679:
214:
45:
87:
115:
593:(hence the popular name for the November 1930 election: "the Brest election"). A number of less-known political activists across the country were also arrested; they were released after the election. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with ten of the accused sentenced to up to three years' imprisonment; appeals in 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government gave those sentenced a choice of emigrating abroad; five took that choice, while the other five decided to serve the prison term.
451:
700:"In accordance with the will of Mr. President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki, I order the following: General Śmigły-Rydz, appointed by Mr. Marshal Józef Piłsudski as the First Defender of the Fatherland and the first co-cooperator of the President of the Republic in governing the state, is to be regarded and respected as the first person in Poland after Mr. President of the Republic. All state functionaries headed by the Prime Minister are to show him signs of honor and obedience."
101:
228:
143:
157:
242:
200:
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59:
256:
129:
73:
695:
cabinet on 15 May 1936, consisting of representatives of the
President and the General Inspector of the Armed Forces. Another consequence of the agreement was a declaration by the Prime Minister in agreement with the President on July 16, 1936, declaring Śmigły-Rydz “the first person in Poland after
525:
The personality cult of Józef Piłsudski stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it
492:
A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-blown dictatorship. Freedom of press, speech, and political parties was never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified
686:
Walery Slawek's supporters lost ground after his resignation from the post of prime minister at the end of 1935, after the dissolution of the BBWR as well as the appointment of the Marian
Zyndram-Kościałkowski cabinet on October 13, 1935, which ousted the orthodox Piłsudskiites, so-called
430:, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a
626:
termed it); and a search for a more suitable ideology which Piłsudski's supporters might accept. The intersection of personal competition and ideological differences led to discord and splintering.
609:, adopted a few weeks earlier, had been tailored for Marshal Piłsudski. In the absence of a successor with equal authority, a reinterpretation of the new Constitution was in order. In the words of
458:
Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after
Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as
526:
did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of
Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was
544:
The
Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August. New elections were scheduled for November 1930. Using anti-government
1017:
1. w Polsce międzywojennej — obóz Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pod hasłem uzdrowienia stosunków politycznych i życia publicznego dokonał przewrotu wojskowego w maju 1926 r....
736:
on Śmigły's order and working under his auspices increased his influence, as a result of which it was he who decided the ideological direction of
Sanation in 1937-1939.
331:. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following his death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President
408:
in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists, and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation.
1080:"—has much currency in its respective language. The terms' unfamiliarity doubtless accounts for misconceptions about the meaning of the Polish political term.
1232:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1207:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1182:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
717:
Another result of the Mościcki-Śmigły agreement was the promotion of the general to
Marshal of Poland. On November 10, 1936, President Moscicki appointed him
616:
Piłsudski's death triggered
Sanation's splintering, driven by two processes: competition for power and influence among Piłsudski's heirs (the wars among the
555:
439:
313:
1397:
469:
In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while
514:(Center-Left) coalition calling for the overthrow of the government; Sanation reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition-leader
466:'s government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President.
559:
1184:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 38–39.
691:, from power. The other two emerging groups in December 1935 reached an agreement and shared power, resulting in the formation of the
1417:
1234:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 47.
1209:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 55.
682:
Image from the "Wiarus" newspaper depicting
Marshal Piłsudski, President Mościcki and Marshal Śmigly-Rydz as the fathers of Poland.
1412:
925:, founded in 2001, one of Poland's major political parties today often considered a modern successor to the Sanation movement
1239:
1214:
1189:
667:
1402:
775:, many continued influential. During the war, Sanationists created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the
1150:
1133:
1119:
1347:
1270:
726:
641:), which sought to continue the erstwhile Piłsudskiite idea in conformity with the wording of the April Constitution;
692:
567:
505:
497:
996:
1387:
1292:
912:
678:
1366:
1392:
528:
711:
855:
371:
176:
1407:
772:
928:
688:
1382:
1321:
Seidner, Stanley S. (1975). "The Camp of
National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation".
1023:, who worked a military coup in May 1926 under the banner of healing politics and public life...)
