Sandinista National Liberation Front

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Catholicism attracted the local working class, allowing the FSLN to successfully recruit them. Eventually the Sandinistas managed to recruit Cardenal himself, turning his local church into a potent source of new recruits. Cardenal was even reported to have said that "Jesus Christ is the Sandinistas" during Mass. Other priests such as José de la Jara promoted a sense of Catholic community in poor squatter neighbourhoods, promoting the portrayal of Jesus Christ as a poor worker in image of local inhabitants, and instituted a number of Catholic programs to help the community, such as road repairs, literacy programs and founded the Christian Youth Movement. Such actions united hitherto dispersed communities and fostered mutual support and trust. When encouraged by local priests to consider struggling for better living conditions as the realization of Catholic social teachings, parishioners spoke out forcefully against poor living conditions and unaffordable prices, eventually turning their discontent into open support for the FSLN. Even the priests who did not join the revolution would turn their churches into safe houses for the insurrectionists, gathering food and medicine for Sandinista combatants.

3191:, a Nicaraguan poet and writer, established a Rubén Darío prize for Latin American writers, the Leonel Rugama prize for young Nicaraguan writers, as well as public poetry readings and contests, cultural festivals and concerts. The Sandinista regime tried to keep the revolutionary spirit alive by empowering its citizens artistically. At the time of its inception, the Ministry of Culture needed, according to Cardenal, "to bring a culture to the people who were marginalized from it. We want a culture that is not the culture of an elite, of a group that is considered 'cultivated', but rather of an entire people." Nevertheless, the success of the Ministry of Culture had mixed results and by 1985 criticism arose over artistic freedom in the poetry workshops. The poetry workshops became a matter for criticism and debate. Critics argued that the ministry imposed too many principles and guidelines for young writers in the workshop, such as, asking them to avoid metaphors in their poetry and advising them to write about events in their everyday life. Critical voices came from established poets and writers represented by the 3542:(IACHR) in a 1981 report found evidence for mass executions in the period following the revolution. It stated: "In the Commission's view, while the government of Nicaragua clearly intended to respect the lives of all those defeated in the civil war, during the weeks immediately subsequent to the Revolutionary triumph, when the government was not in effective control, illegal executions took place which violated the right to life, and these acts have not been investigated and the persons responsible have not been punished." The IACHR also stated that: "The Commission is of the view that the new regime did not have, and does not now have, a policy of violating the right to life of political enemies, including among the latter the former guardsmen of the Government of General Somoza, whom a large sector of the population of Nicaragua held responsible for serious human rights violations during the former regime; proof of the foregoing is the abolition of the death penalty and the high number of former guardsmen who were prisoners and brought to trial for crimes that constituted violations of human rights." 3404:(CELAM) warned in 1981 that “Nicaragua is heading for atheism, and that the Sandinista Front was already suppressing Christmas and the feast of the Immaculate Conception.” However, when Spanish priest Teófilo Cabestrero travelled to Revolutionary Nicaragua to investigate the situation, he found that Catholic celebrations were not suppressed at all, but rather encouraged and openly celebrated by the Sandinistas themselves - festivities were held in government ministries, commercialization of the religious feast was prohibited, and a national holiday for all major Catholic feasts were proclaimed. Cabastrero concluded: “This revolution is not prohibiting or curbing religious activities, but rather is offering the churches a unique opportunity to re-evangelize themselves, and to evangelize the entire population with new evangelical vigor.” He also added: “For the present, the danger for religion and the Church is not with the Sandinista people’s revolution, but rather is in the utilization of religion and the Church against the people’s revolution”. 3668:, which describes its stance as one of "critical support for the Sandinistas", refers to the report: "The CPDH: Can It Be Trusted?" written by Scottish lawyer Paul Laverty. In the report, Laverty observes that: "The entire board of directors , are members of or closely identify with the 'Nicaraguan Democratic Coordinating Committee' (Coordinadora), an alliance of the more right wing parties and COSEP, the business organization." He goes on to express concern about CPDH's alleged tendency to provide relatively few names and other details in connection with alleged violations. "According to the 11 monthly bulletins of 1987 (July being the only month without an issue), the CPDH claims to have received information on 1,236 abuses of all types. However, of those cases, only 144 names are provided. The majority of those 144 cases give dates and places of alleged incidents, but not all. This means that only in 11.65% of its cases is there the minimal detail provided to identify the person, place, date, incident and perpetrator of the abuse." 3411:

government but rather as an attempt to “spiritualize religion and support the moral authority of the bishops.” John M. Kirk shares Berryman's conclusion, arguing that the emerging rift between the Church and state was a result of “powerful international organizations stepping in to shore up an increasingly conservative hierarchy and at the same time cast aspersions on the progressive wing of the Church, which favored the government reforms.” Mounting tensions were followed by the attempts of the Sandinista government to silence bishops perceived as problematic - in July 1981 the government cancelled the weekly televised broadcast of mass by archbishop Obando y Bravo after he denied the government's request to share the spot with progressive, government-aligned priests. The government also shut down the Church-run media such as the Radio Católica radio station, and in 1982 the government banned the publication of a letter from

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positive and negative events that took place during this revolutionary period. The victory of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1979 brought about major changes and gains for women, mainly in legislation, broad educational opportunities, training programs for working women, childcare programs to help women enter the work force and greatly increased participation and leadership positions in a range of political activities. This, in turn, reduced the burdens that the women of Nicaragua were faced with prior to the revolution. During the Sandinista government, women were more active politically. The large majority of members of the neighborhood committees (Comités de Defensa Sandinista) were women. By 1987, 31% of the executive positions in the Sandinista government, 27% of the leadership positions of the FSLN, and 25% of the FSLN's active membership were women.

3267:), health, and housing. Providing subsidies for basic foodstuffs and the introduction of mass employment were also contributions of the FSLN. The Sandinistas were particularly advantageous for the women of Nicaraguan as they promoted progressive views on gender as early as 1969 claiming that the revolution would "abolish the detestable discrimination that women have suffered with regard to men and establish economic, political and cultural equality between men and women". This was evident as the FSLN began integrating women into their ranks by 1967, unlike other left-wing guerilla groups in the region. This goal was not fully reached because the roots of gender inequality were not explicitly challenged. Women's participation within the public sphere was also substantial, as many took part in the armed struggle as part of the FSLN or as part of counter-revolutionary forces. 3043:

figure has been called into question. One of the government's major concerns was the previous education system under the Somoza regime which did not see education as a major factor on the development of the country. As mentioned in the Historical Program of the FSLN of 1969, education was seen as a right and the pressure to stay committed to the promises made in the program was even stronger. 1980 was declared the "Year of Literacy" and the major goals of the campaign that started only 8 months after the FSLN took over. This included the eradication of illiteracy and the integration of different classes, races, gender and age. Political awareness and the strengthening of political and economic participation of the Nicaraguan people was also a central goal of the Literacy Campaign. The campaign was a key component of the FSLN's cultural transformation agenda.

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stated that they are “confident that the revolutionary process will be something creative, profoundly original, and in no way imitative.” Full of praise for the new revolutionary government, the clergy promised to assist the new regime, “even in the construction of a socialist society.” However, the new government alienated the Church by what was perceived as a gradual removal of the Church's in the education; the government was accused of introducing a purely secular model of education on the example of the Cuban government, even inviting Cuban teachers to assist the process. Conservative media attacked the government by promoting “materialist ideology” in schools and warning of looming Marxist and atheist infiltration of the state education. By 1982, the controversy over education became so polarizing that some members of the governing junta such as

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they came to a consensus on political ideas. Even in 1963, while still under the name of FLN, there was a lack of internal coherence in political ideas (this can be seen in the publication of the newspaper Trinchera). The first few years were carried by some basic shared values of all the forces that were being integrated. Some of these basic shared ideas was to imitate the success of the Cuban Revolution, the ineffectiveness of the conventional opposition to the Somoza regime and the need to remain independent of them (referring to the from the conservative, liberal and communist parties), the need for a revolutionary movement that would use the armed struggle as opposition to the Somoza dictatorship, and after some discussion, identification with Sandino's struggle. It was not until 1969 that any programmatic document was published.

3599:. The ICCHRLA in its newsletter stated that: "From time to time the current U.S. administration, and private organizations sympathetic to it, have made serious and extensive allegations of religious persecution in Nicaragua. Colleague churches in the United States undertook onsite investigation of these charges in 1984. In their report, the delegation organized by the Division of Overseas Ministries of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States concluded that there is 'no basis for the charge of systematic religious persecution'. The delegation 'considers this issue to be a device being used to justify aggressive opposition to the present Nicaraguan government.'" On the other hand, some elements of the Catholic Church in Nicaragua, among them Archbishop 2689:

Catholic message into its program; this was augmented by left-wing Catholic organizations such as the Movimiento Cristiano Revolucionario joining the FSLN, whose members would assume high responsibilities within the Sandinista government. Sandinista activists infiltrated folk and religious imagery - on one such instance, they distributed paintings of the resurrection of Christ, where Christ appeared in a black and red cape (Sandinista colours), which bore the letters FSLN. As the FSLN lacked party structures which could be used for organizing, they relied on friendly clergymen instead; according to Peter Marchetti, this relationship became so intimate that "the parish replaced Lenin's idea of a cell". Sandinista Minister of Education

3375:. When given a Mercedes Benz as a goodwill gift by Somoza, Bravo sold it and distributed the money among the poor. During the revolution, the Catholic Church's relationship with the Sandinistas grew so close that even sacraments acquired a revolutionary meaning - one priest reportedly baptized a newborn girl by saying: “Let all selfishness, capitalism, Somozism, go out of this little girl.” Numerous Christian base communities (CEBs) were created in which lower level clergy and laity took part in consciousness raising initiatives to educate the peasants about the institutionalized violence they were suffering from. Some priests took a more active role in supporting the revolutionary struggle. For example, Father 1896:

civilian defense efforts against Contra activities and a network of intelligence systems in order to apprehend their supporters. These activities led critics of the Sandinistas to argue that the CDS was a system of local spy networks for the government used to stifle political dissent, and the CDS did hold limited powers—such as the ability to suspend privileges such as driver licenses and passports—if locals refused to cooperate with the government. After the initiation of heavier U.S. military involvement in the Nicaraguan conflict the CDS was empowered to enforce wartime bans on political assembly and association with other political parties (i.e., parties associated with the Contras).

2255:, who wanted to de-legitimize the election process. Among other parties that abstained was COSEP, who had warned the FSLN that they would decline participation unless freedom of the press was reinstituted. Coordinadora Democrática (CD) also refused to file candidates and urged Nicaraguans not to take part in the election. The Independent Liberal Party (PLI), headed by Virgilio Godoy Reyes, announced its refusal to participate in October. Consequently, when the elections went ahead the U.S. raised objections based upon political restrictions instituted by the State of Emergency (e.g., censorship of the press, cancellation of habeas corpus, and the curtailing of free assembly). 3293:, the situation for women in Nicaragua was seriously altered. In terms of women and the labor market, by the end of 1991 AMNLAE reported that almost 16,000 working women—9,000 agricultural laborers, 3,000 industrial workers, and 3,800 civil servants, including 2,000 in health, 800 in education, and 1,000 in administration—had lost their jobs. The change in government also resulted in the drastic reduction or suspension of all Nicaraguan social programs, which brought back the burdens characteristic of pre-revolutionary Nicaragua. The women were forced to maintain and supplement community social services on their own without economic aid or technical and human resource. 3803: 2074:

as tools to destabilize the government and to "terrorize" the population into collaborating with the Contras. Throughout this campaign, the Contras received military and financial support from the CIA and the Reagan Administration. This campaign has been condemned internationally for its many human rights violations. Contra supporters have often tried to downplay these violations, or countered that the Sandinista government carried out much more. In particular, the Reagan administration engaged in a campaign to alter public opinion on the Contras that has been termed "white propaganda". In 1984, the

1658:– FAO), which opposed Somoza, was made up of a conglomeration of dissidents within the government as well as the "Democratic Union of Liberation" (UDEL) and the "Twelve", representatives of the Terceristas (whose founding members included Casimiro A. Sotelo, later to become Ambassador to the U.S. and Canada representing the FSLN). The FAO and Carter came up with a plan to remove Somoza from office but give the FSLN no government power. The FAO's efforts lost political legitimacy, as the grassroots support of the FSLN wanted more structural changes and was opposed to "Somocism without Somoza". 3212: 3630:. The report, "Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua", discussed the politicization of the human rights issue: "The Reagan administration, with scant regard for the truth, has made a concerted effort to paint as evil a picture as possible of Nicaragua, describing it as a 'totalitarian dungeon'. Supporters of the Sandinistas ... have argued that Nicaragua has a good record of human rights compared with other Central American countries and have compared Nicaragua with other countries at war." The CIIR report refers to estimates made by the NGO 530: 3638:

psychological torture. The Red Cross made repeated requests to be given access to prisoners held in state security detention centers, but were refused. The CIIR was critical of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights (PCHR or CPDH in Spanish), claiming that the organisation had a tendency to immediately publish accusations against the government without first establishing a factual basis for the allegations. The CIIR report also questioned the independence of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, referring to an article in

1349: 3153:, a poet and priest. The ministry was established in order to socialize the modes of cultural production. This extended to art forms including dance, music, art, theatre and poetry. The project was created to democratize culture on a national level. The aim of the ministry was to "democratize art" by making it accessible to all social classes as well as protecting the right of the oppressed to produce, distribute and receive art. In particular, the ministry was devoted to the development of working class and 2008: 895: 3985:

hit the road. He never made a break from his parents, but they rarely knew where he was. Sometimes he came home and his mother would have to sew $ 100 bills into the seams of his blue jeans. He disappeared in Nicaragua. His body was later identified as a dead Sandinista freedom fighter. From a nice little house surrounded by evergreens at the other end of Washington Street, he left to look for something he needed to find. I believe in Sean Penn's Christopher McCandless. I grew up with him.

1915:. In 1979 and 1980, former Somoza supporters and ex-members of Somoza's National Guard formed irregular military forces, while the original core of the FSLN began to splinter. Armed opposition to the Sandinista government eventually divided into two main groups: The Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense (FDN), a U.S.-supported army formed in 1981 by the CIA, U.S. State Department, and former members of the Somoza-era Nicaraguan National Guard; and the Alianza Revolucionaria Democratica (ARDE) 10254: 1452: 3220:

workers and peasants, the "economically underprivileged", the prime beneficiaries of the new society. Consequently, in 1980 and 1981, unbridled incentives to private investment gave way to institutions designed to redistribute wealth and income. Private property would continue to be allowed, but all land belonging to the Somozas was confiscated. By 1990 the agrarian reform had affected half of the country's arable land benefiting some 60% of rural families.

1128: 2262:, having taken 67% of the vote on a turnout of 75%. Despite international validation of the elections by multiple political and independent observers (virtually all from among U.S. allies), the United States refused to recognize the elections, with President Ronald Reagan denouncing the elections as a sham. Daniel Ortega began his six-year presidential term on January 10, 1985. After the United States Congress turned down continued funding of the 507: 2312: 44: 3224:

the country's development, in which property owners and the professional class would be tapped for their managerial and technical expertise. After reconstruction and recovery, the private sector would give way to expanded public ownership in most areas of the economy. Despite such ideas, which represented the point of view of a faction of the government, the Sandinista government remained officially committed to a mixed economy.

2909:. After several failed attempts to attack government strongholds and little initial support from the local population, the National Guard nearly annihilated the Sandinistas in a series of attacks in 1963. Disappointed with the performance of Shelepin's new Latin American "revolutionary vanguard", the KGB reconstituted its core of the Sandinista leadership into the ISKRA group and used them for other activities in Latin America. 2479:

but the split was more uneven, with limited support for the MRS. The vote for the two liberal parties combined was larger than the vote for the two Sandinista parties. In 2010, several liberal congressmen raised accusations about the FSLN presumably attempting to buy votes in order to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984. In 2011, Ortega was re-elected as president.

4729: 4703: 4677: 4651: 4547: 1665:– FPN) together with the "United People's Movement" (MPU). This strengthened the revolutionary organizations as tens of thousands of youths joined the FSLN and the fight against Somoza. A direct consequence of the spread of the armed struggle in Nicaragua was the official reunification of the FSLN that took place March 7, 1979. Nine men, three from each tendency, formed the National Directorate that led the reunited FSLN: 5056: 5020: 4984: 4956: 4948: 4912: 4876: 4848: 4840: 4812: 4804: 3553:" of such prisoners, forced relocation, and destruction of property. A 1984 IACHR report accused the Sandinistas of having "repeatedly violated the basic rights of Miskito Indians living there, including instances of "illegal killings" and torture". The report accused them of executing 35 to 40 Miskitos in Leimus in December 1981. The U.S. government accused Nicaragua of genocide. The U.S. Secretary of State 1257:'s National Guard embezzled much of the international aid that flowed into the country to assist in reconstruction, and several parts of downtown Managua were never rebuilt. The president gave reconstruction contracts preferentially to family and friends, thereby profiting from the quake and increasing his control of the city's economy. By some estimates, his personal wealth rose to US$ 400 million in 1974. 1974:

students and inexperienced lawyers. However, the decisions of the "Tribunales Especiales" were subject to appeal in regular courts. Many of the National Guard prisoners were released immediately due to lack of evidence. Others were pardoned or released by decree. By 1986 only 2,157 remained in custody and only 39 were still being held in 1989 when they were released under the Esquipulas II agreement.

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was carefully timed to take place after the departure of the US ambassador from the gathering. At 10:50 pm, a group of 15 young guerrillas and their commanders, Pomares and Contreras, entered the house. They killed the minister, who tried to shoot them, during the takeover. The guerrillas received US$ 2 million ransom, and had their official communiqué read on the radio and printed in the newspaper

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reluctance of foreign banks to offer new loans, the diversion of funds to fight the new insurrection against the government, and, after 1985, the total embargo on trade with the United States, formerly Nicaragua's largest trading partner. After 1985 the government chose to fill the gap between decreasing revenues and mushrooming military expenditures by printing large amounts of paper money.

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opposition eventually pressed the government toward a national election. Tomás Borge warned that the elections were a concession, an act of generosity and of political necessity. On the other hand, the Sandinistas had little to fear from the election given the advantages of incumbency and the restrictions on the opposition, and they hoped to discredit the armed efforts to overthrow them.

3164:. The workshops were set up in poor neighbourhoods and rural areas and advocated universal access and consumption of art in Nicaragua. The ministry assisted in the creation of theatre groups, folklore and artisanal production, song groups, new journals of creation and cultural criticism, and training programs for cultural workers. The ministry created a Sandinista daily newspaper named 1844:

not allied with the FSLN. Due to the rules governing the Council of State, in 1980 both non-FSLN junta members resigned. Nevertheless, as of the 1982 State of Emergency, opposition parties were no longer given representation in the council. The preponderance of power also remained with the Sandinistas through their mass organizations, including the Sandinista Workers' Federation (

3476:, an erstwhile opponent of the Sandinistas in the 1980s. Bravo emerged as a close ally of Ortega, and in return Sandinistas expressed their support for a blanket ban on abortion in 2006, and in his speeches Ortega would refer to the reforged FSLN as “Christian socialist”. Despite this, FSLN still faces tensions with the Catholic clergy outside of Nicaragua. On August 23, 4625: 4599: 4573: 3573:

Contras. Another grave was also found in the town of Quininowas which contained six corpses, believed to be an entire family killed by government forces when the town was invaded. A further 72 graves were reported as being found, containing bodies of people, the majority of whom were believed to have been executed by agents of the state and some also by the Contras.

1638:. Large numbers of semi-armed civilians joined the revolt and put the Guard garrisons of the latter four cities under siege. The September Insurrection of 1978 was subdued at the cost of several thousand, mostly civilian, casualties. Members of all three factions fought in these uprisings, which began to blur the divisions and prepare the way for unified action. 2772:

future development of Nicaragua. The FSLN was not necessarily seen simply as the vanguard of the proletariat revolution. The proletariat was but a minor fraction of the population. A complex class structure in a revolution based on unity among people from various class positions suggested more that it made sense to see the FSLN as the "vanguard of the people".

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campaign. According to the Puebla Institute, by mid-December 1989, seven opposition leaders had been murdered, 12 had disappeared, 20 had been arrested, and 30 others assaulted. In late January 1990, the OAS observer team reported that "a convoy of troops attacked four truckloads of UNO sympathizers with bayonets and rifle butts, threatening to kill them."

2236:—claimed that the elections had been fair. Several groups, however, disputed this, including UNO, a broad coalition of anti-Sandinista activists, COSEP, an organization of business leaders, the Contra group "FDN", organized by former Somozan-era National Guardsmen, landowners, businessmen, peasant highlanders, and what some claimed as their patron, the 3648:, an organization funded by the US government, allocated a concession of US$ 50,000 for assistance in the translation and distribution outside Nicaragua of its monthly report, and that these funds were administered by the Committee for Democracy in Central America (Prodemca), a US-based organization which later published full-page advertisements in 3240:

new currency was introduced. As a result, by August 1988, inflation had dropped to an annual rate of 240 percent. The following month, however, Hurricane Joan cut a path directly across the center of the country. Damage was extensive, and the government's program of large spending to repair the infrastructure destroyed its anti-inflation measures.

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others, the hydrocarbons sector. Puma Energy entered the Nicaraguan oil and fuel derivatives market at the end of March 2011, when it bought the entire network of Esso stations in Nicaragua, as part of a regional operation that involved the purchase of 290 service stations and eight storage terminals of fuel in four countries of Central America.

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the CPDH continues to play an important role in the protection of human rights, and that a good number of people who consider that their human rights have been ignored by the Government are constantly coming to it." The IACHR continued to meet with representatives of the Permanent Commission and report their assessments in later years.

