356:, and the lakes are called Saras, Kula, Hrada or Hlada. Another term, as mentioned above, is "Sagara" (सअगर), which likewise is also found in modern Indo-Aryan languages and languages influenced by Sanskrit as an alternative for "Samudra", some even having it more common to use than the latter term, including
142:
of the Vedic word is difficult to establish, and has been much debated, in particular in relation to the question whether the bearers of the
Rigvedic culture had direct knowledge of the ocean. Apart from the question of direct acquaintance of the bearers of Vedic culture with the ocean in the modern
335:
1.25.7; 7.88.3 and other instances, Samudra is mentioned together with ships. In RV 7.89.4 the rishi
Vasishta is thirsting in the midst of water. Other verses mention oceanic waves (RV 4.58.1,11; 7.88.3). Some words that are used for ships are Nau, Peru, Dhi and Druma. A ship with a hundred oars is
232:
rescued Bhujyu by carrying him for three days and three nights to the sea's farther shore. Thus
Samudra seems to refer to the ocean in this verse. There are many other verses in the Rig Veda which refer to this tale (e.g. RV 1.118.6; VI 62, 6; VII 69, 7; VIII 5, 22), and where consequently Samudra
336:
mentioned in RV 1.116. There were also ships with three masts or with ten oars. RV 9.33.6 says: 'From every side, O Soma, for our profit, pour thou forth four seas filled with a thousand-fold riches."
225:, and fraught with vaporous moisture pour the torrents down" in RV 5.55.5. In RV 9.84.4 the moon (Soma) and the winds stir the Samudra. Additionally, RV 1.48.3 may indicate knowledge of the high tide.
241:
Samudra is usually translated as "ocean, sea" and the word itself means "gathering of waters". A minority of scholars translate the term as "river". However, the
Samudra is never said to flow in the
158:: water in a jar, a small pool, a large lake, or the sea". And indeed there are symbolic identifications of small quantities of water with mythical oceans, for example in the famous hymn to
263: 1.71.7 describes the seven great rivers seeking the Samudra and in RV 7.33.8 it is written that all the rivers flow to the Samudra, but are unable to fill it.
214:
also speaks of a western and eastern
Samudra (10.136.5-6). And in RV 7.6.7 there is an upper and a lower Samudra, where the upper Samudra seems to be a heavenly ocean.
758:
503:
276:
According to
Bhargava (1964) "samudra" stands for a huge inland lake, of which there were four or seven in Rigvedic sources. He translates
315:
which released the seven rivers and caused them to enter the ocean. Other gods that often tend to occur together with the
Samudra are
143:
sense of the word, it is generally accepted that their worldview had the world encircled by oceans, a feature likely inherited from
1180:
731:
1185:
751:
331:
Some scholars like B.R. Sharma hold that the
Rigvedic people may have been shipbuilders engaging in maritime trade. In
695:
685:
632:
1132:
203:
interpret the term
Samudra as "ocean". The scholar G.V. Davane studied the occurrences of the term samudra in the
1139:
744:
144:
1159:
1128:
1105:
1155:
1121:
714:
470:
1117:
656:
1143:
1151:
1147:
99:), the Hindu god of the ocean. The word is also present on other languages influenced by Sanskrit.
111:, referring to oceans (real, mythical or figurative) or large bodies of water as well as to large
1113:
1109:
413:
124:
Strengthened with sacred offerings, Indra-Vishnu, first eaters, served with worship and oblation,
399:
In SB 1.6.3.11 there is (as also in the
Rigveda) a reference to an eastern and western Samudra.
852:
348:
that appear to mean "Ocean" or have similar meanings. Among them are the terms Salila, Arnas,
438:
252:
116:
31:
27:
8:
768:
736:
286:. Goddess Tirangini was Samudra's wife. Goddess Tirangini was goddess of Rivers. Goddess
732:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060217035240/http://hindunet.org/saraswati/vedictrade.htm
650:
361:
147:, with a "heavenly ocean" above the world, and a subterranean ocean of the underworld.
1028:
968:
802:
691:
681:
638:
628:
365:
357:
154:
From the literal meaning of the term, "Any mass of water more than one drop could be
1069:
797:
709:
Lal, B.B., 1997 The Earliest Civilization of South Asia Delhi, Aryan Books Intern.
