418:
45:
357:
843:
267:
443:, who had succeeded Sharaf al-Dawla. Both Baha' al-Dawla and his brother found their positions threatened by Fakhr al-Dawla. The latter invaded Khuzestan in an attempt to split the two brothers' territories. This act prompted the both of them to draw up an alliance. Samsam al-Dawla recognized Baha' al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq and Khuzestan, while he himself kept
465:
Fakhr al-Dawla's death in 997, coupled with Samsam al-Dawla's increasing troubles within his realm, made Baha' al-Dawla the strongest of the Buyid princes. He gained the support of the
Kurdish ruler Badr ibn Hasanwaih and prepared for the expedition. The invasion began in December of 998. Scarcely
456:
and invaded the latter's territory. His forces were defeated, however, and Samsam al-Dawla regained
Khuzestan. He even gained control of the Buyid territories in Oman. In order to further strengthen his position, Samsam al-Dawla decided to recognise Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir, submitting to his
301:
being the eldest), he was considered to be his father's heir. This issue was never completely clarified by 'Adud al-Dawla before his death, resulting in a succession crisis. Marzuban, who was in
Baghdad when his father died, at first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession. When he
383:. Saffar led a force against Samsam to Baghdad. Samsam sent a stronger force in response, and consequently Saffar was defeated. In early 986 Samsam captured Basra and Khuzestan, forcing the two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. During the same period, another Dailamite named
429:
Sharaf al-Dawla's death in 988 or 989 provided Samsam al-Dawla with the opportunity to make a return to power. Despite having been partially blinded shortly before Sharaf al-Dawla's death, he managed to escape from prison and with the aid of Sharaf al-Dawla's former
409:. Before any confrontation could take place, there was a revolt in the army of Samsam. He was therefore defeated and forced to surrender. Thereupon Baghdad fell to Sharaf and Samsam was put in prison.
364:
Despite Fakhr al-Dawla's power, it was Sharaf al-Dawla who posed the largest threat to Samsam al-Dawla. He recovered Buyid Oman, which had earlier seceded to Samsam al-Dawla. In 983, the
344:. The rulers of Basra and Khuzestan soon acknowledged Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir, making the latter the most powerful of the Buyids and moving the senior amirate from Iraq to
405:
However, Sharaf betrayed Samsam, and quickly marched against him. Sharaf occupied Ahwaz, then sent his forces to Wasit which fell to him in 986 AD. From there Samsam marched to
1225:
1235:
436:
336:
named Badh ibn
Hasanwaih took power and forced Samsam al-Dawla to confirm him as its ruler. To the north, Samsam al-Dawla's uncle
758:
621:
1230:
653:
597:
576:
274:
Abu
Kalijar Marzuban was born in 963, the son of Adud al-Dawla and Sayyida ibn Siyahgil, a daughter of Siyahgil, a
249:
recognized his succession and conferred upon him the title Samsam al-Dawla. He lacked the qualities of his father
368:
soldiers of Iraq betrayed Samsam al-Dawla, and defected to Sharaf. However, his relative from his mother's side,
1220:
1114:
399:
394:, who was shortly given the honorific epithet of "Baha' al-Dawla." However, Samsam al-Dawla, with the aid of
1215:
1210:
751:
645:
568:
316:"Sharaf al-Dawla". Sharaf al-Dawla's invasion of Fars allowed two more of Samsam al-Dawla's brothers,
827:
613:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
478:. Baha' al-Dawla took Shiraz, defeated 'Izz al-Dawla's sons, and reunited Iraq, Fars and Kerman.
447:, Fars and Kerman. Both promised to consider each other as equals, and took the title of "king".
253:
and failed to have a grip upon his state affairs. His rule was marked by revolts and civil wars.
832:
822:
744:
390:
However, Asfar quickly changed his mind, and declared allegiance to the latter's other brother
369:
289:
During 'Adud al-Dawla's lifetime, Abu
Kalijar Marzuban was assigned the governorships of Buyid
204:
402:. Samsam al-Dawla then made peace with Sharaf al-Dawla, and agreed to release Baha' al-Dawla.
