350:
31:
520:
and quickly became known for his work on the
Holocaust. He created mainly figurative sculpture in clay and bronze. His series of fifteen bronze casts depicting people and scenes from the Treblinka death camp, as well as several maps and drawings of the camp, were exhibited internationally. Since
555:
On 19 February 2016, Willenberg died in Israel, the last survivor of the
Treblinka revolt. He was survived by his wife, Ada, their daughter Orit Willenberg-Giladi, and three grandchildren. An architect, Willenberg-Giladi designed the Israeli embassy in
404:, unpacking and sorting the belongings of victims already "processed". He later recognized the clothes of his own two sisters there, confirming they had been killed. With time, he was assigned to other squads as number "937" in the
634:. It tells the story of the Treblinka extermination camp and the 1943 rebellion by prisoners, including his friend Kalman Taigman. The film was awarded a silver medal at the international documentary film competition in
415:
fences in order to hide the grounds, buildings and lines of prisoners. On 2 August 1943 Willenberg participated in the revolt of
Sonderkommandos at Treblinka with about 200–300 others. Unlike most of them, he escaped.
512:
with his wife and mother. Willenberg took up training as an engineer surveyor and obtained a long-term position of Chief
Measurer at the Ministry of Reconstruction. He and his wife had a daughter, Orit, together.
392:
of his father's (an outer garment traditionally worn by rural workers), donned in Opatów in preparation for slave labor. Willenberg was the only person from his transport of 6,000 persons who escaped death in the
1343:
322:
was set up on 9 April 1941. At its peak, it held around 40,000 prisoners. Willenberg's two sisters, Ita and Tamara, were transported there. His mother tried to rescue them and sent
Willenberg back to
160:
and participated in the unit's planned revolt in August 1943. While 300 escaped, about 79 were known to survive the war. Willenberg reached Warsaw where, before war's end, he took part in the
2234:
1671:
1146:
419:
Wounded in the leg, he journeyed back to Warsaw, where he managed to find his father, who was hiding on the "Aryan" side of the city. Willenberg became involved in the
291:
was established in the spring of 1941, originally without a fence. It quickly became hazardous. The Jews deported from
Silesia were brought there, and an epidemic of
724:
1922:
534:
held an exhibition of his work. His sculpture was also shown at the Museum of Częstochowa in 2004. He created the
Holocaust monument to the 40,000 victims of the
450:
2274:
548:
in 1986. (The
English translation by Naftali Greenwood, was published by Oxford University Press, 1989), which he later published in Poland with the preface by
295:
broke out, due to overcrowding and poor sanitation. Willenberg traded his father's paintings for food and other necessities, but also worked at a steel mill in
1649:
2264:
660:(2012, original title), written by Adam Kemp. It featured Willenberg and Taigman as revolt survivors and was aired the same year in the United States as
560:
after unification; it was completed in 2001. In 2013 she was selected as the architect to design a
Holocaust education center on the site of Treblinka.
2249:
2269:
268:, and captured. Three months later, he escaped from the hospital back to central Poland to reconnect with his family in Radość (now a part of
604:. Willenberg was the final survivor of the 1943 Treblinka prisoner uprising, after the death of his lifelong friend and Treblinka survivor
494:
1599:(Jews in the Warsaw Uprising). Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów (Center for Holocaust Association) 2009, pp. 75–155.
