1784:, this has no particular importance. It just happens currently to be the most popular script for Sanskrit. The form of the symbols used to write Sanskrit has varied widely geographically and over time, and notably includes modern Indian scripts. What is important is that the adherence to the phonological classification of the symbols elucidated here has remained constant in Sanskrit since classical times. It should be further noted that the phonology of modern Indian languages has evolved, and the values given to Devanagari symbols in modern
141:, a prescriptive and generative grammar with algebraic rules governing every single aspect of the language, in an era when oral composition and transmission was the norm, is staunchly embedded in that oral tradition. In order to ensure wide dissemination, Pāṇini is said to have preferred brevity over clarity – it can be recited end-to-end in two hours. This has led to the emergence of a great number of commentaries of his work over the centuries, which for the most part adhere to the foundations laid by Pāṇini's work.
874:
4124:
elementary
Sanskrit examinations he would ask his students to write in Sanskrit the sentence 'You must fetch the horse' in ten different ways. Actually, it is possible to write the sentence in Sanskrit in around fifteen different ways 'by using active or passive constructions, imperative or optative, an auxiliary verb, or any of the three gerundive forms, each of which, by the way, gives a different metrical pattern'.
4097:
Notably, Pāṇini did not fix syntax in the Aṣtādhyāyī, as to do so explicitly would be difficult in any language, given several ways of expressing the same idea and various other ways of expressing similar ideas. Thus within the bounds of phonological and morphological definition wrought by Pāṇini,
4139:
and his playmates. Only after this, and if he belonged to the priesthood or the nobility or to such a professional caste as that of the clerks, the physicians, or the astrologers, would he learn
Sanskrit. As a general rule, Sanskrit was not the language of the family. It furnished no subconscious
125:
In the course of the following centuries, as the popular speech evolved, there was rising concern among the guardians of the Vedic religion that the hymns be passed on without "corruption", which for them was vital to ensure the religious efficacy of the hymns. This led to the rise of a vigorous,
4275:
sound. To an
English speaker's ear, this sound may be interpreted as the English "v" or the English "w", depending on context and precise articulation. Moreover, the Sanskrit v व has a considerable range of articulation depending on position. It is nonetheless understood in the Sanskrit writing
4127:
He emphasizes that while these constructions differ formally, emotionally they are identical and completely interchangeable, that in any natural language this would be impossible. This and other arguments are used to show that
Sanskrit is not a natural language, but an 'artificial' language. By
4123:
He refers to the enormous vocabulary of
Sanskrit, and also of the presence of a larger choice of synonyms in Sanskrit than any other language he knew of. Further, just as there exist a vast number of synonyms for almost any word in Sanskrit, there also exist synonymous constructions. In his
1805:
The long syllabic l (ḹ) is not attested, and is only discussed by grammarians for systematic reasons. Its short counterpart ḷ occurs in a single root only, kḷp . Long syllabic r (ṝ) is also quite marginal, occurring (optionally) in the genitive plural of ṛ-stems (e.g.
3793:
However, Sanskrit, especially in the later stages of the language, significantly expands on this both in terms of the number of elements making up a single compound and the volume of compound-usage in the literature, a development which has no parallels elsewhere.
3024:. Before the final endings to denote number, person etc can be applied, additional elements may be added to the root. Whether such elements are affixed or not, the resulting component here is the stem, to which these final endings can then be added.
3027:
Based on the treatment they undergo to form the stem, the roots of the
Sanskrit language are arranged by the ancient grammarians in ten classes , based on how they form the present stem, and named after a verb typical to each class.
3849:
In
Sanskrit, a preposition is an indeclinable with an independent meaning that is prefixed to verbs and their derivatives with the result of modifying, intensifying, or in some cases, totally altering the sense of the roots.
2717:
Besides *r̥, *l̥, Proto-Indo-European also had *m̥, *n̥, all of which, in capacity of zero-grade vowels, participated in the gradation system. Whilst the latter two did not survive in
Sanskrit (they ended up as
126:
sophisticated grammatical tradition involving the study of linguistic analysis, in particular phonetics alongside grammar, the high point of which was Pāṇini's stated work, which eclipsed all others before him.