933:
835:
119:
880:
776:
671:
383:
375:
218:
885:
404:"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the
1359:
972:(Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), New York, Polish Book Importing Co., 1918 (8 years before
907:
733:
653:
545:
423:
20:
895:
829:
355:
351:
260:
105:
1096:". Other English-language authors, baffled by the Polish term and unfamiliar with its Latin
850:
486:
474:
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190:
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8:
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63:
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977:
722:
582:
412:
379:
302:
1089:
991:'s Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo S. Arcta, 1947, p. 313.
988:
845:
309:
213:
147:
1301:
803:
522:
won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses of parliament.
463:
339:
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718:
638:
400:
343:
324:
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922:
454:
In front, left to right: Józef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Edward Śmigły-Rydz, 1930
427:
422:
but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the
294:
285:
273:
86:
1134:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
602:
548:
as a pretext, 20 opposition-party members, including most of the leaders of the
114:
1305:
765:
590:
578:
323:
The Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "
1376:
1335:
1081:
563:
44:
819:
450:
363:
77:
1287:
799:
623:
328:
100:
1025:
2. rzad: uzdrowienie, np. stosunków w jakiejś instytucji, w jakimś kraju.
481:
parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally
938:
917:
787:
and in 1944 merged along with the Council of Independence Organizations (
586:
227:
566:, on the mere order of Piłsudski and the Minister of Internal Security,
58:
1164:
Domestic problems and foreign policies of interwar east European states
1093:
1340:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
1086:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
477:'s economic reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted
142:
1097:
784:
550:
510:
478:
241:
199:
170:
156:
1120:
Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
840:
618:
442:"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.
359:
185:
133:
1259:. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych. p. 130.
1101:
1065:
753:
749:
342:, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including
757:
255:
1073:
761:
395:
1027:(2. rare: healing, e.g., of an institution, of a country.)"
832:
577:
The opposition leaders (including the former prime minister
19:
For retrospective recognition of marriage in canon law, see
571:
485:
as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of
128:
771:
Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the
710:
The document violated the state order established by the
629:
Eventually, Sanation devolved into three major factions:
613:, "We must replace the Great Man with an organization."
312:. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form a
72:
504:
supporters came up far short of a majority. Before the
500:
to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its
1290:(July 1977). "The Political Right in Poland, 1918-39".
1257:
Edward Rydz-Śmigły: działalność wojskowa i polityczna
999:, 1971, p. 665, defines the expression as follows: "
440:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
314:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
382:in governance, and contended against the system of
1114:
1112:
1110:
995:(PWN Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw,
562:leaders) were arrested in September 1930 without
1374:
1154:By Richard & Benjamin Crampton, pp. 102–103.
1151:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
791:) into the Union of Independence Organizations (
596:
1107:
674:as a stand-in for the late Marshal Piłsudski.
570:, and accused of plotting an anti-government
1145:
1143:
793:Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych
493:perpetrators" rather than court sentences.
1229:
1204:
1179:
783:), which in 1943 became subordinate to the
1140:
705:Prime Minister General Sławoj Składkowski
605:came in 1935 with Piłsudski's death. The
1254:
810:and executed or forced many into exile.
677:
462:of a generally popular centrist regime.
449:
308:, and came to power in the wake of that
1320:
1037:
1035:
1033:
789:Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych
1398:Politics of the Second Polish Republic
1375:
1286:
668:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
539:
284:
1342:, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994,
1123:By Andrzej Paczkowski, page 28.
1030:
1019:(1. in interwar Poland, the camp of
756:, whence they were able to go on to
508:some opposition parties united in a
432:Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem
489:parties by splitting their forces.
13:
813:
764:and, after the fall of France, to
560:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
14:
1429:
960:" is defined identically as "ł:
748:, many Sanationists evacuated to
664:Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych
656:— hence that faction's name); and
378:. It preached the primacy of the
16:Defunct Polish political movement
1418:Democratic backsliding in Poland
1137:By Timothy Snyder, page 73.
