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officers used to hide some of the bank's bad debt. He found a suspicious account for First
National Bank of Butte (also operated by Hauser) that he guessed must have been used to juggle funds and deceive the office of the comptroller of currency. In addition, Hauser had used the bank to further his own private interest and political alliances. Forman noted that Hauser had loaned $ 170,000 to a newspaper publisher in Helena, but the managers of the newspaper knew nothing about it. In fact, Hauser had diverted the money to his own projects, and the newspaper never knew anything about its supposed loan. Besides this, Forman discovered that Hauser had made vast loans to the members of his family and then funneled the money back into his own pockets. Hauser had also made large loans to himself and then
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H. H. Taylor reported a more pessimistic view: $ 819,144—a full 25 percent—of the bank's loans were overdue paper. He figured that much of the debt would never be repaid. He also noted that over 2 million dollars of the loans were single-name paper, including $ 791,000 in loans to the bank's officers and directors, including Hauser. He finished his report by pointing out that these bad debts would swallow up the bank's profits. By 1890, another examiner noted that "one serious run on this bank would end it," and by 1891, the comptroller threatened to revoke the bank's charter. But Hauser continued to brush off the bad reports, saying that the loans were mere technical violations of banking statute.
558:. His optimistic telegram read, "The dam's entire cost represents only about 10 per cent of the entire amount of money invested by the two companies, hence there is no doubt but that the dam will be rebuilt. The third dam will also be built, as we have the money and the government has approved the plans; besides our company's customers have saved every year more than the cost of the dam." But more than 150 landowners below the dam claimed damages, and Hauser's company was forced to pay $ 148,522. Worse, Canyon Ferry Dam could not generate enough power to satisfy Hauser's contracts with Amalgamated, and Hauser was liable.
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taken over by Hauser's personal friend
Nathaniel Langford. Langford's reports painted Hauser in a good light, calling him a "rustling active businessman." But by 1879, even Langford noted that the bank had dangerous levels of risky single-name paper loans. He begged Hauser to reform the bank's practices. In 1886, Langford moved on from his job as bank examiner. The two examiners who succeeded him both reported long lists of problems: lax management, poor record-keeping, excessive loans, loans to officers and directors, unsecured paper, overdrafts, and disregard for banking law all threatened the bank's health.
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based on gentleman's agreements, without formal contracts. For each line that Hauser built, the
Northern Pacific underwrote part of the construction costs. Hauser managed the construction of the lines and leased them to the Northern Pacific. The relationship between the two parties was a difficult one. Hauser was perpetually late with his loan payments, angering officials of the cash-strapped Northern Pacific. Nevertheless, both parties benefited from the arrangement. Hauser got his railroads, and in return, he often did favors for the Northern Pacific—for example, he once convinced copper kings
546:. In May 1905, Hauser convinced Rogers to loan him nine hundred thousand dollars to build another dam. The two men entered an agreement in which Amalgamated would buy electrical power from the Missouri River Power Company. Rogers insisted on a nonperformance clause, which made Hauser liable if his dams could not provide enough electricity. Under the terms of their deal, Amalgamated bought 75 percent of the electricity generated by Hauser's dams and owned 15 percent of the Missouri River Power Company's stock. Hauser also made Rogers the president of his power company.
454:, silver mines and smelters closed (including Hauser's mines and smelters). By the end of the year, unemployment in Montana reached 20,000. The panic triggered runs on banks, especially those, like Hauser's First National Bank of Helena, with ties to silver. Hauser was financially ruined. On July 26, a run on the First National Bank of Helena forced it to close its doors. The bank was suspended on July 27 and entered receivership. In 1894 it merged with Helena National Bank and reopened, with Hauser keeping his office as president.
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even Indian hostilities could hamper communication. Under these conditions, banks tolerated overdrafts, essentially considering them short-term, interest-free loans. Ranchers and miners working outside of Helena often wrote drafts against their accounts, even if they had no balance or a negative balance. Later, after selling their herds or ore, they would come to town and settle their accounts. Hauser's bank also made advances against the silver profits of mines, without requiring collateral or an endorser, based only on an
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watched out for his own interests first and foremost. In 1883, Hauser bought the Alta mine through his Helena Mining and
Reduction Company. The mine was failing due to the high cost of transportation of ore, equipment, and even food. Hauser organized the Alta-Montana Company with himself as director and built a branch line to connect the district to Helena. The mine turned out to be one of the richest silver mines in the territory.