2886:
Sanskrit has inherited from its parent the Proto-Indo-European language an elaborate system of verbal morphology, more of which has been preserved in
Sanskrit as a whole than in other kindred languages such as
3624:
The oldest system of declension was in Proto-Indo-European, inherited by
Sanskrit, to affix the endings directly to the nominal root. In later stages, a new system developed wherein an intermediary called the
2145:
agree on the observation that abhinidhana occurs only if there is a slight pause between the two consonants and not if they are pronounced jointly. Word-finally, plosives undergo abhinidhāna according to the
3575:
behave much the same way morphologically as nouns do, and can conveniently be considered together. While the same noun cannot be seen to be of more than one gender, adjectives change gender on the
1956:, as evidenced due to ḷh (an aspirated retroflex lateral consonant) being metrically a cluster (that was most likely of the form ẓḍh; aspirated fricatives are exceedingly rare in any language).
2860:
The above system of accent disappeared completely at some point during the classical stage. It was still alive in Pāṇini's time and even after Patañjali. The author of the Kāśikā commentary (
3031:
No discoverable grammatical principle has been found for the ordering of these classes. This can be rearranged for greater clarity into non-thematic and thematic groups as summarized below:
2000:
are distinct phonemes (aṇu 'minute', 'atomic' is distinctive from anu 'after', 'along'). Phonologically independent /ŋ/ occurs only marginally, e.g. in prāṅ 'directed forwards/towards' .
3568:
in Sanskrit involves the interplay of two 'dimensions': 3 numbers and 8 cases. Further, nouns themselves in Sanskrit, like its parent Proto-Indo-European, can be in one of three genders.
3351:
As in kindred Indo-European languages, conjugation is effected across the tenses, moods, voices, persons and numbers stated, yielding, in Sanskrit, a huge number of combinations.
2852:
Nouns whose stem vary between strong, middle and weak forms may correspondingly reflect 2nd, 1st and zero-grade vowels respectively. This may not always be matched by the accent:
229:
225:
865:
233:
6783:
4285:
These differences may indicate geographical variation. It is not clear whether abhinidhana was present in the early spoken Sanskrit or it developed at a later stage. In
3665:
When the nominal endings are being affixed to a noun of each class, they may undergo, in some cases, some changes, including being entirely replaced by other forms.
2902:, and in other cases, distinctions that have existed between different tenses have been blurred in the later language. Classical Sanskrit thus does not have the
2249:
Vowels within stems may change to other related vowels on the basis of the morphological operation being performed on it. There are three such grades, named the
3645:
Substantives may be divided into different classes on the basis of the stem vowel before they are declined on the above basis. The general classification is:
2833:
With nouns, the pattern does not always hold, as even from the earliest stage of the language, there has been a tendency to fix a single form, thus while
2692:
To overcome this, the ancient grammarians, while formulating most roots in zero-grade form, make an exception for some, and prescribe a treatment called
238:
6407:
6277:
6234:
3008:
are considered part of the verbal systems although they are not verbs themselves. Classical Sanskrit has only one infinitive, of accusative case-form.
6776:
6637:
2211:
Sanskrit inherits from Proto-Indo-European the feature of regular in-word, vowel variations known in the context of the parent language as
2819:
As a general rule, a root bearing the accent takes the first (guṇa) or second (vṛddhi) grade, and when unaccented, reduces to zero grade.
6973:
6687:
6769:
2816:) from Proto-Indo-European, as well as vowel gradation, both of which, in Sanskrit, just as in the parent language, go hand in hand.
2659:
As per the internal and historical structure of the system, the guṇa grade can be seen as the normal grade, whence proceeds either a
6702:
6692:
6682:
6670:
2182:
states that the consonants affected by abhinidhāna are the voiceless unaspirated plosives, the nasal consonants and the semivowels
849:
The table below shows the traditional listing of the Sanskrit consonants with the nearest equivalents in English (as pronounced in
6323:
4094:(SOV), which was the original system in place in Vedic prose. However, there are exceptions when word pairs cannot be transposed.
2667:
to form the zero-grade. The ancient grammarians however took the zero-grade as the natural form on which to apply guṇa or vṛddhi.
6303:
869:
6735:
6400:
4140:
symbols for the impressions which we receive in childhood nor for the emotions which form our character in early adolescence.'
2937:
in Sanskrit involves the interplay of five 'dimensions', number, person, voice, mood and tense, with the following variables:
6260:
6176:
6082:
6044:
5998:
5967:
5904:
122:, which formed the canonical basis of the Vedic religion, and was transmitted from generation to generation entirely orally.
3728:, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well. Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.
2012:
rules which are applied when combining morphemes to a word, and when combining words to a sentence, are collectively called
8092:
329:
The Sanskrit sound system can be represented in a 2-dimensional matrix arranged on the basis of the articulatory criteria:
2174:
and will be fully released if it is followed by a consonant whose place of articulation is further back in the mouth. The
2867:) declares its use optional, and it might have disappeared from popular speech in the early centuries of the Common Era.
