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was taken to the local hospital along with the wounded police officers where they were operated for their respective wounds. The battle lasted just over one hour and at the ended of the battle there were five
Nationalist casualties, four dead and one wounded, plus three wounded police officers. E. Rivera Orellana, a sixth Nationalist, who later turned out to be an undercover agent, was arrested near
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981:. He was thus aware of all Nationalist activity and planning not only in San Juan, but throughout the entire island. Luciano Cuadra was president of the San Juan chapter of the Nationalist Party. Pacheco and Cuadra betrayed their own organization, informed the police, and later became government witnesses.
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Paoli was fired from his professorship at the
University of Puerto Rico and sentenced to twenty year's imprisonment, which was later reduced to ten. In jail, he shared his cell with Albizu Campos. Campos suffered from ulceration's on his legs and body allegedly caused by radiation and Paoli tended to
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As they surrounded the barbershop, these 40 armed men believed that a large group of
Nationalists were inside, and sent a police officer to investigate. Santiago Díaz believed that he was going to be shot by this officer, and armed himself with a pistol. The situation escalated quickly, Santiago Díaz
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with submachine guns approached the car and fired upon Hernández, Carlos
Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina. Both Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina were killed and their motionless bodies laid in the ground by the right side of the car. It was believed that Hernández was dead, however he wasn't and
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during World War I, and believed that Puerto Rico should be an independent nation - even if that required an armed confrontation. By 1930, Coll y Cuchí departed from the party because of his disagreements with Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run. On May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected
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Meanwhile, the police continued to fire upon the other
Nationalists. Domingo Hiraldo Resto was seriously wounded, but despite his wounds he dragged himself towards the mansions entrance. He was able to reach the mansions main door and once there he was motionless and appeared to be dead. He suddenly
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Unaware of the internal betrayal, Jesús
Pomales González, one of five Nationalists assigned to attack the court house, approached the building and saw the police arresting his comrades Carlos Padilla, Diego Quiñones González, Juan Sandoval Ramos and Joaquín Padín Concepción. Pomales opened fire, the
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Alvaro Rivera Walker, a friend of Albizu Campos, somehow made his way to the
Nationalist leader. He stayed with Albizu Campos until the next day, when they were attacked with tear gas. Rivera Walker then raised a white towel attached to a pole, and they surrendered. At that point the National Guard
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Francisco Matos Paoli, one of the island's greatest poets, was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. He was also named as
Secretary General of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party in 1949. In this position, his responsibilities included the drafting and delivery of patriotic speeches in favor
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During her trial in federal court, she was uncooperative with the U. S. Government prosecution, and refused to recognize the authority of the U.S. over Puerto Rico. She was sentenced to eight years for contempt of court (not for the initial "charges" regarding the demonstration), and released after
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Paoli was released on
January 16, 1952, on probation. During his confinement he suffered from hallucinations which resulted in a mental breakdown and he was sent to a Psychiatric hospital. In 1977, the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of Puerto Rico campus in Mayagüez nominated him
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Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the
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This gun battle between 40 heavily armed policemen and one barber, made Puerto Rican radio history. It was the first time an event of this magnitude was transmitted "live" via the radio airwaves, and the entire island was left in shock. The reporters who covered the event for Radio WIAC were Luis
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Pomales, Hernández and
Santiago were hospitalized at the municipal hospital and recovered from their wounds. Pomales was released after six months, accused of three counts of attempted murder, and sentenced to 15 years. Hernández was accused of two counts of attempted murder and sentenced to 15
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Macaná, that Muñiz Santos was using as a distribution center for weapons for the Nationalist Revolt. Without warning, the police fired upon the Nationalists in the house and a firefight between both factions ensued, resulting on the death of two Nationalists and wounding of six police officers.
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guards and police, who already knew of the planned attack, returned fire and a firefight between the two groups ensued. Díaz Pacheco, who was the Leader of the Nationalist Cadets, fired his submachine gun at the second floor of the mansion where the executive offices of Governor
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The bloodshed began when the Insular Police fired on the marchers - killing 18 unarmed civilians, one policeman (shot in friendly fire from his fellow officers), and wounding some 235 civilians, including women and children. One 7-year-old girl was shot (and killed) in the back.