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495:. In other proceedings, grand juries failed to return indictments. Several times, jury members changed their votes and dismissed charges. The bank's receiver, J. Sam Brown, claimed that jury members had been bribed. Newspapers reported that politics had influenced the entire affair. In the end, no one was punished for the fraud at First National Bank of Helena.
515:. Hauser also convinced copper king William Clark to invest. Hauser wrote that he manipulated Clark with flattery: "He loves the flattery and admiration of his fellow man. With most monied men cupidity absorbs all other passions or traits." Construction of Canyon Ferry Dam began in 1896. The dam was completed in 1898 and powered an ore concentrator at
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banks to maintain a reserve of fifteen percent of all bank notes and deposits. In addition, loans to a single borrower were limited to ten percent of capital and surplus. National banks had to report to the comptroller, and the comptroller hired bank examiners to ensure that banks followed the law, loaned wisely, and otherwise stayed healthy.
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censured for the reckless and inexcusable manner in which they allowed the affairs of the bank to be mismanaged." The grand jury reported misconduct that included kickbacks to the state treasurer and a shady investment program in which poor laborers deposited their small savings with a promise of six percent interest—which was never paid.
33:
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Under Hauser's leadership, the First
National Bank of Helena ignored many of these regulations from the start. Hauser blamed the problems on the isolation of the area. Because no railroad connected Helena to the outside world, transportation was slow or nonexistent. Telegraph lines could be down, and
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to build the Helena, Boulder Valley, & Butte
Railroad in 1887, as well as the Helena & Jefferson County, the Drummond & Philipsburg, the Helena & Red Mountain, the Helena Northern, and the Missoula & Bitter Root Valley spur lines. Hauser's partnership with the Northern Pacific was
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Yet in his reports to the comptroller, which were published in the local newspaper, Hauser painted an optimistic picture. In 1888, he reported that the bank provided 3.1 million dollars in loans; listed "Other Stocks and Bonds" at $ 218,800; and listed "Undivided
Profits" at $ 373,795. Bank examiner
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Hauser himself never had success with prospecting. Instead, he made his first fortune through investments in mines, smelters, and railroads. He visited St. Louis in 1865 to raise money from investors. His efforts proved successful, and in 1866 he formed the St. Louis & Montana Mining
Company and
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convened in
November and published their findings on December 16. They indicted the bank's officers, including Hauser. Their long report charged, "that the president and directors of the bank have been criminally negligent in the conduct of the administration of their trust and cannot be too highly
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The first bank examiner to look into the affairs of the First
National Bank of Helena, H. H. Wernse, reported in 1870 that Hauser was away from the bank on travels half the time and that, although he was respected locally, he was "more popular than competent." In 1872, the job of bank examiner was
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Hauser's railroads invigorated Montana's mining industry. Not only could ores be shipped economically to smelters and to markets, but the shipment of heavy equipment allowed bigger, more efficient mills and smelters to be built locally. But while Hauser relentlessly promoted Montana's interests, he
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was one of only three steel dams in the world. It operated for just over a year before it burst on April 14, 1908, sending a flood of water downriver. Hauser was away on business in New York when the dam broke. When he heard the news, he sent word that he would rebuild Hauser Dam and build another
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appointed him to the position on July 3, 1885. He took office on July 14 of the same year. During his term of office, his many business interests consumed much of his time and many of his duties as governor were delegated to his personal secretary. In fact, Hauser's critics alleged he only took
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A complicated figure, Hauser engaged in fraud and through his First National Bank of Helena he stole over $ 2 million. On the other hand, Hauser was praised by his contemporaries for his undeniable contributions to the development of Montana Territory. His mines, smelters, railroads, and dams all
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quietly gained control of Amalgamated's interests in the Missouri River dams. Hauser tried to save himself from financial ruin by asking William Clark for financial backing. But Clark had allied himself with Amalgamated, and he refused to loan Hauser more money. Hauser's hydroelectric enterprise
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First National Bank of Helena reopened for business on January 22, 1894. As president, Hauser continued his public optimism about the bank's success while also continuing his lax management style and his disregard for banking law. In June 1896, a bank examiner reported, "The bank is in very weak