417:
398:, suppressed the rebellion, imprisoned Baha al-Dawla, and executed his supporters, including
1200:
1088:
925:
589:
The
Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
8:
1205:
466:
had the campaign begun, however, when Samsam al-Dawla was murdered by one of the sons of
395:
384:
216:
1174:
1029:
992:
957:
863:
379:
chief, Saffar ibn
Quddawiyah, revolted against the authority of Samsam and joined with
1125:
1103:
1034:
1007:
967:
868:
792:
728:
682:
649:
617:
593:
572:
440:
391:
321:
250:
242:
161:
126:
77:
20:
450:
In 991 Baha' al-Dawla attempted to get rid of Samsam al-Dawla. He took the title of
372:, managed to make most of them change their mind and stay loyal to Samsam al-Dawla.
1065:
631:
467:
1135:
1049:
987:
977:
873:
852:
812:
797:
710:
700:
639:
635:
611:
607:
587:
562:
558:
387:
rebelled against Samsam al-Dawla, and changed his allegiance to Sharaf al-Dawla.
380:
305:
298:
279:
246:
195:
116:
87:
1098:
1093:
997:
930:
920:
888:
667:
554:
337:
641:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
564:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1194:
1156:
1140:
1044:
982:
935:
915:
883:
807:
787:
776:
767:
422:
365:
234:
98:
35:
1170:
962:
663:
475:
317:
302:
made the death of his father public, he took the title "Samsam al-Dawla".
1054:
1002:
893:
817:
1077:
452:
329:
283:
179:
19:
For the Arab tribal chief in Fatimid Syria with the same epithet, see
904:
376:
356:
341:
294:
222:
44:
471:
444:
439:, wrested control of Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan from his brother
406:
278:
ruler, which made Abu Kalijar Marzuban a distant relation to the
151:
736:
1073:
432:
309:
282:, who were in turn descended from a sister of the Gilite ruler
238:
1160:
842:
717:
689:
345:
325:
313:
275:
266:
226:
672:. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.
1018:
946:
333:
290:
230:
94:
59:
55:
511:
499:
308:
also claimed the succession, and from his province of
532:
425:
and its surrounding regions in the 9th–10th centuries
487:
209:
634:(1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In
1192:
49:Coin minted during the reign of Samsam al-Dawla.
412:
752:
241:(988 or 989 – 998). He was the second son of
297:. Despite Marzuban's status as second son (
759:
745:
529:The Buwayhid dynasty of Baghdad by M.Kabir
43:
1226:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
630:
553:
517:
505:
416:
355:
265:
669:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6
606:
585:
538:
493:
312:invaded and captured Fars. He took the
1236:Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate
1193:
261:
225:'; c. 963 – December 998) was the
740:
662:
360:Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries
616:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
557:(1975). "Iran under the Būyids". In
199:
13:
340:ruled an extensive territory from
14:
1247:
766:
841:
460:
523:
351:
324:, to set up their own rule in
1:
481:
400:Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi
270:The Buyid amirates in ca. 970
720:Amir (in Fars & Kerman)
592:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
256:
16:Buyid amir of Iraq (983–987)
7:
1231:10th-century Iranian people
413:Regaining his lost position
210:
10:
1252:
646:Cambridge University Press
569:Cambridge University Press
547:
286:, the father of Siyahgil.
18:
1149:
1112:
1063:
1016:
944:
902:
850:
839:
774:
725:
715:
707:
697:
687:
679:
586:Donohue, John J. (2003).
175:
167:
157:
144:
136:
132:
122:
112:
104:
93:
83:
73:
65:
54:
42:
33:
28:
392:Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh
833:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
823:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
426:
370:Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh
361:
271:
233:(983–987), as well as
1221:Buyid emirs of Kerman
828:Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
420:
359:
269:
171:Sayyida bint Siyahgil
648:. pp. 198–249.
