888:
760:
1257:
1160:, early hip hop sampling was governed by "unspoken" rules forbidding the sampling of recent records, reissues, other hip hop records or non-vinyl sources, among other restrictions. These rules were relaxed as younger producers took over and sampling became ubiquitous. In 2017, DJ Shadow said that he felt that "music has never been worth less as a commodity, and yet sampling has never been more risky".
462:
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33:
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synthesizer, launched in 1979. While developing the
Fairlight, Vogel recorded around a second of piano performance from a radio broadcast and discovered that he could imitate a piano by playing the recording back at different pitches. The result better resembled a real piano than sounds generated by
1148:
DJ Shadow said that artists tended to either see sampling as a mark of respect and a means to introduce their music to new audiences, or to be protective of their legacy and see no benefit. He described the difficulty of arranging compensation for each artist sampled in a work, and gave the example
417:
as the first sampler, developed by the
English engineer Harry Chamberlin in the 1940s. The Chamberlin used a keyboard to trigger a series of tape decks, each containing eight seconds of sound. Similar technology was popularised in the 60s with the
605:
Instead of sampling, artists may recreate a recording, a process known as interpolation. This requires only the musical content owner's permission, and creates more freedom to alter constituent components such as separate guitar and drum tracks.
1303:
criticized the ruling, saying it was difficult to apply conventional copyright laws to sampling and that the
American legal system did not have "the cultural capacity to understand this culture and how kids relate to it". In 2005, the writer
1322:, "Sampling became risky business and a rich man's game, with record labels regularly checking if their musical property had been tea-leafed." For less successful artists, the legal implications of using samples pose obstacles; according to
1314:, Chris Richards wrote in 2018 that no case had exerted more influence on pop music, likening it to banning a musical instrument. Some have accused the law of restricting creativity, while others argue that it forces producers to innovate.
216:, the process of acquiring permission to use a sample, can be complex and costly; samples from well-known sources may be prohibitively expensive. Courts have taken different positions on whether sampling without permission is permitted. In
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675:, anticipated that users would sample short sounds, such as individual notes or drum hits, to use as building blocks for compositions; however, users sampled longer passages of music. In the words of Greg Milner, author of
454:, and could only record a few seconds of sound. However, the sampling function became its most popular feature. Though the concept of reusing recordings in other recordings was not new, the Fairlight's design and built-in
906:
1203:
The owner of sampled material may not always be traceable, and such knowledge is commonly mislaid through corporate mergers, closures and buyouts. For example, Eddie Johns, the author of a song sampled in the 2000
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Since the O'Sullivan lawsuit, samples on commercial recordings have typically been taken either from obscure recordings or cleared, an often expensive option only available to successful acts. According to the
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671:, released in 1988, had a major influence on electronic and hip hop music, allowing artists to create elaborate tracks without other instruments, a studio or formal music knowledge. Its designer,
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sampler, which allowed users to assign samples to pads and trigger them independently, similarly to playing a keyboard or drum kit. It was followed by competing samplers from companies including
493:
incorporated samples of drum kits and percussion rather than generating sounds from circuits. Early samplers could store samples of only a few seconds in length, but this increased with improved
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1245:: "Sampling is just a longer term for theft. Anybody who can honestly say sampling is some sort of creativity has never done anything creative." The case was settled out of court and set a
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To legally use a sample, an artist must acquire legal permission from the copyright holder, a potentially lengthy and complex process known as clearance. Sampling without permission can
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ruled that all samples, no matter how short, required a license. A judge wrote: "Get a license or do not sample. We do not see this as stifling creativity in any significant way."
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song "Nur Mir". The court ruled that permission was required for recognizable samples; modified, unrecognizable samples could still be used without authorization.
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687:'." Linn said: "It was a very pleasant surprise. After 60 years of recording, there are so many prerecorded examples to sample from. Why reinvent the wheel?"
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writer Dave
Simpson, sampling had never before been used "to such cataclysmic effect". Eno felt the album's innovation was to make samples "the lead vocal".
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is composed almost entirely of samples, most of which were cleared "easily and affordably"; the clearance process would be much more expensive today. The
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in another recording. Samples may comprise elements such as rhythm, melody, speech, or sound effects. A sample can be brief and only incorporate a single
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of the original artist may also be breached if they are not credited or object to the sampling. In some cases, sampling is protected under
American
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1703:
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3252:
1326:, "For a bedroom producer, clearing a sample can be nearly impossible, both financially and in terms of administration." By comparison, the 1989
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described it as the "most damaging example of anti-hip hop vindictiveness", which "sent a chill through the industry that is still felt". In the
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ruled that modified, unrecognizable samples could be used without authorization. Though some artists sampled by others have complained of
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the court ruled that sampling without permission infringed copyright. Instead of asking for royalties, O'Sullivan forced Markie's label
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of two artists both demanding more than 50%, a mathematical impossibility. He instead advocated for a process of clearing samples on a
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journalist David McNamee wrote that "two record decks and your dad's old funk collection was once the working-class black answer to
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4859:
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1878:
3839:"Where Digital Music Technology and Law Collide – Contemporary Issues of Digital Sampling, Appropriation and Copyright Law"
1094:
sample libraries as a major influence on 90s dance music, becoming the "de facto source of breakbeats, bass and vocal samples".