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chartered and regulated national banks. National banks, including Hauser's First National Bank of Helena, could issue national bank notes backed by the purchase of federal government bonds. These national bank notes constituted the national currency. Among other things, the law required national
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report. When a mine proved profitable, such loans resulted in profit for the bank. But often, the veins of silver would "pinch out," leaving the bank with nothing but valueless paper. The bank also practiced the nineteenth-century custom of accepting single-name paper. A single-name paper was a
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appointed an independent examiner, H. A. Forman, to look into the allegations. Forman reported a long list of misconduct by Hauser and the bank's other officials. In the ledgers, he found fake entries designed to make the bank appear to have extra cash. He found bogus account headings that the
267:. During this expedition, Hauser's party was attacked by Indians, and Hauser himself was wounded. The bullet went through a thick notebook in his shirt pocket and lodged in a rib. He survived, and while he failed to find gold on the Yellowstone, other members of his party struck it rich at
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Hauser rebuilt the dam, and it became operational in the spring of 1911. But in the process, Hauser incurred debts he could not repay. Rogers had died in 1909, leaving Hauser without his patron. In the meantime, Amalgamated built its own dam,
507:. By tapping the vast energy potential of the Missouri River, Hauser believed, Montana's mining operations could be expanded and fortunes could be made. He named his new company the Helena Water and Electric Company. In 1896, Hauser convinced
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stimulated the region's economy. One newspaper called him "Montana's greatest captain of industry, former chief executive, pioneer trailblazer, eminent financier, distinguished citizen and one of the choice and master spirits of the age."
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However, the cost of transporting heavy equipment and ore cut into the profits of Hauser's mines. To solve the problem of shipping, Hauser invested heavily in railroad branch lines to link his mines to markets. He partnered with the
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condition. It is running so low on cash that it would take but a slight attack to break it." The examiner's prediction came true. The bank closed its doors permanently that August. On September 4, the bank was suspended. A federal
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in order to free land for settlers. To appease cattle interests within the territory he appointed a territorial veterinary surgeon while, in an effort to constrain territorial spending, vetoed the establishment of a territorial
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A Democrat, Hauser allied himself with key Republicans to further the economic development of the territory. Hauser maintained ties to other western Democrats interested in economic development, particularly Missouri Senator
292:. Hauser invested heavily in the silver mining industry. Within a few years, he owned six silver mines, coal mines, and several silver smelters. Hauser also acquired a large real estate portfolio in support of his mining and
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Ryan's machinations laid the groundwork for the Montana Power Company, which incorporated on November 11, 1912. Within the year, Ryan's power company controlled most of they hydroelectric dams in Montana. See Parrett, p.
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578:. The dam began producing power in 1910. In September 1910, just before Hauser Dam was rebuilt, Amalgamated formally terminated its contracts with Hauser's power company. Meanwhile, Amalgamated's president
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In order to free himself to concentrate on his business activities, Hauser submitted his resignation in December 1886. His last day in office came on February 7, 1887.
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on January 10, 1833. His early education occurred locally at the Chittenden School while both his father, a judge and lawyer, and a cousin who had graduated from
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Having lost his first fortune with the closure of his bank and silver mines, Hauser embarked on a new project, a series of hydroelectric developments on the
542:. With Rogers's financial backing, Hauser built a 100,000-volt transmission line to Butte. Completed in 1901, the line ran for sixty miles and crossed the
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for gold. Partway through the difficult journey, after hearing disappointing reports about the claims in the Salmon River area, he joined the gold rush at
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404:. The bank received its charter April 5, 1866, with capital from St. Louis investors and with Hauser as president. Troubles began almost immediately.
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them off to profit and loss. Finally, Hauser's relatives who worked at the bank had helped him by substituting less valuable assets for solid
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with only one signature rather than the usual co-signer. Essentially, it was an unsecured loan based only on a borrower's good reputation.
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burst. In addition to his many business interests, he was appointed the 7th Governor of the Montana Territory, serving from 1885 to 1887.