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Thinking he was dead, the attacking policemen dragged Santiago Díaz out of his barbershop. When they realized he was still alive, Santiago Díaz was sent to the local municipal hospital. He was hospitalized with fellow Nationalists Gregorio Hernández (who attacked
753:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both. According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, member of the
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when he received word that his house in San Juan was surrounded by police waiting to arrest him. He was also told that the police had already arrested other Nationalist leaders. He escaped from Fajardo and ordered the revolution to start.
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years. Nationalists Carlos Padilla, Diego Quiñones González, Juan Sandoval Ramos, Joaquín Padín Concepción and Vidal Santiago were also sentenced to various years of prison. After two years, Santiago was eventually pardoned and released.
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was to approve the creation of the political status Free Associated State ("Estado Libre Associado") for Puerto Rico. The reason behind Albizu Campos' call for an armed revolution was that he considered the "new" status a colonial farce.
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The occupants of the building were surrounded by the police and the National Guard, who fired their weapons without warning. Doris Torresola, was shot and wounded, and carried out during a cease-fire by Muñoz Matos and Pérez Gonzalez.
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Nationalists Meliton Muñoz Santos, Roberto Jaime Rodriguez, Estanislao Lugo Santiago, Marcelino Turell, William Gutirrez and Marcelino Berrios were arrested and accused of participating in an ambush against the local insular police.
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During the revolt, Albizu Campos was at the Nationalist Party's headquarters in Old San Juan which also served as his residence. That day he was accompanied by Juan José Muñoz Matos, Doris Torresola Roura (cousin of
900:, and killed four of them. This police massacre inflamed many in Puerto Rico, and the outcry was immediate. The first armed battle of the Nationalist uprisings occurred in the early morning of October 29, in the
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and pistols in hand and immediately began firing towards the mansion. Díaz Pacheco headed towards the mansion while the others took cover close to their car and fired with their pistols from their positions.
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was required to consult directly with the White House. News of the military action involved however, was prevented from spreading outside of Puerto Rico. It was called an "incident between Puerto Ricans."
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757:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the PPD, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the
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to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873. The march was also protesting the imprisonment, by the U.S. government, of Nationalist leader
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The following day, October 31, at 2:00 p.m., 15 police officers and 25 National Guardsmen arrived at 351 Calle Colton (Colton Street), esquina Barbosa (at the corner of Barbosa Street), of
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lost their lives in the failed attempt. Collazo was arrested and sentenced to death. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment by President Truman, and he eventually received a
690:, and police colonel Riggs applied harsh repressive measures against the Nationalist Party. In 1936, Albizu Campos and the leaders of the party were arrested and jailed at the
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The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's colonial situation occurred on March 1, 1954, when nationalist leader
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655:, a former member of the Union Party, was elected its first president. He wanted radical changes within the economy and social welfare programs of Puerto Rico. In 1924,
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The firefight lasted three hours and ended when Santiago Díaz received five bullet wounds, one of them to the head. Two bystanders and a child were also wounded.
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Macaná of town of Peñuelas. The insular police surrounded the house of the mother of Melitón Muñiz Santos, the president of the Peñuelas Nationalist Party in the
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The police disrupted this timetable, and the Nationalist revolution was accelerated by two years. On October 26, 1950, Albizu Campos was holding a meeting in
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Earlier that morning, Nationalists Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Gregorio Hernández and Manuel Torres Medina who were assigned to attack
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The government learned of the planned attacks from informants named Faustino Díaz Pacheco and Luciano Cuadra. Faustino Díaz Pacheco was the brother of
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dragged Albizu Campos from his home. He had been rendered unconscious by the tear gas. All the Nationalists, including Albizu Campos, were arrested.