6313:
2830:
The gradation examples given in the previous sections demonstrate several more instances of this phenomenon with verbs.
4386:
6290:
3710:. However, pronouns and determiners display certain peculiarities of their own compared to the other nominal classes.
6502:
6393:
6192:
6120:
6101:
6063:
6020:
3685:
1932:
The exact pronunciation of the three sibilants may vary, but they are distinct phonemes. Voiced sibilants, such as z
6697:
3865:
The typical way of forming an adverb is to simply use the accusative singular neutral form of nouns and adjectives.
3713:
Furthermore, personal pronouns have an additional dimension not present in the other nominals, but shared by verbs:
2898:
Some of the features of the verbal system, however, have been lost in the classical language, compared to the older
8176:
8254:
7905:
7704:
7002:
6966:
858:
6280:." Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting. Vol. 7. No. 1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2021.
215:
8249:
8138:
7027:
3862:
are either inherited as set forms from the parent language or may be derived from nouns, pronouns or numeral.
1968:
are somewhat marginal phonemes, often being conditioned by their phonetic environment; they do not continue a
7017:
6997:
6632:
3815:
8244:
7012:
6617:
4195:
2800:
The proto-forms of ga·tá- and ha·tá- would thus have *m̥ and *n̥ respectively: *gʷm̥·tó- and *gʷʰn̥·tó-
1997:
1993:
1989:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1592:
1576:
1560:
1545:
1529:
1513:
1475:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1424:
1408:
1388:
1372:
1332:
1316:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1252:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1176:
1149:
1133:
1117:
1101:
1086:
1070:
1036:
1020:
1004:
988:
972:
924:
7334:
7188:
6730:
6456:
4190:
4091:
6278:
On converse lability and its decline from Vedic to Epic Sanskrit: The verb juṣ-‘to enjoy’and ‘to please’
3579:
of the noun they are being applied to, along with case and number, thus giving the following variables:
8199:
7842:
7597:
7592:
7032:
6959:
6461:
4294:
4169:
1825:
i, u, ṛ, ḷ are vocalic allophones of consonantal y, v, r, l. There are thus only 5 invariably vocalic
138:
8239:
8074:
7880:
7751:
7714:
7193:
6750:
6440:
4185:
1949:
99:
857:
or wherever relevant in Indian English), French, Spanish, Russian or Polish, along with approximate
7726:
6487:
6229:
6220:
6159:
4179:
4117:
4038:
A few nouns have only one inflection and thus behave like indeclinables. The most common ones are:
3742:
3017:
2243:
6318:
6298:
3737:
2160:. The latter text adds that final semivowels (excluding r) are also incompletely articulated. The
2125:
it was obligatory in this context but optional for plosives before another plosive of a different
7915:
7251:
7246:
7178:
7049:
7037:
7022:
6793:
4276:
system, as well as perceived by speakers of modern Indian languages, as one and the same phoneme.
4268:
4098:
the syntax of Sanskrit has continued to evolve in the course of its productive literary history.
3775:
3576:
2934:
1973:
111:
5338:
275:
The following is a timeline of notable post-Pāṇinian grammatical figures and approximate dates:
7995:
7985:
7862:
7477:
7354:
7228:
7108:
6909:
6864:
6647:
6622:
6519:
6030:
5986:
4174:
3771:
854:
260:
244:
208:
20:
5959:
8210:
8100:
8061:
7938:
7847:
7709:
7691:
7505:
7495:
6951:
6761:
6212:
5894:
4306:
3707:
3703:
2126:
2018:"composition". Texts are written phonetically, with sandhi applied (except for the so-called
7359:
2710:
Thus, unlike most others, the root 'svap-' does not hold a 0-grade vowel, and is subject to
2074:(except r), which occurs before another plosive or a pause. It was described in the various
256:
252:
8041:
7500:
7419:
7128:
7113:
6801:
5921:
2212:
2114:
2087:
1785:
164:
7574:
2238:, themselves a direct continuation of the PIE ablaut, is fundamental in Sanskrit both for
255:
and others, and culminated in the exhaustive expositions by 19th century scholars such as
8:
8194:
8189:
7796:
7646:
7638:
7510:
7086:
6876:
6642:
6609:
6348:
1977:
1965:
1641:
1211:
889:
706:
511:
341:
190:
159:
103:
7759:
6374:
4397:
3674:
2075:
195:
also exerted much influence on the development of grammar, but more influential was the
163:, the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient
8069:
7928:
7771:
7676:
7627:
7622:
7602:
7442:
7369:
7329:
7324:
7314:
7296:
7258:
7058:
6986:
6824:
6745:
6740:
6627:
5952:
4408:
3765:
3725:
3714:
3021:
2725:
Therefore, it is possible to analogically expand the above vowel-gradation table thus:
2063:
19:
This article is about the grammar of Classical Sanskrit. For the earlier language, see
7852:
8184:
8148:
7956:
7875:
7829:
7809:
7666:
7549:
7384:
7374:
7319:
7218:
7166:
7118:
7103:
7066:
6932:
6889:
6507:
6361:
6256:
6249:
Sanskrit-Kompendium : ein Lehr-, Übungs- und Nachschlagewerk; Devanagari-Ausgabe
6222:
6188:
6172:
6116:
6097:
6078:
6059:
6040:
6016:
5994:
5963:
5933:
5900:
4298:
4159:
4149:
3883:– generally the same meaning as English 'un-' and 'a-', but with some extended senses
3551:
2919:
2722:
instead), their effects can be seen in verb-formation steps such as just seen above.