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In 1906, Hauser announced his plans to build his new steel dam on the Missouri River south of Helena. Completed in February 1907,
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340:. Despite being a Democrat, Hauser's business influence was large within the territory that he even influenced the selection of
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In 1893, the market for silver collapsed, the price of silver tumbled, and the national economy went into recession. Across the
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328:. He was also active in efforts to preserve the Yellowstone area and his lobbying efforts helped see the creation of the
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484:, effectively looting the bank. In total, Forman estimated that Hauser and his friends had taken more than $ 2 million.
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Jackson, W. Turrentine (October 1944). "Territorial Papers in the Department of the Interior Archives, 1873-1890".
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Hauser married Ellen Farrar of St. Louis in 1871. The marriage produced two children: Ellen and Samuel Thomas Jr.
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Hauser became the first territorial resident to be appointed Governor of Montana Territory after President
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In early 1862, Hauser left his position with the railroads and boarded a steamboat for the journey up the
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In a grand jury hearing in May 1897, the prosecution mishandled their presentation, and Hauser's lawyers
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Hauser died in Helena, Montana on November 10, 1914, and was buried in the Forestvale Cemetery.
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1428:"The Huge Mass Writhed and Screamed like a Live Thing: Revisiting the Failure of Hauser Dam"
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At the age of 19, Hauser went to work for the Kentucky Central Railroad. He then moved to
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which limited membership to individuals living in Montana on or before December 31, 1868.
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177:. He made his first fortune in silver mines and railroads, but he lost everything in the
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1504:"The Deconstruction of a Capitalist Patriarch: The Life and Times of Samuel T. Hauser"
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and A. J. Davis in the DHS Ranch. In 1870, Hauser participated as a member of the
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1334:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Hauser Mansion"
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foundered, creditors assumed control, the dams ended up in control of Ryan's
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Besides his mining interests, Hauser invested in cattle and partnered with
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to establish one of the town's first banks, S. T. Hauser and Co, in 1865.
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1009:"The Early Growth of the Conrad Banking Enterprise in Montana: 1880-1914"
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1538:. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University Library. January 29, 2009
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In 1900, Hauser formed the Missouri River Power Company and convinced
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In response to the grand jury's report, comptroller of the currency
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Hauser was born to Samuel Thomas and Mary Ann (Kennett) Hauser in
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1453:"Parading as Millionaires: Montana Bankers and the Panic of 1893"
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James K. Toole, who negotiated Hauser's appointment as governor.
648:. See The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, p. 80-81.
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railways and worked his way up to become chief engineer on the
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for the railroads. He began as an assistant engineer for the
889:. Vol. 19. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. pp. 383–94.
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public office in order to further his business interests.
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1403:"Montana's Silver Mining Era: Great Boom and Great Bust"
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801:. Vol. XI. New York: J.T. White Co. pp. 80–1.
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Biographical Directory of American Territorial Governors
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169:(January 10, 1833 – November 10, 1914) was an American
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400:In 1866, Hauser founded the First National Bank of
1497:. Chicago: A. W. Bowen & Co. pp. 202–203.
859:
590:
1378:"Comet, Montana: The Architecture of Abandonment"
1997:
754:"Samuel T. Hauser: An Early Governor of Montana"
173:and banker who was active in the development of
798:The National cyclopaedia of American biography
715:
1822:
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722:. Westport, CT: Meckler Publishing. pp.
519:, in which Hauser had invested; a smelter at
313:to accept a rate increase for ore shipments.
275:sprang up in Alder Gulch, Hauser joined with
790:
788:
716:McMullin, Thomas A.; Walker, David (1984).
288:built Montana Territory's first smelter at
251:, in June and traveled overland toward the
1829:
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1360:Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman
1352:
1340:. United States Department of the Interior
902:"Montana's Entrepreneurial Spirit at Work"
640:Hauser later opened banks in Fort Benton,
31:
1974:Timeline of pre-statehood Montana history
785:
747:
745:
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534:, which held controlling interest in the
418:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
376:and supported relocating the territory's
58:July 14, 1885 – February 7, 1887
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1508:Montana The Magazine of Western History
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1494:Progressive Men of the State of Montana
1432:Montana The Magazine of Western History
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1407:Montana The Magazine of Western History
1382:Montana The Magazine of Western History
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906:Montana The Magazine of Western History
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780:Progressive Men of the State of Montana
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511:to invest the money to build the first
372:As governor, Hauser was an advocate of
332:. Politically he was aligned with the
2016:People from Pendleton County, Kentucky
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1536:"Samuel T. Hauser Papers (1862-1910)"
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795:James T. White & Company (1901).