3670:
1192:
companies have simplified their clearance processes by "pre-clearing" their records. For example, the Los
Angeles record label
540:
Samples are distributed in sample libraries, also known as sample packs. In the 1990s, sample libraries from companies such as
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of the original sound recording, of the composition and lyrics, and of the performances, such as a rhythm or guitar riff. The
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1038:, a user-edited website that catalogs samples, James Brown appears in more than 3000 tracks, more than any other artist. The
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journalist David McNamee likened its importance in these genres to the importance of the guitar in rock. In August 2022, the
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The
Fairlight inspired competition, improving sampling technology and driving down prices. Early competitors included the
5140:
897:
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became the "key architect" in incorporating sampling into pop music in the 1980s. Other users of the
Fairlight included
4852:
2173:
1367:", which samples his composition "Choir". The judge found that the sample, comprising six seconds and three notes, was
228:(2005), American courts ruled that unlicensed sampling, however minimal, constitutes copyright infringement. However,
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104:. The mid-20th century saw the introduction of keyboard instruments that played sounds recorded on tape, such as the
1990:
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with the ability to record and playback short sounds. As technology improved, cheaper standalone samplers with more
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producers in the early 1990s. It has been used in thousands of recordings, including songs by rock bands such as
868:, released in 1987, had a ten-second sample length and a distinctive "gritty" sound, and was used extensively by
442:
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3923:
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17:
71:), or it can consist of longer portions of music (such as a drumbeat or complete melody), and may be layered,
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969:, and is among the most sampled tracks in music history. Other widely sampled drum breaks came from the 1970
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1212:", has never been located. As of 2021, he was owed an estimated "six-to-seven-figure sum" based on streams.
5864:
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4524:
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390:
80:
5854:
4332:
3419:
2703:
1693:
1628:
1423:". The judge Susan Graber wrote that she did not see why sampling law should be an exception to standard
3559:
3127:"Loleatta Holloway: Much-sampled disco diva who sued Black Box over their worldwide hit 'Ride on Time'"
2704:"Don't kick the ethics out of sampling: picking up the bullets from the Weeknd's clash with Portishead"
747:
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synthesizers. Compared to later samplers, the
Fairlight was limited; it allowed control over pitch and
349:
286:, splicing lengths of tape end to end so a sound could be played indefinitely. Schaeffer developed the
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compiled tracks with drum breaks and solos intended for sampling, aimed at DJs and hip hop producers
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laws, which grant "limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the rights holder".
328:
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1373:(small enough to be trivial) and did not require clearance. Newton lost appeals in 2003 and 2004.
614:
Sampling has influenced many genres of music, particularly pop, hip hop and electronic music. The
317:
used it to create the first totally electronic film soundtrack, for the 1956 science fiction film
282:. He used sounds from the human body, locomotives, and kitchen utensils. The method also involved
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similar to flaunting cars or jewelry. West has been sued several times over his use of samples.
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likened it to "the man who goes to the sperm bank and unknowingly sires hundreds of children".
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1133:
for copyright infringement had passed by the time he learnt of the situation. The journalist
1118:
994:
699:
may have been the first album to make extensive use of samples. The
Japanese electronic band
684:
399:
The Fairlight CMI, a sampler and synthesizer released in 1979. The designers coined the term
314:
302:
230:
1405:, lower courts ruling on similar issues are bound to abide by it. However, in the 2016 case
79:, or otherwise manipulated. They are usually integrated using electronic music instruments (
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2400:
2145:
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3630:
3326:"DJ Shadow: 'Music has never been worth less, and yet sampling has never been more risky'"
8:
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5507:
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5196:
5107:
4902:
4875:
4741:
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4012:
3451:"A homeless LA musician helped create a Daft Punk classic. So why hasn't he seen a dime?"
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1952:
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1310:
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The widely sampled "Amen break" as it originally appeared, on "Amen, Brother" (1969) by
727:
is another important early work of sampling, incorporating samples of sources including
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2263:"The Library of Congress wants DJs (and you) to make beats using its audio collections"
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or lack of creativity, many commentators have argued that sampling is a creative act.
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Using the Fairlight, the "first truly world-changing sampler", the English producer
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568:
556:. In the 2010s, producers began releasing sample packs on online platforms such as
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191:
are among the most sampled artists. The first album created entirely from samples,
156:
2474:"It's Easy When You're Big In Japan: Yellow Magic Orchestra at The Hollywood Bowl"
780:, which emerged in the 1980s. Hip hop sampling has been likened to the origins of
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were pioneers in sampling, constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and
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web application that allows users to sample its copyright-free audio collection.
494:
455:
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184:
121:
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5409:
3823:
Katz, Mark. "Music in 1s and 0s: The Art and Politics of Digital Sampling." In
2429:
1616:
The Mark of Criminality: Rhetoric, Race, and Gangsta Rap in the War-On-Crime ERA
864:(1996), made on an MPC60, as the first album created entirely from samples. The
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3849:"The Song Remains The Same – A Review of the Legalities of Music Sampling"
3635:
2929:
2340:
1957:
1546:
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as the most sampled female singer in popular music. Her vocals were sampled in
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spliced tape recordings into his music before the advent of digital sampling.
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532:. As technology has improved, the possibilities for manipulation have grown.
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3600:"The court case that changed hip-hop — from Public Enemy to Kanye — forever"
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A seven-second drum break in the 1969 track "Amen, Brother", known as the
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2207:"How Hitmaking Producer Frank Dukes Is Reinventing the Pop Music Machine"
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The Phonogene, a 1940s instrument which plays back sounds from tape loops
176:
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4371:
3881:"A Proposed Typology of Sampled Material within Electronic Dance Music."
1153:
basis, by identifying how much of the composition the sample comprises.
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Commonly sampled elements include strings, basslines, drum loops, vocal
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331:, which used the techniques to produce soundtracks for shows including
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36:
32:
1799:"Hey, what's that sound: Linn LM-1 Drum Computer and the Oberheim DMX"
1340:
described the modern use of well known samples, such as on records by
735:. Musicians had used similar techniques before, but, according to the
290:, which played loops at 12 different pitches triggered by a keyboard.
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3358:"Future of sample clearance: As easy as tagging friends on Facebook?"
1439:
1205:
1164:
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855:
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763:
724:
713:(1981) is an early example of an album consisting mostly of samples.