1030:
1642:
420:
1499:
1266:
1218:
1170:
1047:
963:
597:
281:
182:
1472:
1366:
384:
Upon his arrival at
Treblinka, Willenberg received a life-saving piece of advice at the unloading ramp, from one of the Jewish
260:
as a volunteer. Within days, the Soviets invaded from the east. He was severely wounded on 25 September in a skirmish with the
1635:
1604:
1164:
1009:
489:. In 1947, he helped one of the Jewish organizations in Poland find Jewish children who had been taken in and rescued from
2279:
2259:
1888:
581:
108:
2229:
517:
64:
469:. After the surrender of Warsaw, he left the city with the civilian population. He escaped from the prisoner train in
1573:
1558:
1307:
1090:
950:
904:
224:, a talented painter and visual artist. He also earned money decorating synagogues. His mother, Maniefa Popow, was a
2254:
998:
860:
2289:
1441:
458:
431:). He used his mother's maiden name, Ignacy Popow. He was hiding at a safe-house on Natolińska street, when the
1331:
801:
618:
Willenberg is the subject and a leading figure in the documentary film by Michał Nekanda-Trepka, with music by
1299:
2181:
516:
After retiring, Willenberg completed formal studies in the field of fine arts. He graduated in sculpture at
388:
prisoners. He posed as a seasoned bricklayer to show he could work. Luckily, he was wearing a paint-stained
2171:
1658:
817:
589:
157:
150:(16 February 1923 – 19 February 2016), was a Polish Holocaust survivor, artist, and writer. He was a
2186:
549:
424:
454:
2244:
2191:
2130:
1795:
1856:
2239:
2176:
1980:
1700:
732:
641:
Willenberg and Taigman appeared in two other documentaries about Treblinka: A Uruguayan documentary,
1201:
1033:
754:
1821:
1553:(The Life and extermination of Polish Jewry 1939–1945). Warsaw, Oficyna Naukowa 2003, p. 202.
465:. At the beginning of September 1944, he transferred to the Polish People's Army with the rank of
318:. The Willenbergs managed to obtain false "Aryan" papers, and escaped back to their hometown. The
2284:
1767:
921:
887:
585:
349:
315:
229:
164:. At his death, Willenberg was the last survivor of the August 1943 Treblinka prisoners' revolt.
2101:
1690:
1617:
1945:
67:
1082:
1075:
30:
1695:
1667:
333:
along with 6,500 inmates of the then-liquidated Opatów ghetto, and was sent with them to the
233:
2080:
1247:
1118:
788:
535:
319:
2224:
2219:
1851:
1388:
1278:
1790:
8:
1930:
1581:
522:
521:
1983, he was the co-organizer of regular visits of Israeli youth to Poland, known as the
505:
971:
831:
2096:
2010:
1950:
1189:
811:
377:—men, women, and children—were murdered there. Other estimates of the number killed at
358:
334:
311:
307:
249:
220:, Poland. His father, Perec Willenberg, was a teacher at a local Jewish school before
119:
1036:
Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
1965:
1826:
1762:
1741:
1731:
1600:
1592:
1569:
1554:
1327:
1313:
1303:
1160:
1086:
900:
797:
619:
593:
576:
Willenberg received the highest national honors of the Republic of Poland, including
236:
to Judaism after their wedding. The family lived in Częstochowa before relocating to
1772:
1142:
601:
186:
2141:
1935:
1905:
1900:
1836:
1415:
577:
177:
353:
Willenberg with his Treblinka studies at the Treblinka Museum permanent exhibition
288:
2135:
2070:
2005:
1866:
1705:
1685:
1293:
1126:
954:
673:
501:(née Lubelczyk), who had escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto by climbing over a wall.
432:
330:
205:
161:
1841:
2065:
2055:
2040:
2015:
1970:
1960:
1940:
1894:
1871:
1721:
1627:
1006:
959:
836:
696:
605:
498:
466:
406:
362:
172:
152:
129:
217:
60:
2213:
2060:
2050:
2045:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1816:
1477:
Death Camp Treblinka Survivors' Stories: Samuel Willenberg and Kalman Taigman
687:
646:
570:
490:
462:
447:
252:, on 6 September 1939 the 16-year-old Willenberg set off in the direction of
143:
1525:
1317:
653:
after the war. Willenberg and Taigman were interviewed and filmed in Israel.
2000:
1159:(in Polish). Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. pp. 74, 77–82, 97–99.
299:
for several months, along with hundreds of forced laborers supplied by the
296:
221:
947:
1861:
1846:
1831:
1811:
1274:
482:
394:
389:
257:
1568:(Revolt in Treblinka). Warsaw, Biblioteka "Więzi" 2004, pp. 9–150.