565:Hauser Dam after it collapsed in 1908
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1979:
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609:National Register of Historic Places
365:. It was Vest, along with Montana's
1502:Robbins, William G. (Autumn 1992).
1401:Chadwick, Robert A. (Spring 1982).
1376:Brown, Christine W. (Winter 2005).
607:in Helena; it is now listed on the
338:1884 Democratic National Convention
13:
1853:The following were members of the
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900:Malone, Michael P. (Autumn 1992).
530:to invest. Rogers was a leader of
326:Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition
14:
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2036:19th-century American politicians
1007:Klassen, Henry C. (Winter 1997).
576:Great Falls of the Missouri River
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1961:
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938:Lang, William L. (Summer 1990).
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336:and served as a delegate to the
1451:Petrik, Paula (December 2009).
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591:Personal life, death and legacy
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205:, oversaw his later education.
2026:Governors of Montana Territory
1426:Parrett, Aaron (Winter 2009).
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212:in 1854, where he worked as a
1:
752:Maguire, W. H. (March 1891).
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2021:People from Helena, Montana
1856:Society of Montana Pioneers
978:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
758:Magazine of Western History
10:
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1845:Montana Historical Society
887:The Encyclopedia Americana
536:Amalgamated Copper Company
523:; and the city of Helena.
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1469:10.1017/S1467222700008338
881:Elrod, Morton J. (1919).
330:Yellowstone National Park
271:. After the boom town of
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624:is named after Hauser.
528:Henry Huttleston Rogers
1918:Thomas Francis Meagher
1898:Christopher P. Higgins
1013:Great Plains Quarterly
944:Great Plains Quarterly
600:
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1913:Nathaniel P. Langford
1338:National Park Service
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585:Montana Power Company
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452:Rocky Mountain region
378:indigenous population
307:William Andrews Clark
283:Territorial developer
277:Nathaniel P. Langford
1987:at Wikimedia Commons
1953:Francis Lyman Worden
1582:Governors of Montana
367:territorial delegate
249:Fort Benton, Montana
167:Samuel Thomas Hauser
25:Samuel Thomas Hauser
1047:, pp. 735–736.
599:The Hauser Mansion.
16:American politician
1903:Hezekiah L. Hosmer
1863:Charles Broadwater
601:
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544:Continental Divide
499:Hydroelectric dams
363:George Graham Vest
199:Falmouth, Kentucky
121:Falmouth, Kentucky
81:B. Platt Carpenter
1993:
1992:
1983:Media related to
1923:Wilbur F. Sanders
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1803:
1592:(1864–1889)
1358:Aarstad, et al.,
603:Hauser built the
414:National Bank Act
265:Yellowstone River
175:Montana Territory
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130:November 10, 1914
46:Montana Territory
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2031:Montana pioneers
1985:Montana pioneers
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1868:William A. Clark
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749:
738:
737:
713:
686:
680:
659:
655:
649:
638:
513:Canyon Ferry Dam
382:Indian Territory
354:Grover Cleveland
334:Democratic Party
322:Granville Stuart
261:Bannack, Montana
247:. He arrived at
222:Northern Pacific
218:Missouri Pacific
133:
118:January 10, 1833
117:
115:
103:Personal details
89:
77:
69:Grover Cleveland
65:
56:
44:7th Governor of
35:
21:
20:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1966:
1957:
1878:Sidney Edgerton
1847:
1838:
1835:
1805:
1800:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1529:Further reading
1526:
1371:
1366:
1362:, 2009, p. 119.