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The Kingsway Music Library, created in 2015 by the American producer
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3198:
The Three Pillar Model For Business Decisions: Strategy, Law, Ethics
3061:"The world's most sampled song is "Change the Beat" by Fab 5 Freddy"
2790:"The exclusive interview; 'I feel like I've done a lot for the MPC'"
1438:
and Martin Haas had illegally sampled a drum sequence from the 1977
1419:
did not require a license for a short horn sample in her 1990 song "
5791:
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5501:
5473:
5404:
5330:
5315:
5223:
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4107:
3985:
3908:
3784:
3389:"Inside the Labels Where Kanye West Finds Many of His Best Samples"
2793:
2235:"Frank Dukes' Kingsway Music Library Could Change Sampling Forever"
1386:. were successfully sued for their use of a two-second sample of a
1111:
965:
845:
732:
668:
502:
466:
209:
133:
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955:, became popular with American hip hop producers and then British
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Sampling can help popularize the sampled work. For example, the
656:. In the 1980s, samples were incorporated into synthesizers and
364:
over. Jamaican immigrants introduced the techniques to American
5439:
5325:
5320:
5211:
4994:
4929:
4772:
4509:
4445:
3253:"Clyde Stubblefield, James Brown's 'Funky Drummer,' Dead at 73"
3094:"James Brown is apparently the most sampled artist of all time"
2998:
1489:
1010:
357:
353:
5531:
5512:
4989:
4685:
4342:
3631:"The Dust Brothers: sampling, remixing & the Boat studio"
1917:"Meet the unassuming drum machine that changed music forever"
1459:
1383:
781:
628:
that week used samples. Sampling is a fundamental element of
514:
461:
155:. It has influenced many other genres of music, particularly
48:
44:
395:
256:
5798:
5665:
4823:
4462:
3707:"Madonna gets victory over 'Vogue' sample at appeals court"
2994:"Spotify playlist: 50 tracks that sample the 'Think' break"
2267:
2141:"How Splice Became the Hottest Platform on the Beat Market"
548:
had a major influence on contemporary music. In the 2000s,
506:
498:
144:
143:, which emerged when producers in the 1980s began sampling
90:
A process similar to sampling originated in the 1940s with
3827:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 137–57.
2616:"Brian Eno and David Byrne, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts"
2583:"Brian Eno and David Byrne, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts"
2509:
Hip-hop Japan: rap and the paths of cultural globalization
2132:
4420:
3861:
Creative License: The Law and Culture of Digital Sampling
3292:
2430:
Mayumi Yoshida Barakan & Judith Connor Greer (1996).
2371:"Remixing Culture And Why The Art Of The Mash-Up Matters"
745:
pioneered sampling in rock and pop with their 1985 album
1034:, which appears in more than 1,150 tracks. According to
788:, which were created by repurposing existing music. The
683:
kick drum, they wanted to loop and repeat the whole of '
4244:
2401:"Hip-hop's most influential sampler gets a 2017 reboot"
2336:"Steve Gibson & Dave Walters: Recreating Samples |"
2174:"Get to know the loopmakers behind rap's biggest songs"
1401:
As the Bridgeport judgement was decided in an American
1141:, the performer of the widely sampled drum break from "
240:
copying, and did not infringe copyright. In 2019, the
2666:"Big Audio Dynamite: more pioneering than the Clash?"
1842:
Perfecting Sound Forever: The Story of Recorded Music
1363:
filed a claim against the Beastie Boys' 1992 single "
1288:
Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc
1071:
originated as a sound on the Fairlight, sampled from
219:
Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc
3884:
Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture
3818:
Will Pop Eat Itself?: Pop Music in the Soundbite Era
1879:"The 10 most important hardware samplers in history"
1413:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
1396:
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
772:
is cited as the first created entirely from samples.
552:
introduced "Jam Packs" sample libraries for its DAW
112:
was coined in the late 1970s by the creators of the
3487:"Songs on Trial: 12 Landmark Music Copyright Cases"
2647:Sheppard, David (July 2001). "Cash for Questions".
2467:
2465:
2303:
sparks debate about the politics of music sampling"
3858:
3825:Capturing Sound: How Technology has Changed Music
3745:"Untangling the knotty world of hip-hop copyright"
3288:"DJ Shadow on sampling as a 'collage of mistakes'"
2959:
2954:
2952:
2746:
2037:"Untangling the knotty world of hip-hop copyright"
1296:. to recall the album until the song was removed.
520:Today, most samples are recorded and edited using
3738:
3736:
3734:
3671:"Beastie Boys Emerge Victorious In Sampling Suit"
1121:, who owned the copyright for the widely sampled
278:, splicing them, and manipulating them to create
234:(2016) found that unlicensed samples constituted
5836:
3892:Bring That Beat Back: How Sampling Built Hip-Hop
3774:
3772:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2462:
2075:"10 classic sample libraries that changed music"
3780:"Kraftwerk win 20-year sampling copyright case"
3700:
3698:
3696:
3480:
3478:
3319:
3317:
3315:
2949:
2850:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2171:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1946:
1944:
1642:"Holger Czukay, bassist with Can, dies aged 79"
1639:
175:have been used in thousands of recordings, and
3731:
3560:"Songwriter wins large settlement in rap suit"
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
1991:"When did sampling become so non-threatening?"
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1228:for using an unlicensed sample on their album
844:The advent of affordable samplers such as the
5170:Cinema / television / video
4874:
4860:
4387:
3924:
3769:
3200:. Michigan: Van Rye Publishing. p. 135.
3027:"The Life of a Song: 'When the Levee Breaks'"
2728:
2365:
2363:
2292:
2290:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
963:and theme tunes for television shows such as
27:Reuse of sound recording in another recording
5704:Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree
3853:
3842:Journal of Information, Law & Technology
3693:
3475:
3312:
2690:
2501:
2499:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1977:
1941:
1760:
1758:
1718:
1064:, the bestselling single of 1989 in the UK.
841:" (1970), helping popularize the technique.
327:was brought to a mainstream audience by the
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3387:Weingarten, Christopher R. (28 June 2018).
3282:
3280:
3181:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFFink2005 (
3170:
3162:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFFink2005 (
3151:
2909:
1674:
1097:
679:, musicians "didn't just want the sound of
469:, an influential sampler produced from 1988
274:, an experimental form of music created by
4867:
4853:
4394:
4380:
3931:
3917:
3386:
2820:"First album made completely from samples"
2360:
2287:
2138:
2099:
2061:
1823:
1514:
4401:
4338:Music technology (electronic and digital)
3742:
3639:. Cambridge, UK: SOS Publications Group.