470:
1955:
1621:
650:
486:
1618:
Interview with Samuel Willenberg, Survivor of the Treblinka Death Camp
1449:
1367:"Samuel Willenberg, the last surviving Treblinka prisoner, dies at 93"
530:
1911:
1141:
635:
378:
338:
277:
36:
323:
273:
1250:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
442:, Willenberg wrote that on the first day of the Uprising he joined
300:
261:
265:
981:
and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org
557:
542:
509:
473:
and hid in the vicinity of Błonie until the Soviet liberation.
292:
272:). With his mother and two sisters, in early 1940 they went to
269:
253:
237:
225:
201:
193:
168:
89:
569:
Willenberg was eulogized after his death by Israeli President
310:— a planned extermination action of Jews in the semi-colonial
1389:"Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych, M.P. 2008 nr 84 poz. 744"
631:
1024:
1135:
374:
85:
2235:
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
889:
Samuel Willenberg, Bunt w Treblince (Revolt in Treblinka)
423:, including acquiring weapons for the left-wing partisan
370:
366:
1579:
Patrycja Bukalska, "Piekło płonie" (The Hell burns) in:
329:
But on 20 October 1942 Willenberg was forced to board a
852:
630:, 2002). It was produced by Studio Filmowe Everest for
796:. Biblioteka "Więzi" Volume 163, Warsaw: Res Publica.
1446:
Translation from Hebrew, MAARIV Daily, August 8, 2012
1416:"Treblinka survivor recalls suffering and resistance"
1099:
858:
690:, Treblinka revolt survivor, author of a 1945 memoir
411:
Among their tasks was weaving tree branches into the
727:[Sculpture by prisoner Samuel Willenberg].
167:Like many other survivors, Willenberg emigrated to
1393:Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
1074:
1473:"Last survivors of the 'forgotten' death factory"
1464:
1219:"Moving eulogy for Holocaust survivor Willenberg"
991:
840:(in Polish). Museum of the History of Polish Jews
786:
782:
780:
778:
776:
676:, Treblinka survivor, author of the 1944 memoir:
276:, where his father was working on murals for the
2211:
1657:
1039:
940:
400:At first, he was assigned to the camp's largest
1491:
1442:"Kalman Taigman, ocalały z Treblinki, nie żyje"
1109:New York: Holocaust Library, 1979. LOC 79-53471
1073:Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000).
919:
725:"Treblinka. Rzeźby więźnia Samuela Willenberga"
2275:Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust
1589:, 16/2013 (Special). Accessed August 29, 2013.
1497:
1407:
1281:on June 11, 2009 – via Internet Archive.
946:The statistical data compiled on the basis of
913:
885:
773:
208:, and English. He was a sculptor and painter.
1643:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1072:
1277:University's Film Department. Archived from
1112:
1045:
718:
716:
714:
712:
538:, which was unveiled there in October 2009.
528:In 2003, the Warsaw National Gallery of Art
314:district — marking the most deadly phase of
1433:
1413:
1066:
899:. Warsaw: Biblioteka "Więzi". p. 176.
824:
600:, which was bestowed upon him by President
2265:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
1650:
1636:
1470:
1291:
1271:Teaching the Holocaust to Spanish speakers
1253:
948:"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland"
722:
243:
29:
1381:
1213:
1211:
709:
306:In 1942, the Nazis began their secretive
200:, was published between 1986 and 1991 in
1551:Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945
1526:"Death Camp Treblinka: Survivor Stories"
1448:(in Polish). Erec Israel. Archived from
1336:
1107:The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary.
964:Museum of the History of the Polish Jews
598:Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
348:
16:Polish survivor of Treblinka (1923–2016)
2250:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
1264:
832:"Jewish History of Opatów. Part 1 to 5"
649:, a revolt survivor who had settled in
481:In 1945–1946, Willenberg served in the
344:
2270:Treblinka extermination camp survivors
2212:
1439:
1364:
1358:
1208:
879:
790:Bunt w Treblince (Revolt in Treblinka)
752:
746:
658:Death Camp Treblinka: Survivor Stories
373:. During this time, more than 800,000
1631:
1237:
1081:. Columbia University Press. p.