7452: 3899:, Chi-Chi Rodriguez, to Hollywood to compete in a drag competition. Noxeema was totally against the idea and quotes this line: "Mmm, Mmm, Mmm, not on your young queer life—you and your causes. That child is Latin, you does not wanna get mixed up in all that Latin mess ... she might turn out to be a Sandinista or something." 7436:"The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." As seen at: 3436:

church was strong, and it costs us, but I don't think it was our fault. ... There were so many people being wounded every day, so many people dying, and it was hard for us to understand the position of the church hierarchy in refusing to condemn the contras." The hierarchy-state tensions were brought to the fore with

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Sandinistas advertised this move as a part of their liberation theology, which postulated moving the Church out of the hands of the vilified higher hierarchy and into the hands of lower-ranking priests who were part of the working class and knew their struggle. Geraldine O'Leary de Macias commented on this situation:

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necessity; improved public services, housing conditions, education; abolition of torture, political assassination and the death penalty; protection of democratic liberties; equality for women; non-aligned foreign policy; and formation of a "popular army" under the leadership of the FSLN and Humberto Ortega.

3184:. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, a state publishing house for literature, was also created. The ministry collected and published political poetry of the revolutionary period, known as testimonial narrative, a form of literary genre that recorded the experiences of individuals in the course of the revolution. 2776:

freely participating and deciding in the construction of the economic, political and social system what is most appropriate to their interest. The people exercise power directly and by their means of their representatives, freely elected in accord with universal, equal, direct, free, and secret suffrage."

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Since the conflict with Nicaragua in the 1980s, variations of the term "Sandinista" are now sometimes used in the United States to refer to fanatical supporters of a certain cause. In the Spanish language, the suffix "-ista" is used to indicate a predilection towards the root and is the equivalent of

3357:. For revolutionary Catholics, imperialism and capitalism became sin in themselves, and Jesus Christ was interpreted in context of being a revolutionary. Left-wing Nicaraguan priests replaced the traditional imaginery of 'New Jerusalem' with 'New Havana', and argued for the necessity of embracing the 3140:

in January 1985. The plant used the newest technology available and was built by workers trained in Cuba. Also during this visit Castro announced that all debts incurred on this project were absolved. Cuba also provided technicians to aid in the sugar harvest and assist in the rejuvenation of several

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General Intelligence Directorate, or DGI, had begun to establish ties with Nicaraguan revolutionary organizations. By 1970 the DGI had managed to train hundreds of Sandinista guerrilla leaders and had vast influence over the organization. After the successful ousting of Somoza, DGI involvement in the

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The Confidential newspaper and other media were seized and taken by the government of Daniel Ortega Several service stations of the Puma brand were closed on the afternoon, December 20, by representatives of the Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE), a state entity that has the mandate to regulate, among

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Reasons for the Sandinista loss in 1990 are disputed. Defenders of the defeated government assert that Nicaraguans voted for the opposition due to the continuing U.S. economic embargo and potential Contra threat. Others have alleged that the United States threatened to continue to support the Contras

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The elections of 1990, which had been mandated by the constitution passed in 1987, saw the Bush administration funnel $ 49.75 million of 'non-lethal' aid to the Contras, as well as $ 9 million to the opposition UNO—equivalent to $ 2 billion worth of intervention by a foreign power in a US election at

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While the Sandinistas encouraged grassroots pluralism, they were perhaps less enthusiastic about national elections. They argued that popular support was expressed in the insurrection and that further appeals to popular support would be a waste of scarce resources. International pressure and domestic

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Under the new "Law for the Maintenance of Order and Public Security" the "Tribunales Populares Anti-Somocistas" allowed for the indefinite holding of suspected counter-revolutionaries without trial. The State of Emergency, however, most notably affected rights and guarantees contained in the "Statute

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In December 1974, a guerrilla group affiliated with FSLN directed by Eduardo Contreras and Germán Pomares seized government hostages at a party in the house of the Minister of Agriculture in the Managua suburb Los Robles, among them several leading Nicaraguan officials and Somoza relatives. The siege

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The Sandinista National Liberation Front was supposedly founded in a meeting in Tegucigalpa (Honduras) between Carlos Fonseca, Tomás Borge, and Silvio Mayorga. It's even been said that the meeting was held on July 19, 1961. In reality, there is no documentary reference that supports this affirmation,

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with safe haven, training, command-and-control headquarters, advice, weapons, ammunition, and other vital supplies. Captured documents, testimonials of former rebels and Sandinistas, aerial photographs, the tracing of captured weapons back to Nicaragua, and captured vehicles from Nicaragua smuggling

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states: "During its on-site observation in 1978 under the Government of General Somoza, the Permanent Commission on Human Rights in Nicaragua, (CPDH) gave the Commission notable assistance, which certainly helped it to prepare its report promptly and correctly." and in 1980 "It cannot be denied that

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states that: "Although it is true that much of the friction between the Government and the churches arises from positions that are directly or indirectly linked to the political situation of the country, it is also true that statements by high government officials, official press statements, and the

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stated in 1985 that: "The hostility with which the Nicaraguan government is viewed by the Reagan administration is an unfortunate development. Even more unfortunate is the expression of that hostility in the destabilization campaign developed by the US administration. ... An important aspect of this

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as the new papal nuncio in Nicaragua in July. Giglio quickly earned the respect of the revolutionary government in November after attacking the United States for its hostility to the government, arguing that the Sandinistas were always open to negotiations with the United States but were turned down

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claiming that the FSLN was trying to appropriate Catholic symbols. Examples of their attempts to "infiltrate" the Church was the presence of Sandinista leaders at religious ceremonies, supporting socialist-aligned Catholic institutions such as the Instituto Histérico Centro-Americano which published

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After the establishment of Sandinista regime, the Catholic Church was jubilant, which could be observed in the November 1979 pastoral letter “Christian Commitment for a New Nicaragua” which was described as “warm, encouraging, confident, and supportive of the FSLN-led revolution.” Nicaraguan bishops

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The Sandinista government also significantly expanded workers rights in particular the right to form a union and collective bargaining. Some trade union rights however, like the right to strike were suspended during the Contra War, but strikes still occurred throughout the 1980s, most labour strikes

3203:. They argued that young writers should be exposed to different poetic styles of writing and resources developed in Nicaragua and elsewhere. Furthermore, they argued that the ministry exhibited a tendency that favored and fostered political and testimonial literature in post-revolutionary Nicaragua. 2478:

The FSLN also won 38 seats in the congressional elections, becoming the party with the largest representation in parliament. The split in the Constitutionalist Liberal Party helped to allow the FSLN to become the largest party in Congress. The Sandinista vote was also split between the FSLN and MRS,

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and leader of the "Democratic Union of Liberation" (Unión Democrática de Liberación – UDEL), was assassinated. His assassins were not identified at the time, but evidence implicated Somoza's son and other members of the National Guard. Spontaneous riots followed in several cities, while the business

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who was supported by the U.S. On 21 February 1934, Somoza, using the National Guard, assassinated Sandino who opposed and fought against US intervention. This was the first act of a series that Somoza, with help from the U.S., would take that would culminate in his election as president in 1936. The

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also stated in its 1989 report on Nicaragua that: "Under the Reagan administration, U.S. policy toward Nicaragua's Sandinista government was marked by constant hostility. This hostility yielded, among other things, an inordinate amount of publicity about human rights issues. Almost invariably, U.S.

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resigned, arguing that new laws are unconstitutional. Analyzing the conflict, John M. Kirk concluded: “For their part, the Sandinistas can be criticized for their lack of sensitivity to the hierarchy’s concerns — for it should have been obvious that education had long been regarded as the bailiwick

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stating that a classless society where private ownership of production is prohibited is the only acceptable Catholic response. The FSLN openly courted the growing following of revolutionary Catholics, portraying their revolutionary struggle against the Somoza regime as a realization of the Catholic

3239:

Measures taken by the government to lower inflation were hampered by natural disaster. In early 1988, the administration of Daniel José Ortega Saavedra (Sandinista junta coordinator 1979–85, president 1985–90) established an austerity program to lower inflation. Price controls were tightened, and a

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regime not only served as a model for Nicaragua but also provided technical assistance and advice. Cuba played an important part in the Campaign, providing teachers on a yearly basis after the revolution. Prevost states that "Teachers were not the only ones studying in Cuba, about 2,000 primary and

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on July 27, 1979, at which diplomatic ties between the two countries were re-established after more than 25 years. Julián López Díaz, a prominent DGI agent, was named Ambassador to Nicaragua. Cuban military and DGI advisors, initially brought in during the Sandinista insurgency, would swell to over

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of Panama, also a member of the Socialist International, rejected the expulsion of the FSLN and threatened to leave the International, saying that it has abandoned its principles and made a decision regarding Latin America without consulting the Latin American parties, and referred to a "history of

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The Contras also carried out a systematic campaign to disrupt the social reform programs of the government. This campaign included attacks on schools, health centers and the majority of the rural population that was sympathetic to the Sandinistas. Widespread murder, rape, and torture were also used

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All independent news program broadcasts were suspended. In total, twenty-four programs were cancelled. In addition, Sandinista censor Nelba Cecilia Blandón issued a decree ordering all radio stations to take broadcasts from government radio station La Voz de La Defensa de La Patria every six hours.

1800:

On July 19, the 18th anniversary of the foundation of the FSLN, the FSLN army entered Managua, culminating the first goal of the revolution. The war left 30,000–50,000 dead and 150,000 Nicaraguans in exile. The five-member junta entered Managua the next day and assumed power, reiterating its pledge

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A congress or assembly is not formed between all the prominent leaders of the various groups as the preparation would have required a prior theoretical process in order to create them. As a result, the FSLN was not prepared for its own formation. Different discussions took place within the group as

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I grew up in Urbana three houses down from the Sanderson family – Milton and Virginia and their boys Steve and Joe. My close friend was Joe. His bedroom was filled with aquariums, terrariums, snakes, hamsters, spiders, and butterfly and beetle collections. I envied him like crazy. After college he

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Supporters of the Sandinistas see their era as characterized by the creation and implementation of successful social programs which were free and made widely available to the entire nation. Some of the more successful programs for women that were implemented by the Sandinistas were in the areas of

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However, the ideology of the Sandinistas put the future of the private sector and of private ownership of the means of production in doubt. Although under the new government both public and private ownership were accepted, government spokespersons occasionally referred to a reconstruction phase in

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in May 1985, made it impossible for Nicaragua to receive spare parts for US-made machines, so this led Nicaragua to look to other countries for help. Cuba was the best choice because of the shared language and proximity and also because it had imported similar machinery over the years. Nicaraguans

3042:

The goals of the 1980 Literacy Campaign were socio-political, strategic as well as educational. It was the most prominent campaign with regards to the new education system. Illiteracy in Nicaragua was reduced, and it has been claimed that overall illiteracy went down from 50% to 13%, although this

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Years of conflict had left 50,000 casualties and $ 12 billion of damages in a society of 3.5 million people and an annual GNP of $ 2 billion. After the election, a survey was taken of voters: 75.6% agreed that if the Sandinistas had won, the war would never have ended. 91.8% of those who voted for

1936:

The opposition militias were initially organized and largely remained segregated according to regional affiliation and political backgrounds. They conducted attacks on economic, military, and civilian targets. During the Contra war, the Sandinistas arrested suspected members of the Contra militias

1843:

The FSLN also established a Council of State, subordinate to the junta, which was composed of representative bodies. But the Council of State gave political parties only 12 of 47 seats; the rest were given to Sandinista organizations. Of the 12 seats reserved for political parties, only three were

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On July 9, the provisional government in exile released a government program in which it pledged to organize an effective democratic regime, promote political pluralism and universal suffrage, and ban ideological discrimination, except for those promoting the "return of Somoza's rule". On July 17,

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The IACHR's 1991 annual report states: "In 1990, the Commission was informed of the discovery of common graves in Nicaragua, especially in areas where fighting had occurred. The information was provided by the Nicaraguan Pro Human Rights Association, which had received its first complaint in June

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were repealed, and Somoza granted the Church tax exemptions and assigned it a central role in state education, allowing Catholic, state-funded schools to flourish. However, relations with the Catholic clergy gradually deteriorated as the regime grew more oppressive and Somoza committed atrocities

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Economic growth was uneven in the 1980s. Restructuring of the economy and the rebuilding immediately following the end of the civil war caused the GDP to rise about 5 percent in 1980 and 1981. Each year from 1984 to 1990, however, showed a drop in the GDP. Reasons for the contraction included the

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After their loss, the Sandinista leaders held most of the private property and businesses that had been confiscated and nationalized by the FSLN government. This process became known as the "piñata" and was tolerated by the new Chamorro government. Ortega also claimed to "rule from below" through

1973:

Some emergency measures were taken before 1982. In December 1979 special courts called "Tribunales Especiales" were established to speed up the processing of 7,000-8,000 National Guard prisoners. These courts operated through relaxed rules of evidence and due process and were often staffed by law

1869:

The FSLN's literacy campaign sent teachers into the countryside, and it has been claimed that within six months, half a million people had been taught rudimentary reading, bringing the national illiteracy rate down from over 50% to just under 12%. Over 100,000 Nicaraguans participated as literacy

3572:

The IACHR's 1992 annual report contains details of mass graves and investigations which suggest that mass executions had been carried out. One such grave contained 75 corpses of peasants who were believed to have been executed in 1984 by government security forces pretending to be members of the

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concludes that the growing tension between the Sandinistas and the Catholic Church was a result of constant misinterpretations and misunderstanding between both sides, combined with interference of foreign conservative clergymen. He concludes that CELAM did not intend to attack the revolutionary

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encouraged his parishioners to reflect on their living conditions in relation to the religious message; in his teachings, Cardenal concluded that the realization of the Gospel would be taking up arms against the Somoza regime to oppose “un-Christian” conditions. Cardenal's brand of revolutionary

3219:

The new government, formed in 1979 and dominated by the Sandinistas, resulted in a socialist model of economic development. The new leadership was conscious of the social inequities produced during the previous thirty years of unrestricted economic growth and was determined to make the country's

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Mixed Economy – Fonseca's understanding that Nicaragua was not, in spite of Browderist interpretations, simply a feudal country and that it had also never really developed its own capitalism made it clear that a simple feudalism-capitalism-socialism path was not a rational way to think about the

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who served as the Minister of Culture in the Sandinista government, remarked: "I think Nicaraguans who separate Christianity from Revolution are mistaken. Here they are the same thing." In response to the growing radicalization and opposition to Somoza amongst the Church, the FSLN incorporated a

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directed a campaign centered around the failing economy and promises of peace. Many Nicaraguans expected the country's economic crisis to deepen and the Contra conflict to continue if the Sandinistas remained in power. Chamorro promised to end the unpopular military draft, bring about democratic

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were held, but were boycotted by opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes, and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987, and after

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War continued. The hierarchy refused to speak out against the counterrevolutionary activities of the contras and failed to denounce American military aid. State media accused the Church of being reactionary and supporting the Contras. According to former President Ortega, "The conflict with the

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Popular Participation and Mobilization – This calls for more than simple representative democracy. The inclusion of the mass organizations in the Council of State clearly manifested this conception. In Article 2 of the Constitution this is spelled out as follows: "The people exercise democracy,

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remarked: "Since I began working with the Sandinista Front I have never—never! at any moment met anything which contradicts my Christian faith, nor which clashes with my Christian morality. Never. Just the opposite. For me the Sandinista Front has been the channel that has enabled me to live my

2554:

On December 21, 2018, the Nicaraguan police raided the offices of the 100% News Channel. They arrested Miguel Mora, owner of the Canal; Lucía Pineda, Head of Press of 100% Noticias and Verónica Chávez, wife of Miguel Mora and host of the Ellas Lo Dicen Program. Subsequently, Verónica Chávez was

2279:

There were reports of intimidation and violence during the election campaign by the contras, with a Canadian observer mission claiming that 42 people were killed by the contras in "election violence" in October 1989. Sandinistas were also accused of intimidation and violence during the election

2227:

A broad range of political parties, ranging in political orientation from far-left to far-right, competed for power. Following promulgation of a new populist constitution, Nicaragua held national elections in 1984. Independent electoral observers from around the world—including groups from the

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with 38.7% of the vote to 29% for his leading rival, bringing in the country's second Sandinista government after 17 years of other parties winning elections. In October 2009, the Supreme Court, which has a majority of Sandinista judges, overturned presidential term limits that were set by the

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The issue of human rights also became highly politicized at this time as human rights is claimed to be a key component of propaganda created by the Reagan administration to help legitimize its policies in the region. The Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America (ICCHRLA) in its

3258:

The women of Nicaragua prior to, during and after the revolution played a prominent role within the nation's society as they have commonly been recognized, throughout history and across all Latin American states, as its backbone. Nicaraguan women were therefore directly affected by all of the

3243:

In its eleven years in power, the Sandinista government never overcame most of the economic inequalities that it inherited from the Somoza era. Years of war, policy missteps, natural disasters, and the effects of the United States trade embargo all hindered economic development. Despite these

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and portrays him as descending from the mountains in Nicaragua knowing he would be betrayed and killed. Generally however, most Sandinistas associated Sandino on a more practical level, as a heroic and honest person who tried to combat the evil forces of imperialist national and international

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units of local governance. Their obligations included political education, organizing Sandinista rallies, distributing food rations, organizing neighborhood/regional cleanup and recreational activities, policing to control looting, and apprehending counter-revolutionaries. The CDSes organized

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The Terceristas carried out attacks in early February in several Nicaraguan cities. The National Guard responded by further increasing repression and using force to contain and intimidate all government opposition. The nationwide strike that paralyzed the country for ten days weakened private

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in 1976. Fonseca had returned to Nicaragua in 1975 from his exile in Cuba to try to reunite factions that existed in the FSLN. He and his group were betrayed by someone who informed the National Guard that they were in the area. The guerrilla group was ambushed, and Fonseca was wounded in the

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According to the CIIR report, Amnesty International and Americas Watch stated that there is no evidence that the use of torture was sanctioned by the Nicaraguan authorities, although prisoners reported the use of conditions of detention and interrogation techniques that could be described as

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which called for ordinary priests to support and obey their bishops. FSLN also fostered a "popular church" by using its connections to progressive clergy established during the revolution, effectively developing a 'popular church' that became a parallel structure to the institutional church.

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The basic reader which was disseminated and used by teacher was called "Dawn of the People" based on the themes of Sandino, Carlos Fonseca, and the Sandinista struggle against imperialism and defending the revolution. Political education was aimed at creating a new social values based on the

2513:

During this unrest there were many deaths linked to the violence, as well as many instances of torture, sexual assaults, death threats, ransacking and burning of buildings and violence against journalists. Opposition figures argued that the government was responsible for the violence, a view

1865:

Upon assuming power, the FSLN's official political platform included nationalization of property owned by the Somozas and their supporters; land reform; improved rural and urban working conditions; free unionization for all workers, both urban and rural; price fixing for commodities of basic

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International Non-alignment – This is a result of the fundamentally Bolivarist conceptions of Sandino as distilled through the modern understanding of Fonseca. The U.S. government and large U.S. economic entities were a significant part of the problem for Nicaragua. But experiences with the

7449: 4213: 3937:(2010) includes a group of FSLN Revolutionaries forced into Costa Rica as an important group of supporting characters, including Amanda. The Anti-Somoza revolution itself figures prominently into the plot of the game as well, being described within the game's narrative as being started by 870:, however they were generally stationed in Honduras. Their first public activity was held in March 1961, in support of the Cuban revolution and in protest of the position that the Nicaraguan government held with Cuba. The NNM later dissolved to make way for the National Liberation Front. 1969:

or pro-Sandinista mobs. Opponents to the State of Emergency argued its intent was to crush resistance to the FSLN. James Wheelock justified the actions of the Directorate by saying "... We are annulling the license of the false prophets and the oligarchs to attack the revolution."

4171:, Blanche, Dorothy, and Rose return home to find Sophia bound, gagged, and tied to a chair. When Dorothy removes the gag and asks who has done this to her, Sophia sarcastically replies: "the Sandinistas!" (It was really a released prisoner named Merrill, who was searching for Blanche.) 3420:

The FSLN continues to cultivate the base Christian communities and call them "the good Christians". But the FSLN has turned against Archbishop Obando, calling him an anti-Christ, because he has challenged their human rights violations and their systematic elimination of the political

4091:, the first verse states "I was a Highwoman, And a mother from my youth, For my children I did what I had to do, My family left Honduras when they killed the Sandinistas, We followed a coyote through the dust of Mexico, Every one of them except for me survived, And I am still alive." 1977:

On October 5, 1985, the Sandinistas broadened the 1982 State of Emergency and suspended many more civil rights. A new regulation also forced any organization outside of the government to first submit any statement it wanted to make public to the censorship bureau for prior approval.

3345:, Catholic-Marxist dialogue, and empowering already existing left-wing currents within the Catholic clergy such as the worker-priests. Many Nicagaruan priests would join this trend and radicalize their parishioners into either supporting or evening joining the Sandinistas. Priest 803:

In 1957 Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, Oswaldo Madriz y Heriberto Carrillo formed the first cell of the Nicaraguan Revolutionary Committee who identified with the issues of the proletariat. Later that October, the Mexican cell was formed with members such as

3087:

Cuba has participated in the training of Nicaraguan workers in the use of new machinery imported to Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan revolution caused the United States to oppose the country's government; therefore the Sandinistas would not receive any aid from the United States. The

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of National Reconstruction agreed, under Sandinista leadership, that these principles had guided it in putting into practice a form of government that was characterized by those principles." It is generally accepted that these following principles have evolved the "ideology of

3853:(MRS) about the use of the red and black flag in public activities. Although the MRS has its own flag (orange with a silhouette of Sandino's hat in black), they also use the red-and-black flag in honor of Sandino's legacy. They state that the red-and-black flag is a symbol of 3514:

in 1983 published reports of human rights violations in an article which stated that "According to Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights, the regime detains several hundred people a month; about half of them are eventually released, but the rest simply disappear."