2550:"The Essential... Yellow Magic Orchestra"
2496:
2034:
2015:
1755:
1640:Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (6 September 2017).
1575:Reggae Wisdom: Proverbs in Jamaican Music
1379:Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films
936:or entire bars of music, especially from
696:Journey Through the Secret Life of Plants
426:developed the first digital sampler, the
225:Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films
3622:
3584:
3514:
3512:
3277:
2844:
2646:
2607:
1609:
1607:
1255:
1196:has cleared songs produced for West and
758:
460:
394:
255:
31:
3704:
3557:
3484:
3417:
3323:
3222:"Amen Break musician finally gets paid"
3124:
2885:"The Dirty Heartbeat of the Golden Age"
2701:
2613:
2580:
1988:
1796:
1691:
1188:" (2016). Some record labels and other
379:
14:
5837:
3889:
3628:
3518:
3232:from the original on 12 September 2023
3195:
2922:
2787:
2781:
2505:
2471:
2333:
2260:
2120:from the original on 23 September 2019
1914:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1838:
1539:
833:" sampled the funk and soul tracks of
776:Sampling is one of the foundations of
624:noted that half of the singles in the
4848:
4375:
3912:
3757:from the original on 17 December 2022
3719:from the original on 17 December 2022
3681:from the original on 19 November 2017
3509:
3448:
3250:
3037:from the original on 29 November 2018
3024:
2678:from the original on 14 February 2017
2663:
2381:from the original on 12 February 2020
2296:
2105:
1929:from the original on 21 December 2018
1724:
1604:
1001:and sampled by artists including the
944:, sped up or slowed down, repitched,
567:, has been used by artists including
75:, sped up or slowed down, repitched,
3938:
3610:from the original on 12 October 2018
3597:
3497:from the original on 14 October 2018
3420:"How to sample without getting sued"
3176:
3157:
3106:from the original on 21 October 2020
3073:from the original on 12 October 2018
2974:from the original on 14 October 2018
2937:from the original on 14 October 2018
2865:from the original on 2 December 2013
2769:from the original on 14 October 2018
2716:from the original on 12 October 2018
2348:from the original on 14 October 2018
2204:
2153:from the original on 6 December 2022
2087:from the original on 26 October 2019
2072:
2049:from the original on 14 October 2018
1965:from the original on 2 November 2019
1950:
1859:from the original on 9 December 2018
1811:from the original on 26 October 2018
1692:McNamee, David (28 September 2009).
1578:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 2001.
1554:from the original on 9 December 2018
3743:Meiselman, Jessica (25 June 2016).
3572:from the original on 29 August 2022
3338:from the original on 15 August 2022
3055:
2853:"DJ Shadow's influence looms large"
2595:from the original on 20 August 2007
2172:Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (8 May 2020).
2035:Meiselman, Jessica (25 June 2016).
1989:McNamee, David (16 February 2008).
1915:Aciman, Alexander (16 April 2018).
1903:
1662:from the original on 12 August 2023
1275:after Markie sampled O'Sullivan's "
1171:" (2015) reached number one on the
535:
24:
3807:
3539:from the original on 23 March 2017
3418:Needham, Jack (29 November 2019).
3324:Convery, Stephanie (24 May 2017).
3251:Kreps, Daniel (18 February 2017).
3244:
2832:from the original on 7 August 2013
2702:Fintoni, Laurent (2 August 2013).
2562:from the original on 17 April 2019
2530:from the original on 20 April 2019
2484:from the original on 21 March 2012
2450:from the original on 23 March 2017
2436:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 144.
2411:from the original on 31 March 2019
2315:from the original on 6 August 2022
2186:from the original on 23 April 2021
2003:from the original on 31 March 2019
1542:"The Lost Art Of Sampling: Part 1"
886:
837:, particularly a drum break from "
264:In the 1940s, the French composer
25:
5876:
4179:Recording studio as an instrument
3894:. University of Minnesota Press.
3792:from the original on 5 March 2020
3558:Philips, Chuck (1 January 1992).
3125:Perrone, Pierre (25 March 2011).
3091:
3025:Cheal, David (21 February 2015).
2851:Sullivan, James (30 March 2012).
2640:
2628:from the original on 12 July 2020
2261:Lefrak, Mikaela (24 April 2020).
2232:
1778:from the original on 26 June 2019
1706:from the original on 4 March 2014
1694:"Hey, what's that sound: Sampler"
1504:, a website that catalogs samples
1495:
1351:
1026:cited the most sampled track as "
940:records. Samples may be layered,
879:
876:of the late 1980s and early 90s.
811:over. Compilation albums such as
799:Before the rise of sampling, DJs
4355:
3651:from the original on 29 May 2016
3519:George, Nelson (26 April 2005).
3430:from the original on 4 June 2021
3368:from the original on 4 June 2021
3300:from the original on 14 May 2013
3265:from the original on 19 May 2023
3139:from the original on 8 July 2019
3006:from the original on 17 May 2021
2275:from the original on 4 June 2021
2139:Tannenbaum, Rob (22 July 2021).
1891:from the original on 2 July 2018
1839:Milner, Greg (3 November 2011).
1727:"Interview: Electronic maestros"
923:Problems playing this file? See
902:
594:
422:. In 1969, the English engineer
403:to describe one of its features.
372:of the experimental German band
204:Sampling without permission can
96:, experimental music created by
4570:Two turntables and a microphone
3663:
3551:
3485:Runtagh, Jordan (8 June 2016).
3463:from the original on 6 May 2021
3442:
3411:
3399:from the original on 7 May 2019
3380:
3350:
3214:
3189:
3118:
3092:X, Dharmic (20 February 2014).
3085:
3049:
3018:
2986:
2897:from the original on 1 May 2019
2877:
2812:
2657:
2614:Simpson, Dave (24 March 2006).
2581:Simpson, Dave (24 March 2006).
2574:
2542:
2472:Carter, Monica (30 June 2011).
2423:
2393:
2327:
2254:
2226:
2205:Cush, Andy (15 December 2016).