357:The camp, which was built as part of
1010:Museum of the History of Polish Jews
920:Various authors (3 September 2006).
563:
280:. But at this time, the Nazis began
1174:(PDF file, direct download 15.1 MB)
1077:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
13:
1365:Miller, Sara (February 20, 2016).
1265:Stawsky, Gerardo (June 11, 2009).
893:(PDF file, direct download 107 KB)
518:The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
504:In 1950, during the peak years of
14:
2301:
1611:
1549:Michał Grynberg, Maria Kotowska,
1267:"Despite Treblinka. Protagonists"
248:In the course of the Nazi German
181:and the Commander's Cross of the
1344:"In author: "Samuel Willenberg""
1145:, Paweł Rytel-Andrianik (2011).
1046:Staff writer (4 February 2010).
761:. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego
476:
282:herding Polish Jews into ghettos
211:
1736:1 September 1942 to August 1943
1672:List of individuals responsible
1518:
1285:
1034:Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day
541:Willenberg first published his
861:"Opatów; Yidish: Apta, אַפטאַ"
859:Encyclopaedia Judaica (2008).
612:
361:(the most deadly phase of the
216:Samuel Willenberg was born in
1:
1597:Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie
1543:
1414:Adam Easton (4 August 2013).
1300:Zydowski Instytut Historyczny
926:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
723:Culture.pl (April 23, 2003).
1659:Treblinka extermination camp
1498:Jan Strękowski (June 2003).
703:
590:Warsaw Cross of the Uprising
158:Treblinka extermination camp
7:
1506:. Adam Mickiewicz Institute
1322:. It was also published as
1292:Willenberg, Samuel (1992).
1223:South African Jewish Report
1148:Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady
699:, Treblinka revolt survivor
667:
10:
2306:
2280:Warsaw Uprising insurgents
2260:Polish emigrants to Israel
1471:Matt Roper (11 Aug 2012).
1440:MAARIV (August 13, 2012).
787:Samuel Willenberg (1991).
582:Cross of Merit with Swords
508:, Willenberg emigrated to
2150:
2113:
2089:
2024:
1921:
1880:
1804:
1781:
1755:
1726:11 July to 26 August 1942
1714:
1701:Richard Wolfgang Thomalla
1678:
1665:
1153:Treblinka II – Death camp
1129:Publishing, Warsaw 1977.
987:Accessed August 29, 2013.
733:Adam Mickiewicz Institute
692:The Last Jew of Treblinka
662:Treblinka's Last Witness.
125:
114:
104:
96:
74:
46:
28:
21:
1822:Erich Fritz Erhard Fuchs
1123:Wspomnienia dawne i nowe
867:. Jewish Virtual Library
816:: CS1 maint: location (
608:in August 2012 (age 88).
425:Polish People's Army PAL
284:all across the country.
2230:People from Częstochowa
1768:Heinrich Arthur Matthes
1746:August to November 1943
1048:"The number of victims"
886:Robert Szuchta (2004).
495:Polish Gentile families
429:Polska Armia Ludowa PAL
316:the Holocaust in Poland
244:Nazi invasion of Poland
185:, awarded by President
173:Poland's highest orders
2290:20th-century sculptors
1244:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1105:Donat, Alexander, ed.