4102:

who will not lie down" references numerous revolutionary groups around the world and includes the lines "In Central America there they do strive, to rid themselves free of those Washington clowns; Freedom's the game, Sandinista's the name, of the Croppies who will not lie

2763:

Political Pluralism – The ultimate success of the Sandinista Front in guiding the insurrection and in obtaining the leading fore within it was based on the fact that the FSLN, through the tercerista guidance, had worked with many sectors of the population in defeating the

2490:

from running in the election. Ortega was re-elected as president, amid claims of electoral fraud; data about turnout were unclear: while the Supreme Electoral Council claimed a turnout of 66% of voters, the opposition claimed only 30% of voters actually went to the polls.

2397:

Ortega remained the head of the FSLN, but his brother Humberto resigned from the party and remained at the head of the Sandinista Army, becoming a close confidante and supporter of Chamorro. The party also experienced internal divisions, with prominent Sandinistas such as

2916:

says during the following three years the KGB handpicked several dozen Sandinistas for intelligence and sabotage operations in the United States. Andrew and Mitrokhin say that in 1966, this KGB-controlled Sandinista sabotage and intelligence group was sent to northern

2704:

composed "Misa Campesina Nicaraguense" (Nicaraguan peasant mass) which replaced the traditional mass in Nicaraguan churches, with Catholic hymns praising "worker Christ". The FSLN provided churches with decals of Virgin Mary and Catholic saints next to portraits of

1568:. The group's main idea was to organize a provisional government in Costa Rica. The Terceristas' new strategy also included unarmed strikes and rioting by labor and student groups coordinated by the FSLN's "United People's Movement" (Movimiento Pueblo Unido – MPU). 3031: 2174:

also stated that their "review did not substantiate the main allegations stated and implied in the Mercury News articles". Regarding the specific charges towards the CIA, the DOJ wrote "the implication that the drug trafficking by the individuals discussed in the

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also helped attract popular and international support by organizing a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen (known as "the Twelve"), who called for Somoza's removal and sought to organize a provisional government from Costa

1726:

The FSLN evolved from one of many opposition groups to a leadership role in the overthrow of the Somoza regime. By mid-April 1979, five guerrilla fronts opened under the FSLN's joint command, including an internal front in Managua. Young guerrilla cadres and the

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seized the entire Nicaraguan congress and took nearly 1,000 hostages, including Somoza's nephew José Somoza Abrego and cousin Luis Pallais Debayle. Somoza gave in to their demands and paid a $ 500,000 ransom, released 59 political prisoners (including GPP chief

2667:

Nevertheless, while ideologies varied between FSLN leaders, all leaders essentially agreed that Sandino provided a path for the Nicaragua masses to take charge, and the FSLN would act as the legitimate vanguard. The extreme end of the ideology links Sandino to

10175: 1731:

were clashing almost daily in cities throughout the country. The Final Offensive's strategic goal was the division of the enemy's forces. Urban insurrection was the crucial element because the FSLN could never hope to outnumber or outgun the National Guard.

3845:

in the early 1920s. (The traditional flag of anarcho-syndicalism, which joins diagonally the red color of the labour movement and the black color of anarchism, as in the flag of the CNT, is a negation of nationalism and reaffirmation of internationalism.)

833:) died. The following year the events of "El Dorado" (February 28, 1960) took place where several events occurred leading to several deaths including Luis Morales, Julio Alonso Leclair (head of the September 15 column), Manuel Baldizón and Erasmo Montoya. 770:

was founded to fight against French colonial control. In Nicaragua, different movements that opposed the Somoza dynasty began to unite, forming the Nicaraguan National Liberation Front which would later be renamed the Sandinista National Liberation Front.

2901:, and in 1960 the KGB organized funding and training for twelve individuals that Fonseca handpicked. These individuals were to be the core of the new Sandinista organization. In the following several years, the FSLN tried with little success to organize 2276:

the time, and proportionately five times the amount George Bush had spent on his own election campaign. When Violeta Chamorro visited the White House in November 1989, the US pledged to maintain the embargo against Nicaragua unless Violeta Chamorro won.

4203:, the Jennings' learn of a covert effort by the US government to train the Contras' on American soil, and are aided by a fiery Sandinista operative in attempting to disrupt the training camp by killing the leadership and leaking the evidence of the camp 2593:. The ideology of Sandinismo gained momentum in 1974, when a Sandinista-initiated hostage situation resulted in the Somoza government adhering to FSLN demands and publicly printing and airing work on Sandino in well known newspapers and media outlets. 2936:

containing proposals to create a situation in various areas of the world which would favor dispersion of attention and forces by the US and their satellites, and would tie them down during the settlement of the question of a German peace treaty and

1236:

The term "Sandinista" was adopted two years later, establishing continuity with Sandino's movement, and using his legacy to develop the newer movement's ideology and strategy. By the early 1970s, the FSLN was launching limited military initiatives.

2656:, was ideologically eclectic, favoring a more rapid insurrectional strategy in alliance with diverse sectors of the country, including business owners, churches, students, the middle class, unemployed youth and the inhabitants of shantytowns. The 3066:

In this area Cuba played a role by again offering expertise to Nicaragua. Over 1,500 Cuban doctors worked in Nicaragua and provided more than five million consultations. Cuban personnel were essential in the elimination of polio, the decrease in

1907:

resigned from the junta in 1980, and rumors began that members of the Ortega junta would consolidate power among themselves. These allegations spread, and rumors intensified that it was Ortega's goal to turn Nicaragua into a state modeled after

5350: 5182: 3444:

as he tried to say Mass during a visit. Therefore, while the activities of the Church contributed to the success of the Sandinista revolution, the hierarchy's opposition was a major factor in the downfall of the revolutionary government.

1950:

on Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans". Many civil liberties were curtailed or canceled such as the freedom to organize demonstrations, the inviolability of the home, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and the freedom to strike.

3534:

Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights reported 2,000 murders in the first six months and 3,000 disappearances in the first few years. It has since documented 14,000 cases of torture, rape, kidnapping, mutilation and murder.

1809:

The Sandinistas inherited a country with a debt of US$ 1.6 billion, an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 war dead, 600,000 homeless, and a devastated economic infrastructure. To begin establishing a new government, they created a Council (or

2447:

were that the FSLN won 42.6% of the vote for parliament (versus 52.6% for the PLC), giving them 41 out of the 92 seats in the National Assembly (versus 48 for the PLC). In the presidential race, Ortega lost to Bolaños 46.3% to 53.6%.

1945:

In March 1982 the Sandinistas declared an official State of Emergency. They argued that this was a response to attacks by counter-revolutionary forces. The State of Emergency lasted six years, until January 1988, when it was lifted.

4364: 4110:, founder of the 'Manguebeat' movement, in his song "Monólogo ao pé do ouvido", makes reference to Augusto César Sandino and other personalities who resisted the status quo in their respective realities. The verse states: "Viva 2482:

Ortega was allowed by Nicaraguan Supreme Court to run again as president, despite having already served two mandates, in a move which was strongly criticized by the opposition. The Supreme Court also banned the leader of the

2119:

report on links between the Contras and drug imports to the US concluded that "senior U.S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contras' funding problems". According to the

3157:, or peasant culture. Therefore, the ministry sponsored cultural workshops throughout the country until October 1988 when the Ministry of Culture was integrated into the Ministry of Education because of financial troubles. 2054:(see Edén Pastora cited below) to the south. As was typical in guerrilla warfare, they were engaged in a campaign of economic sabotage in an attempt to combat the Sandinista government and disrupted shipping by planting 1309:

and torture. Somoza's National Guard also increased its violence against people and communities suspected of collaborating with the Sandinistas. Many of the FSLN guerrillas were killed, including its leader and founder

6513: 3400:

pamphlets that depicted Jesus Christ superimposed on the image of a guerrilla fighter, encouraging Catholics to participate in the "revolutionary process", and discussing “martyrs” of the revolutionary struggle. The

3270:

Nicaraguan women organized independently in support of the revolution and their cause. Some of those organizations were the Socialist Party (1963), Federación Democrática (which support the FSLN in rural areas), and

3660:

supporting military aid to the Contras. The Permanent Commission denies that it received any money which it claims was instead used by others for translating and distributing their monthly reports in other nations.

1735:

On June 4, the FSLN called a general strike, to last until Somoza fell and an uprising was launched in Managua. On June 16, the formation of a provisional Nicaraguan government in exile, consisting of a five-member

5236: 1862:), and most importantly the Sandinista Defense Committees (CDS). The Sandinista-controlled mass organizations were extremely influential over civil society and saw their power and popularity peak in the mid-1980s. 9062: 2722:

Christian faith more authentically, that is, with actions." Sandinismo offered a blend of the Marxist notion of class struggle and liberation theology, presenting their ideology as an 'extension' of Catholicism.

2266:

in April 1985, the Reagan administration ordered a total embargo on United States trade with Nicaragua the following month, accusing the Sandinista government of threatening United States security in the region.

2247:(a former Sandinista), declined participation in the elections based on their own objections to the restrictions placed on the electoral process by the State of Emergency and the official advisement of President 2509:

in the Río San Juan department (which came to an end when rain abruptly put the fire out), leading on to an outbreak of violence a few weeks later after social security reforms were announced by the government.

2424:, or hardliners. In the 1996 Nicaraguan election, Ortega and Ramírez both campaigned unsuccessfully as presidential candidates on behalf of their respective parties, with Ortega receiving 43% of the vote while 4410:, leader of the FSLN Insurrectional Tendency (Tercerista) in the 1970s, chief strategist of the anti-Somoza urban insurrection; Minister of Defense in the 1980s during the Contra war. Brother of Daniel Ortega. 2833:

The early years of the Nicaraguan revolution had strong ties to Cuba. The Sandinista leaders acknowledged that the FSLN owed a great debt to the socialist island. Once the Sandinistas assumed power, Cuba gave

3608:

actions of groups under the control of the Government have gone beyond the limits within which political discussions should take place and have become obstacles to certain specifically religious activities."

1504:, GPP) theory as its strategic doctrine. The GPP was based on the "accumulation of forces in silence": while the urban organization recruited on the university campuses and robbed money from banks, the main 706:(1895–1934), the leader of Nicaragua's nationalist rebellion against the US occupation of the country during the early 20th century (ca. 1922–1934). The suffix "-ista" is the Spanish equivalent of "-ist". 3322:'s relationship with the Sandinistas was extremely complex. Initially, the Church was supportive of the Somoza regime as it broke with the liberal tradition of anti-clericalism. Anti-clerical laws of the 3549:) infiltrated a Miskito village in order to launch attacks against government soldiers, and as part of a subsequent forced relocation program. Allegations included arbitrary imprisonment without trial, " 3392:

of Church leaders. This political insensitivity of the FSLN — particularly among the middle-level cadres—exacerbated the increasingly problematic relationship between the FSLN and the Church hierarchy.”

3367:

social teaching. While the Catholic upper hierarchy was first reluctant to join the Sandinista revolution, it gradually moved to legitimatize its revolutionary goals and openly embraced it following the

3361:

and committing onself to Marxist revolution in order to be a 'true Catholic'. Supporters of liberation theology also agreed in principle with Marxist economics, with liberation theology priests such as

2374:. The treaty's provisions included a call for a cease-fire, freedom of expression, and national elections. After the February 26, 1990 elections, the Sandinistas lost and peacefully passed power to the 1591:

enterprises and most of them decided to suspend their participation in less than two weeks. Meanwhile, Somoza asserted his intention to stay in power until the end of his presidential term in 1981. The

829:

After "El Chaparral", several more armed rebellions took place. In August the journalist Manuel Díaz y Sotelo died; in September Carlos "Chale" Haslam died; in December Heriberto Reyes (Colonel of the

5950: 2505:

The year 2018 was marked by particular unrest in Nicaragua that had not been seen in the country in three decades. It came in two different phases, with initial unrest in the context of a fire at the

4422:", social democratic guerrilla leader who joined the Terceristas during the anti-Somoza insurrection, broke with FSLN to lead center-left ARDE contra group based in Costa Rica during the early 1980s 4158:"), "we learn Salazar's true past: No, this simple barber wasn't so simple at all. As a younger man , he was given the choice between torturer and victim, and he chose the path that kept him alive." 5358: 3055:

Health conditions in Somoza era Nicaragua were abysmal according to a report published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Vaccine coverage of babies under a year old was 88% immunised against

1870:

teachers. One of the literacy campaign's aims was to create a literate electorate that could make informed choices in the promised elections. The success of the literacy campaign was recognized by

1519:

As a consequence of the repressive campaign of the National Guard, in 1975 a group within the FSLN's urban mobilization arm began to question the GPP's viability. In the view of the young orthodox

5186: 3353:

At its core, liberation theology recognized class struggle as a part of the Latin American society that was inherited from colonialism, and that is continued under capitalism which was considered

4404:, post-revolution junta head, then President from 1985, lost presidential elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, won presidential elections in 2006, 2011 and 2016 and continues to lead the FSLN party 9210: 3979:

as a Sandinista freedom fighter (in April 1982, one of only two Americans known to have died while in the ranks of that country's leftist guerrilla movement in the 1980s and 1990s). Ebert wrote:

651:. The United States sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinista government by imposing a full trade embargo and by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's ports. In 1984, free and fair 742:

of the Liberal Party won the elections. By 1 January 1933 there wasn't a single US soldier left on Nicaraguan soil, however in 1930 the US had formed a group for national security known as the

2206:. Unlike Spanish-speaking western Nicaragua, the Caribbean Coast also has lots of speakers of indigenous languages and English-based creoles, and was largely ignored by the Somoza regime. The 2027:

to begin financing, arming and training rebels, most of whom were the remnants of Somoza's National Guard, as anti-Sandinista guerrillas that were branded "counter-revolutionary" by leftists (

3176:

and the Nicaraguan film production unit called the INCINE. There were existing papers which splintered after the revolution and produced other independent, pro-Sandinista newspapers, such as

7925:

Popular Religion, Protest, and Revolt: The Emergence of Political Insurgency in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Churches of the 1960s—80s. In C. Smith (Ed.), Disruptive Religion (pp. 105–124)

1480: 5771: 3465:

to bring four sisters into Nicaragua in order to create a new, small religious community. The Sandinista conflict with the Catholic Church was ultimately settled with the signing of the

3615:

pronouncements on human rights exaggerated and distorted the real human rights violations of the Sandinista regime, and exculpated those of the U.S.-supported insurgents, known as the

2297:

reconciliation, and promote economic growth. In the February 25, 1990, elections, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro carried 55 percent of the popular vote against Daniel Ortega's 41 percent.

11972: 2614:") faction was rural-based and sought long-term "silent accumulation of forces" within the country's large peasant population, which it saw as the main social base for the revolution. 2838:

military advice, as well as aid in education, health care, vocational training and industry building for the impoverished Nicaraguan economy. In return, Nicaragua provided Cuba with

3461:, Sandinistas leaders helped promote the congress and decried the lack of interest in it; President Ortega met with several Catholic clergymen during the congress, and also allowed 4039: 2097:). When this scheme was revealed, Reagan admitted that he knew about Iranian "arms for hostages" dealings but professed ignorance about the proceeds funding the Contras; for this, 5380: 3371:, which openly called for challenging oppressive regimes in the region. The Church's hostility towards Somoza became even more apparent in 1970 with the appointment of Archbishop 7872: 5436:, the Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Independiente, PLI), the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC) and two other smaller parties. 5209: 3717:

weapons were cited as evidence. El Salvador was in a civil war in the period in question and the US was heavily supporting the Salvadoran government against the FMLN guerrillas.

840:, had not been able to form a common front against the dictatorship. The opposition to the dictatorship was established around various student organizations. Among its leaders, 2696:

As Sandinistas relied on churches to build their structures, their ideological relationship to Catholicism was not just based on mutual support, but on active incorporation of

2431:

Ortega was re-elected as leader of the FSLN in 1998. Municipal elections in November 2000 saw a strong Sandinista vote, especially in urban areas, and former Tourism Minister

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and with the "Revolutionary Front Sandino". Shelepin proposed to make appropriations from KGB funds in addition to the previous assistance $ 10,000 for purchase of arms.

7821: 3860: 1527:, economic development had turned Nicaragua into a nation of factory workers and wage-earning farm laborers. Wheelock's faction was known as the "Proletarian Tendency". 3790:, he wrote letters to the group denouncing the US media portrayal of the conflict, and also visited Nicaragua during the war where he attended a Sandinista rally where 3545:

A 1983 IACHR report documented allegations of human rights violations against the Miskito Indians, which were alleged to have taken place after opposition forces (the

2784:

Bruce E. Wright claims that "this was a crucial contribution from Fonseca's work that set the template for FSLN governance during the revolutionary years and beyond".

1253:. The earthquake killed 10,000 of the city's 400,000 residents and left another 50,000 homeless. About 80% of Managua's commercial buildings were destroyed. President 3565:

1990. By December 1991, that Association had received reports of 60 common graves and had investigated 15 of them. While most of the graves seem to be the result of

3160:

The objective of the workshops was to recognize and celebrate neglected forms of artistic expression. The ministry created a program of cultural workshops known as,

863:

and small business leaders such as Julio Jerez Suárez. Legendary guerilla veteran Santos Lopez, who fought with Augusto Cesar Sandino, also participated in the NNM.

7689: 4243: 4024:(1986). The song chronicles the history of the Sandinistas, as well as their conflict with the Contras, and reflects an optimistic hope for the future of Nicaragua. 1682: 818:

June 1959 the event known as "El Chaparral" occurred in Honduran territory bordering Nicaragua. The guerrilla fighters "Rigoberto López Pérez" under the command of

7179: 3561:

alleged to show Miskito bodies being burned by Sandinista troops as evidence; however, the photo was actually of people killed by Somoza's National Guard in 1978.

3313: 980: 196: 6181: 5874: 2813:

new Sandinista government expanded rapidly. An early indication of the central role that the DGI would play in the Cuban-Nicaraguan relationship is a meeting in

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rate. Gary Prevost states that Cuban personnel made it possible for Nicaragua to have a national health care system that reached the majority of its citizens.

2518:. Many opposition figures and independent journalists have been arrested and police raids of opposition forces and independent media have occurred frequently. 1212: 12158: 5940: 3272: 2329: 856: 296: 61: 5290:

Reed, Jean-Pierre; Foran, John (2002). "Political Cultures of Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of Nicaragua".

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prisoners and make it look like they had died in combat. Another article described Sandinista neighbourhood "Defense Committees", modeled on similar Cuban

3296:

Between 2007 and 2018 under Sandinista administrations, Nicaragua has advanced from 62nd to 6th in the world in terms of gender equality, according to the

2435:

was elected mayor of Managua. This result led to expectations of a close race in the presidential elections scheduled for November 2001. Daniel Ortega and

4428:, novelist and civilian Sandinista, architect of alliance with moderates in the 1970s, Vice President in the 1980s, opponent of Daniel Ortega in the 1990s 10217: 3519:

also interviewed a former deputy chief of Nicaraguan military counterintelligence, who stated that he had fled Nicaragua after being ordered to kill 800

2768:

dictatorship. The FSLN and all those who would constitute the new provisional government were called diverse; "they were plural in virtually all senses".

9596: 7769: 6056:"History of Nicaragua's FSLN." The page no longer lists the names shown above, and appears to be a commercial site, not the FSLN's site (November 2009). 2406:

resigning to protest what they described as heavy-handed domination of the party by Daniel Ortega. Ramírez also founded a separate political party, the

1595:

showed its displeasure with Somoza by suspending all military assistance to the regime, but continued to approve economic assistance to the country for

860: 11637: 6515:

Political Violence in Latin America: A Cross-Case Comparison of the Urban Insurgency Campaigns of Montoneros, M-19 and FSLN in a Historical Perspective

3941:

agent Vladimir Zadornov in order to make Nicaragua a communist state so the Soviet Union could force the United States out of Central America entirely.

3634:

which count the number of non-battle related deaths and disappearances for which the government was responsible up to the year 1986 as "close to 300".

1178:

The FSLN originated in the milieu of various oppositional organizations, youth and student groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The university of

830: 819: 664:

in an election marked by US interference, but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature. The FSLN is now Nicaragua's sole leading party. In the

9539: 9369: 3531:, was subject to strict censorship. The newspaper's editors were forbidden to print anything negative about the Sandinistas either at home or abroad. 1674: 624:, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Having seized power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a 7743: 4443: 3488:(Nicaraguan Human Rights Center, Cenidh) said that the Church had been the victim of 24 attacks since April 2018, including a fire that began in the 1927:. Although independent and often in conflict with each other, these guerrilla bands—along with several others—all became known as Contras (short for 2555:

released. Miguel Mora and Lucia Pineda were accused of terrorist crimes and provoking hatred and discrimination between the police and Sandinistas.

13292: 12819: 11569: 7583: 6787: 4384: 3921:, starring Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman and Joanna Cassidy, is set during the last days of the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution that ended the Somoza regime. 3883: 3603:, strongly criticized the Sandinistas. The Archbishop stated "The government wants a church that is aligned with the Marxist–Leninist regime." The 1203: 848: 812: 754:

During the 1960s, leftist ideas began spreading worldwide, sparking independence movements in different colonial territories. On 1 January 1959 in

108: 7153: 11136: 10561: 3569:

by members of the Sandinista People's Army or the State Security, some contain the bodies of individuals executed by the Nicaraguan Resistance."

1165: 80: 9088: 3587:

campaign is misinformation and frequent allegations of serious human rights violations by the Nicaraguan authorities." Among the accusations in

3527:, which according to critics were used to unleash mobs on anyone who was labeled a counterrevolutionary. Nicaragua's only opposition newspaper, 13378: 10887: 10696: 9120: 5768: 4155: 2543:

In December 2018, the government revoked the licenses of five human rights organizations, closed the offices of the cable news and online show

1487: 9497: 8790: 5411: 13447: 7973:

Reed, Jean-Pierre (2020). "Elective affinities between Sandinismo (as socialist idea) and liberation theology in the Nicaraguan Revolution".