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
974:
970:
960:
958:
936:
932:
922:
920:
898:
894:
879:
872:
864:
860:
852:
845:
837:
826:
818:
814:
793:
786:
778:
769:
750:
741:
734:
714:
689:
681:
677:
673:
668:
663:
662:
656:
652:
639:
635:
630:
622:Helena, Montana
620:, northeast of
593:
517:Corbin, Montana
501:
473:James H. Eckels
460:
448:
432:promissory note
410:
398:
350:
285:
241:
203:Yale University
195:
143:Political party
137:Helena, Montana
135:
131:
119:
113:
111:
87:
75:
63:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:Robert Vaughn
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1499:
1489:
1463:(4): 729–762.
1448:
1423:
1398:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 755.
1187:
1185:, p. 752.
1175:
1173:, p. 751.
1160:
1158:, p. 750.
1148:
1146:, p. 746.
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 741.
1112:
1110:, p. 739.
1100:
1098:, p. 738.
1085:
1083:, p. 735.
1073:
1071:, p. 734.
1061:
1059:, p. 736.
1049:
1037:
999:
997:, p. 732.
987:
968:
930:
892:
870:
858:
843:
824:
812:
784:
782:, p. 202.
767:
739:
732:
687:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
661:
660:
650:
632:
631:
629:
626:
605:Hauser Mansion
592:
589:
540:Butte, Montana
505:Missouri River
500:
497:
459:
456:
447:
444:
409:
406:
397:
394:
349:
346:
284:
281:
245:Missouri River
240:
237:
214:civil engineer
194:
191:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:(aged 81)
128:
124:
123:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
93:Preston Leslie
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2048:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Samuel Hauser
1891:
1889:
1888:James L. Fisk
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1323:, p. 43.
1322:
1317:
1311:, p. 42.
1310:
1305:
1299:, p. 37.
1298:
1293:
1287:, p. 26.
1286:
1281:
1275:, p. 25.
1274:
1269:
1263:, p. 32.
1262:
1257:
1255:
1248:, p. 31.
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. 31.
1235:
1230:
1224:, p. 30.
1223:
1218:
1216:
1209:, p. 28.
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1134:, p. 28.
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
996:
991:
983:
979:
972:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
888:
884:
877:
875:
868:, p. 62.
867:
862:
856:, p. 27.
855:
850:
848:
841:, p. 20.
840:
839:Chadwick 1982
835:
833:
831:
829:
822:, p. 19.
821:
820:Chadwick 1982
816:
808:
804:
800:
799:
791:
789:
781:
776:
774:
772:
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
744:
735:
733:0-930466-11-X
729:
725:
721:
720:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
685:, p. 45.
684:
679:
675:
654:
647:
643:
637:
633:
625:
623:
619:
615:
612:
610:
606:
597:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
563:
559:
557:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
474:
469:
466:
455:
453:
446:Panic of 1893
443:
439:
435:
433:
428:
422:
419:
415:
405:
403:
393:
390:
388:
387:insane asylum
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
358:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
312:
308:
303:
297:
295:
291:
280:
278:
274:
273:Virginia City
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
190:
186:
184:
180:
179:Panic of 1893
176:
172:
171:industrialist
168:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
129:
125:
122:
110:
106:
101:
97:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1938:James Stuart
1928:Nelson Story
1908:Conrad Kohrs
1892:
1883:James Fergus
1854:
1667:(since 1889)
1635:
1590:Territorial
1540:. Retrieved
1514:(4): 20–33.
1511:
1507:
1493:
1460:
1456:
1438:(4): 60–62.
1435:
1431:
1413:(2): 60–62.
1410:
1406:
1388:(4): 60–62.
1385:
1381:
1369:Bibliography
1359:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1321:Parrett 2009
1316:
1309:Parrett 2009
1304:
1297:Parrett 2009
1292:
1285:Parrett 2009
1280:
1273:Parrett 2009
1268:
1261:Robbins 1992
1246:Parrett 2009
1241:
1234:Robbins 1992
1229:
1222:Parrett 2009
1207:Parrett 2009
1202:
1190:
1178:
1151:
1139:
1132:Robbins 1992
1127:
1115:
1103:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1016:
1012:
1002:
990:
981:
977:
971:
959:. Retrieved
947:
943:
933:
921:. Retrieved
909:
905:
895:
886:
861:
854:Robbins 1992
815:
797:
764:(5): 589–91.