1060:
447:
264:
236:, of which the latter is the most popular. Vāsudeva Dīkṣita wrote a commentary named
39:
31:
4213:
A special type of sacrifice, the Sarasvatī, was devised to expiate errors of speech.
1780:
It should be understood that, while the script commonly associated with Sanskrit is
8008:
7946:
7890:
7885:
7837:
7741:
7736:
7661:
7584:
7564:
7539:
7531:
7447:
7437:
7432:
7349:
7306:
7283:
7273:
7263:
7205:
7143:
6917:
6829:
6819:
6814:
6725:
6720:
6524:
3787:
3779:
3721:
1501:
1362:
896:
850:
624:
569:
348:
8161:
6652:
6247:
6240:
vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)
75:
63:
43:
8156:
8110:
8033:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7895:
7870:
7804:
7781:
7776:
7612:
7607:
7554:
7544:
7517:
7467:
7452:
7427:
7402:
7392:
7364:
7344:
7291:
7268:
7233:
7213:
7156:
7133:
7123:
7093:
7081:
6884:
6849:
6834:
6809:
6582:
6577:
4136:
4129:
2907:
2670:
Whilst with the 1-grade-based system it is possible to derive the 0-grades thus:
2030:
A number of phonological processes have been described in detail. One of them is
1921:
1664:
960:
729:
401:
3770:
Sanskrit inherits from its parent Proto-Indo-European the capability of forming
8218:
8166:
8115:
8051:
8046:
7980:
7975:
7819:
7731:
7721:
7699:
7656:
7651:
7617:
7569:
7457:
7397:
7339:
7223:
7151:
7098:
7071:
6940:
6899:
6839:
6512:
6497:
6482:
6228:
vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905)
4154:
4135:
Ingalls writes: 'Every Indian, one may suppose, grew up learning naturally the
3783:
3626:
2899:
2876:
319:
279:
150:
6338:
200:
178:
8233:
8130:
8120:
8105:
8081:
8018:
7923:
7814:
7764:
7681:
7407:
7238:
7183:
7161:
7076:
6894:
6587:
6565:
6543:
6430:
6008:
5937:
3079:
The commonest of all classes, with nearly half of the roots in the language.
2888:
2090:
that trigger abhinidhana, nor on the precise classes of consonants affected.
6295:
4164:
3908:
The following is an enumeration of the main types of Sanskrit conjunctions:
1874:
221:
134:
92:
51:
7900:
7786:
7559:
7462:
7173:
6922:
6844:
4322:
The very first of the sūtras in Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī define vowel gradation!
4272:
3802:
Words that change no form across cases, numbers, genders are classified as
2813:
2809:
2168:
2.38 lists an exception: a plosive at the end of the word will not undergo
115:
47:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2080:
2056:
2048:
2040:
213:
188:
182:
154:
7951:
7671:
6592:
6560:
6466:
6164:
3005:
2903:
2269:
respectively. The full pattern of gradation, followed by example usage:
1715:
1632:
779:
697:
107:
84:
6034:
6555:
6435:
6308:
4087:
4083:
3745:
or word-formation in Sanskrit can be divided into the following types:
3699:
3691:
3572:
3561:
2911:
2071:
1908:
1781:
35:
6329:
6304:
Sanskrit grammar Laghu-Siddanta-Kaumudi (English & Tamil Lectures)
3889:– when used with the present form of a verb, it conveys the past tense
7967:
4107:
2915:
2239:
2009:
1900:
1760:
1724:
1673:
1623:
824:
788:
738:
687:
174:
6171:, Foundations of Language, supplementary series 5, Springer (1967),
3899:– prefixed to give a negative, inadequate or pejorative connotation.