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882:
702:
433:
690:
Frawley, David: The Rig Veda and the History of India, 2001.(Aditya Prakashan),
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1018:
887:
837:
822:
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408:
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sagara' as "ocean". In this view the "lowlands" of Kashmir and Kuruksetra were
139:
1174:
1079:
1064:
1059:
917:
897:
867:
827:
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978:
963:
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812:
506:. Volume I, The Vedic age. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951, p.248
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320:
192:
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was the deity presiding over both these oceans, and over water in general.
112:
56:) is a Sanskrit term literally meaning the "gathering together of waters" (
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1008:
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907:
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862:
787:
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927:
703:"Witzel's vanishing ocean - How to read vedic texts any way you like"
173:
utó samudrá váruṇasya kukṣī́ utā́smínn álpa udaké nílīnaḥ
1084:
983:
973:
877:
564:
552:
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243:
196:
84:
41:
418:
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108:
60:
942:
932:
832:
312:
300:
229:
218:
183:) are the thighs of Varuna; even in this minute drop of water (
159:
148:
269: 7.49 says that the Samudra is the eldest of the waters (
612:
B.B. Lal in Trautmann, T. The Aryan debate in India, 2005:151
304:
259:
n and "is pure in her course from the mountains to the sea".
200:
72:
20:
162:, emphasizing Varuna's omnipresence in every drop of water (
129:
Fed with the holy oil, vouchsafe us riches; ye are the lake
391:, the grandest of the Vedic ritual rites of ancient India.
316:
307:
also occurs frequently in connection with the Samudra. The
222:
88:
45:
766:
594:(see Frawley 1991, 2001 for references to Rigvedic verses)
76:
207:
and concluded that the term means "terrestrial ocean".
381:
The term is mentioned in the mantra at the end of the
303:
is the deity of the ocean (Samudra). The Vedic deity
627:. Gavin D. Flood. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2003.
273:), and that the goal of the rivers is the Samudra.
712:
468:
1172:
700:
603:B.R. Sharma. 1967. Vedic Aryans and Sea-voyage
26:"Samudram" redirects here. For the films, see
752:
590:
588:
715:"Rigvedic town and ocean: Witzel vs Frawley"
504:The History and Culture of the Indian People
471:"Rigvedic town and ocean: Witzel vs Frawley"
385:("food-oblation rite") performed during the
352:, Purisha. The waves are called Urmi in the
294:
233:could be identified with the ocean as well.
282:, but the sea in which the Ganga fell is a
759:
745:
585:
79:or confluence. It also forms the name of
576:
488:An Analytical Study of ‘Samudra’ in the
191:The oldest vedic commentators like the
1173:
344:There are other Sanskrit terms in the
740:
680:, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin
394:
236:
326:
624:The Blackwell companion to Hinduism
524:e.g. Griffith, MacDonnel, and Keith
371:
13:
14:
1197:
725:
376:
247:, but to receive all rivers. The
107:The term occurs 133 times in the
102:
339:
115:vessels, e.g. RV 6.69.6 (trans.
615:
606:
597:
579:The Geography of Rigvedic India
570:
558:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
502:and A. D. Pusalker (editors):
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480:
461:
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199:, Nighantu and the Nirukta of
133:, the vat that holds the Soma.
1:
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311:narrates that Indra slew the
255:as a river that flows to the
145:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1181:Locations in Hindu mythology
1129:Reservoirs and dams in India
542:e.g. RV 6.36.3, 8.44.25
16:Sankrit word meaning "ocean"
7:
402:
221:"uplift from the ocean the
172:
94:
59:
51:
10:
1202:
1186:Sanskrit words and phrases
952:Inland lakes, deltas, etc.
713:Kazanas, Nicholas (2002).
469:Kazanas, Nicholas (2002).
71:"water"). It refers to an
25:
18:
1098:
1042:
951:
775:
295:Samudra and Vedic deities
445:
701:Frawley, David (2002).
577:Bhargava, M.L. (1964).
458:M.Mayrhofer EWA (1996)
414:Indian maritime history
290:was Samudra's daughter.
678:Gods, Sages, and Kings
655:: CS1 maint: others (
179:"even the two oceans (
581:. Lucknow. p. 5.