2198:
2165:
2108:"A brief history of GarageBand"
2106:Music, Future (17 March 2011).
1871:
1797:McNamee, David (22 June 2009).
1592:from the original on 5 May 2024
1145:", also received no royalties.
445:to describe a feature of their
2923:Salmon, Richard (March 2008).
2788:Taylor, Ken (14 August 2012).
2664:Myers, Ben (20 January 2011).
2334:Inglis, Sam (September 2003).
2297:Jones, Rhian (5 August 2022).
1790:
1633:
1566:
1186:Father Stretch My Hands, Pt. 2
807:from records, which MCs would
635:
55:is the reuse of a portion (or
13:
1:
5633:Pierre Menard, Author of the
5479:Archetypal literary criticism
5039:Literature / theatre
3705:Gardner, Eriq (2 June 2016).
2299:"'Common decency': Beyoncé's
1766:"A brief history of sampling"
1725:Hamer, Mick (26 March 2015).
1540:Howell, Steve (August 2005).
1508:
1082:and became a hip hop cliché.
716:My Life in the Bush of Ghosts
601:Interpolation (popular music)
251:
5445:Source criticism in the arts
5113:Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
4362:Record production portal
3449:Brown, August (6 May 2021).
1951:Vail, Mark (February 2002).
948:or otherwise manipulated.
848:(1988) made looping easier.
391:Sampler (musical instrument)
139:Sampling is a foundation of
7:
5646:Reality Hunger: A Manifesto
4333:Music technology (electric)
1629:University of Alabama Press
1453:
1359:In 2000, the jazz flautist
1215:
858:'s acclaimed hip hop album
384:
39:selecting records to sample
10:
5881:
5752:Appropriation in sociology
3879:Ratcliffe, Robert. (2014)
3837:McKenna, Tyrone B. (2000)
754:
748:This Is Big Audio Dynamite
660:, such as the bestselling
598:
522:digital audio workstations
388:
352:began using recordings of
85:digital audio workstations
5757:Articulation in sociology
5735:
5658:
5610:
5560:
5457:
5382:
5354:
5306:
5297:
5280:Revivalism (architecture)
5252:
5169:
5126:
5093:
5084:
5038:
4890:
4883:
4806:
4766:Releases and distribution
4765:
4724:
4583:
4413:
4351:
4300:
4207:
4146:
4036:
3946:
3865:. Duke University Press.
3629:Tingen, Paul (May 2005).
2073:Cant, Tim (1 July 2022).
1737:Reed Business Information
1600:– via Google Books.
1434:ruled that the producers
1432:European Court of Justice
989:", written by Brown; and
814:Ultimate Breaks and Beats
609:
242:European Court of Justice
5860:Plagiarism controversies
5469:Aesthetic interpretation
4575:Vinyl emulation software
3857:; DiCola, Peter (2011).
1390:song in the 1990 track "
1267:In 1991, the songwriter
1253:on sampling in hip hop.
1098:Legal and ethical issues
981:, sampled from the 1972
677:Perfecting Sound Forever
360:tracks, which were then
329:BBC Radiophonic Workshop
276:recording sounds to tape
201:, was released in 1996.
5711:The Pictures Generation
5490:The Death of the Author
4550:Sound system (Jamaican)
3196:Siedel, George (2016).
2748:"Seven seconds of fire"
1845:. Granta Publications.
1403:Federal court of appeal
1346:conspicuous consumption
1277:Alone Again (Naturally)
458:simplified the process.
340:In the 1960s, Jamaican
5782:Copyright infringement
5762:Cultural appropriation
4498:Direct-drive turntable
3712:The Hollywood Reporter
2825:Guinness World Records
1264:
1231:3 Feet High and Rising
1200:in a matter of hours.
1131:statute of limitations
1117:The American musician
993:'s 1971 recording of "
891:
851:Guinness World Records
773:
701:Yellow Magic Orchestra
470:
404:
261:
163:. Samples such as the
151:records, particularly
83:) or software such as
69:sample-based synthesis
40:
5809:Participatory culture
5777:Intellectual property
4250:Ghostwriters in music
3890:Patrin, Nate (2020).
3364:. 13 September 2019.
2514:Duke University Press
1953:"Korg M1 (Retrozone)"
1408:VMG Salsoul v Ciccone
1392:100 Miles and Runnin'
1259:
1119:Richard Lewis Spencer
1075:1910 orchestral work
995:When the Levee Breaks
890:
874:golden age of hip hop
821:In 1986, the tracks "
762:
685:When the Levee Breaks
464:
398:
315:Bebe and Louis Barron
259:
231:VMG Salsoul v Ciccone
171:" drum break and the
124:emerged, such as the
67:(as is the case with
35:
5484:Artistic inspiration
5308:Intertextual figures
5275:Parody advertisement
3296:. 17 November 2012.
3228:. 11 November 2015.
2925:"Sample Clearance |"
2757:. 17 December 2011.
2506:Condry, Ian (2006).
1382:, the hip hop group
1104:breach the copyright
870:East Coast producers
827:Eric B. is President
664:, released in 1988.
380:Techniques and tools
303:Karheinz Stockhausen
293:Composers including
5865:Music controversies
5819:Recontextualisation
5772:Information society
5767:History of printing
5747:Academic dishonesty
5508:Genius (literature)
5197:Literal music video
5108:Photographic mosaic
4903:Chopped and screwed
4621:Chopped and screwed
3677:. 9 November 2004.
2893:. 6 November 2007.
2558:. 22 January 2015.
