in southern Chhattisgarh or to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh. By mid-2008, that
252:
of
Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, but also include some of the poorest tribal regions. The Naxalites progressively achieved influence and control over local tribespeople through a combination of political mobilisation—around poor governance,
165:
activities in the region. The militia, consisting of local tribal youth, received support and training from the
Chhattisgarh state government. It was outlawed and banned by a Supreme Court court order but continues to exist in the form of armed auxiliary forces, District Reserve Groups, and other
333:
The
Chhattisgarh state police employed tribal youths as Special Police Officers (SPOs), essentially a militia force used to combat Naxalism. In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared such arming of civilians illegal, but the Chhattisgarh government continued to arm them under another
189:
to recover all of its firearms, ammunition, and accessories. The use of Salwa Judum by the government for anti-Naxal operations was criticised for its violations of human rights and poorly trained youth acting in counter-insurgency roles. The court also ordered the government to investigate all
416:
In April 2008, a
Supreme Court bench directed the state government to refrain from supporting and encouraging Salwa Judum: "It is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the
427:
In an order, the
Supreme Court mentioned that people take arms for survival and against inhuman implementation of law depriving the weak, and not senselessly. The court pointed out the importance of formalised state police actions, in ways that do not ignore constitutional values:
514:, president of the Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee; his son Dinesh Patel; and ex-MLA Uday Mudaliyar, while several others were injured, including ex-MLA Phulo Devi Netam. Shukla survived the attack and was airlifted to several hospitals before dying on 11 June 2013.
351:
has stated that "Salwa Judum is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state." On 5 July 2011, the
Supreme Court of India ordered the state of Chhattisgarh to disband any militia force founded to combat Maoist guerrillas. As reported in
237:, accounted for over 65% of total Naxal violence in the country. Chhattisgarh had trained a number of 'Special Police Officers' or SPOs (also commonly referred to as Koya Commandos), from amongst the tribespeople who were part of Salwa Judum.
229:
ideology in some states in rural India that is designated by the government as a terrorist organisation on account of its violent activities. Salwa Judum later received bipartisan support from both the ruling and opposition parties.
679:"Mahendra Karma killed, V.C. Shukla injured in Maoist.because of Salwa Judoom more than 2 lac people forced to become homeless , more than 650 villages devastated, and Salwa judoom killed more than three thousand tribals attack"
301:
announced that the movement would soon cease to exist. By the end of 2008, Salwa Judum was losing its hold in the region. The number of people living in camps dropped from 50,000 to 13,000, and public support dwindled. An
460:
describing the movement as "over", because it was counterproductive and "innocent people were being killed" Singh, however, said that a "peaceful campaign" to wean locals away from supporting
Maoists would continue.
375:
determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by Salwa Judum in the southern district of
Dantewada and that the Chhattisgarh government had recruited 4,200 SPOs, many of them easily identifiable as minors. The
260:. This movement was mostly led by local traders and businesspeople. When it collapsed, the leaders had to seek police protection. However, the second time around, the state had signed mining agreements with the
289:
in smaller groups, they now targeted Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel, ambushing them and stealing their weapons. Posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across
268:
groups and was eager to cleanse the region of Naxalites to permit mining operations to run smoothly. This was the beginning of police and military support for the movement. Mahendra Karma, a Congress
923:
1376:
1043:
744:
1473:
306:
report published in October 2008 stated that Salwa Judum had lost its earlier momentum and was now restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh.
424:
In December 2008, replying to a petition filed with the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burned houses and looted property.
597:
898:
1548:
1518:
498:
running the Parivartan Yatra, projected as preparatory campaigning for the forthcoming state elections, travelling in a convoy of vehicles after addressing rallies in
441:
Encouraged by the highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government was planning to launch a people's movement in the insurgency-hit state of
678:
1396:
1364:
517:
In a public statement, the Naxalites claimed that they had specifically targeted Karma; he had been stabbed multiple times by a group of female Naxalites.
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272:(MLA) and the leader of the opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, became the public front and took the Bijapur-based movement to
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401:
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There have been numerous reports that Salwa Judum recruited underage boys for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the
556:
397:
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761:
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202:
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and others, declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbanding. The court directed the
1528:
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has praised the role of SPOs in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required", while former
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338:
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prior to it. Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter left-wing terrorists.
450:
345:
294:
1435:
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The first movement against the Naxalites was the Jan Jagran Abhiyan, launched in 1991 by local tribal leader
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However, Salwa Judum appears to have been abandoned in Chhattisgarh state, with Chief Minister
405:
178:
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1483:
652:
8:
1301:
Implement NHRC recommendations on Salwa Judum, Supreme Court asks Chhattisgarh government
507:
205:, along with other party members, in Darbha Valley of Chhattisgarh, 400 km south of
118:
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The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum campaign
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The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign
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The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign
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74:
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raised a similar force employing tribal youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did
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552:
541:, by Asian Centre for Human Rights. Published by Asian Centre for Human Rights, 2006.