972:"Getta Żydowskie," by
645:(2002), also included
550:Władysław Bartoszewski
421:underground resistance
354:
2255:Opatów Ghetto inmates
2131:The Hell of Treblinka
1696:Erwin Hermann Lambert
1395:. Kancelaria Sejmu RP
1248:Treblinka: Chronology
895:. Andrzej Żbikowski,
352:
320:Ghetto in Częstochowa
35:Samuel Willenberg at
1981:Henryka Łazowertówna
1852:August Wilhelm Miete
1691:Hermann Julius Höfle
1595:, Dariusz Libionka,
1479:. Mirror News Online
999:"Częstochowa ghetto"
922:"Czestochowa Ghetto"
459:Marszałkowska Street
365:), operated between
345:Treblinka death camp
2159:Numbering 90 to 120
1582:Tygodnik Powszechny
1564:Samuel Willenberg,
1452:on October 20, 2013
1324:Surviving Treblinka
1295:Revolt in Treblinka
759:Powstańcze biogramy
755:"Samuel Willenberg"
678:A Year in Treblinka
546:Revolt in Treblinka
523:March of the Living
506:Stalinism in Poland
440:Revolt in Treblinka
198:Revolt in Treblinka
2172:Auschwitz-Birkenau
2097:General Government
2090:Nazi organizations
2081:Franciszek Ząbecki
2011:Zygmunt Zalcwasser
1951:Samuel Finkelstein
1225:. 24 February 2016
1176:on 10 October 2014
1119:Franciszek Ząbecki
1054:. Muzeum Treblinka
1052:Extermination Camp
953:2016-02-08 at the
656:BBC Four produced
536:Częstochowa Ghetto
381:exceed 1,000,000.
359:Operation Reinhard
355:
335:extermination camp
312:General Government
308:Operation Reinhard
250:invasion of Poland
230:Orthodox Christian
120:post-expressionism
65:Kielce Voivodeship
2245:Israeli sculptors
2207:
2206:
2104:Totenkopfverbände
2076:Samuel Willenberg
1966:Stefanie Horovitz
1946:Julian Chorążycki
1923:Prominent victims
1889:Ivan the Terrible
1827:Lorenz Hackenholt
1791:Gustav Münzberger
1763:Theodor van Eupen
1742:Kurt Hubert Franz
1732:Franz Paul Stangl
1605:978-83-926831-1-7
1593:Barbara Engelking
1500:"Ostatni świadek"
1369:. Times of Israel
1246:(June 10, 2013),
1166:978-83-7257-496-1
643:Despite Treblinka
620:Zygmunt Konieczny
594:Polish Army Medal
564:Legacy and honors
552:(1991 and 2004).
139:Samuel Willenberg
136:
135:
23:Samuel Willenberg
2297:
2240:Israeli painters
2170:
2142:Treblinka trials
1936:Yitzchok Breiter
1906:Nikolay Shalayev
1901:Feodor Fedorenko
1837:Josef Hirtreiter
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1587:Tygodnik.onet.pl
1566:Bunt w Treblince
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1321:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1169:. Archived from
1158:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
995:
989:
988:
984:
980:
969:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
917:
911:
910:
894:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
865:Holocaust Period
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
828:
822:
821:
815:
807:
795:
784:
771:
770:
768:
766:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
720:
624:The Last Witness
578:Virtuti Militari
414:
372:
368:
178:Virtuti Militari
175:, including the
81:
78:19 February 2016
57:16 February 1923
56:
54:
33:
19:
18:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2136:Vasily Grossman
2123:
2109:
2085:
2071:Jankiel Wiernik
2034:
2020:
2006:Symche Trachter
1917:
1876:
1867:Ernst Stengelin
1800:
1783:
1777:
1751:
1710:
1706:Christian Wirth
1686:Odilo Globocnik
1679:Camp organizers
1674:
1661:
1656:
1614:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1310:
1290:
1286:
1263:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:PAX Association
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
997:
996:
992:
986:
982:
978:
967:
955:Wayback Machine
945:
941:
931:
929:
918:
914:
907:
892:
884:
880:
870:
868:
857:
853:
843:
841:
830:
829:
825:
809:
808:
804:
793:
785:
774:
764:
762:
753:M.P.W. (2013).