1485:Recombinant culture
1470:Chopped and screwed
1235:The Turtles singer
1129:for its use as the
731:, radio DJs and an
585:Library of Congress
501:released the first
356:rhythms to produce
350:Lee "Scratch" Perry
5855:Hip hop production
5496:Divine inspiration
5285:Video game modding
5127:By source material
4819:Hip hop production
4468:Magnetic cartridge
4164:Hip hop production
3847:Challis, B (2003)
2800:on 21 October 2012
2478:The Vinyl District
1623:5 May 2024 at the
1269:Gilbert O'Sullivan
1265:
1139:Clyde Stubblefield
892:
774:
743:Big Audio Dynamite
707:them. Their album
658:music workstations
583:. In 2020, the US
471:
405:
344:producers such as
309:experimented with
262:
206:infringe copyright
41:
5832:
5831:
5739:artistic concepts
5727:Russian formalism
5453:
5452:
5293:
5292:
5182:Anime music video
5165:
5164:
5157:Statue of Liberty
4955:Musical quotation
4898:Bootleg recording
4842:
4841:
4829:Record collecting
4555:Speaker enclosure
4545:Sound system (DJ)
4369:
4368:
3971:Critical distance
3901:978-1-5179-0628-3
3872:978-0-8223-4875-7
3598:Richards, Chris.
3565:Los Angeles Times
3456:Los Angeles Times
3207:978-0-9970566-1-7
2890:The Village Voice
1613:Bryan J. McCann,
1475:Musical quotation
1376:In the 2005 case
1242:Los Angeles Times
1194:Now-Again Records
1125:, never received
1046:Loleatta Holloway
907:
311:musique concrète,
181:Loleatta Holloway
16:(Redirected from
5872:
5845:Sampling (music)
5651:
5641:
5628:
5459:Related artistic
5425:Imitation in art
5395:Assemblage (art)
5304:
5303:
5103:Combine painting
5091:
5090:
5076:Verbatim theatre
5051:Cut-up technique
4950:Music plagiarism
4888:
4887:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4807:Related articles
4716:Video scratching
4396:
4389:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4275:Session musician
3940:Music production
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3876:
3864:
3814:Beadle, Jeremy J
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3788:. 30 July 2019.
3776:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3740:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2858:The Boston Globe
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2796:. Archived from
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2750:
2743:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2433:Tokyo city guide
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
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2324:
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2320:
2294:
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2284:
2282:
2280:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2169:
2163:
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2160:
2158:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2032:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1836:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1637:
1631:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1537:
1282:I Need a Haircut
1271:sued the rapper
1091:Zero-G Datafiles
1056:tracks such as "
987:Think (About It)
909:
908:
889:
536:Sample libraries
325:Musique concrète
320:Forbidden Planet
271:musique concrète
266:Pierre Schaeffer
157:electronic music
93:musique concrète
21:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5814:Pirate politics
5787:Derivative work
5740:
5738:
5731:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5626:
5615:
5613:
5606:
5602:Story structure
5597:Stock character
5577:Formula fiction
5565:
5563:
5562:Standard blocks
5556:
5462:
5460:
5449:
5378:
5350:
5299:
5289:
5248:
5177:Abridged series
5161:
5149:Michelangelo's
5141:Michelangelo's
5122:
5087:
5080:
5066:Jukebox musical
5034:
4879:
4873:
4843:
4838:
4834:Record producer
4802:
4761:
4720:
4651:Harmonic mixing
4579:
4525:Monitor speaker
4478:Monitor speaker
4409:
4400:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4296:
4265:Record producer
4218:
4214:
4203:
4157:
4153:
4142:
4083:Double tracking
4039:
4032:
4023:Sound recording
3961:Audio mastering
3942:
3937:
3902:
3873:
3855:McLeod, Kembrew
3810:
3808:Further reading
3805:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3777:
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3604:Washington Post
3596:
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3533:
3522:Hip Hop America
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3142:
3140:
3132:The Independent
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3031:Financial Times
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2961:"Just a sample"
2958:
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2245:
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2233:Adams, Kelsey.
2231:
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2016:
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1634:
1625:Wayback Machine
1612:
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1572:
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1567:
1557:
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1538:
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1498:
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1357:
1344:, as an act of
1338:Washington Post
1333:Paul's Boutique
1311:Washington Post
1299:The journalist
1279:" on the album
1251:chilling effect
1247:legal precedent
1218:
1190:music licensing
1184:sampled it on "
1100:
1032:Fab Five Freddy
1028:Change the Beat
930:
929:
921:
919:
918:
917:
916:
910:
903:
900:
893:
887:
882:
801:used turntables
757:
691:Stevie Wonder's
638:
612:
603:
597:
538:
524:(DAWs) such as
424:Peter Zinovieff
393:
387:
382:
254:
185:Fab Five Freddy
61:sound recording
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5672:De Copia Rerum
5668:
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5407:
5402:
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5392:
5386:
5384:
5383:Other concepts
5380:
5379:
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5376:
5371:
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5360:
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5220:
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5209:
5207:Re-cut trailer
5204:
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5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Plunderphonics
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
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4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
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4780:
4778:Battle records
4775:
4769:
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4759:
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4711:Voice-tracking
4708:
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4473:Mixing console
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4272:
4270:Rhythm section
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
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4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Audio engineer
4227:
4221:
4219:
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4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
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4196:
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4176:
4174:Overproduction
4171:
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4103:Exciter effect
4100:
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3809:
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3730:
3692:
3662:
3636:Sound on Sound
3621:
3583:
3550:
3531:
3508:
3474:
3441:
3410:
3379:
3349:
3311:
3276:
3243:
3213:
3206:
3188:
3169:
3150:
3117:
3084:
3048:
3017:
2985:
2948:
2930:Sound on Sound
2908:
2876:
2843:
2811:
2780:
2727:
2689:
2656:
2639:
2606:
2573:
2541:
2522:
2516:. p. 60.
2495:
2461:
2442:
2422:
2392:
2359:
2341:Sound on Sound
2326:
2286:
2253:
2225:
2197:
2164:
2131:
2098:
2060:
2014:
1976:
1958:Sound on Sound
1940:
1902:
1870:
1851:
1822:
1789:
1754:
1743:on 8 July 2008
1717:
1673:
1632:
1603:
1584:
1565:
1547:Sound on Sound
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:External links
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Plunderphonics
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Mashup (music)
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:Sabrina Setlur
1444:Metal on Metal
1356:
1350:
1217:
1214:
1135:Simon Reynolds
1099:
1096:
1078:Firebird Suite
1015:Massive Attack
920:
911:
901:
898:The Amen break
896:
895:
894:
885:
884:
883:
881:
880:Common samples
878:
766:'s 1996 album
756:
753:
729:Arabic singers
637:
634:
611:
608:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
577:Kendrick Lamar
537:
534:
437:was coined by
413:described the
389:Main article:
386:
383:
381:
378:
368:in the 1970s.