601:A crucial turning point for the
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1293:Journal of Contemporary History
1248:
1223:
985:M. Arcta słownik wyrazów obcych
913:European interwar dictatorships
739:
411:Sanation appeared prior to the
1230:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1205:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1198:
1180:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1173:
1157:
1126:
1054:
950:
1:
1413:Political movements in Poland
1280:
1269:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1072:"—both derived from the same
997:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
693:Felicjan Slawoj-Składkowski's
597:Splintering and power-sharing
556:Polish People's Party "Piast"
426:, had grown to disapprove of
389:
1104:, have left it untranslated.
802:, Poland's Soviet-installed
734:Camp of National Unity (OZN)
7:
1403:Political history of Poland
901:
725:and decorated him with the
568:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
518:participants. Subsequently
10:
1434:
1306:10.1177/002200947701200301
1255:Mirowicz, Ryszard (1988).
993:Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN
773:Polish Government in Exile
732:Also, the creation of the
648:, formed around President
445:
338:Sanation, which advocated
327:" (healing) of the Polish
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934:Polish Underground State
806:branded Sanationists as
777:Polish Fighting Movement
727:Order of the White Eagle
293:that was created in the
607:April 1935 Constitution
384:parliamentary democracy
1388:Military dictatorships
970:Słownik wyrazów obcych
908:Bereza Kartuska prison
708:
683:
585:) were imprisoned and
455:
424:Polish Socialist Party
277:
21:Validation of marriage
1360:Google Books, p. 601–
1060:Neither the English "
781:Obóz Polski Walczącej
721:and at the same time
719:General of the branch
698:
681:
652:, who resided in the
554:alliance (Socialist,
496:Sanation allowed the
475:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
453:
398:word for "healing" ("
929:Piłsudski's colonels
808:enemies of the state
406:perceived corruption
335:and his partisans).
286:[saˈnat͡sja]
175:Bogusław Miedziński
1355:Encyklopedia Polski
1048:Encyklopedia Polski
896:Kazimierz Świtalski
856:Bogusław Miedziński
836:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
830:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
760:or French-mandated
622:– "the heirs" – as
471:economic stagnation
372:Bogusław Miedziński
356:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
352:Kazimierz Świtalski
261:Kazimierz Świtalski
120:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
106:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
32:
983:), p. 701; and in
881:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
876:Aleksander Prystor
866:Bronisław Pieracki
851:Ignacy Matuszewski
746:invasion of Poland
712:April Constitution
684:
672:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
637:, gathered around
611:Ignacy Matuszewski
540:Legislative agenda
456:
376:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
348:Aleksander Prystor
340:authoritarian rule
291:political movement
219:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
205:Aleksander Prystor
191:Bronisław Pieracki
162:Ignacy Matuszewski
28:
1408:May Coup (Poland)
1324:The Polish Review
1241:978-83-226-4040-1
1216:978-83-226-4040-1
1191:978-83-226-4040-1
1168:Anna M. Cienciala
1005:= uzdrowienie>
1001:sanacja <łac.
956:The Polish word "
886:Adam Skwarczyński
723:Marshal of Poland
666:}, formed around
583:Wojciech Korfanty
428:political parties
418:and lasted until
380:national interest
267:
266:
233:Adam Skwarczyński
1425:
1383:Guided democracy
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968:: healing") in
954:
804:communist regime
744:During the 1939
706:
696:Mr. President.”
633:"the Colonels" (
464:Kazimierz Bartel
394:Named after the
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1393:Józef Piłsudski
1373:
1372:
1331:(2–3): 231–236.
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1021:Józef Piłsudski
974:Józef Piłsudski
955:
951:
947:
923:Law and Justice
904:
871:Józef Piłsudski
861:Ignacy Mościcki
825:Tadeusz Hołówko
816:
814:Notable members
742:
707:
704:
650:Ignacy Mościcki
599:
542:
448:
392:
368:Tadeusz Hołówko
333:Ignacy Mościcki
299:Józef Piłsudski
295:interwar period
289:) was a Polish
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94:
92:Tadeusz Hołówko
80:
66:
64:Ignacy Mościcki
52:
50:Józef Piłsudski
24:
17:
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1300:(3): 395–412.
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644:"the Castle" (
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591:Brest Fortress
579:Wincenty Witos
546:demonstrations
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534:Polish Gazette
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1090:mistranslates
1087:
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1082:Adam Zamoyski
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