3472:

Prior to their victory in the 2006 election, Ortega sought to rekindle his old relationship with the Catholic Church and befriended Cardinal

2521:

On September 29, 2018, President Ortega declared that the protests were illegal, stating that demonstrators would "respond to justice." The

87: 13368: 10395: 10390: 10111: 9970: 7770:"Confidencial, el diario requisado y ocupado por la policía de Nicaragua que sobrevive en la semiclandestinidad de una habitación de hotel" 5449: 3524: 3368: 2258:

Daniel Ortega and Sergio Ramírez were elected president and vice-president, and the FSLN won an overwhelming 61 out of 96 seats in the new

1882: 1542:, and Mexican-born Victor Tirado Lopez, was more pragmatic and called for tactical, temporary alliances with non-communists, including the 9650: 4252: 1691: 13482: 13342: 12229: 10594: 10485: 9574: 8216: 6425: 3975:– to his childhood friend, Joseph David "Joe" Sanderson, a nature-loving Illinois native and adventurer, who died in combat, fighting in 2182:

The Contra war unfolded differently in the northern and southern zones of Nicaragua. Contras based in Costa Rica operated on Nicaragua's

1875: 1793:. While initially seeking to remain in power to serve out Somoza's presidential term, Urcuyo ceded his position to the junta and fled to 1183: 6906: 5815: 5388: 3682:

stated that: "While elements of the Somoza National Guard tortured political opponents, they did not employ psychological torture." The

2428:

of the Constitutional Liberal Party received 51%. The Sandinistas won second place in the congressional elections, with 36 of 93 seats.

1383: 13457: 13332: 10506: 10232: 5213: 4020: 2780:

traditional parties allied with the Soviet Union had also been unsatisfactory. Thus it was clear that Nicaragua must seek its own road.

2451:

Daniel Ortega was once again re-elected as leader of the FSLN in March 2002 and re-elected as president of Nicaragua in November 2006.

2116: 1554:

regime. By attacking the Guard directly, the Terceristas would demonstrate the regime's weakness and encourage others to take up arms.

787: 3149:

After the Nicaraguan revolution, the Sandinista government established a Ministry of Culture in 1980. The ministry was spearheaded by

2825:, countries previously looking for support from Cuba saw that the United States was likely to take violent action to discourage this. 94: 13452: 13421: 10135:

Revista Envío – Nicaraguan magazine, "critically supportive" of the Sandinistas, with archive documenting events throughout the 1980s

7617: 3908:(1983), about journalist Jack Cox's experiences in Nicaragua, portrayed the Sandinistas as crazed communist psychopaths while making 3672: 3604: 3539: 3437: 1557:

In October 1977, a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen allied with the Terceristas to form "

1109: 7564: 3484:, who had been outside of Nicaragua for reasons of security since April 23, 2019, accused President Ortega of being a dictator. The 632:

programs, nationalization, land reform, and devoted significant resources to healthcare, but came under international criticism for

13373: 11406: 7103: 6413: 3489: 2085:

in 1983, the Reagan administration continued to back the Contras by raising money from foreign allies and covertly selling arms to

2019:

condemned the FSLN for joining with Cuba in supporting "Marxist" revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries such as

1096: 1092: 7894: 7534: 13472: 13462: 12809: 11453: 10516: 6919: 5094: 3089: 3063:

in 1983. Despite the turmoil caused by the Contra War under-fire mortality was reduced by approximately half during this period.

2098: 1081: 76: 2179:

articles was connected to the CIA was also not supported by the facts". The CIA also investigated and rejected the allegations.

1923:, a.k.a. "Commander Zero". Milpistas, former anti-Somoza rural militias, eventually formed the largest pool of recruits for the 13477: 13467: 13302: 11574: 10435: 10248: 8290: 6875: 3253: 3244:

problems however, the Nicaragua economy saw a transformation in a direction to satisfy the needs of Nicaragua's poor majority.

3097:

went to Cuba for short periods of three to six months and this training involved close to 3,000 workers. Countries such as the

1058: 545: 10330: 10159: 7897:[PRD rejects the expulsion of the FSLN from Nicaragua from the Socialist International] (in Spanish). January 29, 2019 1138: 628:. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted 13297: 11232: 10919: 10897: 10425: 10350: 10296: 10284: 10225: 9939: 9911: 9249: 8042: 7055: 6958: 6603: 5751: 5533: 5483: 5334: 5274: 3401: 2484: 1408: 999: 606: 12320: 9803: 2717:. Sandinistas openly promoted the Catholic concept of "preferential option for the poor", and the Secretary-General of FSLN 2562:, which cited "gross violations of human rights and democratic values committed by the government of Nicaragua". The ruling 12139: 12064: 11724: 11324: 9063:"Nicaragua: el obispo Silvio Báez llamó 'dictadura' al régimen de Daniel Ortega y lo acusó de atacar a la Iglesia Católica" 5925: 3686:

stated that under the Somoza regime cruel physical torture was regularly used in the interrogation of political prisoners.

2693:

argued that Sandinismo "is deeply rooted in Christianity" and "came about through a process of Christian self-reflection".

2043:

and many of the indigenous guerrilla forces, who were not associated with the "Somocistas", also resisted the Sandinistas.

1423: 1413: 774:

The economic situation of Nicaragua in the mid-20th century had deteriorated as the prices of agricultural exports such as

10247: 9614: 6635:

Williams, Philip (January 1994). "Dual Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Popular and Electoral Democracy in Nicaragua".

6137: 5626: 5526:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World: Newly Revealed Secrets from the Mitrokhin Archive

4375:, Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Soviet Dean of Ambassadors, has worked in various administarions with high-profile jobs. 3448:

The relations between the Sandinistas and the Catholic Church started improving in 1986, starting with the appointment of

2821:

The Cubans would like to have helped more in the development of Nicaragua towards socialism. Following the US invasion of

2443:(PLC) ran neck-and-neck in the polls for much of the campaign, but in the end the PLC won a clear victory. The results of 13337: 11744: 10877: 10475: 10415: 7326: 6032:

Library of Congress, Country Study, Chapter 1 >> "Rise of the FSLN"; and Ignatiev, Chapter 4, "Sandinista Revival".

5846: 3833:

which consisted of two vertical stripes, equally in size, one red and the other black with a skull (like the traditional

3683: 3047:

principles of Sandinista socialism, such as social solidarity, worker's democracy, egalitarianism, and anti-imperialism.

2285: 2171: 2132:. The Reagan administration's support for the Contras continued to stir controversy well into the 1990s. In August 1996, 1373: 1195: 1158: 847:

At the start of 1961 the New Nicaragua Movement (NNM) was founded by prominent leaders in education like Carlos Fonseca,

767: 10986: 10914: 7427:

Rita Beamish, "Bush Will Lift Trade Embargo if Nicaraguan Opposition Candidate Wins", Associated Press, November 8, 1989

7183: 3426:

Jacobson, R. S. (1986). Liberation Theology as a Revolutionary Ideology in Latin America. The Fletcher Forum, 10(2), 332

13426: 12779: 11874: 10852: 10737: 10691: 10686: 10632: 10465: 10380: 7932: 7847: 6526: 5605: 4084:", which references the Sandinistas and other events and groups involved in Latin American history, starting from 1959. 2847: 1654:

government, but did not want a left-wing government to take power in Nicaragua. The moderate "Broad Opposition Front" (

637: 9781: 6188: 5882: 4044: 2726:

argued that the Sandinista revolution "was on behalf of all human beings, but as with Christ above all for the poor."

1770: 1577: 1530:

Shortly after, a third faction arose within the FSLN. The "Insurrectional Tendency", also known as the "Third Way" or

12511: 12074: 11344: 11285: 10410: 10405: 10365: 10050: 9979: 9889: 9029: 8978: 8953: 8928: 8883: 8738: 8123: 8017: 7957: 7361: 7310: 7256: 6754: 6721: 6714:

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America)

6566: 6496: 6362: 6295: 6259: 6165: 6100: 5726: 5508: 4687: 4661: 2351: 1919:, a group that had existed since before the FSLN and was led by Sandinista founder and former FSLN supreme commander 1916: 1816:) of National Reconstruction, made up of five appointed members. Three of the appointed members—Sandinista militants 127: 11082: 9632: 6333: 1611:), broadcast a communiqué with FSLN's call for general insurrection and gave the guerrillas safe passage to Panama. 12214: 12209: 11704: 11667: 11396: 10842: 10536: 10531: 10198: 7794: 5036: 5000: 4964: 4928: 4892: 4856: 4820: 4779: 4713: 4635: 4609: 4583: 4557: 4526: 3779: 3752: 3645: 2464: 2444: 2078:

judged that the United States Government had been in violation of International law when it supported the Contras.

1982: 1962: 1878:, although the actual success of this literary campaign, and its long-term impact, have been called into question. 1773:. By the end of that month, with the exception of the capital, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control, including 1737: 1433: 1428: 1048: 1043: 1038: 686: 682: 678: 665: 657: 652: 625: 11892: 11754: 11438: 10120: 9676: 5381:"Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad – LVDS" 2506: 101: 12934: 12315: 12244: 12144: 12022: 11794: 11784: 11371: 10758: 10335: 10278: 10125: 4455: 4372: 2500: 2237: 1592: 401: 11709: 11596: 11584: 10098: 9597:"PolitiFact – Mitch McConnell: John Kerry visited Nicaragua in 1980s to accuse Reagan of 'enaging in terrorism'" 6041:

The FSLN official website may once have named the following as founders: Santos López (former Sandino fighter),

2960:

were instructed to work out more specific measures and present them for consideration by the Central Committee.

12365: 12134: 11714: 11616: 11349: 10793: 10788: 10566: 10556: 10460: 10430: 10302: 9241: 8107: 3933: 3850: 3702: 3469:- the government allowed Radio Catolica to broadcast again and allowed expelled clergy to return to Nicaragua. 2870: 2563: 2468: 2407: 2333: 2259: 2252: 2075: 2063: 1438: 1270:

Over the next year, the guerrillas got 14 Sandinista prisoners released from jail, and with them were flown to

1151: 1071: 783: 65: 12034: 11764: 11275: 11047: 10370: 10355: 1378: 1348: 13312: 12327: 12280: 12044: 11967: 11699: 10450: 10375: 10263: 8382:

Persson, Lars Åke; Rahman, Anisur; Peña, Rodolfo; Perez, Wilton; Musafili, Aimable; Hoa, Dinh Phuong (2017).

7469: 2370:

In 1987, due to a stalemate with the Contras, the Esquipulas II treaty was brokered by Costa Rican President

1937:

and censored publications they accused of collaborating with the enemy, such as the U.S., the FDN, and ARDE.

1899:

By 1980, conflicts began to emerge between the Sandinista and non-Sandinista members of the governing junta.

1473: 1358: 1328: 975: 470: 430: 11759: 11468: 11391: 11062: 9833: 6438: 6054: 3016:

secondary students were studying on the Isle of Youth and the cost was covered by the host country (Cuba)".

2600:, the FSLN leaders' internal disagreements over strategy and tactics were reflected in three main factions: 1368: 12345: 12305: 12275: 12224: 12084: 12002: 11998: 11869: 11799: 11564: 11381: 11147: 11042: 10974: 10526: 10521: 10511: 10455: 10400: 10340: 9373: 7125: 5210:"Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad" 4264: 3864: 3327: 3286: 3264: 3025: 3000: 2440: 1505: 837: 314: 10186: 9153:(University Publications of America, 1987) p. 143n94 (2,000 killings); Roger Miranda and William Ratliff, 5674:

States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines

2734:

For purposes of making sense of how to govern, the FSLN drew four fundamental principles from the work of

13317: 12789: 12784: 12501: 12179: 11907: 11652: 11611: 11555: 11458: 11339: 11297: 11202: 10727: 10681: 10440: 10290: 9702: 8368: 5689: 5549: 4185: 4162: 3802: 2383: 2378:(UNO), an alliance of 14 opposition parties ranging from the conservative business organization COSEP to 2210:

did not participate in the uprising against Somoza and viewed Sandinismo with suspicion from the outset.

2024: 1837: 1757: 1011: 950: 661: 648: 484: 405: 184: 10139: 8855:

Steinfeld Jacobson, Roberta (1986). "Liberation Theology as a Revolutionary Ideology in Latin America".

6794: 6673:

Sandiford, Peter; Lankshear, Colin; Montenegro, María Martha; Sánchez, Germana; Cassel, Jeffrey (1994).

5434:

left-wing populist Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN)

709: 13154: 12375: 12360: 12350: 12204: 11804: 11292: 11095: 10862: 10445: 8384:"Child survival revolutions revisited – lessons learned from Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Rwanda and Vietnam" 7717: 7157: 7043: 6581: 6401: 6213: 5100: 4279: 3592: 3466: 3332: 2957: 2751:". Three of these (excluding popular participation, which was presumably contained in Article 2 of the 2611: 2379: 2066:

as illegal. The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and, as with Cuba, the

1728: 1457: 1279: 873:

The New Nicaragua Movement soon dissolved with its members forming the National Liberation Front, FLN.

797: 713: 17: 9526: 8754:

Fernandez Poncela, Anna M.; Bill Steiger (1996). "The Disruptions of Adjustment: Women in Nicaragua".

8451: 5121: 4248: 4127: 3457:

was also received by the pope in a private audience. Once Congreso Eucaristico Nacional took place in

1840:(the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro), were also appointed. Only three votes were needed to pass law. 1687: 793: 747: 727: 723: 13383: 13259: 13204: 13024: 12012: 11719: 11280: 10892: 10809: 10551: 10541: 10470: 10147: 9897:

Breaking Faith: The Sandinista Revolution and Its Impact on Freedom and Christian Faith in Nicaragua.

8794: 7075: 7021:

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)

5089: 4081: 3623: 2756: 2752: 2375: 2121: 1246: 1218: 908: 743: 9128: 5965:"Statement on Daniel Ortega's Decision Not to Invite International Observers to Nicaragua Elections" 3034:

1979 FSLN poster reading: "Consolidate the Revolution in the rearguard and with literacy" (Spanish:

13009: 12576: 11839: 11729: 11483: 11027: 10345: 9504: 9197:

Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin

6078:: Resurrection and Reappropriation: Political Uses of Historical Figures in Comparative Perspective 5610: 5412:"Daniel Ortega's Third Term of Office: The Controversial Re-Election of the President of Nicaragua" 4200: 4003:

mentioned the Sandinista movement in their song "Llegale a mi guarida" (2007). The lyrics claimed:

3909: 3297: 2597: 2371: 1957:

The rights affected also included certain procedural guarantees in the case of detention including

1709: 1651: 1614:

A few days later six Nicaraguan cities rose in revolt. Armed youths took over the highland city of

1551: 1500:

After the FSLN's defeat at the battle of Pancasán in 1967, it adopted the "Prolonged Popular War" (

1363: 1254: 1114: 1006: 920: 823: 613: 12749: 8238: 6287: 6053:, Casimiro Sotelo, José Benito Escobar Pérez. The original citation, dated March 30, 2009, was to 3810: 3376: 2586: 1305:

In 1975, Somoza imposed a state of siege, censoring the press, and threatening all opponents with

984: 703: 602: 12239: 12184: 12169: 12109: 11917: 11897: 11657: 11334: 10939: 10360: 9118: 7690:"Daniel Ortega declara ilegales las protestas en Nicaragua y amenaza con prisión a organizadores" 7642: 5432:

The parties approved by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) to contest the election included the

4367:, a journalist, university professor, diplomat Ambassador to East Germany, Consul General to the 4181: 3830: 3679: 3588: 2864: 2559: 2322: 54: 11142: 10170:

Exit Somoza, Enter the Sandinistas, An Account by U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua Lawrence Pezzullo

9582: 8224: 3732:, and in the case of Honduras and Costa Rica outright military operations by Nicaraguan troops. 1233:

with the first news of this meeting and date surfacing after the revolutionary triumph of 1979.

13029: 12533: 11927: 11601: 11077: 10837: 10832: 10625: 10325: 10193: 10116: 10107: 9654: 9347: 6251: 6245: 6157: 6151: 5084: 4471: 4440:", FSLN rural guerrilla commander in the 1970s, member of the National Directorate in the 1980s 3972: 3917: 2714: 2094: 2002: 1278:, who later became president of Nicaragua. The group also lobbied for an increase in wages for 1024: 938: 673: 550: 172: 13239: 7694: 7047: 7037: 6746: 4468:, a Chinese Nicaraguan who became one of the first female martyrs of the Sandinista revolution 4119: 3821:

The flag of the FSLN consists of an upper half in red, a lower half in black, and the letters

3121:

s Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The road was meant to traverse 420 kilometres (260 mi) of

751:

result of his election was the start of the U.S. sponsored dictatorship of the Somoza family.

647:, was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the 13264: 12548: 12543: 12310: 12199: 12154: 12114: 12049: 11993: 11912: 11694: 11508: 11386: 11304: 11212: 11177: 11087: 11032: 10929: 10770: 10599: 10169: 6984: 6923: 6558: 5964: 5822: 5137: 4142: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3600: 3481: 3473: 3372: 3117:

mills. Cuba also attempted to help Nicaragua build the first overland route linking Nicaragua

3093: 2929: 2878: 2697: 2515: 2134: 2067: 1965:. There were many instances where rallies of opposition parties were physically broken up by 1721: 1199: 915: 885: 617: 540: 9119:

George Russell; William McWhirter; Timothy Loughran; Alessandra Stanley (October 17, 1983).

7437: 5351:"Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario – LVDS" 5079: 3976: 3626:(CIIR, now known as "Progressio"), a human rights organization which identifies itself with 2941:. It was planned, inter alia, to organize an armed mutiny in Nicaragua in coordination with 2701: 2567:

brotherhood in the struggle for social justice in Central America" between the two parties.

1403: 1283: 12804: 12571: 12426: 12380: 12295: 12290: 12089: 11988: 11937: 11932: 11824: 11779: 11734: 11672: 11503: 11478: 11428: 11356: 11270: 11120: 10722: 10701: 10480: 8264: 4176: 4055: 3967: 3550: 3301: 2475:

as its candidate for president. However, Lewites died several months before the elections.

1801:

to work for political pluralism, a mixed economic system, and a nonaligned foreign policy.

1661:

The "Twelve" abandoned the coalition in protest and formed the "National Patriotic Front" (

1337: 739: 356: 9739: 9429: 9325: 7664: 7071: 6883: 4327: 3363: 2365: 1705: 1388: 640:. They were also criticized for mismanaging the economy and overseeing runaway inflation. 8: 13249: 13164: 13159: 13059: 12922: 12719: 12603: 12518: 12406: 12259: 12254: 12234: 12219: 12129: 12124: 12029: 11962: 11952: 11864: 11859: 11849: 11749: 11689: 11662: 11488: 11473: 11443: 11421: 11207: 11197: 10924: 10847: 10817: 10801: 10385: 9473: 7568: 6280: 6066: 5910: 5167: 4123: 3650: 3640: 3627: 3528: 3440:. Hostility to the Church became so great that at one point, FSLN militants shouted down 3358: 3342: 2906: 2894: 2681: 2677: 2576: 2526: 2487: 1762: 1582: 1263: 1104: 578: 337: 332: 322: 12104: 12017: 9758: 9451: 9315:

Numbers 1&2, 1985. Toronto: Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America.

9196: 8477:"Supplemental Information 2: Protocol sent to participants in Hinari eligible countries" 7096: 6116: 4480:, leader of the FSLN Proletarian Tendency, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development 4260: 2690: 1891:

or CDS). Especially in the early days following Somoza's overthrow, the CDSes served as

1508:

were to permanently settle in the north central mountain zone. There they would build a

13403: 13199: 13184: 13109: 13089: 13084: 13069: 12916: 12664: 12416: 12300: 12054: 11957: 11942: 11854: 11844: 11819: 11814: 11579: 11533: 11448: 11433: 11376: 11192: 11115: 10991: 10882: 10872: 9722:"Chapter 13. Brigadistas and Revolutionaries: Health and Social Justice in El Salvador" 8771: 8656: 8416: 8383: 7990: 7542: 7226: 6694: 6652: 6392:

National Directorate of the FSLN: General Political-Military Platform of Struggle, 1977

5941:"Nicaragua may be holding presidential elections, but it is edging toward dictatorship" 5586: 5307: 4447: 4345: 3656: 3611: 2890: 2102: 2059: 1821: 1745: 372: 366: 342: 258: 13099: 12928: 9287: 9265: 9174: 8908:(Master of International Development thesis). Universidad Centroamericana. p. 29. 3211: 2436: 1774: 1627: 1179: 855:, Gordillo, Navarro y Francisco Buitrago; prominent leaders on workers issues such as 808:, Juan José Ordóñez, Roger Hernández, Porfirio Molina y Pedro José Martínez Alvarado. 529: 416: 13416: 13269: 13214: 13189: 13144: 13074: 13049: 13014: 13004: 12973: 12860: 12744: 12714: 12451: 12441: 12355: 12249: 12094: 11809: 11606: 11463: 11416: 11314: 11265: 11239: 11217: 11057: 11037: 10981: 10969: 10783: 10618: 10046: 9975: 9935: 9907: 9885: 9575:"Nicaragua's role in revolutionary internationalism – statement by Vernon A. Walters" 9245: 9025: 8974: 8949: 8924: 8879: 8820: 8775: 8734: 8660: 8648: 8421: 8403: 8349: 8341: 8119: 8038: 8013: 7994: 7953: 7928: 7591: 7512: 7357: 7306: 7252: 7218: 7051: 7003: 6750: 6739: 6717: 6599: 6562: 6551: 6522: 6492: 6486: 6358: 6291: 6255: 6161: 6096: 5732: 5722: 5590: 5529: 5504: 5479: 5423: 5330: 5311: 5270: 5183:"Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario" 4389: 4313: 4067: 3696: 3566: 3477: 3441: 3412: 3335:. Open conflict between the Church and the regime emerged in the wake of Vatican II. 3012: 3008: 3007:, but the campaign succeeded in lowering the rate from 50% to 12%. The revolution in 2933: 2902: 2874: 2669: 1513: 1208: 759: 13393: 13064: 9653:(in Spanish). Centro Para la Promoción, Investigación Rural y Social. Archived from 8704: 8298: 4486:, former guerrilla commander and Minister of Regional Affairs from 1982 to 1990 4425: 4339: 3454: 2425: 2403: 1825: 1749: 13179: 13104: 13034: 13019: 12999: 12946: 12729: 12724: 12704: 12654: 12644: 12471: 12436: 12421: 12370: 12099: 12039: 11879: 11538: 11518: 11227: 11169: 11163: 11130: 11110: 11100: 10949: 10750: 10742: 10546: 10420: 8832: 8763: 8640: 8484: 8411: 8395: 8333: 8111: 7982: 7618:"Daniel Ortega called a 'killer' as talks open with protesters on Nicaragua crisis" 7303:

Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001

7249:

Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001

7210: 6686: 6644: 5578: 5299: 4483: 4307: 4275: 4167: 4095: 3493: 3407: 3384: 3346: 3290: 3188: 3150: 3076: 2913: 2881:, one of the original three founding members of the FSLN had been recruited by the 2685: 2540:, left the country after his office was subject to police search in December 2018. 2533: 2417: 2399: 2293: 2154:

to the CIA-Contra alliance. Webb's allegations were repudiated by reports from the

2082: 1986: 1966: 1900: 1786: 1602:

In August, the Terceristas took hostages. Twenty-three Tercerista commandos led by

1461: 1132: 730:

ruled the country from 1936 until they were overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979.