307:Iannis Xenakis
280:sound collages
253:
250:
26:
18:Sample (music)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5877:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5824:Remix culture
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Postmodernism
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5612:Epoch-marking
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Jazz standard
5585:
5583:
5582:Genre fiction
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5559:
5553:
5552:Western canon
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Genre studies
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
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5494:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
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5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5456:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:Internet meme
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:Shot-for-shot
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Found footage
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Sound collage
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Interpolation
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Cover version
4923:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4876:Appropriation
4870:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Controllerism
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Remix service
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Interpolation
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Beat juggling
4599:
4597:
4596:Back spinning
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Pitch control
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:Record player
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:Digital delay
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Interpolation
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:Backup singer
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Wall of Sound
4192:
4190:
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4182:
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4177:
4175:
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4167:
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4162:
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4152:
4149:
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4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Octave effect
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Chorus effect
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3991:Wah-wah pedal
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
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3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3886:6(1): 97–122.
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:0-520-24380-3
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3775:
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3708:
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3642:
3638:
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3632:
3625:
3609:
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3601:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3538:
3534:
3532:9781101007303
3528:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3496:
3492:
3491:Rolling Stone
3488:
3481:
3479:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3393:Rolling Stone
3390:
3383:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:Rolling Stone
3254:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3057:Eveleth, Rose
3052:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:The Economist
2962:
2955:
2953:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:The Economist
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2523:0-8223-3892-0
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2449:
2445:
2443:0-8048-1964-5
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1852:9781847086051
1848:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:New Scientist
1728:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:, pages 41-42
1617:
1610:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1585:9781604736595
1581:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1486:
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1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:In 2019, the
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:Nelson George
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:In 1989, the
1213:
1211:
1210:One More Time
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:Billboard Hot
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1156:According to
1154:
1152:
1151:musicological
1146:
1144:
1143:Funky Drummer
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:orchestra hit
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:In 2018, the
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:", played by
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Funky Drummer
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
926:
915:
899:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:
839:Funky Drummer
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
770:
765:
761:
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:John Bonham's
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Peter Gabriel
647:
643:
633:
631:
630:remix culture
627:
623:
619:
618:
607:
602:
595:Interpolation
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Spectrasonics
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Drum machines
480:
476:
475:E-mu Emulator
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
448:
447:Fairlight CMI
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
411:
402:
397:
392:
377:
375:
371:
370:Holger Czukay
367:
366:hip hop music
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
258:
249:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:orchestra hit
170:
169:Funky Drummer
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:hip hop music
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:E-mu Emulator
123:
119:
115:
114:Fairlight CMI
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
5737:Related non-
5709:
5702:
5695:
5684:
5670:
5659:Theorization
5644:
5634:
5621:
5500:
5415:Found object
5410:DĂ©tournement
5244:YouTube poop
5239:Video mashup
5187:Collage film
5150:
5142:
5133:
5061:Found poetry
5056:Flarf poetry
4999:
4965:Parody music
4945:Music mashup
4920:Contrafactum
4788:Digital pool
4690:
4606:Beatmatching
4591:Audio mixing
4441:Effects unit
4436:Drum machine
4353:
4318:Loudness war
4285:Ghost singer
4260:Orchestrator
4255:Horn section
4183:
4138:Reverse echo
4098:Equalization
4068:Delay effect
4018:Punch in/out
4013:Ping-ponging
3981:Effects unit
3976:Effects loop
3966:Audio mixing
3956:Audio filter
3891:
3883:
3860:
3841:
3824:
3817:
3794:. Retrieved
3783:
3759:. Retrieved
3748:
3721:. Retrieved
3710:
3683:. Retrieved
3674:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3603:
3574:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3521:
3499:. Retrieved
3490:
3465:. Retrieved
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3423:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3392:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3331:The Guardian
3329:
3302:. Retrieved
3291:
3267:. Retrieved
3256:
3246:
3236:12 September
3234:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3179:, p. 6)
3172:
3160:, p. 1)
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3130:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3097:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3064:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2965:
2939:. Retrieved
2928:
2899:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2856:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2798:the original
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2752:
2718:. Retrieved
2707:
2680:. Retrieved
2671:The Guardian
2669:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2621:The Guardian
2619:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:The Guardian
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2553:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2508:
2486:. Retrieved
2477:
2452:. Retrieved
2432:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2374:
2350:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2308:The Guardian
2306:
2300:
2277:. Retrieved
2266:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2210:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2144:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2078:
2051:. Retrieved
2040:
2005:. Retrieved
1996:The Guardian
1994:
1967:. Retrieved
1956:
1931:. Retrieved
1920:
1893:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1841:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:The Guardian
1802:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1769:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1730:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1699:The Guardian
1697:
1664:. Retrieved
1647:The Guardian
1645:
1635:
1615:
1596:11 September
1594:. Retrieved
1574:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1545:
1436:Moses Pelham
1429:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1365:Pass the Mic
1361:James Newton
1358:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1328:Beastie Boys
1323:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1266:
1240:
1229:
1219:
1202:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1116:
1108:moral rights
1101:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1073:Stravinsky's
1066:
1058:Ride on Time
1039:
1022:
1019:
1003:Beastie Boys
991:Led Zeppelin
964:
950:
931:
922:
914:the Winstons
866:E-mu SP-1200
861:Endtroducing
859:
849:
843:
818:
812:
798:
789:
775:
769:Endtroducing
767:
746:
736:
714:
708:
695:
689:
676:
666:
654:Thomas Dolby
639:
621:
615:
613:
604:
562:
539:
530:Ableton Live
519:
487:Oberheim DMX
485:such as the
472:
434:
432:
409:
406:
400:
339:
332:
324:
318:
310:
299:Edgar Varèse
292:
269:
263:
235:
229:
223:
217:
213:
203:
194:Endtroducing
192:
189:Led Zeppelin
138:
109:
102:looping tape
91:
89:
65:musical note
56:
52:
42:
29:
5804:Open source
5592:Plot device
5542:Originality
5525:Fan fiction
5390:After (art)
5346:Translation
5202:Parody film
5086:Visual arts
5015:Tribute act
4878:in the arts
4783:Rare groove
4701:Slip-cueing
4676:Needle drop
4565:Synthesizer
4483:Phono input
4431:DJ software
4407:turntablism
4308:Click track
4292:Vocal coach
4235:Backup band
4215:professions
4189:Turntablism
4063:Compression
4048:Pitch shift
4008:Overdubbing
3948:Engineering
3761:17 December
3723:17 December
3543:11 December
3525:. Penguin.