751:
747:
737:
735:
721:
710:
706:
682:Rok w Treblince
674:Jankiel Wiernik
670:
628:Ostatni świadek
615:
566:
479:
453:. He fought in
444:Batalion Ruczaj
438:In his memoir,
433:Warsaw Uprising
412:
371:19 October 1943
347:
331:Holocaust train
246:
214:
162:Warsaw Uprising
100:Polish, Israeli
92:
83:
79:
70:
58:
52:
50:
42:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:Sonderkommando
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Kalman Taigman
2063:
2058:
2056:Samuel Rajzman
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Richard Glazar
2037:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2016:Lidia Zamenhof
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Janusz Korczak
1968:
1963:
1961:Ludwik Holcman
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Amalia Carneri
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1895:John Demjanjuk
1892:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1872:Franz Suchomel
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1805:Other officers
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1773:Karl Pötzinger
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:Irmfried Eberl
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:External links
1610:
1609:
1608:
1590:
1577:
1562:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1517:
1490:
1463:
1432:
1406:
1380:
1357:
1335:
1308:
1284:
1252:
1236:
1207:
1165:
1143:Edward Kopówka
1134:
1111:
1098:
1091:
1065:
1038:
1023:
1007:Virtual Shtetl
990:
960:Virtual Shtetl
939:
912:
905:
878:
851:
837:Virtual Shtetl
823:
802:
794:(Google Books)
772:
745:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:Kalman Taigman
694:
685:
669:
666:
665:
664:
654:
639:
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:Kalman Taigman
602:Lech Kaczyński
586:Cross of Valor
574:
565:
562:
499:Ada Willenberg
478:
475:
467:cadet sergeant
451:Sub-district I
407:Sonderkommando
363:Final Solution
346:
343:
245:
242:
213:
210:
187:Lech Kaczyński
183:Order of Merit
171:. He received
153:Sonderkommando
134:
133:
130:Ada Willenberg
127:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
84:
82:(aged 93)
76:
72:
71:
59:
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Chaim Sztajer
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Chil Rajchman
2049:
2047:
2046:David Milgrom
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Simon Pullman
1994:
1992:
1991:Yitzchak Lowy
1989:
1987:
1986:Yechiel Lerer
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Berek Lajcher
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Herbert Floss
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:Fritz Schmidt
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1574:83-88032-74-7
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:83-88164-65-1
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1361:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1326:, Blackwell,
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:9788390010854
1305:
1302:. 227 pages.
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1092:0-231-11200-9
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
976:
975:
970:, as well as
965:
962:
961:
956:
952:
949:
943:
927:
923:
916:
908:
906:83-88032-74-7
902:
898:
891:
890:
882:
866:
862:
855:
839:
838:
833:
827:
819:
813:
805:
799:
792:
791:
783:
781:
779:
777:
760:
756:
749:
734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
713:
708:
698:
695:
693:
689:
688:Chil Rajchman
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
671:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
647:Chil Rajchman
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
571:Reuven Rivlin
568:
567:
561:
559:
553:
551:
547:
544:
539:
537:
533:
532:
526:
524:
519:
514:
511:
507:
502:
500:
497:. He married
496:
492:
491:the Holocaust
488:
484:
477:Postwar years
474:
472:
468:
464:
463:Savior Square
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:Armia Krajowa
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
410:
408:
403:
398:
396:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
364:
360:
351:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Opatów Ghetto
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
212:Life and work
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
144:nom de guerre
140:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
109:Holocaust art
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
49:
45:
41:2 August 2013
38:
32:
27:
20:
2196:
2169:Death camps:
2129:
2103:
2075:
2001:Natan Spigel
1842:Kurt Küttner
1784:executioners
1596:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1530:. Retrieved
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1445:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1373:February 20,
1371:. Retrieved
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1323:
1294:
1287:
1279:the original
1270:
1243:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1178:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1152:
1147:
1137:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1076:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
983:(in English)
973:
968:(in English)
958:
942:
930:. Retrieved
925:
915:
896:
888:
881:
869:. Retrieved
864:
854:
842:. Retrieved
835:
826:
789:
763:. Retrieved
758:
748:
736:. Retrieved
728:
691:
681:
677:
661:
657:
642:
627:
623:
554:
545:
540:
529:
527:
515:
503:
480:
443:
439:
437:
428:
418:
405:
402:Kommando Rot
401:
399:
395:gas chambers
386:Auffanglager
385:
383:
367:23 July 1942
356:
328:
305:
297:Starachowice
286:
256:to join the
247:
222:World War II
215:
197:
191:
176:
166:
151:
147:
142:
138:
137:
80:(2016-02-19)
2225:2016 deaths
2220:1923 births
1931:Ernst Arndt
1862:Otto Stadie
1847:Willi Mentz
1832:Hans Hingst
1812:Paul Bredow
1782:Gas chamber
1528:. BBC. 2012
1483:1 September
1456:5 September
1425:1 September
1275:ORT Uruguay
1198:|work=
1131:(in Polish)
1012:. p. 4
979:(in Polish)
613:Documentary
483:Polish Army
455:Śródmieście
413:barbed-wire
390:smock-frock
258:Polish Army
218:Częstochowa
97:Nationality
61:Częstochowa
2214:Categories
2028:Resistance
1956:Artur Gold
1857:Max Möller
1715:Commandant
1622:Yad Vashem
1544:References
1504:Multimedia
1332:0631162615
1016:August 29,
844:August 29,
803:8370461921
729:Multimedia
651:Montevideo
596:, and the
487:lieutenant
397:that day.