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were located. During the firefight, Díaz Pacheco wounded two police officers, Isidoro Ramos and Vicente Otero Díaz before he was killed by
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1941:
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Hernández, who was also severely wounded continued to fire against the police from under the car. A police officer and a detective from
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turned and sat on the steps and with his hands held up pleaded for mercy, his pleas however, were answered with a fusillade of gunfire.
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836:. Ultimate responsibility fell on Governor Winship, who controlled the National Guard and insular police, and personally ordered the
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The following is an FBI list of the San Juan Nationalists who were incarcerated in 1950, and were still in prison as of 1954:
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which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the island. The Senate, controlled by the
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the governor's mansion) and Jesús Pomales González (one of five Nationalists assigned to attack the Federal Court House).
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In accordance with the planned uprising in San Juan, a group of Nationalists were supposed to attack the mansion known as
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256:
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The top leaders of the nationalist party were arrested, including Albizu Campos and the leader of the Jayuya Uprising
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1575:"Ley Núm. 282 de 2006 -Para declarar el día 21 de septiembre como el Díadel Natalicio de Leopoldo Figueroa Carreras"
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One particular event in Puerto Rican history had a galvanizing effect on the Puerto Rican Nationalist movement. The
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Tuesday, December 28, 1999; Page A03. "Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims." Retrieved July 8, 2009.
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From 1949 to 1950, the Nationalists in the island began to plan and prepare an armed revolution, hoping that the
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when U.S. forces opened fire, and one of the demonstrators was killed. Viscal Garriga was held without bail in
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Though not involved in any violent act, she was arrested, along with nationalists Carmen María Pérez Roque and
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shot first, and the police all fired back - with machine guns, rifles, carbines, revolvers, and even grenades.
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The very next day, October 30, saw Nationalist uprisings all over Puerto Rico, including seven towns: Ponce,
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The bodies of Nationalists Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina lie on the grounds of "La Fortaleza"
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police fired back, and Pomales was taken to the municipal hospital where he would recover from his wounds.
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resided. Simultaneously, the Nationalists planned to attack the U.S. Federal Court House, located close to
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537:
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2005:
1966:
1918:
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and photos of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s (with commentary in Spanish), click
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at noon and stopped their car 25 feet from their objective's main entrance They got out of the car with a
1869:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 4; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
1850:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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765:. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico.
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El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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for the Nobel Prize in literature in recognition of his substantial contribution to world literature.
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where Nationalists from all over the island had gathered, in case the police attempted to arrest him.
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The bodies of Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina lie on the ground, after their attack on
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with the intention of assassinating U.S. President Truman. Torresola and White House police officer
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take direct charge in all matters concerning Puerto Rico. In addition, the Governor of Puerto Rico,
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would take notice and intervene on their behalf. The uprising was to occur in 1952, on the date the
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1509:"Puerto Rico" By Kurt Pitzer, Tara Stevens, page 224, Published by Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2001,
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and searched for guns and explosives, however the only thing they found was a Puerto Rican flag.
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Puerto Rican flag removed by a Puerto Rican National Guard soldier after the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
417:
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710:. Albizu Campos returned to Puerto Rico on December 15, 1947 after spending 10 years in prison.
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1534:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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The next day, on October 27, the police fired upon a caravan of Nationalists in the town of
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Albizu Campos was the first Puerto Rican graduate of Harvard Law School. He had served as a
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1676:. By Sharon Ann Navarro and Armando Xavier Mejia. 2004. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
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in his residence, and four speeches he had given in favor of Puerto Rican independence.
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2127:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony"; Author:
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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635:(the governor's mansion in San Juan), and the U.S. Federal Court House Building in
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covered it for Radio WENA. Over a dozen other radio stations were there, as well.
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1160:, in November 2, 1950 for participating in a demonstration that turned deadly in
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of Puerto Rican independence. In September 1950, Paoli traveled to the towns of
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and headed towards Old San Juan to accomplish their mission. The men arrived at
832:, was under the military command of the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
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Federal Bureau of Investigation Reports; File Number SJ 100-3, Section 23; 1952
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1395:. Lebrón and her comrades were charged with attempted murder and other crimes.