571:. pp. 250–305.
188:Abu Kalijar Marzuban
1216:Buyid emirs of Iraq
1211:Buyid emirs of Fars
474:while fleeing from
396:Fuladh ibn Manadhar
385:Asfar ibn Kurdawayh
262:Early life and rise
993:Musharrif al-Dawla
666:(1990). "BUYIDS".
427:
362:
328:and Khuzestan. In
272:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1166:
1119:
1089:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
1082:
1070:
1023:
1008:Al-Malik al-Rahim
951:
926:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
909:
857:
781:
735:
734:
726:Succeeded by
698:Succeeded by
623:978-0-582-40525-7
220:
208:
185:
184:
21:Sinan ibn Ulayyan
1243:
1178:
1164:
1117:
1080:
1068:
1021:
949:
907:
855:
845:
779:
761:
754:
747:
738:
737:
723:988/9–998
708:Preceded by
680:Preceded by
677:
676:
673:
659:
636:Frye, Richard N.
627:
603:
582:
559:Frye, Richard N.
542:
536:
530:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
215:
213:
203:
201:
190:, also known as
47:
26:
25:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1145:
1136:Sharaf al-Dawla
1131:Samsam al-Dawla
1108:
1072:
1059:
1050:Sultan al-Dawla
1040:Samsam al-Dawla
1030:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1012:
988:Sultan al-Dawla
978:Sharaf al-Dawla
973:Samsam al-Dawla
958:Mu'izz al-Dawla
940:
898:
879:Samsam al-Dawla
874:Sharaf al-Dawla
864:Mu'izz al-Dawla
846:
837:
813:Sultan al-Dawla
803:Samsam al-Dawla
798:Sharaf al-Dawla
770:
765:
731:
722:
713:
711:Sharaf al-Dawla
703:
701:Sharaf al-Dawla
694:
692:Amir (in Iraq)
685:
656:
624:
600:
579:
555:Bosworth, C. E.
550:
545:
537:
533:
528:
524:
516:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
484:
463:
415:
354:
280:Ziyarid dynasty
264:
259:
211:Ṣamṣām al-Dawla
192:Samsam al-Dawla
149:
117:Sharaf al-Dawla
88:Sharaf al-Dawla
50:
29:Samsam al-Dawla
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:'Adud al-Dawla
1122:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1104:Sama' al-Dawla
1101:
1099:Shams al-Dawla
1096:
1094:Fakhr al-Dawla
1091:
1085:
1083:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:'Adud al-Dawla
1032:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Jalal al-Dawla
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:'Adud al-Dawla
965:
960:
954:
952:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
931:Fakhr al-Dawla
928:
923:
921:Fakhr al-Dawla
918:
912:
910:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
889:Qawam al-Dawla
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:'Adud al-Dawla
866:
860:
858:
848:
847:
840:
838:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:'Adud al-Dawla
790:
784:
782:
772:
771:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
733:
732:
729:Baha' al-Dawla
727:
724:
714:
709:
705:
704:
699:
696:
695:983–987
686:
683:'Adud al-Dawla
681:
675:
674:
660:
654:
628:
622:
604:
598:
583:
577:
549:
546:
544:
543:
541:, p. 235.
531:
522:
520:, p. 211.
510:
508:, p. 219.