597: 566: 284: 10020:

Palmer, Steven. "Carlos Fonseca and the Construction of Sandinismo in Nicaragua".

9430:"Report On The Situation Of Human Rights In The Republic Of Nicaragua – Chapter 8" 9175:"Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Nicaragua – Chapter 2" 6741:

When the Ak-47s Fall Silent: Revolutionaries, Guerrillas, and the Dangers of Peace

6463: 6312: 4450:, original member of The Group of 12, Ambassador to Panama, Consul General to the 3595:

article are references to alleged policies of religious persecution, particularly

2963: 1985:

when Daniel Ortega was defeated in an election for the Presidency of Nicaragua by

677:

constitution. Ortega and the FSLN were reelected in the presidential elections of

13398: 13254: 13244: 13229: 13209: 13194: 13169: 13114: 12879: 12847: 12739: 12699: 12461: 12456: 12396: 12337: 12069: 11947: 11774: 11739: 11647: 11642: 11366: 11260: 10934: 10867: 10857: 10822: 10778: 10765: 10717: 10589: 10576: 10102: 10029:

The Sandinista Legacy: The Construction of Democracy, Latin American Perspectives

9866:

The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

9811: 9048:

A Road to Dialogue After Nicaragua's Crushed Uprising. International Crisis Group

7456: 7286: 7107: 6340: 5775: 5662:

The Cuban Revolution and Its Extension: Resolution of the Socialist Workers Party

5303: 5129: 4407: 4295: 4111: 4035: 4000: 3740: 3508: 3497: 3354: 3319: 3200: 2706: 2649: 2199: 2055: 1670: 1539: 955: 826:

in coordination with the intelligence services of the Nicaraguan National Guard.

746:. The National Guard remained after the exit of the U.S. under the leadership of 581: 462: 291: 189: 11361: 8489: 8476: 8337: 8137: 7565:"Núñez: 'Reelección ilegal de Ortega aumenta persecución contra sociedad civil'" 5237:"Celebró Rosario en nombre del pueblo y el gobierno elección del papa Francisco" 4413: 4151: 3689:

Throughout the 1980s the Sandinista government was regarded as "Partly Free" by

3141:

old sugar mills. Cubans also assisted in building schools and similar projects.

2040: 1920: 1603: 815:

began his guerilla war against the Somoza dynasty beginning the armed conflict.

805: 13224: 13149: 13139: 13134: 12994: 12734: 12523: 12446: 12174: 12079: 11829: 11769: 11401: 11319: 11222: 11182: 11152: 11052: 11007: 10571: 10501: 9965: 8767: 6690: 6050: 6042: 5582: 5569:

Ruhl, J. Mark (2003). "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua".

4477: 4451: 4368: 4358: 4352: 4333: 4285: 4147: 4050: 4031: 3971:(2007), likened the film's subject – the American hiker and itinerant traveler 3904: 3888: 3783: 3631: 3554: 3520: 3396: 3388: 3098: 3068: 2743: 2735: 2718: 2624: 2582: 2522: 2233: 2229: 2187: 2183: 2125: 1904: 1833: 1753: 1740:, was announced and organized in Costa Rica. The members of the new junta were 1701: 1524: 1398: 1393: 1311: 841: 327: 212: 8644: 8321: 6046: 4291: 2723: 2243:

Although initially willing to stand in the 1984 elections, the UNO, headed by

2081:

After the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras through the

2007: 1678: 1608: 852: 220: 13441: 13388: 13234: 13129: 13094: 13079: 13039: 12581: 12411: 12149: 12059: 11922: 11902: 11789: 11550: 11528: 11493: 11072: 11067: 11022: 10944: 10904: 10653: 10209: 10143: 9628: 9546: 8837: 8652: 8407: 8345: 7986: 7595: 7222: 5926:"Nicaragua's Controversial Candidate Daniel Ortega | The World from PRX" 5427: 5125: 4784: 4531: 4401: 4378: 4230: 4224: 4107: 4088: 3892: 3849:

In recent times, there has been a dispute between the FSLN and the dissident

3791: 3756: 3690: 3462: 3282: 2988: 2653: 2472: 2460: 2432: 2248: 2147: 2016: 1958: 1817: 1741: 1666: 1547: 1535: 1275: 943: 866:

The New Nicaragua Movement was established in three cities Managua, Leon and

669: 621: 177: 8628: 7873:"Grave concern at the deterioration of the political situation in Nicaragua" 7744:"Journalists And NGOs Face Shutdowns, Beatings As Nicaragua Stifles Dissent" 6907:"Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways...The Threat is Real" 6334:

United States Air Force – Maxwell-Gunter AFB – Air & Space Power Journal

5993: 5736: 5120:

The party is avowedly Christian, however, it does not explicitly state what

4474:, a Nicaraguan historian most famous as an icon of the Sandinista Revolution 3395:

Conservative Catholic priests and journalists attacked the new regime, with

894: 689:, although these elections have been criticized by international observers. 13174: 13124: 13054: 13044: 12898: 12886: 12873: 12679: 12506: 12007: 11255: 11105: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10660: 8629:"The Nicaraguan revolution-six years after the Sandinista electoral defeat" 8425: 7354:

Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States

6998: 5133: 4301: 4269: 4018:

recorded the song "An Interlude: Beginning To Take It Back" on their album

4011: 3806: 3596: 3449: 3137: 3136:-Malacatoya sugar mill. It was completed and inaugurated during a visit by 2972:

intelligence agencies to the fledgling Sandinista government including the

2105: 1647: 1596: 1291: 1225:(FLN). Only Borge lived long enough to see the Sandinista victory in 1979. 1191: 633: 391: 10150:

lecture in which he explains the Sandinista conflict and condemns the U.S.

9093: 9046: 8604: 8353: 7384: 4361:, one of the FSLN's principal founders and leading ideologist in the 1960s 4080:(1980) for their fourth studio album. The triple album contains the song " 3341:

had a profound effect on the Catholic Church, leading to the beginning of

822:(in which Carlos Fonseca was integrated) was found and annihilated by the 13219: 12824: 12794: 12649: 12639: 12538: 12401: 12194: 11683: 11513: 11498: 11309: 11157: 11125: 11012: 10827: 10732: 10671: 8995: 8201:

Arnove, Robert (June 1981). "The Nicaraguan National Literacy Campaign".

6214:"Library of Congress Country Studies Nicaragua – The Somoza Era, 1936–74" 5716: 5650:"To Abolish the Monroe Doctrine": Proclamation from Augusto César Sandino 5262: 4076: 4015: 3996: 3962: 3834: 3713: 3110: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2949: 2938: 2898: 2710: 2292:

Despite limited resources and poor organization, the UNO coalition under

2244: 2195: 2191: 2020: 31: 9407: 8675: 7584:"Nicaragua president re-elected in landslide amid claims of rigged vote" 6948: 6834: 6049:, Germán Pomares Ordonez, Jorge Navarro, Julio Buitrago, Faustino Ruiz, 5788: 4066:

As a reaction to an anti-Sandinista statement by British Prime Minister

1832:"the Twelve")—belonged to the FSLN. Two opposition members, businessman 156: 12978: 12689: 12659: 12613: 12528: 12496: 12488: 12431: 12119: 11834: 11523: 11411: 11017: 9859:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World

7033: 6698: 6674: 5649: 4431: 4184:

during the early-eighties, one of the main characters is an undercover

3896: 3854: 3786:

expressed support for the Sandinistas and condemned US support for the

3748: 3725: 3705:

accused the Sandinistas of many cases of illegal foreign intervention.

3338: 3004: 2853: 2748: 2336: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2151: 2112: 2051: 1697: 1631: 1565: 1543: 1509: 1306: 1287: 279: 11632: 8399: 7230: 7198: 6656: 6431: 5453: 5161: 4220:

The party has given the following Presidents of the Republic, namely:

520: 13274: 13119: 12968: 12941: 12754: 12709: 12618: 12586: 12566: 12558: 11887: 11677: 10253: 10095: 9721: 8731:

Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua

7895:"PRD rechaza expulsión FSLN de Nicaragua de Internacional Socialista" 4465: 4349: 4192:

to local drug dealers with the intent of using the money to fund the

4071: 3838: 3814: 3764: 3558: 3233: 2867: 2843: 2835: 2590: 2525:

condemned the actions as being a violation of human rights regarding

2390:

and continue the civil war if the regime was not voted out of power.

2139: 1912: 1794: 1778: 1615: 1587:

community organized a general strike demanding Somoza's resignation.

1451: 585: 270: 10008:

The Secret War in Central America: Sandinista Assault on World Order

9874:

Nicaragua: Revolución. Relatos de combatientes del Frente Sandinista

9089:"Arrojan bomba molotov a Catedral de Managua; dañan imagen venerada" 4288:, novelist and poet, handled media relations for the FSLN government 4070:

and her proposal to ban the use of the word itself, punk rock group

3236:

rose rapidly, peaking in 1988 at more than 14,000 percent annually.

2311: 1635: 867: 43: 12853: 12694: 12591: 12466: 12285: 12189: 11329: 11187: 10641: 8605:"Country Studies: Nicaragua: Chapter 3:The Sandinista Era, 1979–90" 7214: 6672: 6648: 5861:

The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide

5631: 4321: 4154:) is working as a Los Angeles barber, but in season 1, episode 5 (" 4099: 4087:

In the song titled "Highwomen" by the US-based country music group

3736: 3729: 3721: 3133: 2968:

Other researchers have documented the contribution made from other

2922: 2818:

2,500 and operated at all levels of the new Nicaraguan government.

2047: 1829: 1560: 629: 506: 380: 11973:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

8791:"The women's movement in Nicaragua: Constructing new alternatives" 8679: 7023:, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986. 6953: 6838: 5503:. Center for International Studies, Ohio University. p. 179. 3697:

United States government allegations of support for foreign rebels

3431:

The Sandinistas' relationship with the Church deteriorated as the

2046:

The Contras operated out of camps in the neighboring countries of

12799: 12684: 12674: 12623: 12164: 10909: 10126:

History of the Sandinista Revolution: the union of a whole nation

9452:"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1987–1988 – Nicaragua" 9394:"Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua," 1987. London: CIIR 7117: 6675:"The Nicaraguan Literacy Crusade: How Lasting Were Its Benefits?" 5554: 5462:

that brought Ortega to power, is retired general Hugo Torres, 73.

4212: 4193: 4189: 3826: 3787: 3546: 3458: 3432: 3126: 3072: 3060: 2932:

KGB chief Alexander Shelepin sent a memorandum to Soviet premier

2822: 2739: 2628: 2263: 2203: 2186:, which is sparsely populated by indigenous groups including the 2035: 1998: 1924: 1619: 1520: 1295: 1286:($ 71 at the time). The Somoza government responded with further 1250: 1187: 763: 644: 420: 254: 10153: 10090: 9999:

Molero, Maria. "Nicaragua Sandinista: del sueno a la realidad".

9211:"OAS Study Says Miskito Indians Suffered Abuse From Sandinistas" 8239:"Annual Report Of The Inter-American Commission On Human Rights" 7450:"U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report" 7272:"La Necesidad de un Nuevo Modelo de Comunicación en Nicaragua". 6343:: From FOCO to Insurrection: Sandinista Strategies of Revolution 3109:

Cuba helped Nicaragua in large projects such as building roads,

3036:

A consolidar la Revolución en la Retaguardia y la Alfabetización

12867: 12669: 12608: 11543: 10308: 9476:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. September 22, 1987 9328:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. September 24, 1984 4317: 3842: 3122: 2980: 2964:

Cooperation with foreign intelligence agencies during the 1980s

2918: 2886: 2814: 2765: 2129: 1881:

The FSLN also created neighborhood groups similar to the Cuban

1871: 1623: 1315:

process. The next morning the National Guard executed Fonseca.

1299: 1190:

were two of the principal centers of activity. Inspired by the

779: 775: 755: 10160:

Many Nicaragua Revolutionaries feel Betrayed by the Revolution

10027:

Prevost, Gary. "Cuba and Nicaragua: A special Relationship?".

9268:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. February 14, 1992 8902:

The Catholic Church and the 2018 wave of protests in Nicaragua

6788:"The Sandista Record on Human Rights in Nicaragua (1979–1990)" 6711: 5980:

De Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro. El Caribe, frontera imperia

5476:

What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis

5267:

What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis

2471:

continued to oppose the FSLN, running former Mayor of Managua

13352: 13308:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

12814: 12597: 10676: 10015:

The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution

8821:"Church, State, and Society during the Nicaraguan Revolution" 8753: 5627:"Obama's Not the First President to Say 'Bucket' to Congress" 5450:"El Chipote, the dungeon for Nicaragua's political prisoners" 4115: 4028: 3503: 3114: 3056: 2976: 2839: 1850:), the Luisa Amanda Espinoza Nicaraguan Women's Association ( 1790: 9804:"Nicaragua | Global Feminisms at the University of Michigan" 6978: 6282:

Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America

4381:, former mayor of Managua, opponent of Daniel Ortega in 2005 3841:

movements that Sandino was involved with during his stay in

3030: 2804:

Cuban assistance to the Sandinista National Liberation Front

2394:

groups he controls such as labor unions and student groups.

12892: 12774: 10666: 10610: 10134: 10129: 10065:. Dir. Leuten Rojas. Latin American Review Series. c. 1983. 9904:

Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions

9290:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. March 12, 1993 8035:

Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua

6234:

Encyclopedia of World Biography on Daniel Ortega, 2005–2006

5327:

Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua

3709: 3125:, but completion of the road and usage was hindered by the 2942: 2897:

as a spearhead of the Soviet Union's foreign policy in the

2809: 2284:

the UNO agreed with this (William I Robinson, op cit). The

2090: 2086: 1909: 1271: 9454:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 16, 1988 9432:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 30, 1981 9177:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 30, 1981 6156:(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Westview Press. p. 5816:"Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways..." 5676:

by Misargh Parsa for Cambridge University Press. Page 224.

2987:

who described the Stasi's assistance in the creation of a

2952:

and on August 1 it was, with minor revisions, passed as a

13347: 13327: 13322: 10017:. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1984. 8072:

Nicaragua Sandinista: del sueno a la Realidad (1979–1988)

7848:"Ortega's FSLN Expelled from the Socialist International" 5945: 5644: 5642: 4342:, internal front leader, later chief of staff of the army 3938: 3744: 3278:

Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenses Luisa Amanda Espinosa

2948:

Khrushchev sent the memo with his approval to his deputy

2882: 1853:

Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenses Luisa Amanda Espinoza

836:

The conventional opposition, up to that point led by the

10077:

Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution

9408:"Human Rights: Opposition Rights Group Continues Attack" 8320:

Halperin, David C.; Garfield, Richard (August 5, 1982).

8161:

Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police

7795:"Régimen ordena cierre de gasolineras, ¿qué hay detrás?" 7643:"Shoot to Kill: Nicaragua's Strategy to Repress Protest" 6818: 6488:

Condemned to Repetition. The United States and Nicaragua

6355:

Imperialismo y Dictadura: crisis de una formación social

5550:"FACTBOX-Landmarks in Latin American left-wing politics" 4298:

tendency in the 1970s, Minister of Interior in the 1980s

3720:

There were also accusations of subversive activities in

3314:

Role of the Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution

3307: 2921:

near the US border to conduct surveillance for possible

2828: 2581:

Through the media and the works of FSLN leaders such as

2093:), and channelling the proceeds to the Contras (see the 601:) in both English and Spanish. The party is named after 7499:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 31. 7403:

Resisting Reagan: The US Central America Peace Movement

6416:: An Observer Case Study: Economic Sanctions and Ethics 5718:

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression

5478:. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. pp. XIV–XV. 2755:) were to ultimately be guaranteed by Article 5 of the 2170:

eventually disavowed his work. An investigation by the

9960:

Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution.

9932:

Aesthetics and Revolution, Nicaraguan Poetry 1979–1990

8381: 8291:"Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign: Its Democratic Essence" 8217:"Nicaraguan literacy campaign: its democratic essence" 7718:"NicaNotes: Carlos Fernando Chamorro and Confidencial" 6439:"Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua" 5639: 4294:, one of the FSLN's founders, leader of the Prolonged 1512:

peasant support base in preparation for renewed rural

733: 30:"Sandinista" redirects here. For the Clash album, see 8116:

The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West

6247:

Liberalization and Redemocratization in Latin America

3273:

Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women

2684:. This connection was so strong that Catholic priest 2467:). This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway 738:

The second U.S. intervention in Nicaragua ended when

10176:

Attacks attributed to the FSLN on the START database

9934:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 9677:"The Sandinista Revolution Day in Nicaragua in 2021" 9157:(Transaction, 1993), p. 193 (3,000 disappearances); 7291:, Brad Roth (1999), Oxford University Press, p. 352. 6022:. Havana: La Habana: Editorial de ciencias sociales. 5982:. Havana: La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. 4257:, hard-line National Directorate member in the 1980s 4007:("I respect Nicaragua and the Sandinista struggle"). 3622:

In 1987, a report was published by the UK based NGO

2854:

Relationship with eastern bloc intelligence agencies

2558:

On January 30, 2019, the FSLN was expelled from the

2386:, replaced Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua. 27:

Nicaraguan socialist political party founded in 1961

10070:

Theory in the Practice of the Nicaraguan Revolution

9615:"Bernie Sanders's Pro-Sandinista Past is a Problem" 8733:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 417. 8059:

Theory in the Practice of the Nicaraguan Revolution

7665:"Nicaraguan police raid NGO offices, seize records" 7497:

The 1990 Elections in Nicaragua and Their Aftermath

7039:

The United States since 1980 (The World Since 1980)

5523: 4310:, poet and priest; Minister of Culture in the 1980s 3829:used in the 1930s, during the war against the U.S. 3247: 3193:

Asociacion Sandinista de Trabajadores de la Cultura

3003:. Nicaragua was a country with a very high rate of 1961:. The State of Emergency was not lifted during the 636:abuses, including mass execution and oppression of 68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9994:The Civil War in Nicaragua: Inside the Sandinistas 9307: 9305: 9200:(1983), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 8898: 8854: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 7532: 7511: 7385:"Country Studies: Nicaragua: The Sandinista Years" 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7203:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 7148: 7146: 7002: 6793:. Réseau Européen Droit et Société. Archived from 6738: 6550: 6491:. United States of America: Princeton Univ Press. 6464:"Truman State University: Revolutionary Nicaragua" 6279: 6140:: 1972: Earthquake wreaks devastation in Nicaragua 6086: 6084: 4365:Adeline Gröns y Schindler-McCoy de Argüello-Olivas 4304:, Sandinista leader; also an author and politician 2648:(TI, "third way/insurrectionist") faction, led by 2532:Carlos Fernando Chamorro, son of former president 10121:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 10112:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 9572: 9051:. International Crisis Group. 2018. pp. 5–6. 9024:. University Press of Florida. pp. 202–205. 8948:. University Press of Florida. pp. 110–112. 8923:. University Press of Florida. pp. 104–110. 7242: 7240: 6859: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6273: 6271: 5234: 5207: 5180: 3576: 3162:Casas de Cultura and Centros Populares de Cultura 3132:Another significant feat was the building of the 2673:governments that existed in Nicaragua's history. 2514:supported by some press outlets and NGOs such as 1940: 656:years of fighting the Contras, the FSLN lost the 13439: 13293:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 9633:"Making Sense of Bernie's Sandinista Sympathies" 9238:The Murals of Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979–1992 8705:"Ten Years After: Women in Sandinista Nicaragua" 8319: 7684: 7682: 6634: 6441:. Human Rights Library – University of Minnesota 5859:Helicon, ed. (2016). "Ortega Saavedra, Daniel". 3884:To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar 2979:, by using recently declassified documents from 2676:An important part of the Sandinista ideology is 2463:was elected president with 38% of the vote (see 1781:, Nicaragua's two largest cities after Managua. 758:, Cuban revolutionaries fought against dictator 697: 605:, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the 11730:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 11137:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 10562:Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers 10172:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 9488: 9302: 8878:. University Press of Florida. pp. 69–71. 8588: 8581: 8579: 8437: 8435: 8366: 8187: 8185: 7370: 7274:University Revista de la Escuela de Perdiodismo 7143: 6458: 6456: 6377: 6081: 5752:"In Nicaragua, Economy is Hobbling Sandinistas" 5498: 5387:(in Spanish). December 24, 2012. Archived from 3825:in white. It is a modified version of the flag 2742:. According to Bruce E. Wright, "the Governing 2631:approach that sought to organize urban workers. 1856:), the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers ( 9996:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993. 9925:Requiem in the Tropics: Inside Central America 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 7288:Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law 7237: 7199:"The Costenos and the Revolution in Nicaragua" 6949:"US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On" 6812: 6621: 6521:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 202. 6352: 6268: 6017: 5789:"US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On" 5721:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 5714: 4740: 4355:priest; served as Nicaragua's foreign minister 4207: 3624:Catholic Institute for International Relations 3104: 1804: 790:, began collaborating with the Somoza regime. 10626: 10233: 9872: 9474:"Annual Report 1986–1987 Chapter 4 Nicaragua" 9022:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 8971:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 8946:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 8921:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 8876:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 8231: 8010:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 7950:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua 7679: 6404:: The End of the Anastasio Somoza Debayle Era 5875:"Nicaragua – The Sandinista Regime and After" 5606:"Ortega widely supported despite controversy" 4462:, Canadian Dean of Latin American Ambassadors 4435: 4417: 4005:"Respeto a Nicaragua y a la lucha sandinista" 3331:against his political opponents with help of 3276: 3228:were settled through dialogue with the FSLN. 2657: 2642: 2636: 2618: 2605: 2411: 2028: 2015:Upon assuming office in 1981, U.S. President 1928: 1886: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1811: 1481: 1159: 717: 268: 13369:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 10920:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 10391:Independent Liberal Party for National Unity 9971:Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua 9779: 9756: 9700: 8973:. University Press of Florida. p. 114. 8850: 8848: 8698: 8696: 8676:"Women in Nicaragua: The Revolution on Hold" 8576: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8432: 8182: 6453: 5473: 5357:(in Spanish). April 29, 2011. Archived from 5329:. University of Alabama Press. p. 177. 4320:priest and brother of Ernesto, directed the 3525:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 3369:Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America 2547:, and beat journalists when they protested. 1883:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 1650:and the United States ended support for the 1618:. Tercerista cadres attacked Guard posts in 1198:in Algeria, the FSLN was founded in 1961 by 12230:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 10010:. university Publications of America, 1987. 9906:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. 9540:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012" 9114: 9112: 8525: 8173: 8140:. Videofact International Documentary Press 8092: 8037:. University of Alabama Press. p. 55. 8012:. University Press of Florida. p. 75. 7952:. University Press of Florida. p. 74. 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7319: 7305:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 65. 7251:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 64. 7180:"Conclusions – Central Intelligence Agency" 7032: 6763: 5906:"Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins" 5769:ICJ (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 5460:Sandinismo, the left-wing populist movement 4053:?" The song was released on the 1984 album 3285:, was defeated in the 1990 election by the 2873:, who undertook the task of processing the 2729: 2410:(MRS); his faction came to be known as the 1184:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua 13333:United States involvement in regime change 10888:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 10633: 10619: 10240: 10226: 10043:Nicaragua: Self-Determination and Survival 9946:Sandinistas: The Party And The Revolution. 9899:Crossway Books/The Puebla Institute, 1985. 8899:Cabrales Domínguez, Sergio Miguel (2015). 8814: 8812: 8322:"Developments in Health Care in Nicaragua" 8101: 7327:"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory" 6876:"Nicaragua: Growth of Opposition, 1981–83" 6357:(in Spanish). Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores. 6187:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from 6020:Frente Sandinista: Hacia la ofensiva final 5684: 5682: 4021:Pictures of Starving Children Sell Records 3891:) was trying to convince Noxeema Jackson ( 3837:flag). These colors came from the Mexican 3504:Human rights violations by the Sandinistas 3379:took up arms and became a member of FSLN. 3187:The ministry developed a new anthology of 2117:U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 1992: 1859:Unión Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos 1488: 1474: 1166: 1152: 528: 155: 10072:. New York: Latin American Studies. 1995. 9953:Life Stories of the Nicaraguan Revolution 9568: 9566: 9564: 9402: 9400: 9169: 9167: 8845: 8836: 8693: 8549: 8497: 8488: 8415: 8288: 8061:, New York: Latin American Studies. 1995. 6382:(in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Diogenes. 5903: 5715:Courtois, Stéphane; Kramer, Mark (1999). 5289: 4495: 3763:'s support for the Contras as supporting 3673:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 3605:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 3540:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 3438:Pope John Paul II 1983 visit to Nicaragua 3019: 2994: 2846:to help Cuba overcome the effects of the 2352:Learn how and when to remove this message 2301: 1580:, the editor of the opposition newspaper 128:Learn how and when to remove this message 10396:Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement 9962:Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986. 9864:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili. 9857:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili. 9719: 9707:columbia University School of Journalism 9109: 8996:"Hostility to the U.S. a costly mistake" 8728: 8369:Nicaragua: The threat of a good example? 8262: 8152: 7909: 7875:. Socialist International. June 15, 2021 7845: 7615: 7300: 7246: 6511: 6346: 5847:1984: Sandinistas claim election victory 4237: 4211: 3857:as a whole, not only of the FSLN party. 3801: 3708:The first allegation was supporting the 3210: 3082: 3029: 2787: 2738:and his understanding of the lessons of 2124:, Oliver North had been in contact with 2006: 1885:, called Sandinista Defense Committees ( 1715: 571:Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional 148:Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional 11459:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 10517:Democratic Party of National Confidence 9955:. New York: Routledge Publishing. 1990. 9532: 8809: 8626: 8289:Kleinbach, Russell (July–August 1985). 8174:Marcus Wolf, Anne McElvoy (July 1999). 8158: 8074:, Institute of Political Science, 1999. 7922: 7535:"Ofertas de 'cañonazos' en US$ 500 mil" 7509: 6997: 6979:Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert (2010). 6920:National Defense Industrial Association 6827: 6823:. University Freedom House. p. 20. 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6712:International Court Of Justice (2000). 6668: 6666: 6618:Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing 6277: 5858: 5749: 5679: 5624: 5447: 5409: 5261: 5239:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from 5212:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from 5208:Redacción Central (December 24, 2012). 5185:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from 5159: 5095:List of books and films about Nicaragua 4196:in their fight against the Sandinistas. 4038:mention the Sandinistas in their song " 3486:Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos 3168:and its weekly cultural addition named 3090:United States embargo against Nicaragua 2983:as well as from former Stasi spymaster 2454: 1641: 876: 14: 13440: 13303:Russian espionage in the United States 11575:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10436:Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path 10108:End of the Sandinistas and US Response 9561: 9397: 9235: 9164: 9069:(in European Spanish). August 23, 2020 8993: 8818: 8673: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8200: 8082: 8080: 7846:Robinson, Circles (January 30, 2019). 7494: 7351: 7196: 7154:"CIA–Contra–Crack Cocaine Controversy" 6905:Truver, Scott C. (February 13, 2007). 6904: 6593: 6584:: Nicaragua: The Sandinista Revolution 6557:. New York: Pathfinder Press. p. 6484: 6478: 6371: 6286:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 6149: 6143: 6090: 5603: 5501:The Many Faces of Sandinista Democracy 5448:Miranda, Wilfredo (January 14, 2022). 3254:Role of women in Nicaraguan Revolution 3144: 2893:'s 'grand strategy' of using national 2039:, a label the force chose to embrace. 1876:Nadezhda Krupskaya International Prize 1785:Somoza resigned, handed over power to 1571: 831:Defensive Army of National Sovereignty 77:"Sandinista National Liberation Front" 13298:Soviet espionage in the United States 11454:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 11233:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 10898:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 10614: 10507:Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense 10426:Nicaraguan Christian Democratic Union 10221: 10038:University of Notre Dame Press, 2019. 9992:Miranda, Roger, and William Ratliff. 9651:"El socialismo libertario de Sandino" 9627: 9517:(July 19, 1983), Heritage Foundation. 8788: 8729:Whisnant, David E. (September 1995). 8167: 8135: 8032: 7966: 7581: 7123: 6959:Central American University (Managua) 6736: 6716:. United Nations Press. p. 512. 6598:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 6548: 6542: 6243: 5977: 5852: 5324: 3915:The 1983 American political thriller 3870: 3453:each time. That year, Vice President 3402:Episcopal Conference of Latin America 3308:Relationship with the Catholic Church 2829:Cuban assistance after the revolution 2623:(TP, "proletarian tendency"), led by 702:The Sandinistas took their name from 607:United States occupation of Nicaragua 596: 13448:Sandinista National Liberation Front 13374:Soviet Union–United States relations 11725:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 10273:Sandinista National Liberation Front 10059:Northwestern University Press, 2005. 9498:"The Sandinista War on Human Rights" 9161:, July 26, 1999 (14,000 atrocities). 9019: 8968: 8943: 8918: 8873: 8702: 8667: 8007: 7972: 7947: 7582:Watts, Jonathan (November 7, 2016). 7533:María José Uriarte (June 15, 2010). 7013: 6772: 6663: 6174: 5938: 5750:Lemoyne, James (December 20, 1987). 5690:"Nicaragua: New Regime, Old Methods" 5568: 5458:One of the ex-guerrilla fighters of 5235:Redacción Central (March 13, 2013). 5181:Redacción Central (April 29, 2011). 4490: 4336:(aka Pablo Ubeda), early FSLN member 4049:", in a passage asking, "Who killed 3496:was thrown at a sacred image of the 3101:, sent farm equipment to Nicaragua. 2334:adding citations to reliable sources 2305: 2062:harbour, an action condemned by the 2023:. His administration authorized the 1318: 1274:. One of the released prisoners was 563:Sandinista National Liberation Front 145:Sandinista National Liberation Front 66:adding citations to reliable sources 37: 13338:Soviet involvement in regime change 10331:Authentic Costeño Autonomy Movement 10117:Sandinistas and the Catholic Church 9987:Dictatorships and Double Standards. 9918:Nicaragua, Revolution In the Family 9902:Beverley, John and Marc Zimmerman. 9877:. Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores, 1980. 9780:Modell, Josh (September 27, 2015). 9757:Ebert, Roger (September 27, 2007). 9121:"Nothing Will Stop This Revolution" 8615: 8444: 8367:Melrose, Dianna (January 1, 1989). 8077: 7405:, University of Chicago Press, 1996 7356:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 465. 6582:Library of Congress Country Studies 6402:Library of Congress Country Studies 6067:"American Sociological Association" 5953:from the original on June 29, 2023. 5881:. February 27, 2008. Archived from 5795:. Central American University – UCA 5577:(1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 122. 4330:, 1980s National Directorate member 3867:, celebrated on July 19 each year. 3794:chants were reportedly being done. 3684:International Commission of Jurists 3011:since the ousting of the US-backed 2797: 2494: 2286:Library of Congress Country Studies 2172:United States Department of Justice 2033:in Spanish). This was shortened to 1374:Federal Republic of Central America 1240: 786:split and one of the factions, the 734:Precursor to Revolution (1933–1961) 722:), the US-equipped police force of 24: 13483:Socialist parties in North America 13379:Soviet Union–United States summits 10853:1947 Polish parliamentary election 10738:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 10381:Ecologist Green Party of Nicaragua 10154:Daniel Ortega interview highlights 9573:Vernon A. Walters (October 1986). 8138:"Spy vs. Spy: The KGB vs. the CIA" 6868: 6745:. Hoover Institute Press. p. 6380:Cincuenta Años de Lucha Sandinista 6378:Ortega Saavedra, Humberto (1979). 6310: 5813: 5625:Fleming, Thomas (April 27, 2015). 5604:Newman, Lucia (November 6, 2011). 5269:. Koninklijke Brill. p. 147. 5124:it adheres to, although President 4282:Regional Command; killed in action 3215:Nicaragua inflation rate 1980-1993 3075:, measles and the lowering of the 1847:Central Sandinista de Trabajadores 768:Algerian National Liberation Front 25: 13494: 13458:Anti-capitalist political parties 12140:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 12075:United States invasion of Grenada 11345:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 11286:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 10406:Multiethnic Party for Coast Unity 10084: 10057:Bernardo and the Virgin: A Novel. 9151:The Secret War in Central America 8136:Zubok, Vladislav M. (Fall 1994). 7923:Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (1996). 7819: 7459:The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989 7097:Restored version of the original 6860:Chamorro Cardenal, Jaime (1988). 6819:Chomorro Cardenal, Jaime (1988). 6091:Davies, Thomas M. M. Jr. (2002). 5939:Kahn, Carrie (November 7, 2021). 5778:June 27, 1986, Retrieved 26/09/12 5528:. Basic Books. pp. 120–121. 4324:campaign as Minister of Education 3743:claimed during an interview with 3174:Television Sandino, Radio Sandino 2991:force modeled on East Germany's. 2858: 2792: 1917:Democratic Revolutionary Alliance 255:Leal Villa De Santiago De Managua 13453:1961 establishments in Nicaragua 12215:United States invasion of Panama 12065:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 11705:1971 Turkish military memorandum 11668:Communist insurgency in Thailand 11638:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 11570:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 11397:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 11325:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 10843:Restatement of Policy on Germany 10542:National Opposition Union (1990) 10537:National Opposition Union (1966) 10252: 10199:Junta of National Reconstruction 10024:. Vol. 23. No. 1 (1988). 91–109. 9920:. New York: Vintage Books, 1986. 9826: 9796: 9786:continues its march to darkness" 9773: 9750: 9732: 9720:Terry, Michael; Turiano, Laura. 9713: 9694: 9669: 9643: 9621: 9607: 9589: 9520: 9466: 9444: 9422: 9388: 9362: 9340: 9318: 9280: 9258: 9229: 9203: 9189: 9143: 9081: 9055: 9038: 9013: 8987: 8962: 8937: 8912: 8892: 8867: 8782: 8747: 8722: 8674:Torres, Luz Marina (June 1991). 8567: 8558: 8469: 8375: 8360: 8313: 8297:. pp. 75–84. Archived from 8282: 8256: 8209: 8194: 8129: 8064: 8051: 8026: 8001: 7941: 7887: 7865: 7839: 7813: 7787: 7767: 7761: 7736: 7710: 7698:(in Spanish). September 29, 2018 7657: 7635: 7609: 7575: 7557: 7522: 7503: 7488: 7462: 7443: 6821:La Prensa, The Republic of Paper 6785: 5422:. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: 59. 5062: 5055: 5054: 5026: 5019: 5018: 4990: 4983: 4982: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4882: 4875: 4874: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4802: 4727: 4701: 4675: 4649: 4623: 4597: 4571: 4545: 4134: 3956: 3755:, had visited Nicaragua and met 3646:National Endowment for Democracy 3557:pointed to a photo published in 3248:Women in revolutionary Nicaragua 2465:2006 Nicaraguan general election 2310: 2270: 2218: 1738:Junta of National Reconstruction 1450: 1347: 1221:, Casimiro Sotelo and others as 1126: 893: 666:2006 Nicaraguan general election 643:A US-backed group, known as the 626:Junta of National Reconstruction 505: 42: 12935:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 12316:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 12245:Fall of the inner German border 12145:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 11795:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 11785:Spanish transition to democracy 11745:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 11372:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 10878:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 10759:Occupation of the Baltic states 10336:Central American Unionist Party 10279:Constitutionalist Liberal Party 9850: 9579:US Department of State Bulletin 9045:"Ortega's Apparatus of Power". 8793:. Off Our Backs. Archived from 8789:Klein, Hilary (December 1995). 8326:New England Journal of Medicine 8265:"Nicaragua's literacy campaign" 8263:Hanemann, Ulrike (March 2005). 8159:Koehler, John (November 2000). 7430: 7421: 7408: 7395: 7345: 7294: 7280: 7265: 7190: 7172: 7090: 7064: 7026: 6991: 6972: 6941: 6898: 6853: 6835:"Behind the State of Emergency" 6730: 6705: 6612: 6587: 6575: 6505: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6386: 6327: 6304: 6237: 6228: 6206: 6131: 6109: 6059: 6035: 6026: 6011: 5986: 5971: 5957: 5932: 5918: 5897: 5867: 5840: 5807: 5781: 5762: 5743: 5708: 5667: 5655: 5618: 5597: 5562: 5542: 5517: 5492: 5467: 5441: 5403: 5114: 4263:, Sandinista involved with the 3912:look sympathetic by comparison. 3490:Immaculate Conception Cathedral 2321:needs additional citations for 2011:ARDE Frente Sur Contras in 1987 784:conservative party of Nicaragua 53:needs additional citations for 13473:Political parties in Nicaragua 13463:Anti-imperialist organizations 11715:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 11350:Mozambican War of Independence 10789:Indonesian National Revolution 10567:Traditional Conservative Party 10557:Popular Social Christian Party 10461:Sandinista Renovation Movement 10431:Nicaraguan Democratic Movement 10249:Political parties in Nicaragua 10079:. Duke University Press, 2001. 10022:Latin American Research Review 10001:Institute of Political Science 9242:University of California Press 8994:Garvin, Glen (July 18, 1999). 8627:Prevost, Gary (June 1, 1996). 7616:Phillips, Tom (May 16, 2018). 7124:Daunt, Tina (March 16, 2005). 6862:La Prensa, A Republic of Paper 6596:Nicaragua: The Land of Sandino 6353:Wheelock Roman, Jaime (1975). 6018:Wheelock Roman, Jaime (1980). 5904:Editorial (November 9, 1989). 5373: 5343: 5318: 5283: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5174: 5153: 5063: 5027: 4991: 4919: 4883: 3945: 3934:Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker 3851:Sandinista Renovation Movement 3703:United States State Department 3664:The Nicaraguan-based magazine 3577:Politicization of human rights 3129:, and it was never completed. 3050: 2564:Democratic Revolutionary Party 2469:Sandinista Renovation Movement 2408:Sandinista Renovation Movement 2076:International Court of Justice 2070:imposed a full trade embargo. 2064:International Court of Justice 1941:State of Emergency (1982–1988) 13: 1: 13478:Socialism of the 21st century 13468:Left-wing nationalist parties 13313:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 12328:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 12281:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 12003:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 11968:Seven Days to the River Rhine 11700:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 10987:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 10915:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 10451:Popular Conservative Alliance 10376:Democratic Conservative Party 10036:Sandinistas: A Moral History. 9527:"Nicaragua a Tortured Nation" 7975:Critical Research on Religion 7114:, now hosted by narconews.com 6313:"Pre-Revolutionary Nicaragua" 6117:"Nicaragua – A Country Study" 5147: 3881:In the gay cult classic film 3199:both of which were headed by 2999:Cuba was instrumental in the 2507:Indio Maíz Biological Reserve 2128:, the US-backed president of 1983:presidential election of 1990 1888:Comités de Defensa Sandinista 1399:35 Years of conservative rule 1223:The National Liberation Front 698:Origin of the term Sandinista 12306:Fall of communism in Albania 12276:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 12225:Polish Round Table Agreement 11565:1968 Polish political crisis 11382:Eritrean War of Independence 11148:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 11043:East German uprising of 1953 10975:Chinese Communist Revolution 10640: 10527:National Conservative Action 10486:Workers' Revolutionary Party 10456:Revolutionary Unity Movement 10401:Multiethnic Indigenist Party 10341:Communist Party of Nicaragua 9834:"behind paywall, please fix" 9372:. Progressio. Archived from 8203:Comparative Education Review 7470:"The Sandinistas Might Lose" 7333:. BBC News. November 5, 1984 7301:Anderson, Leslie E. (2005). 7247:Anderson, Leslie E. (2005). 6864:. Freedom House. p. 23. 6428:: Guide to Hispanic Heritage 5524:Andrew, Christopher (2005). 5304:10.1177/08969205020280030401 3287:United Nicaraguan Opposition 3265:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign 3026:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign 3001:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign 2596:During the struggle against 2589:became its unique symbol in 2441:Constitutional Liberal Party 2213: 2089:(then engaged in a war with 1078:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 498: 7: 12180:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 11908:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 11653:Corrective Movement (Syria) 11617:New People's Army rebellion 11612:Sino-Soviet border conflict 11340:Angolan War of Independence 11203:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 11083:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 10728:Jamaican political conflict 10441:Nicaraguan Resistance Party 10371:Costeño Democratic Alliance 10356:Civic Association of Potosí 10319:Extra-parliamentary parties 10291:Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance 9948:Blackwell Publishers, 1988. 