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792:, turned into a bloody police slaughter of unarmed, defenseless Puerto Ricans.
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A wounded Vidal Santiago Díaz is carried out of his barbershop by the police
729:, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist
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and the police opened fire on the crowd, in what was to become known as the
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was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.
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1942:"Fallece el actor Miguel Ángel Álvarez - WAPA.tv - Noticias - Videos"
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Don Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1674:"Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook"
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In the 1930s, the United States-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
1897:; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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revolts. Amongst the uprising's main objectives were an attack on
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rule which occurred in Puerto Rico on October 30, 1950 during the
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1753:"El Estado Libre Asociado y el Partido Nacionalista (1950-1954)"
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2215:
2054:
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Plaque honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
660:
1103:, a Nationalist who was the personal barber of Albizu Campos.
2180:
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19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire
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Enrique "Bibí" Marrero, Víctor Arrillaga and Luis Romanacce.
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On June 21, 1948, Albizu Campos gave a speech in the town of
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Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper
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met in the San Juan sector of Martín Peña, at the house of
16:
Revolt against the United States Government in Puerto Rico
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passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
840:. It was the largest massacre in Puerto Rican history.
702:. On March 21, 1937, the Nationalists held a parade in
1491:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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by Pedro Aponte Vázquez. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
1197:, in order to participate in Nationalist activities.
663:, joined the party and was named its vice president.
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
741:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
232:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
29:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2277:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1757:Puerto Rico entre siglos: Historiografía y cultura
713:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
1215:(Gag Law). The evidence used against him was the
749:1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
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1211:Paoli was arrested and accused of violating the
1328:United States law mandated that U.S. President
946:Attack on the United States Federal Court House
642:
1015:- the Nationalist leader and Commander of the
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2006:"The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950 (2011)"
1967:"The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950 (2011)"
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1149:was a student leader and spokesperson of the
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1644:Latino Americans and political participation
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1099:. This barbershop was owned and operated by
977:, the Commander-in-Chief of the Nationalist
2131:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
1200:On November 2, 1950, the police arrived at
828:The Insular Police, a force resembling the
788:, March 21, 1937, when a peaceful march in
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698:, and later sent to the Federal Prison at
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252:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
194:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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1728:Gov. Winship Responsible for the Massacre
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2267:Hostosian National Independence Movement
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1740:Biggest Massacre in Puerto Rican History
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1138:Dr. Olga Viscal Garriga during her trial
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2247:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
969:Old Federal Court House in Old San Juan
745:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
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2910:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2854:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2304:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1989:
1987:
1860:
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1393:United States House of Representatives
1095:and surrounded a barbershop named the
2879:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
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2055:"Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico"
1914:
1912:
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1895:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza
1879:
1777:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza
1635:
852:The National Guard, commanded by the
775:
2979:Rebellions against the United States
2969:October 1950 events in North America
2187:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1919:The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950
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1555:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
1240:), and Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez.
809:The march had been organized by the
683:president of the Nationalist Party.
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1984:
1176:The arrest of Francisco Matos Paoli
257:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
2121:
1907:
1623:(in Spanish). Proyecto Salón Hogar
1596:"Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fria"
1379:together with fellow nationalists
621:was one of many uprisings against
14:
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1588:
1227:The arrest of Pedro Albizu Campos
1019:. At 11 A.M. they boarded a blue
2974:Political history of Puerto Rico
2964:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
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755:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
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1481:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2793:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2425:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2262:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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1431:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1151:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
811:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
649:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
627:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
473:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
107:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2814:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2728:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2488:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2340:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1496:
1436:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
860:and under the orders of Gov.
453:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2874:Truman assassination attempt
2252:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2075:Puerto Rico Uprising Journal
1994:Francisco Matos Paoli, poeta
1930:Premio a Jesús Vera Irizarry
1476:Truman assassination attempt
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954:where Puerto Rican governor
854:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
843:
643:Events leading to the revolt
7:
2864:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2473:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1408:
719:Partido Popular Democrático
647:On September 17, 1922, the
619:San Juan Nationalist revolt
242:San Juan Nationalist revolt
22:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2995:
2242:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1261:Olga Isabel Viscal Garriga
1153:'s branch in Rio Piedras.
2918:
2897:
2806:
2596:
2568:María de Lourdes Santiago
2563:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2438:
2405:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2312:
2285:
2234:
2193:
2114:Ribes Tovar et al., p.132
1307:
1302:
1252:Incarcerated Nationalists
1147:University of Puerto Rico
1087:(a section named Workers
165:6 police officers injured
156:
125:
93:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2400:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2370:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2360:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1742:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1271:Oliverio Pierluissi Soto
623:United States Government
2884:Cerro Maravilla murders
2829:Levantamiento de Ciales
2788:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2708:Tomás López de Victoria
2693:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2683:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2503:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2365:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2355:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2350:Eugenio María de Hostos
2320:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2235:Political organizations
1730:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1718:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1389:Andres Figueroa Cordero
834:General Blanton Winship
418:Andres Figueroa Cordero
413:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
380:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
335:Tomás López de Victoria
174:Part of a series on the
2783:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2678:Isabel Freire de Matos
2668:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2618:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2448:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2375:José Gualberto Padilla
2313:19th century activists
2293:Cadets of the Republic
2286:Militant organizations
1553:"Puerto Rican History"
1405:
1139:
1080:
1048:guard Carmelo Dávila.
1017:Cadets of the Republic
1004:
979:Cadets of the Republic
970:
893:
874:United States Congress
865:
806:
671:
581:Puerto Rico portal
522:History of Puerto Rico
428:Isabel Freire de Matos
403:Margot Arce de Vázquez
375:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
315:Juan Antonio Corretjer
218:Cadets of the Republic
126:Commanders and leaders
2743:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2723:Francisco Matos Paoli
2688:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2648:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2583:Carlos Alberto Torres
2483:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2439:20th and 21st century
2380:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2194:Indigenous resistance
2087:"Nylatinojournal.com"
1621:"La Masacre de Ponce"
1486:List of Puerto Ricans
1401:
1381:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1286:William Rios Figueroa
1274:Joae Rivera Sotomayor
1202:Francisco Matos Paoli
1137:
1078:
1013:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
999:
975:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
968:
891:
851:
798:
669:
463:Helen Rodríguez Trías
345:Francisco Matos Paoli
325:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
295:Rafael Cancel Miranda
157:Casualties and losses
78:United States victory
2834:Río Piedras massacre
2538:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2518:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2453:Félix Benítez Rexach
2298:Boricua Popular Army
2129:Nelson Antonio Denis
2031:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1797:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1456:Río Piedras massacre
1313:To view live-action
1283:Enrique Muniz Medina
1268:Rufino Rolon Marrero
1172:serving five years.
1116:Miguel Angel Alvarez
1064:and later released.