533:e.g. Madhav Deshpande
486:(Davane, G. V. 1982.
439:Samut Prakan province
253:Vedic Sarasvati River
19:For the kingdom, see
1140:Rivers of Bangladesh
32:Samudram (1999 film)
28:Samudram (1977 film)
1106:Lakes of Bangladesh
769:Indian subcontinent
767:Hydrography of the
251:also describes the
395:Satapatha Brahmana
237:Samudra and rivers
228:In RV 1.116.4 the
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1029:Kerala backwaters
327:Samudra and ships
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1070:Gulf of Khambhat
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372:In the Yajurveda
299:The Vedic deity
187:) he is hidden".
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434:Sarasvati River
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271:samudra jyestha
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67:"together" and
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140:semantic field
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340:Related terms
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87:: समुद्रदेव;
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
55:
53:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
22:
1050:Indian Ocean
1034:Pulicat Lake
1004:Saiful Muluk
989:Chilika Lake
979:Pookode Lake
964:Ganges Delta
959:Ganges Basin
677:
623:
617:
608:
599:
578:
572:
567: 7.95.2
560:
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429:Sapta Sindhu
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193:Brihaddevata
190:
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180:
170:
155:
153:
138:The precise
137:
132:
128:
123:
106:
95:samudrá-deva
92:
80:
68:
57:
49:
37:
36:
1090:Palk Strait
1055:Arabian Sea
1014:Nizam Sagar
999:Borith Lake
969:Indus Delta
803:Brahmaputra
81:Samudradeva
1175:Categories
1099:Categories
1024:Malampuzha
1009:Gosaikunda
994:Lake Powai
798:Bhagirathi
668:Literature
44:: समुद्र;
1160:Sri Lanka
1133:Sri Lanka
1122:Sri Lanka
913:Sarasvati
883:Mahananda
651:cite book
490:Rigveda.)
388:aśvamedha
362:Sundanese
1156:Pakistan
1118:Pakistan
1085:Palk Bay
974:Dal Lake
888:Mahaweli
878:Mahanadi
838:Ghaghara
823:Godavari
676:. 1991.
643:49875064
403:See also
383:annahoma
366:Javanese
358:Balinese
197:Shaunaka
156:sam-udra
117:Griffith
85:Sanskrit
42:Sanskrit
1043:Coastal
918:Sankosh
898:Narmada
868:Krishna
828:Gandaki
818:Damodar
808:Chambal
783:Bagmati
419:Meluhha
354:Rigveda
346:Rigveda
333:Rigveda
309:Rigveda
288:Lakshmi
280:samudra
261:Rigveda
257:samudra
249:Rigveda
244:Rigveda
219:Marutas
212:Rigveda
205:Rigveda
181:samudra
131:samudra
109:Rigveda
52:samudrá
38:Samudra
1144:Bhutan
943:Yamuna
933:Sutlej
923:Sharda
893:Meghna
858:Kaveri
848:Jhelum
833:Ganges
813:Chenab
694:
684:
641:
631:
364:, and
313:dragon
301:Varuna
284:sagara
230:Asvins
160:Varuna
149:Varuna
1152:Nepal
1148:India
1114:Nepal
1110:India
938:Tapti
903:Padma
843:Indus
793:Betwa
718:(PDF)
551:e.g.
474:(PDF)
446:Notes
305:Indra
201:Yaska
185:udake
73:ocean
69:-udra
21:Pasai
908:Ravi
873:Luni
863:Kosi
853:Kali
788:Beas
692:ISBN
682:ISBN
657:link
639:OCLC
629:ISBN
350:Apas
321:Soma
319:and
317:Agni
223:rain
217:The
210:The
113:Soma
89:IAST
46:IAST
30:and
928:Son
195:of
164:AVS
119:):
77:sea
61:saṃ
1177::
1158:/
1154:/
1150:/
1146:/
1142:/
1131:/
1120:/
1116:/
1112:/
1108:/
653:}}
649:{{
637:.
587:^
565:RV
553:RV
368:.
360:,
323:.
267:RV
91::
75:,
48::
760:e
753:t
746:v
720:.
705:.
659:)
645:.
476:.
467:*
83:(
65:-
40:(
34:.
23:.
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