9740:"Guerrillas in El Salvador" 9728:. Rutgers University Press. 9097:(in Spanish). July 31, 2020 8756:Latin American Perspectives 8338:10.1056/NEJM198208053070634 6922:. p. 4. Archived from 6250:. Greenwood Press. p. 5998:ww5.estrelladenicaragua.com 5821:. p. 4. Archived from 5073: 4741:National Assembly elections 4208:Presidents of the Executive 4130:, sua imagem e semelhança." 3989: 3925: 3875: 3767:during Kerry's tenure as a 3105:Industry and infrastructure 2956:directive. The KGB and the 2885:in 1959 while on a trip to 2570: 2501:2018–20 Nicaraguan protests 2384:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1981:The FSLN lost power in the 1933:—counter-revolutionaries). 1838:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1805:Sandinista rule (1979–1990) 1758:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1564:" (The Group of Twelve) in 859:; countryside leaders like 662:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 649:Central Intelligence Agency 485:Central American Parliament 406:Central American Parliament 10: 13499: 12376:Sino-Indian border dispute 12205:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12135:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 11893:1976 Argentine coup d'état 11805:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 11755:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 11439:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 11407:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 11096:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 10863:Asian Relations Conference 10446:Nicaraguan Socialist Party 10101:February 23, 2011, at the 9882:Nicaragua: Those Passed By 9155:The Civil War in Nicaragua 8819:Wilson, John-Paul (2009). 8768:10.1177/0094582X9602300104 7518:. Boston: South End Press. 7197:Dennis, Philip A. (1981). 7044:Cambridge University Press 6737:Brown, Timothy C. (2000). 6691:10.1080/096145249100077481 6485:Pastor, Robert A. (1987). 5583:10.1177/0095327X0303000105 5571:Armed Forces & Society 5163:Nicaragua: A Country Study 5101:Nicaragua v. United States 4272:, Sandinista UN ambassador 3809:with the captured flag of 3797: 3782:politician and then mayor 3467:Esquipulas Peace Agreement 3328:Liberal Party of Nicaragua 3311: 3289:(UNO) coalition headed by 3281:, AMNLAE). However, since 3251: 3206: 3180:and its literary addition 3023: 2958:Soviet Ministry of Defense 2905:against the government of 2801: 2652:, Casimiro A. Sotelo, and 2574: 2498: 2363: 2232:as well as observers from 2142:published a series titled 1996: 1719: 1663:Frente Patriotico Nacional 1404:Liberal Revolution of 1893 1249:leveled the capital city, 838:Nicaraguan Communist Party 782:dropped. Politically, the 712:in 1934 by the Nicaraguan 692: 431:Sandinista Workers' Centre 29: 13412: 13361: 13283: 13260:William Appleman Williams 13205:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 12987: 12959: 12908: 12840: 12833: 12767: 12632: 12557: 12487: 12480: 12389: 12336: 12268: 11981: 11720:Bangladesh Liberation War 11710:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 11625: 11597:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 11585:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 11248: 11023:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 11000: 10710: 10648: 10595:List of political parties 10585: 10552:Nationalist Liberal Party 10494: 10471:Social Conservative Party 10318: 10297:Alliance for the Republic 10285:Independent Liberal Party 10262: 10206: 10191: 10187:Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños 10183: 10148:Nobel Prize in Literature 10140:Art, Truth & Politics 9808:globalfeminisms.umich.edu 9288:"Annual Report 1992–1993" 8825:Diálogos Latinoamericanos 8645:10.1080/01436599650035707 8490:10.7717/peerj.7850/supp-2 8456:The Multinational Monitor 7455:February 6, 2013, at the 7076:National Security Archive 6315:. Truman State University 6244:Lopez, George A. (1987). 6095:. SR Books. p. 359. 5994:"estrelladenicaragua.com" 5774:January 22, 2009, at the 5416:KAS International Reports 5090:Komite internazionalistak 4783: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4530: 4265:Dawson's Field hijackings 4165:" of the American sitcom 3861:Sandinista Revolution Day 2757:Constitution of Nicaragua 2753:Constitution of Nicaragua 2607:guerra popular prolongada 2485:Independent Liberal Party 2376:National Opposition Union 2146:, linking the origins of 2122:National Security Archive 2099:National Security Council 1646:In early 1979, President 1502:Guerra Popular Prolongada 1379:18 Years of military rule 1084:: Denis Moncada Colindres 796:was assassinated by poet 588:. Its members are called 536: 518: 513: 504: 497: 483: 469: 436: 426: 412: 397: 387: 365: 313: 302: 290: 278: 264: 250: 232: 205: 195: 183: 171: 163: 154: 142: 12035:1980 Turkish coup d'état 11870:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 11840:1978 Somali coup attempt 11800:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 11765:1973 Chilean coup d'état 11590:Revolutionary Government 11484:South African Border War 11276:1960 Turkish coup d'état 11193:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 11048:1953 Iranian coup d'état 11028:1952 Egyptian revolution 10346:Christian Unity Movement 9951:Hayck, Denis Lynn Daly. 9744:LatinAmericanStudies.org 8838:10.7146/dl.v10i16.113580 7987:10.1177/2050303220924110 7495:Castro, Vanessa (1992). 7440:Human Rights Watch, 1990 7331:On This Day – 5 November 6466:. Revolutions.truman.edu 6278:Lafeber, Walter (1993). 5499:Hoyt, Katherine (1997). 5107: 4199:In the second season of 4140:In the pilot episode of 3910:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 3298:Global Gender Gap Report 2928:In July 1961 during the 2730:Principles of government 2627:, reflected an orthodox 2585:, the life and times of 2108:took much of the blame. 1593:United States government 1364:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua 1255:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1247:magnitude 6.2 earthquake 1245:On December 23, 1972, a 1000:Administrative divisions 710:Sandino was assassinated 668:, former FSLN President 614:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 402:Parliamentary Left Group 197:National Assembly Leader 147: 12240:Fall of the Berlin Wall 12185:People Power Revolution 12170:Central American crisis 12110:1986 Black Sea incident 11760:1973 Afghan coup d'état 11658:Western Sahara conflict 11469:1966 Syrian coup d'état 11392:1963 Syrian coup d'état 11335:Portuguese Colonial War 11298:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 11063:1954 Syrian coup d'état 10940:Annexation of Hyderabad 10883:1947–1949 Palestine war 10476:Social Democratic Party 10416:National Unity Movement 10194:Presidency of Nicaragua 7981:(2). SagePub: 153–177. 7645:. Amnesty International 7352:Mileti, Dennis (1999). 7072:"The Oliver North File" 6981:A Century of Revolution 6679:Development in Practice 6594:Walker, Thomas (1981). 6512:Le Blanc, Jorg (2012). 6426:Encyclopædia Britannica 6150:Walker, Thomas (2003). 5410:Peñalba, Kohar (2012). 4182:Los Angeles, California 4106:The Brazilian musician 3831:occupation of Nicaragua 3778:in the 1980s, American 3680:The Heritage Foundation 3671:On the other hand, the 3589:The Heritage Foundation 3182:Nuevo Amanecer Cultural 2889:. This was one part of 2808:Beginning in 1967, the 2759:. They are as follows: 2612:protracted people's war 2560:Socialist International 1993:Sandinistas vs. Contras 1523:intellectuals, such as 1419:Sandinista insurrection 794:Anastasio Somoza Garcia 748:Anastasio Somoza Garcia 413:Continental affiliation 367:Political position 12534:Neoclassical economics 12045:Gulf of Sidra incident 11602:1969 Libyan revolution 11293:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 11078:1954 Geneva Conference 10838:Turkish straits crisis 10833:Corfu Channel incident 10466:Social Christian Party 10351:Citizens' Action Party 10326:Alternative for Change 10210:Daniel Ortega Saavedra 9873: 9703:"El Mozote Case Study" 9529:Historians Against War 9370:"Progressio's history" 9236:Kunzle, David (1995). 9020:Kirk, John M. (1992). 8969:Kirk, John M. (1992). 8944:Kirk, John M. (1992). 8919:Kirk, John M. (1992). 8874:Kirk, John M. (1992). 8223:. 1985. Archived from 8008:Kirk, John M. (1992). 7948:Kirk, John M. (1992). 7510:Chomsky, Noam (1985). 6414:Santa Clara University 4496:Presidential elections 4436: 4418: 4217: 4163:Mary Has a Little Lamb 4040:¿Quién mató a Marilyn? 3987: 3973:Christopher McCandless 3818: 3644:which claims that the 3429: 3277: 3216: 3039: 3020:1980 literacy campaign 2995:Educational assistance 2954:CPSU Central Committee 2715:Camilo Torres Restrepo 2700:. Sandinista musician 2658: 2643: 2637: 2619: 2606: 2412: 2302:Opposition (1990–2006) 2299: 2030:contrarrevolucionarios 2029: 2012: 1930:contrarrevolucionarios 1929: 1887: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1812: 1771:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro 1656:Frente Amplio Opositor 1578:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro 1429:Post-Sandinista period 1093:Diplomatic missions of 718: 674:President of Nicaragua 598:[sandiˈnistas] 594:Spanish pronunciation: 570: 269: 238:; 63 years ago 201:Gustavo Porras Cortés 13384:Russia–NATO relations 13265:Jonathan Reed Winkler 12549:Democratic capitalism 12544:Supply-side economics 12512:American conservatism 12311:Breakup of Yugoslavia 12200:Bougainville conflict 12115:South Yemen civil war 12050:Martial law in Poland 11913:Nicaraguan Revolution 11888:Dirty War (Argentina) 11695:1971 JVP insurrection 11509:Years of Lead (Italy) 11387:North Yemen civil war 11305:Berlin Crisis of 1961 11281:Albanian–Soviet split 11213:1959 Tibetan uprising 11178:Syrian Crisis of 1957 11033:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 10893:1948 Arab–Israeli War 10600:Politics of Nicaragua 10411:National Action Party 10366:Conservative Alliance 10096:La Voz del Sandinismo 10075:Zimmermann, Matilde. 10045:. Pluto Press, 1991. 10034:Sierakowski, Robert. 9843:– via Newsbank. 9784:Fear The Walking Dead 9657:on September 28, 2007 9311:Report on Nicaragua, 8633:Third World Quarterly 8033:Sabia, Debra (1997). 7112:San Jose Mercury News 6985:Duke University Press 6549:Borge, Tomás (1982). 5474:Botz, Dan La (2016). 5385:La Voz del Sandinismo 5355:La Voz del Sandinismo 5325:Sabia, Debra (1997). 5160:Merrill, Tim (1993). 4280:Rigoberto López Pérez 4238:Prominent Sandinistas 4215: 4161:In the 1990 episode " 4146:, Salvadoran refugee 4143:Fear the Walking Dead 4114:! Viva Sandino! Viva 3982: 3811:Augusto César Sandino 3805: 3776:Nicaraguan Revolution 3769:United States senator 3761:Reagan Administration 3601:Miguel Obando y Bravo 3474:Miguel Obando y Bravo 3418: 3377:Gaspar García Laviana 3373:Miguel Obando y Bravo 3214: 3094:Reagan administration 3083:Vocational assistance 3033: 2930:Berlin Crisis of 1961 2912:According to Andrew, 2879:Carlos Fonseca Amador 2788:Policies and programs 2698:Political Catholicism 2587:Augusto César Sandino 2516:Amnesty International 2380:Nicaraguan communists 2290: 2288:on Nicaragua states: 2168:San Jose Mercury News 2135:San Jose Mercury News 2068:Reagan administration 2010: 1722:Nicaraguan Revolution 1716:Nicaraguan Revolution 1576:On January 10, 1978, 985:Gustavo Porras Cortés 886:Politics of Nicaragua 842:Carlos Fonseca Amador 798:Rigoberto Lopez Perez 704:Augusto César Sandino 618:Nicaraguan Revolution 603:Augusto César Sandino 541:Politics of Nicaragua 271:La Voz del Sandinismo 12805:Non-Aligned Movement 12427:Peaceful coexistence 12381:North Borneo dispute 12296:German reunification 12291:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 11989:Salvadoran Civil War 11938:Grand Mosque seizure 11933:Yemenite War of 1979 11825:Mozambican Civil War 11780:Carnation Revolution 11735:Yemenite War of 1972 11673:1970 Polish protests 11504:1967 Hong Kong riots 11479:Argentine Revolution 11429:Guatemalan Civil War 11357:Cuban Missile Crisis 11271:Bay of Pigs Invasion 11143:1956 Poznań protests 11121:Geneva Summit (1955) 10723:Hukbalahap Rebellion 10702:Non-Aligned Movement 10532:National Convergence 10481:Up with the Republic 10361:Coast Peoples' Party 10162:by Tracy Wilkinson, 10063:The Dream of Sandino 10006:Moore, John Norton, 9974:, Putnam Pub Group, 9916:Christian, Shirley. 9868:. Basic Books (2001) 9861:. Basic Books (2005) 9350:. Human Rights Watch 9326:"Annual Report 1984" 9266:"Annual Report 1991" 9131:on February 11, 2009 8244:. September 22, 1987 6637:Comparative Politics 6182:"The Somoza Dynasty" 5978:Bosch, Juan (1983). 5863:. Abington: Helicon. 5391:on December 13, 2021 5361:on December 13, 2021 5136:and the majority of 4460:Ambassador to Canada 4454:, Ambassador to the 4371:, Ambassador to the 4244:Bayardo Arce Castaño 4061:The Voice of the 80s 3977:Morazán, El Salvador 3302:World Economic Forum 3195:(ASTC) and from the 2895:liberation movements 2865:Cambridge University 2620:tendencia proletaria 2455:Return to government 2330:improve this article 1683:Bayardo Arce Castaño 1642:Reunification (1979) 1439:Coronavirus pandemic 1133:Nicaragua portal 877:Founding (1961–1970) 844:in the early 1960s. 740:Juan Bautista Sacasa 398:Regional affiliation 62:improve this article 13250:Alex von Tunzelmann 13240:Vladimir Tismăneanu 13165:Thomas J. McCormick 13160:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 13060:Robert Hugh Ferrell 12923:Crusade for Freedom 12720:Illiberal democracy 12604:Ho Chi Minh Thought 12407:Eisenhower Doctrine 12260:Peaceful Revolution 12255:Romanian Revolution 12235:Revolutions of 1989 12220:1988 Polish strikes 12130:Operation INFEKTION 12125:1987 Lieyu massacre 12030:Eritrean Civil Wars 12013:Peruvian Revolution 11963:1979 Herat uprising 11953:Sino-Vietnamese War 11918:Uganda–Tanzania War 11898:Egyptian–Libyan War 11865:Third Indochina War 11860:Sino-Albanian split 11850:Ethiopian Civil War 11750:Eritrean Civil Wars 11690:Ping-pong diplomacy 11663:Cambodian Civil War 11489:Korean DMZ Conflict 11474:Cultural Revolution 11444:Dominican Civil War 11422:Tlatelolco massacre 11208:1959 Mosul uprising 11198:1958 Lebanon crisis 10925:Al-Wathbah uprising 10848:First Indochina War 10818:Iran crisis of 1946 10386:Grand Liberal Union 9985:Kirkpatrick, Jean. 9215:The Washington Post 9159:Insight on the News 9149:John Norton Moore, 8609:Library of Congress 8301:on January 12, 2002 8088:Theory in Practice. 7801:. December 21, 2018 7545:on October 19, 2013 7528:Newspaper article: 7476:. February 12, 1990 7416:Deterring Democracy 7389:Library of Congress 7078:. December 26, 2004 6886:on January 12, 2013 5911:The Washington Post 5849:, BBC – On This Day 5168:Library of Congress 5128:and Vice President 4120:Antônio Conselheiro 3999:Reggaeton–rap band 3965:, in his review of 3651:The Washington Post 3641:The Washington Post 3628:Liberation theology 3359:option for the poor 3343:liberation theology 3326:established by the 3145:Ministry of Culture 2907:Luis Somoza Debayle 2682:liberation theology 2678:Christian socialism 2577:Sandinista ideology 2527:freedom of assembly 2488:Eduardo Montealegre 2416:, who favor a more 2382:. UNO's candidate, 2372:Óscar Arias Sánchez 2164:The Washington Post 1700:(GPP faction); and 1572:Insurrection (1978) 857:Jose Benito Escobar 612:The FSLN overthrew 579:Christian socialist 523:.lavozdelsandinismo 338:Liberation theology 333:Christian socialism 13404:Russian Revolution 13200:Mary Elise Sarotte 13185:William B. Pickett 13110:Patrick J. Hearden 13090:Gabriel Gorodetsky 13085:Timothy Garton Ash 13070:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 12665:Ethnic nationalism 12417:Hallstein Doctrine 12301:Yemeni unification 12090:1985 Geneva Summit 12055:Casamance conflict 11958:New Jewel Movement 11943:Iranian Revolution 11928:Chadian–Libyan War 11875:Cambodian conflict 11855:Lebanese Civil War 11845:Western Sahara War 11820:June 1976 protests 11815:Cambodian genocide 11580:17 July Revolution 11534:Nigerian Civil War 11449:Rhodesian Bush War 11434:Colombian conflict 11377:Ramadan Revolution 11116:Bandung Conference 10992:Operation Valuable 10873:Partition of India 10303:Conservative Party 9958:Hodges, Donald C. 9927:. UCA Books, 1987. 9726:Comrades in Health 9701:Meisler, Stanley. 9376:on October 7, 2008 8857:The Fletcher Forum 8703:Giriazzo, Alicia. 8452:"Embargo Politics" 8176:Man Without A Face 8118:. Gardners Books. 8108:Christopher Andrew 8098:Palmer, pp. 91–109 7667:. Associated Press 7474:The New York Times 7106:2010-12-28 at the 7009:. South End Press. 6339:2006-10-04 at the 6119:. Country-data.com 6045:, Silvio Mayorga, 5756:The New York Times 5696:. January 24, 1983 5652:Retrieved 29/09/12 5558:. October 5, 2007. 5292:Critical Sociology 5085:Iran–Contra affair 5080:Carlos Mejía Godoy 4448:political activist 4444:Casimiro A. Sotelo 4437:Comandante Modesto 4218: 4082:Washington Bullets 3952:"-ist" in English. 3895:) to take a young 3871:In popular culture 3819: 3759:and denounced the 3753:Secretary of State 3657:The New York Times 3612:Human Rights Watch 3567:summary executions 3500:on July 31, 2020. 3217: 3040: 2891:Aleksandr Shelepin 2871:Christopher Andrew 2702:Carlos Mejía Godoy 2420:approach than the 2160:The New York Times 2095:Iran–Contra affair 2013: 2003:Iran–Contra affair 1729:National Guardsmen 1458:Years in Nicaragua 806:Edén Pastora Gómez 638:indigenous peoples 343:Left-wing populism 13435: 13434: 13422:List of conflicts 13270:Rudolph Winnacker 13215:Giles Scott-Smith 13190:Ronald E. Powaski 13145:Melvyn P. Leffler 13075:John Lewis Gaddis 13050:Robert D. English 13015:Warren H. Carroll 13005:Michael Beschloss 12974:Nuclear arms race 12955: 12954: 12861:Neues Deutschland 12763: 12762: 12745:White nationalism 12715:Liberal democracy 12452:Ulbricht Doctrine 12442:Brezhnev Doctrine 12250:Velvet Revolution 11994:Soviet–Afghan War 11810:Angolan Civil War 11607:Goulash Communism 11464:ASEAN Declaration 11417:Mexican Dirty War 11315:Annexation of Goa 11266:1960 U-2 incident 11240:Sino-Soviet split 11218:Laotian Civil War 11058:Bricker Amendment 11038:Mau Mau rebellion 10982:Malayan Emergency 10970:Chinese Civil War 10930:Tito–Stalin split 10784:Division of Korea 10608: 10607: 10216: 10215: 10207:Succeeded by 10164:Los Angeles Times 10091:Nicaragua Sandino 10068:Wright, Bruce E. 9989:Touchstone, 1982. 9944:Gilbert, Dennis. 9940:978-0-8166-2146-0 9912:978-0-608-20862-6 9895:Belli, Humberto. 9629:Gould, Jeffrey L. 9585:on June 28, 2009. 9510:on June 27, 2007. 9251:978-0-520-08192-5 8400:10.1111/apa.13830 8227:on June 28, 2009. 8057:Bruce E. Wright, 8044:978-05-85-21162-6 7571:on April 6, 2012. 7401:Christian Smith, 7186:on June 13, 2007. 7160:on April 30, 2017 7130:Los Angeles Times 7126:"Written in Pain" 7057:978-0-521-86017-8 6929:on April 28, 2008 6800:on March 26, 2009 6786:West, W. Gordon. 6605:978-0-89158-940-2 6553:Sandinistas Speak 6093:Guerrilla Warfare 5885:on August 8, 2008 5828:on April 28, 2008 5535:978-0-465-00311-2 5485:978-90-04-29130-0 5336:978-05-85-21162-6 5276:978-90-04-29131-7 5071: 5070: 4738: 4737: 4491:Electoral history 4472:Dora María Téllez 4398:, FSLN co-founder 4314:Fernando Cardenal 4068:Margaret Thatcher 4056:La voz de los '80 3442:Pope John Paul II 3413:Pope John Paul II 3364:Gustavo Gutiérrez 3092:, imposed by the 2934:Nikita Khrushchev 2903:guerrilla warfare 2875:Mitrokhin Archive 2670:Roman Catholicism 2418:social democratic 2366:Piñata sandinista 2362: 2361: 2354: 2260:National Assembly 2156:Los Angeles Times 2050:to the north and 1546:opposition, in a 1514:guerrilla warfare 1498: 1497: 1424:Sandinista period 1319:Split (1977–1978) 1176: 1175: 1110:Visa requirements 1072:Foreign relations 1059:Political parties 1031:Recent elections 976:National Assembly 760:Fulgencio Batista 559: 558: 546:Political parties 471:National Assembly 138: 137: 130: 112: 16:(Redirected from 13490: 13180:David S. Painter 13105:John Earl Haynes 13035:Nicholas J. Cull 13020:Adrian Cioroianu 13000:Thomas A. Bailey 12947:Voice of America 12838: 12837: 12750:White separatism 12730:Social democracy 12725:Guided democracy 12705:Authoritarianism 12655:Ultranationalism 12645:Anti-imperialism 12572:Marxism–Leninism 12485: 12484: 12472:Kinmen Agreement 12437:Johnson Doctrine 12422:Kennedy Doctrine 12338:Frozen conflicts 12321:1991 August Coup 12210:Afghan Civil War 12105:Reykjavík Summit 12100:Somali Rebellion 12040:Ugandan Bush War 12018:Gdańsk Agreement 11539:Protests of 1968 11519:War of Attrition 11228:Cuban Revolution 11164:We will bury you 11131:Cyprus Emergency 11111:Kashmir Princess 11101:Jebel Akhdar War 10950:Western betrayal 10635: 10628: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10547:National Project 10522:Legitimist Party 10512:Democratic Party 10421:Neoliberal Party 10257: 10256: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10219: 10218: 10184:Preceded by 10181: 10180: 10156:, March 10, 2009 10055:Sirias, Silvio. 9876: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9814:on July 15, 2019 9810:. Archived from 9800: 9794: 9793: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9637:The New Republic 9631:(June 6, 2019). 9625: 9619: 9618: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9581:. Archived from 9570: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9544: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9503:. Archived from 9502: 9494:Richard Araujo, 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9404: 9395: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9322: 9316: 9309: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9207: 9201: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9171: 9162: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9127:. Archived from 9116: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8816: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8797:on June 28, 2009 8786: 8780: 8779: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8624: 8613: 8612: 8601: 8586: 8583: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8523: 8520: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8448: 8442: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8388:Acta Paediatrica 8379: 8373: 8372: 8371:(Report). Oxfam. 8364: 8358: 8357: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8178:. PublicAffairs. 8171: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8133: 8127: 8112:Vasili Mitrokhin 8105: 8099: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8075: 8068: 8062: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7920: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7852:The Havana Times 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7567:. Archived from 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7541:. Archived from 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7514:Turning the Tide 7507: 7501: 7500: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7466: 7460: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7381: 7368: 7367: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7298: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7276:. December 1984. 7269: 7263: 7262: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7182:. Archived from 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156:. Archived from 7150: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7121: 7115: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7005:Turning the Tide 6995: 6989: 6988: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6915:National Defense 6911: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6882:. 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Lcweb2.loc.gov 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6194:on June 17, 2010 6193: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5820: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5686: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5648:History Matters 5646: 5637: 5636: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5243:on April 3, 2016 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5216:on April 5, 2016 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5189:on April 2, 2016 5178: 5172: 5171: 5157: 5141: 5118: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5021: 5014: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4508:Party candidate 4500: 4499: 4484:Monica Baltodano 4439: 4421: 4397: 4308:Ernesto Cardenal 4278:, member of the 4276:Idania Fernandez 4261:Patrick Argüello 4256: 4180:, mainly set in 4168:The Golden Girls 4096:Irish rebel song 4048: 3865:national holiday 3593:Demokratizatsiya 3494:Molotov cocktail 3427: 3408:Phillip Berryman 3385:Violeta Chamorro 3347:Ernesto Cardenal 3333:Guardia Nacional 3291:Violeta Chamorro 3280: 3263:education (see: 3151:Ernesto Cardenal 3120: 3077:infant mortality 3059:and 78% against 2798:Cuban assistance 2691:Carlos Tünnerman 2686:Ernesto Cardenal 2661: 2646: 2644:insurreccionista 2640: 2622: 2609: 2534:Violeta Chamorro 2495:2018–20 protests 2415: 2400:Ernesto Cardenal 2357: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2314: 2306: 2294:Violeta Chamorro 2253:State Department 2083:Boland Amendment 2056:underwater mines 2032: 1987:Violeta Chamorro 1967:Sandinista Youth 1932: 1901:Violeta Chamorro 1890: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1815: 1797:two days later. 