418:
154:
940:
1367:, 11 July 2011, rediff.com, an excerpt from the order of the Supreme Court of India
964:
511:
221:
Salwa Judum was formed in 2005 as a state-sponsored vigilante movement against the
719:"The Pioneer > Online Edition : >> Mao's horsemen of the apocalypse"
1404:
1400:
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323:
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70:
1270:
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at least 18 people associated with Salwa Judum were killed during this period ..
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92:
32:
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1007:
Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill
839:
568:
400:, have made allegations against Salwa Judum. A fact-finding mission of the
327:
158:
457:
348:
126:
1121:"Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response"
1287:
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telecast a program titled "India's Hidden War" in October 2006, on the
261:
1421:
1351:
1304:
879:
466:
446:
354:
273:
234:
210:
169:
1255:. South Asia Intelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal.
944:
222:
162:
88:
779:
http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/rep_dce.pdf
442:
150:
506:, founder and leader of the outlawed and disbanded Salwa Judum;
502:, were ambushed and killed by Naxalites. The deceased included
476:
226:
206:
1488:
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also found that Salwa Judum had engaged in the recruitment of
499:
265:
60:
1051:
384:. Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the
309:
253:
land rights, livelihoods, and social inequity—and force.
190:
instances of alleged criminal activities by Salwa Judum.
858:
Chhattisgarh Director General of Police Vishwa Ranjan.
1227:"Findings about the Salwa Judum in Dantewara district"
510:, a prominent Congress state and ex-central minister;
173:
Tribal Salwa Judum volunteers in southern Chhattisgarh
233:
In 2008, Chhattisgarh state, along with neighbouring
1549:
Military units and formations disestablished in 2011
1479:
Economic and political weekly article on NHRC report
1474:Anti-Naxal Salwa Judum faces axe over rights abuse
1102:Salwa Judum is answer to naxal menace: Raman Singh
883:. Chennai, India. 16 December 2008. Archived from
1519:Military units and formations established in 2005
527:Let's call him Vasu: With Maoists in Chhattisgarh
373:Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy
1495:
1269:. Asian Council For Human Rights. Archived from
388:'s "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India".
1489:Video Documentary (20 mn.) on Salwa Judum camps
411:
1119:Zemp, Ueli; Mohapatra, Subash (29 July 2007).
745:Centre gives its tacit approval to Salwa Judum
1118:
396:Some human rights organisations, such as the
653:"Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court"
1205:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
1201:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India"
762:CoBRA reaches Bastar to join anti-Naxal ops
535:, by Nandini Sundar, Juggernaut Press, 2016
386:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
153:that was mobilised and deployed as part of
1041:Salwa Judum may stay in Bastar after polls
924:'Salwa Judum, forces too violating rights'
391:
276:, Katreli, and other parts of the region.
1524:Paramilitary organisations based in India
961:How the Salwa Judum experiment went wrong
711:
650:
579:Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
533:The Burning Forest: India's War in Bastar
529:, by Shubhranshu Choudhary, Penguin, 2012
402:National Human Rights Commission of India
856:'Salwa Judum can't work in the long run'
702:
700:
313:
168:
1484:Report of the IAPL fact-finding mission
1080:
1078:
956:
954:
875:"Salwa Judum victims assured of relief"
483:
16:Former anti-insurgency militia in India
1496:
1002:
1000:
980:"'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'"
851:
849:
821:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
676:
310:Development of Special Police Officers
1504:Anti-communist organizations in India
1348:Salwa Judum victims assured of relief
697:
193:On 25 May 2013, the group's founder,
1259:
1245:
1219:
1075:
1065:'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'
951:
829:
1534:Indigenous counterinsurgency forces
1514:2005 establishments in Chhattisgarh
1377:Tribal youths will now fight Naxals
1284:SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum
997:
846:
13:
1229:. 12 February 2005. Archived from
1058:
598:"Salwa Judum - menace or messiah?"
520:
490:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley
398:People's Union for Civil Liberties
270:Member of the Legislative Assembly
14:
1560:
1449:
977:
941:Indian state 'backing vigilantes'
366:
361:
53:
1544:2011 disestablishments in India
1428:
1411:
1387:
1370:
1358:
1341:
1323:
1311:
1294:
1277:
1193:
1145:
1112:
1095:
1085:Chidambaram all praise for SPOs
1034:
1017:
971:
934:
917:
891:
867:
783:
677:Bagchi, Suvojit (25 May 2013).
494:On 25 May 2013, members of the
479:war against the State of India.
326:, the most affected regions in
772:
755:
738:
670:
644:
622:
590:
445:along similar lines. In 2006,
346:Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
339:Union Minister of Home Affairs
145:(meaning "peace march" in the
1:
1318:India backing violent militia
1162:Asian Centre for Human Rights
584:
378:Asian Centre for Human Rights
285:figure had grown to 150,000.