761:
757:
718:
683:Parrett 2009
678:
653:
636:
616:
613:
602:
580:John D. Ryan
568:
548:
532:Standard Oil
525:
509:Abram Hewitt
502:
486:
470:
461:
449:
440:
436:
423:
411:
399:
391:
371:
359:
351:
348:Governorship
344:appointees.
319:
315:
298:
286:
253:Salmon River
242:
234:
207:
196:
187:
166:
165:
156:Ellen Farrar
132:(1914-11-10)
88:Succeeded by
64:Nominated by
53:
18:
2011:1914 deaths
2006:1833 births
1943:James Tufts
1542:October 29,
1195:Petrik 2009
1183:Petrik 2009
1171:Petrik 2009
1156:Petrik 2009
1144:Petrik 2009
1120:Petrik 2009
1108:Petrik 2009
1096:Petrik 2009
1081:Petrik 2009
1069:Petrik 2009
1057:Petrik 2009
1045:Petrik 2009
1030:February 3,
995:Petrik 2009
961:February 5,
923:February 5,
572:Rainbow Dam
521:East Helena
493:indictments
408:Risky loans
374:free silver
311:Marcus Daly
296:interests.
269:Alder Gulch
76:Preceded by
2000:Categories
1786:Schweitzer
950:(3): 156.
866:Brown 2005
666:References
618:Hauser Dam
556:Wolf Creek
551:Hauser Dam
482:securities
465:grand jury
458:Grand jury
412:Under the
342:Republican
193:Early life
183:Hauser Dam
147:Democratic
114:1833-01-10
1796:Gianforte
1766:Schwinden
1631:Carpenter
1485:154035574
1019:(1): 50.
984:(4): 340.
883:"Montana"
671:Citations
574:, at the
226:Lexington
54:In office
1771:Stephens
1756:Anderson
1711:Erickson
1686:R. Smith
1681:Rickards
1611:G. Smith
1601:Edgerton
1477:23701272
1444:40544015
1025:23531948
956:23531318
912:(4): 3.
807:17692533
646:Missoula
294:ranching
257:prospect
232:branch.
210:Missouri
1791:Bullock
1776:Racicot
1751:Babcock
1741:Aronson
1701:Stewart
1606:Meagher
1520:4519518
1419:4518651
1394:4520744
1344:June 7,
918:4519516
554:dam at
489:quashed
478:charged
396:Banking
380:to the
290:Argenta
239:Montana
230:Sedalia
1746:Nutter
1736:Bonner
1716:Cooney
1696:Norris
1665:State
1641:Leslie
1636:Hauser
1626:Crosby
1616:Ashley
1518:
1483:
1475:
1442:
1417:
1392:
1023:
954:
916:
805:
730:
644:, and
416:, the
402:Helena
153:Spouse
1781:Martz
1761:Judge
1726:Ayers
1706:Dixon
1691:Toole
1676:Toole
1646:White
1621:Potts
1516:JSTOR
1481:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
1440:JSTOR
1415:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
1021:JSTOR
952:JSTOR
914:JSTOR
724:218–9
642:Butte
628:Notes
427:assay
1731:Ford
1721:Holt
1544:2014
1346:2017
1032:2021
963:2021
925:2021
803:OCLC
762:XIII
728:ISBN
491:the
309:and
220:and
127:Died
108:Born
1465:doi
658:43.
538:in
255:to
228:to
2002::
1512:42
1510:.
1506:.
1479:.
1471:.
1461:10
1459:.
1455:.
1436:59
1434:.
1430:.
1411:32
1409:.
1405:.
1386:55
1384:.
1380:.
1336:.
1253:^
1214:^
1163:^
1088:^
1017:17
1015:.
1011:.
982:35
980:.
948:10
946:.
942:.
910:42
908:.
904:.
885:.
873:^
846:^
827:^
787:^
770:^
760:.
756:.
742:^
726:.
690:^
611:.
389:.
1830:e
1823:t
1816:v
1574:e
1567:t
1560:v
1546:.
1522:.
1487:.
1467::
1446:.
1421:.
1396:.
1348:.
1034:.
965:.
927:.
809:.
736:.
116:)
112:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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