3066:Smithsonian
3041:29 November
2682:16 December
2301:Renaissance
1415:ruled that
1301:Dan Charnas
1294:Warner Bros
1249:that had a
1237:Mark Volman
1041:Independent
1023:Smithsonian
999:John Bonham
983:Lyn Collins
979:Think break
971:James Brown
872:during the
835:James Brown
831:It's a Demo
823:South Bronx
721:David Byrne
710:Technodelic
693:1979 album
642:Trevor Horn
636:Early works
589:open-source
587:created an
565:Frank Dukes
497:. In 1988,
443:Peter Vogel
222:(1991) and
177:James Brown
153:drum breaks
118:synthesizer
108:. The term
5839:Categories
5697:Nachahmung
5683:Dionysian
5623:L.H.O.O.Q.
5547:Simulacrum
5356:Adaptation
5336:Plagiarism
5270:Joke theft
5253:Other arts
5046:Assemblage
4908:Contrafact
4696:Scratching
4671:Music loop
4611:Beatmixing
4584:Techniques
4515:Microphone
4458:Headphones
4240:Bandleader
4199:Xenochrony
4154:aesthetics
4118:Noise gate
4078:Distortion
4040:processing
4003:Microphone
3796:1 February
3614:12 October
3501:12 October
3177:Fink (2005
3158:Fink (2005
3077:12 October
3010:30 January
2978:14 October
2941:14 October
2773:14 October
2720:12 October
2674:. London.
2624:. London.
2599:14 October
2385:16 October
2375:TechCrunch
2352:14 October
2157:6 December
2124:6 December
2113:MusicRadar
2091:26 October
2080:MusicRadar
2053:14 October
2007:12 October
1969:6 November
1884:MusicRadar
1863:7 December
1815:9 February
1782:12 October
1771:MusicRadar
1710:12 October
1558:12 October
1509:References
1502:WhoSampled
1446:" for the
1425:de minimis
1388:Funkadelic
1370:de minimis
1353:De minimis
1342:Kanye West
1273:Biz Markie
1261:Biz Markie
1226:De La Soul
1182:Kanye West
1123:Amen break
1088:cited the
1085:MusicRadar
1036:WhoSampled
953:Amen break
925:media help
719:(1981) by
673:Roger Linn
573:Kanye West
554:GarageBand
415:Chamberlin
346:King Tubby
342:dub reggae
334:Doctor Who
284:tape loops
268:developed
252:Precursors
246:plagiarism
237:de minimis
208:or may be
165:Amen break
37:DJ Premier
5572:Archetype
5564:and forms
5520:Fan labor
5400:Bricolage
5341:Quotation
5229:TV format
5135:Mona Lisa
5030:Vaporwave
5025:Variation
4985:Quodlibet
4980:Potpourri
4970:Pasticcio
4960:Nightcore
4742:Transform
4725:Scratches
4706:Pitch cue
4560:Subwoofer
4488:PA system
4414:Equipment
4150:Practices
4053:Auto-Tune
4028:Tape loop
3998:Diffusion
3675:Billboard
3645:1473-5326
3362:MusicTech
3342:15 August
3304:15 August
2763:0013-0613
2179:Pitchfork
2146:Billboard
1666:12 August
1656:0261-3077
1440:Kraftwerk
1239:told the
1206:Daft Punk
1165:Desiigner
1127:royalties
1062:Black Box
942:equalized
856:DJ Shadow
764:DJ Shadow
725:Brian Eno
646:Kate Bush
626:UK Top 10
526:Pro Tools
491:Linn LM-1
479:Akai S950
456:sequencer
439:Kim Ryrie
433:The term
428:EMS Musys
420:Mellotron
295:John Cage
288:Phonogene
214:Clearance
199:DJ Shadow
130:Akai S950
106:Mellotron
73:equalized
5792:Fair use
5685:imitatio
5678:Diegesis
5502:Afflatus
5474:Anti-art
5461:concepts
5405:Citation
5369:Literary
5331:Pastiche
5316:Allusion
5300:concepts
5298:General
5224:Supercut
5010:Standard
5000:Sampling
4884:By field
4691:Sampling
4681:Phrasing
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4520:Minutoli
4426:DJ mixer
4225:Arranger
4184:Sampling
4108:Flanging
3986:Talk box
3790:Archived
3785:BBC News
3755:Archived
3717:Archived
3679:Archived
3649:Archived
3608:Archived
3576:6 August
3570:Archived
3537:Archived
3495:Archived
3461:Archived
3428:Archived
3424:Red Bull
3397:Archived
3366:Archived
3336:Archived
3298:Archived
3269:1 August
3263:Archived
3230:Archived
3226:BBC News
3143:8 August
3137:Archived
3110:1 August
3104:Archived
3071:Archived
3035:Archived
3004:Archived
2972:Archived
2935:Archived
2895:Archived
2869:23 March
2863:Archived
2836:20 March
2830:Archived
2804:16 March
2794:Beatport
2767:Archived
2714:Archived
2676:Archived
2632:25 March
2626:Archived
2593:Archived
2560:Archived
2528:Archived
2482:Archived
2448:Archived
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2184:Archived
2151:Archived
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1963:Archived
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1776:Archived
1704:Archived
1660:Archived
1621:Archived
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4773:DJ mix
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