161:, India, aimed at countering
412:State sponsoring of militias
201:party leader, was killed in
123:Central Reserve Police Force
7:
1539:Far-right politics in India
562:
225:, a far-left movement with
10:
1565:
574:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
551:New Delhi: Penguin, 2011.
487:
436:
240:
216:
197:, who had become a senior
187:Government of Chhattisgarh
1436:"V.C. Shukla (1929-2013)"
1365:'The horror! The horror!'
836:Inside India's hidden war
545:Walking with the Comrades
404:(NHRC), appointed by the
132:
114:
106:
98:
81:
66:
48:
38:
28:
23:
1529:Politics of Chhattisgarh
1509:Anti-communist terrorism
1425:, Friday 27 October 2006
297:. By mid-2008, however,
1394:CM: Salwa Judum is over
392:Human rights violations
434:
406:Supreme Court of India
330:
179:Supreme Court of India
174:
430:
317:
181:, in a case filed by
172:
1464:: India's Hidden War
1308:, 20 September 2008.
1267:"Salwa Judum report"
1253:"Salwa Judum report"
1164:. 2006. p. 42.
1046:13 June 2011 at the
887:on 19 December 2008.
484:Darbha Ghat massacre
209:and 50 km from
177:On 5 July 2011, the
1399:9 July 2011 at the
1355:, 16 December 2008.
1320:DAWN – 11 July 2008
1055:, 13 November 2008.
630:"Left in the lurch"
508:Vidya Charan Shukla
280:further escalated,
250:Dantewada districts
119:Chhattisgarh Police
75:Dantewada districts
67:Active regions
1418:India's Hidden War
1381:The Times of India
1335:The Times of India
1109:, 10 January 2009.
1089:The Economic Times
1069:The Economic Times
984:The Economic Times
928:The Times of India
864:, 13 January 2008.
769:, 5 February 2009.
603:The Times of India
331:
282:Human Rights Watch
175:
166:vigilante groups.
40:Dates of operation
1442:. Chennai, India.
1408:, 7 February 2011
1337:. 6 October 2008.
1331:"Politics/Nation"
1092:, 8 January 2009.
1072:, 6 October 2008.
861:Business Standard
752:, 8 January 2009.
725:on 2 January 2010
708:Ramachandra Guha.
610:on 11 August 2011
557:978-0-670-08553-8
419:Indian Penal Code
295:Bijapur districts
203:a Naxalite attack
155:counterinsurgency
140:
139:
1556:
1462:Unreported World
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1291:, 31 March 2008.
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1273:on 21 July 2008.
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1181:on 19 March 2010
1180:
1174:. Archived from
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1126:. Archived from
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978:Mukul, Akshaya.
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949:
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914:
912:
910:
901:. Archived from
899:"otherindia.org"
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796:. Archived from
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721:. Archived from
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685:. Chennai, India
674:
668:
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648:
642:
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639:
637:
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606:. Archived from
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512:Nand Kumar Patel
472:Unreported World
324:Bastar districts
59:
57:
56:
41:
21:
20:
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1405:Hindustan Times
1401:Wayback Machine
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1371:
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1233:on 16 June 2011
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1048:Wayback Machine
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1031:, 23 July 2008.
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1014:, 1 April 2008.
1005:
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905:on 27 July 2011
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803:on 16 June 2011
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791:"Archived copy"
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651:J. Venkatesan.
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521:Further reading
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77:of Chhattisgarh
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183:Nandini Sundar
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989:18 February
614:18 February
458:Raman Singh
349:Raman Singh
143:Salwa Judum
127:Indian Army
24:Salwa Judum
1498:Categories
1288:Rediff.com
1237:4 February
909:7 December
807:10 October
729:11 October
662:7 December
636:7 December
585:References
1440:The Hindu
1422:Channel 4
1352:The Hindu
1305:The Hindu
880:The Hindu
683:The Hindu
657:The Hindu
467:Channel 4
447:Karnataka
355:The Hindu
320:Dantewada
291:Dantewada
274:Dantewada
235:Jharkhand
223:Naxalites
211:Jagdalpur
136:Naxalites
133:Opponents
44:2005–2011
1397:Archived
1044:Archived
965:The Mint
945:BBC News
817:cite web
563:See also
199:Congress
163:Naxalite
149:) was a
102:Inactive
89:Naxalite
83:Ideology
443:Manipur
437:Effects
337:Former
241:History
217:Origins
151:militia
49:Country
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115:Allies
99:Status
71:Bastar
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29:Leader
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500:Sukma
266:Essar
110:4,000
87:Anti-
61:India
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1166:ISBN
1139:2009
1052:NDTV
991:2015
911:2014
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691:2013
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616:2015
553:ISBN
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