478:Félix Benítez Rexach
397:Notable nationalists
208:Río Piedras massacre
2949:1950 in Puerto Rico
2905:Grito de Lares flag
2798:Olga Viscal Garriga
2773:Clemente Soto Vélez
2763:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2673:José Ferrer Canales
2608:Pedro Albizu Campos
2558:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2543:Antonio S. Pedreira
2528:Luis Lloréns Torres
2523:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2395:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1697:The Washington Post
1370:presidential pardon
1290:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1145:, a student at the
1143:Olga Viscal Garriga
1101:Vidal Santiago Díaz
815:Pedro Albizu Campos
751:Flag of Puerto Rico
715:Puerto Rican Senate
657:Pedro Albizu Campos
443:José Ferrer Canales
385:Olga Viscal Garriga
365:Clemente Soto Vélez
360:Vidal Santiago Díaz
275:Pedro Albizu Campos
269:Nationalist leaders
83:Uprising suppressed
2824:Intentona de Yauco
2778:Griselio Torresola
2733:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2628:Casimiro Berenguer
2578:Alejandrina Torres
2533:Oscar López Rivera
2498:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2415:Fernando Fernandez
2410:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1714:2010-12-14 at the
1647:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1539:2012-03-27 at the
1446:Intentona de Yauco
1423:Puerto Rico portal
1406:
1354:Griselio Torresola
1280:Antonio Moya Velez
1277:Pablo Rosado Ortiz
1238:Griselio Torresola
1158:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1140:
1081:
1005:
971:
894:
866:
807:
790:Ponce, Puerto Rico
776:The Ponce massacre
725:) and presided by
672:
370:Griselio Torresola
350:Ruth Mary Reynolds
285:Casimiro Berenguer
202:Events and revolts
2959:Conflicts in 1950
2936:
2935:
2848:Ley de la Mordaza
2738:Germán Rieckehoff
2653:José Coll y Cuchí
2600:Nationalist Party
2513:Leopoldo Figueroa
2463:Americo Boschetti
2093:on 26 August 2009
1903:978-1-931702-01-0
1875:978-1-931702-01-0
1856:978-1-931702-01-0
1825:978-1-931702-01-0
1785:978-1-931702-01-0
1523:978-1-58843-116-5
1326:
1325:
1265:Juan Pietri perez
1217:Puerto Rican Flag
1213:Ley de la Mordaza
962:in Old San Juan.
763:Freedom of Speech
761:which guarantees
735:Ley de la Mordaza
676:Second Lieutenant
653:José Coll y Cuchí
615:
614:
516:
515:
458:Germán Rieckehoff
300:José Coll y Cuchí
225:Ley de la Mordaza
182:Nationalist Party
169:
168:
162:3 dead, 1 injured
89:
88:
2986:
2390:Juan Ríus Rivera
2325:Mariana Bracetti
2185:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:. Archived from
2083:
2077:
2072:
2066:
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2063:
2061:
2051:
2045:
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1549:
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1507:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1334:Luis Muñoz Marín
1312:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1042:Luis Muñoz Marín
956:Luis Muñoz Marín
942:) and San Juan.
862:Luis Muñoz Marín
727:Luis Muñoz Marín
700:Atlanta, Georgia
607:
600:
593:
579:
578:
577:
518:
517:
508:
501:
494:
192:
171:
170:
149:
148:
137:
136:
135:
118:
116:
115:
105:
104:
103:
53:October 30, 1950
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2914:
2893:
2869:Utuado Uprising
2859:Jayuya Uprising
2802:
2643:Nemesio Canales
2633:Julia de Burgos
2623:Elías Beauchamp
2613:José S. Alegría
2599:
2592:
2553:Miguel Poventud
2440:
2434:
2335:Roberto Cofresí
2330:Mathias Brugman
2308:
2281:
2272:Socialist Front
2230:
2189:
2179:
2124:
2122:Further reading
2119:
2118:
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2059:
2057:
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2024:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
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1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
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1939:
1935:
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1716:Wayback Machine
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1546:
1541:Wayback Machine
1532:
1528:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1471:Utuado Uprising
1466:Jayuya Uprising
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1315:Newsreel scenes
1309:
1303:External videos
1298:
1254:
1229:
1178:
1132:
1073:
994:
948:
940:Jayuya Uprising
932:Utuado Uprising
864:, occupy Jayuya
858:Luis R. Esteves
846:
778:
759:US Constitution
743:Jesús T. Piñero
688:Blanton Winship
645:
611:
575:
573:
512:
483:
482:
408:Elías Beauchamp
398:
390:
389:
320:Julia de Burgos
280:José S. Alegría
270:
262:
261:
247:Utuado uprising
237:Jayuya Uprising
203:
195:
181:
151:Luis R. Esteves
143:
133:
131:
113:
111:
101:
99:
79:
69:
40:
17:
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11:
5:
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2866:
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2856:
2851:
2841:
2839:Ponce massacre
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Grito de Lares
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Isolina Rondón
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Blanca Canales
2635:
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2610:
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2508:Elizam Escobar
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2468:Juan Mari Brás
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2145:978-1568585017
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2010:Write To Fight
1997:
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1971:Write To Fight
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1906:
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1709:Insular Police
1701:
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1451:Ponce massacre
1448:
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1441:Grito de Lares
1438:
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1407:
1402:
1366:Leslie Coffelt
1350:Blanca Canales
1324:
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1236:and sister of
1234:Blanca Canales
1228:
1225:
1177:
1174:
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1128:
1072:
1066:
1029:submachine gun
993:
987:
947:
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870:United Nations
856:Major General
845:
842:
830:National Guard
782:Ponce massacre
777:
774:
708:Ponce massacre
644:
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613:
612:
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546:, 1898–present
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2954:1950 protests
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2768:Daniel Santos
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2703:Lolita Lebrón
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2748:Hiram Rosado
2718:René Marqués
2698:Irvin Flores
2663:Rosa Collazo
2598:Puerto Rican
2548:Pedro Pietri
2385:Manuel Rojas
2300:(Macheteros)
2206:Agüeybaná II
2095:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2081:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
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1974:. Retrieved
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1949:. Retrieved
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1569:
1559:November 20,
1557:. Retrieved
1547:
1529:
1505:
1385:Irvin Flores
1374:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:Harry Truman
1327:
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651:was formed.
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637:Old San Juan
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538:Spanish rule
530:
448:René Marqués
433:Hiram Rosado
423:Irvin Flores
310:Rosa Collazo
241:
224:
180:Puerto Rican
94:Belligerents
77:
2588:Iris Zavala
2573:Piri Thomas
2493:Juan Dalmau
2201:Agüeybaná I
1627:January 10,
1362:Blair House
1223:his needs.
1206:Río Piedras
1204:'s home in
1166:La Princesa
817:on alleged
786:Palm Sunday
692:La Princesa
540:, 1493–1898
67:Puerto Rico
2943:Categories
2137:1568585012
1660:2009-05-01
1497:References
989:Attack on
694:prison in
2478:Roy Brown
2441:activists
1296:Aftermath
1183:Cabo Rojo
1046:Fortaleza
1037:Fortaleza
960:La Marina
920:Naranjito
844:Uprisings
821:charges.
784:occurred
731:Smith Act
680:U.S. Army
560:Political
544:U.S. rule
223:Gag Law (
2927:Claridad
2097:25 April
2060:25 April
2039:25 April
2015:25 April
1976:25 April
1951:25 April
1805:25 April
1762:25 April
1712:Archived
1605:25 April
1580:25 April
1537:Archived
1409:See also
1187:Santurce
1168:prison.
1093:Santurce
1021:Plymouth
916:Mayagüez
898:Peñuelas
838:massacre
819:sedition
696:San Juan
556:Military
552:Economic
549:Topics:
63:San Juan
58:Location
27:Part of
2898:Symbols
2844:Gag Law
2226:Urayoán
2221:Jumacao
2211:Arasibo
1946:WAPA.tv
1191:Guánica
924:Arecibo
882:Fajardo
739:Gag Law
678:in the
532:By year
2807:Events
2216:Hayuya
2143:
2135:
1901:
1873:
1854:
1823:
1783:
1680:
1651:
1521:
1513:
1089:Barrio
936:Jayuya
928:Utuado
906:barrio
902:barrio
770:Manatí
661:lawyer
564:Social
117:
74:Result
2919:Media
2034:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1600:Issuu
1195:Lares
1091:) in
704:Ponce
2141:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2099:2016
2062:2016
2041:2016
2017:2016
1978:2016
1953:2016
1899:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1807:2016
1781:ISBN
1764:2016
1678:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1629:2010
1607:2016
1582:2016
1561:2011
1519:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1387:and
1356:and
1320:here
1193:and
1035:The
659:, a
617:The
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723:PPD
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