53:1923-02-16
2197:Treblinka
2120:Memorials
2117:Aftermath
2031:Survivors
1912:Trawnikis
1532:12 August
1510:29 August
1399:29 August
1350:29 August
1229:12 August
1200:ignored (
1190:cite book
1180:15 August
1058:25 August
932:29 August
871:29 August
812:cite book
765:29 August
738:29 August
704:Footnotes
636:Stockholm
622:, titled
435:erupted.
379:Treblinka
339:Treblinka
278:synagogue
234:converted
132:(m. 1948)
118:Realism,
37:Treblinka
2187:Majdanek
1756:Deputies
1668:Timeline
1420:BBC News
1318:18624914
977:,
951:Archived
897:Posłowie
668:See also
638:in 2002.
471:Pruszków
301:Judenrat
262:Red Army
115:Movement
2192:Sobibor
2182:Chełmno
2156:Alleged
1914:"
1624:website
1031:archive
1003:History
531:Zachęta
446:of the
156:at the
2177:Belzec
1897:
1881:Guards
1603:
1572:
1557:
1346:. 2013
1330:
1316:
1306:
1163:
1155:]
1089:
974:Gedeon
966:
903:
800:
592:, the
584:, the
580:, the
558:Berlin
543:memoir
510:Israel
457:along
324:Opatów
293:typhus
274:Opatów
270:Warsaw
254:Lublin
238:Warsaw
226:Polish
206:Polish
202:Hebrew
194:memoir
169:Israel
126:Spouse
90:Israel
68:Poland
1157:(PDF)
1151:[
928:. ARC
632:TVP 2
485:as a
266:Chełm
264:near
1670:and
1601:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1534:2020
1512:2013
1485:2013
1458:2013
1427:2013
1401:2013
1375:2016
1352:2013
1328:ISBN
1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1231:2020
1202:help
1182:2013
1161:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1060:2013
1018:2013
934:2013
901:ISBN
873:2013
846:2013
818:link
798:ISBN
767:2013
740:2013
461:and
375:Jews
369:and
287:The
232:who
192:His
86:Udim
75:Died
47:Born
2102:SS-
1083:210
957:by
493:by
337:at
148:Igo
2216::
1620:,
1585:.
1502:.
1475:.
1444:.
1418:.
1391:.
1312:.
1298:.
1273:.
1269:.
1255:^
1221:.
1210:^
1194::
1192:}}
1188:{{
1125:,
1121:,
1085:.
1050:.
1005:.
1001:.
985:.
924:.
863:.
834:.
814:}}
810:{{
775:^
757:.
731:.
711:^
588:,
525:.
341:.
326:.
303:.
240:.
204:,
196:,
189:.
141:,
88:,
63:,
2138:)
2134:(
1910:"
1891:"
1887:"
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1607:.
1576:.
1561:.
1536:.
1514:.
1487:.
1460:.
1429:.
1403:.
1377:.
1354:.
1320:.
1233:.
1204:)
1184:.
1095:.
1062:.
1020:.
936:.
909:.
875:.
848:.
820:)
806:.
769:.
742:.
684:)
680:(
626:(
573:.
427:(
409:.
228:-
55:)
51:(
39:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