498:
485:
483:
480:
462:
459:
441:Baha' al-Dawla
414:
411:
353:
350:
338:Fakhr al-Dawla
322:Diya' al-Dawla
263:
260:
258:
255:
251:'Adud al-Dawla
243:'Adud al-Dawla
223:of the Dynasty
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
162:'Adud al-Dawla
159:
155:
154:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
127:Baha' al-Dawla
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
78:'Adud al-Dawla
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1248:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1157:Diya al-Dawla
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:Minor domains
1148:
1142:
1141:Baha al-Dawla
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Baha al-Dawla
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Baha al-Dawla
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:Majd al-Dawla
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Rukn al-Dawla
914:
913:
911:
906:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Baha al-Dawla
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
854:
849:
844:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Baha al-Dawla
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Imad al-Dawla
786:
785:
783:
778:
773:
769:
768:Buyid dynasty
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
742:
739:
730:
721:
719:
712:
706:
702:
693:
691:
684:
678:
671:
670:
665:
664:Nagel, Tilman
661:
657:
655:0-521-20093-8
651:
647:
644:. Cambridge:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:Kennedy, Hugh
605:
601:
599:90-04-12860-3
595:
591:
590:
584:
580:
578:0-521-20093-8
574:
570:
567:. Cambridge:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:
540:
535:
526:
519:
518:Madelung 1975
514:
507:
506:Madelung 1975
502:
496:, p. 87.
495:
490:
486:
479:
477:
473:
469:
468:'Izz al-Dawla
458:
455:
454:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:Ala ibn Hasan
435:
434:
424:
419:
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
268:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
212:
206:
197:
193:
189:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
38:
37:
36:Amir al-umara
32:
27:
22:
1171:Taj al-Dawla
1130:
1039:
972:
963:Izz al-Dawla
878:
802:
716:
688:
668:
640:
632:Madelung, W.
612:
588:
563:
539:Kennedy 2004
534:
525:
513:
501:
494:Donohue 2003
489:
464:
461:Losing power
451:
449:
431:
428:
404:
389:
374:
363:
318:Taj al-Dawla
304:
288:
273:
200:صمصام الدولة
191:
187:
186:
148:December 998
34:
1201:960s births
1055:Abu Kalijar
1003:Abu Kalijar
894:Abu Kalijar
818:Abu Kalijar
457:authority.
352:Early reign
113:Predecessor
108:988/9 - 998
74:Predecessor
1206:998 deaths
1195:Categories
1078:Tabaristan
1069:(976–1024)
1022:(966–1048)
950:(945–1055)
908:(943–1029)
856:(940–1048)
780:(934–1062)
482:References
453:Shâhanshâh
375:In 985, a
330:Diyar Bakr
284:Harusindan
221:'Lion
180:Shia Islam
1175:Khuzestan
1118:(978-989)
1081:(980–997)
377:Dailamite
295:Khuzestan
257:Biography
205:romanized
123:Successor
84:Successor
69:983 – 987
610:(2004).
247:Abbasids
229:amir of
176:Religion
1066:Hamadan
638:(ed.).
561:(ed.).
548:Sources
472:Isfahan
445:Arrajan
421:Map of
407:Baghdad
381:Shirdil
306:Shirdil
299:Shirdil
219:
207::
152:Isfahan
1115:Jazira
1074:Gorgan
853:Kerman
652:
620:
596:
575:
476:Shiraz
433:vizier
366:Turkic
310:Kerman
276:Gilite
245:. The
239:Kerman
196:Arabic
168:Mother
158:Father
140:c. 963
1161:Basra
718:Buyid
690:Buyid
470:near
346:Jibal
326:Basra
314:title
227:Buyid
150:Near
105:Reign
66:Reign
1179:980s
1165:980s
1076:and
1019:Oman
947:Iraq
777:Fars
650:ISBN
618:ISBN
594:ISBN
573:ISBN
423:Fars
334:Kurd
332:, a
320:and
293:and
291:Oman
237:and
235:Fars
231:Iraq
217:lit.
145:Died
137:Born
99:Fars
95:Amir
60:Iraq
56:Amir
1113:In
1064:In
1017:In
945:In
905:Ray
903:In
851:In
775:In
342:Ray
97:of
58:of
1197::
1177:,
1163:,
348:.
214:,
202:,
198::
1181:)
1173:(
1167:)
1159:(
1071:,
760:e
753:t
746:v
658:.
626:.
602:.
581:.
194:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