1787:Francisco Urcuyo 1768: 1752:(the "Twelve"), 1695: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1462:Nicaragua Portal 1455: 1454: 1359:Spanish conquest 1351: 1341: 1323: 1322: 1282:soldiers to 500 1241:Rise (1970–1976) 1216: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1131: 1130: 1129: 897: 881: 880: 820:Rafael Somarriba 811:In October 1958 724:Anastasio Somoza 721: 719:Guardia Nacional 600: 595: 532: 527: 524: 522: 509: 492: 478: 465: 461: 452: 447: 383: 357:Marxism–Leninism 306: 285:Sandinista Youth 274: 246: 244: 239: 159: 140: 139: 133: 126: 122: 119: 113: 111: 70: 46: 38: 21: 13498: 13497: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13488: 13487: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13408: 13399:Second Cold War 13357: 13285: 13279: 13255:Odd Arne Westad 13245:Patrick Vaughan 13230:Athan Theoharis 13210:Ellen Schrecker 13195:Yakov M. Rabkin 13170:Timothy Naftali 13115:Tvrtko Jakovina 13100:Jussi Hanhimäki 12983: 12961: 12951: 12929:Paix et Liberté 12904: 12848:Active measures 12829: 12759: 12740:White supremacy 12700:Totalitarianism 12628: 12553: 12476: 12462:Reagan Doctrine 12457:Carter Doctrine 12397:Truman Doctrine 12385: 12332: 12264: 12159:Soviet reaction 12070:Ndogboyosoi War 11977: 11948:Saur Revolution 11775:1973 oil crisis 11740:Munich massacre 11648:Alcora Exercise 11643:Black September 11621: 11367:Sino-Indian War 11261:Simba rebellion 11244: 11088:Capture of the 10996: 10935:Berlin Blockade 10868:May 1947 crises 10858:Truman Doctrine 10823:Greek Civil War 10812:Blacklist Forty 10779:Gouzenko Affair 10766:Cursed soldiers 10718:Morgenthau Plan 10706: 10644: 10639: 10609: 10604: 10590:Portal:Politics 10581: 10577:UNO-96 Alliance 10495:Defunct parties 10490: 10314: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10212: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10166:, July 19, 2009 10103:Wayback Machine 10087: 10082: 9966:Kinzer, Stephen 9880:Asleson, Vern. 9853: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9790:AV Club TV Club 9778: 9774: 9755: 9751: 9738: 9737: 9733: 9718: 9714: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9681:Office Holidays 9675: 9674: 9670: 9660: 9658: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9626: 9622: 9617:. May 28, 2019. 9613: 9612: 9608: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9571: 9562: 9552: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9507: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9435: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9406: 9405: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9310: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9252: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9165: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9117: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9018: 9014: 9004: 9002: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8872: 8868: 8853: 8846: 8817: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8787: 8783: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8701: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8672: 8668: 8625: 8616: 8603: 8602: 8589: 8585:Beverley, p. 98 8584: 8577: 8573:Beverley, p. 96 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8546:Beverley, p. 95 8545: 8526: 8521: 8498: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8441:Prevost, p. 127 8440: 8433: 8380: 8376: 8365: 8361: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8199: 8195: 8191:Prevost, p. 128 8190: 8183: 8172: 8168: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8134: 8130: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8065: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8006: 8002: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7921: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7768:Arce, Alberto. 7766: 7762: 7752: 7750: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7724:. March 6, 2019 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7580: 7576: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7527: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7457:Wayback Machine 7448: 7444: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7418:, Vintage, 1992 7413: 7409: 7400: 7396: 7383: 7382: 7371: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7299: 7295: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7245: 7238: 7195: 7191: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7122: 7118: 7108:Wayback Machine 7099:"Dark Alliance" 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7031: 7027: 7019:Official name: 7018: 7014: 6996: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6841:. November 1985 6833: 6832: 6828: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6773: 6769:Prevost, p. 153 6768: 6764: 6757: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6710: 6706: 6671: 6664: 6633: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6351: 6347: 6341:Wayback Machine 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5776:Wayback Machine 5767: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5647: 5640: 5623: 5619: 5602: 5598: 5567: 5563: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5472: 5468: 5446: 5442: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5323: 5319: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5134:Roman Catholics 5130:Rosario Murillo 5119: 5115: 5110: 5076: 5051: 5048: 5015: 5012: 4979: 4976: 4943: 4940: 4907: 4904: 4871: 4868: 4835: 4832: 4799: 4796: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4706: 4702: 4680: 4676: 4654: 4650: 4628: 4624: 4602: 4598: 4576: 4572: 4550: 4546: 4498: 4493: 4419:Comandante Cero 4408:Humberto Ortega 4387: 4346:Miguel D'Escoto 4246: 4240: 4210: 4137: 4124:Panteras Negras 4074:used the title 4042: 4036:Los Prisioneros 3992: 3959: 3948: 3931:The video game 3928: 3878: 3873: 3800: 3741:Mitch McConnell 3699: 3591:report and the 3579: 3506: 3498:Blood of Christ 3428: 3425: 3355:neo-colonialism 3320:Catholic Church 3316: 3310: 3256: 3250: 3209: 3201:Rosario Murillo 3178:El Nuevo Diario 3172:along with the 3147: 3118: 3107: 3085: 3053: 3028: 3022: 3009:Cuban education 2997: 2966: 2861: 2856: 2831: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2732: 2707:Augusto Sandino 2579: 2573: 2503: 2497: 2457: 2445:these elections 2437:Enrique Bolaños 2368: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2327: 2315: 2304: 2273: 2238:U.S. government 2221: 2216: 2184:Caribbean coast 2058:in Nicaragua's 2005: 1997:Main articles: 1995: 1943: 1824:, and novelist 1807: 1766: 1760:, the widow of 1724: 1718: 1685: 1677:(Terceristas); 1671:Humberto Ortega 1644: 1574: 1540:Humberto Ortega 1494: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1369:1823 Rebellions 1339: 1332: 1321: 1243: 1206: 1172: 1143: 1139:Other countries 1127: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1101: 1089: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1002: 992: 991: 971: 963: 962: 956:Rosario Murillo 934: 926: 925: 911: 888: 879: 736: 700: 695: 593: 582:political party 555: 519: 493: 490: 479: 476: 459: 458: 454: 450: 449: 445: 444: 440: 427:Union affiliate 419: 417:São Paulo Forum 379: 375: 371: 361: 347: 304: 242: 240: 237: 228: 225:Casimiro Sotelo 217:Silvio Mayorga 190:Rosario Murillo 150: 149: 146: 134: 123: 117: 114: 71: 69: 59: 47: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13496: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13225:Timothy Snyder 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13155:Vojtech Mastny 13152: 13150:Geir Lundestad 13147: 13142: 13140:Walter Laqueur 13137: 13135:Walter LaFeber 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13065:André Fontaine 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12995:Gar Alperovitz 12991: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12925: 12920: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12895: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12844: 12842: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12735:Third-Worldism 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12563: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12524:Libertarianism 12521: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12504: 12502:Chicago school 12499: 12493: 12491: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12447:Nixon Doctrine 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12393: 12391: 12390:Foreign policy 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12342: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12175:Operation RYAN 12172: 12167: 12162: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12080:Able Archer 83 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12026: 12025: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11830:Oromo conflict 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11770:Yom Kippur War 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11402:Aden Emergency 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11320:Papua conflict 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11225: 11223:Kitchen Debate 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11183:Sputnik crisis 11180: 11175: 11167: 11160: 11155: 11153:Polish October 11150: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11053:Pact of Madrid 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11008:Bamboo Curtain 11004: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10807: 10799: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10768: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10748: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10638: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10572:Unity Alliance 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10502:Coast Alliance 10498: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10269: 10267: 10260: 10259: 10245: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10222: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10205: 10190: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10167: 10157: 10151: 10137: 10132: 10123: 10114: 10105: 10093: 10086: 10085:External links 10083: 10081: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10060: 10053: 10041:Smith, Hazel. 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10013:Nolan, David. 10011: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9900: 9893: 9884:. Galde Press 9878: 9871:Arias, Pilar. 9869: 9862: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9825: 9795: 9772: 9767:RogerEbert.com 9749: 9731: 9712: 9693: 9668: 9642: 9620: 9606: 9588: 9560: 9531: 9519: 9487: 9465: 9443: 9421: 9396: 9387: 9361: 9339: 9317: 9301: 9279: 9257: 9250: 9244:. p. 12. 9228: 9217:. June 8, 1984 9202: 9188: 9163: 9142: 9108: 9080: 9054: 9037: 9030: 9012: 8986: 8979: 8961: 8954: 8936: 8929: 8911: 8891: 8884: 8866: 8844: 8808: 8781: 8746: 8739: 8721: 8692: 8666: 8639:(2): 307–328. 8614: 8587: 8575: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8524: 8496: 8468: 8443: 8431: 8394:(6): 871–877. 8374: 8359: 8332:(6): 388–392. 8312: 8295:Monthly Review 8281: 8255: 8230: 8221:Monthly Review 8208: 8193: 8181: 8166: 8163:. Basic Books. 8151: 8128: 8100: 8091: 8076: 8070:Maria Molero, 8063: 8050: 8043: 8025: 8018: 8000: 7965: 7958: 7940: 7934:0-41-5-91404-3 7933: 7908: 7886: 7864: 7838: 7812: 7786: 7760: 7735: 7709: 7678: 7656: 7634: 7608: 7574: 7556: 7521: 7502: 7487: 7461: 7442: 7429: 7420: 7414:Noam Chomsky, 7407: 7394: 7369: 7362: 7344: 7318: 7311: 7293: 7279: 7264: 7257: 7236: 7215:10.2307/165548 7209:(3): 271–296. 7189: 7171: 7142: 7116: 7089: 7063: 7056: 7025: 7012: 6990: 6971: 6940: 6897: 6867: 6852: 6826: 6811: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6729: 6722: 6704: 6662: 6649:10.2307/422266 6620: 6611: 6604: 6586: 6574: 6567: 6541: 6528:978-1443841023 6527: 6504: 6497: 6477: 6452: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6385: 6370: 6363: 6345: 6326: 6311:Becker, Marc. 6303: 6296: 6267: 6260: 6236: 6227: 6205: 6173: 6166: 6142: 6130: 6108: 6101: 6080: 6058: 6051:Rigoberto Cruz 6043:Carlos Fonseca 6034: 6025: 6010: 5985: 5970: 5956: 5931: 5917: 5896: 5866: 5851: 5839: 5806: 5780: 5761: 5742: 5727: 5707: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5638: 5617: 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4481: 4478:Jaime Wheelock 4475: 4469: 4463: 4452:United Nations 4441: 4429: 4426:Sergio Ramírez 4423: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4385:Silvio Mayorga 4382: 4376: 4369:United Nations 4362: 4359:Carlos Fonseca 4356: 4353:Roman Catholic 4343: 4340:Joaquín Cuadra 4337: 4334:Rigoberto Cruz 4331: 4325: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4289: 4286:Gioconda Belli 4283: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4188:agent selling 4172: 4159: 4148:Daniel Salazar 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4104: 4092: 4085: 4064: 4051:Marilyn Monroe 4025: 4008: 3991: 3988: 3981: 3980: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3913: 3905:Last Plane Out 3900: 3889:Patrick Swayze 3887:(1995), Vida ( 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3799: 3796: 3784:Bernie Sanders 3698: 3695: 3632:Americas Watch 3578: 3575: 3555:Alexander Haig 3551:disappearances 3505: 3502: 3455:Sergio Ramírez 3423: 3397:Humberto Belli 3389:Alfonso Robelo 3324:Estado Liberal 3312:Main article: 3309: 3306: 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3208: 3205: 3146: 3143: 3106: 3103: 3084: 3081: 3069:whooping cough 3052: 3049: 3024:Main article: 3021: 3018: 2996: 2993: 2965: 2962: 2860: 2859:Pre-Revolution 2857: 2855: 2852: 2830: 2827: 2802:Main article: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793:Foreign policy 2791: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2736:Carlos Fonseca 2731: 2728: 2719:Carlos Fonseca 2665: 2664: 2632: 2625:Jaime Wheelock 2615: 2583:Carlos Fonseca 2575:Main article: 2572: 2569: 2536:and editor of 2523:United Nations 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2456: 2453: 2426:Arnoldo Alemán 2404:Sergio Ramírez 2360: 2359: 2318: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2272: 2269: 2234:Western Europe 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2126:Manuel Noriega 1994: 1991: 1963:1984 elections 1942: 1939: 1905:Alfonso Robelo 1834:Alfonso Robelo 1826:Sergio Ramírez 1806: 1803: 1789:, and fled to 1754:Alfonso Robelo 1750:Sergio Ramírez 1720:Main article: 1717: 1714: 1702:Jaime Wheelock 1643: 1640: 1573: 1570: 1538:, his brother 1525:Jaime Wheelock 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:Filibuster War 1391: 1389:Malespín's War 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1312:Carlos Fonseca 1280:National Guard 1242: 1239: 1204:Silvio Mayorga 1200:Carlos Fonseca 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1034: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1012:Municipalities 1009: 1003: 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 988: 987: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 959: 958: 951:Vice President 948: 947: 946: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 918: 912: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 890: 889: 884: 878: 875: 861:Germán Pomares 849:Silvio Mayorga 813:Ramon Raudales 744:National Guard 735: 732: 714:National Guard 699: 696: 694: 691: 672:was reelected 622:Somoza dynasty 609:in the 1930s. 557: 556: 554: 553: 548: 543: 537: 534: 533: 516: 515: 511: 510: 502: 501: 495: 494: 489: 487: 481: 480: 475: 473: 467: 466: 438: 434: 433: 428: 424: 423: 414: 410: 409: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 369: 363: 362: 360: 359: 354: 348: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 328:Christian left 325: 319: 317: 311: 310: 307: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 266: 262: 261: 252: 248: 247: 234: 230: 229: 227: 226: 223: 218: 215: 213:Carlos Fonseca 209: 207: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 187: 185:Vice President 181: 180: 175: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 152: 151: 144: 143: 136: 135: 50: 48: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13495: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13411: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13389:War on terror 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13284:Espionage and 13282: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13235:Andrew Thorpe 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13130:Gabriel Kolko 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13095:Fred Halliday 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13080:Lloyd Gardner 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13040:Norman Davies 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13025:John Costello 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12960:Technological 12958: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12884: 12882: 12881: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12869: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841:Pro-communist 12839: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12768:Organizations 12766: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12582:Eurocommunism 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12412:Domino theory 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12366:South Ossetia 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12150:8888 Uprising 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12095:Iran–Iraq War 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12060:Falklands War 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11923:NDF Rebellion 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11903:German Autumn 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Metapolitefsi 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11552: 11551:Prague Spring 11549: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11529:Al-Wadiah War 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494:12-3 incident 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11073:Domino theory 11071: 11069: 11068:Petrov Affair 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10945:Madiun Affair 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10905:Marshall Plan 10903: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10654:United States 10651: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264:Parliamentary 10261: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10236: 10231: 10229: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10211: 10202: 10200: 10195: 10188: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10144:Harold Pinter 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10051:0-7453-0475-3 10048: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10031:. 17.3 (1990) 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9980:0-399-13594-4 9977: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9930:Dawes, Greg. 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9890:1-931942-16-1 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9835: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9785: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9762: 9761:Into the Wild 9753: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9616: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9548: 9547:Freedom House 9541: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9514:(480 KB) 9506: 9499: 9491: 9475: 9469: 9453: 9447: 9431: 9425: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9391: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9349: 9343: 9327: 9321: 9314: 9308: 9306: 9289: 9283: 9267: 9261: 9253: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9221:September 27, 9216: 9212: 9206: 9199: 9198: 9192: 9176: 9170: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9113: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9050: 9049: 9041: 9033: 9031:9780813011387 9027: 9023: 9016: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8982: 8980:9780813011387 8976: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8955:9780813011387 8951: 8947: 8940: 8932: 8930:9780813011387 8926: 8922: 8915: 8904: 8903: 8895: 8887: 8885:9780813011387 8881: 8877: 8870: 8863:(2): 317–336. 8862: 8858: 8851: 8849: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8740:0-8078-4523-X 8736: 8732: 8725: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8697: 8681: 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Routledge. 7926: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7896: 7890: 7874: 7868: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7827: 7823: 7820:Local, Onda. 7816: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7666: 7660: 7644: 7638: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7549:September 14, 7544: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7498: 7491: 7480:September 27, 7475: 7471: 7465: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7365: 7363:0-309-06360-4 7359: 7355: 7348: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7314: 7312:0-226-01971-3 7308: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7258:0-226-01971-3 7254: 7250: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7042:. Cambridge: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6999:Chomsky, Noam 6994: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6815: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6766: 6758: 6756:0-8179-9842-X 6752: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6733: 6725: 6723:92-1-070826-1 6719: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6570: 6568:0-87348-619-6 6564: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6498:0-691-07752-5 6494: 6490: 6489: 6481: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6389: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6364:968-23-0105-X 6360: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6330: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6297:0-393-30964-9 6293: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6261:0-313-25299-8 6257: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6231: 6215: 6209: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6169: 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5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5140:are Catholic. 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126:Daniel Ortega 5123: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5061: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4989: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4953: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Daniel Ortega 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753:Party leader 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4532:Daniel Ortega 4528: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446:, architect, 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4402:Daniel Ortega 4400: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4379:Herty Lewites 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4232: 4231:Daniel Ortega 4229: 4226: 4225:Daniel Ortega 4223: 4222: 4221: 4216:Daniel Ortega 4214: 4202: 4201:The Americans 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4135:In television 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:Chico Science 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4089:The Highwomen 4086: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059:(Spanish for 4058: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3968:Into the Wild 3964: 3961: 3960: 3957:In literature 3950: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3893:Wesley Snipes 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3792:anti-American 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3757:Daniel Ortega 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3691:Freedom House 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3666:Revista Envio 3662: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 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2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:crack cocaine 2145: 2144:Dark Alliance 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Ronald Reagan 2009: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:habeas corpus 1955: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828:(a member of 1827: 1823: 1822:Moisés Hassán 1819: 1818:Daniel Ortega 1814: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Moisés Hassán 1743: 1742:Daniel Ortega 1739: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:Víctor Tirado 1672: 1668: 1667:Daniel Ortega 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548:popular front 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Daniel Ortega 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1434:Ortega return 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1409:US occupation 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Daniel Ortega 1273: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 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457: 443: 439: 435: 432: 429: 425: 422: 418: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 318: 316: 312: 308: 301: 298: 295: 293: 289: 286: 283: 281: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 260: 256: 253: 249: 235: 231: 224: 222: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 208: 204: 200: 198: 194: 191: 188: 186: 182: 179: 178:Daniel Ortega 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 141: 132: 129: 121: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: – 78: 74: 73:Find sources: 67: 63: 57: 56: 51:This article 49: 45: 40: 39: 36: 33: 19: 13394:Brinkmanship 13286:intelligence 13175:Marius Oprea 13125:Harvey Klehr 13055:Herbert Feis 13045:Willem Drees 13010:Archie Brown 12927: 12915: 12897: 12887:Trybuna Ludu 12885: 12878: 12874:Radio Moscow 12866: 12859: 12852: 12680:Anti-Zionism 12596: 12519:Keynesianism 12507:Conservatism 12371:Transnistria 12351:China-Taiwan 12008:Gera Demands 11881: 11682: 11557: 11362:El Porteñazo 11256:Congo Crisis 11171: 11106:Algerian War 11089: 10965:Western Bloc 10960:Eastern Bloc 10955:Iron Curtain 10811: 10803: 10795: 10772: 10752: 10744: 10661:Soviet Union 10659: 10652: 10272: 10192: 10163: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10056: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9969: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9903: 9896: 9881: 9865: 9858: 9851:Bibliography 9837:. 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