6416:
6204:
Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians
5153:
2684:
the approach used by the ancient grammarians does not always work:
2216:
1904:
4120:
describes some peculiar characteristics of the Sanskrit language.
6982:
4286:
4252:
more central and less back than the closest English approximation
3859:
2067:
1953:
1952:
from Proto-Indo-Iranian but lost around or after the time of the
1890:
1826:
1702:
766:
119:
80:
27:
4290:
3818:
and the term indeclinable usually implies only the former type.
251:
European grammatical scholarship began in the 18th century with
3986:
The main ones in Sanskrit expressing the various emotions are:
3629:
is inserted to the root before the final endings are appended:
2923:
2014:
6981:
6791:
6597:
5339:"On the Indo-European origins of the retroflexes in Sanskrit"
3695:
2892:
1917:
1789:
1769:
833:
118:, a large body of Vedic hymns had been consolidated into the
3752:
Secondary derivation – suffixes appended to derivative stems
6385:
3565:
203:
which popularised simplified versions of Sanskrit grammar.
224:
wrote three abridged versions of the original text, named
1969:
206:
The most influential work of the Early Modern period was
153:
composed vārtikas (explanations) on the Pāṇinian sũtras.
6324:
V. Swaminathan "Panini’s Understanding of Vedic Grammar"
3749:
Primary derivation – suffixes directly appended to roots
3143:
Usually to form causatives, not strictly a class per se
6206:. James G. Forlong Fund. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal.
5367:
5365:
4070:
3873:
Particles are used either as expletives or intensives.
1972:
series and are often ascribed by some linguists to the
5437:
5401:
5286:
4111:
6309:
Sanskrit grammar Video AdiLaghu (English & Tamil)
4293:
abhinidhana was carried a step forward into complete
4106:
In the introduction to his celebrated translation of
4090:
is free. In usage, there is a strong tendency toward
2222:
This feature, which can be seen in the English forms
6319:
Julia Papke "Order and Meaning in Sanskrit Preverbs"
5425:
5413:
5389:
5377:
5362:
4446:
Present-tense third-person singular, dual and plural
3679:
2714:
before the past participle 'sup·tá-' can be formed.
157:, who lived three centuries after Pāṇini, wrote the
5789:
5787:
5678:
5676:
5274:
2914:forms, and the distinctions in meaning between the
6314:Charles Wikner "A Practical Sanskrit Introductory"
5954:An anthology of Sanskrit court poetry; Vidyākara's
5951:
5943:
4132:Indian language had been learned the natural way.
3690:Sanskrit pronouns and determiners behave in their
4700:
3706:, so that they can all be classed together under
2926:forms are barely maintained and ultimately lost.
8231:
6343:— dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
6233:vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and
5958:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
5784:
5673:
3755:Word-compounding – combining one more word stems
6638:Legendary creatures in Sanskrit Hindu mythology
6346:
4460:variant of the u- form when followed by a vowel
4222:Pāṇini's full treatise was also referred to as
3617:dative, ablative, genitive, locative, vocative
187:'s (12th century AD) commentary on Patañjali's
106:after its introduction with the arrival of the
5341:. The Journal of the American Oriental Society
4262:
3694:largely like other declinable classes such as
2984:indicative, optative, imperative, conditional
2261:. The first and second grades are also termed
1911:
1894:
50:(roughly 8th century BCE), culminating in the
6967:
6777:
6401:
5481:
5479:
5336:
2038:(lit. 'adjacent imposition'), (also known as
6169:Word order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar
5896:Word Order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar
5513:
5511:
5509:
3821:Indeclinables can be classified as follows:
3806:. Indeclinables may be divided into either
6334:— sources results from Monier Williams etc.
4101:
3131:-aya- with root gradation, or -áya- without
6974:
6960:
6784:
6770:
6731:Sanskrit academic institutes outside India
6408:
6394:
5892:
5886:
5796:
5476:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5186:
5184:
4505:occasionally other singular cases are used
4419:Śāntanava discusses this in his Phiṭsūtra.
1792:, differ somewhat from those of Sanskrit.
873:
34:has a complex verbal system, rich nominal
16:Grammar of the Classical Sanskrit language
6134:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
5949:
5899:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5506:
2856:rā́jan, rā́jānam, rā́jnā (1, 2, 0 grades)
2025:
1988:The nasal is a conditioned allophone of
866:IPA chart (vowels and consonants) – 2015.
844:
6703:Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world
6671:Sanskrit mottos of universities in India
6161:Topics in Sanskrit morphology and syntax
6072:
3738:Sanskrit nouns § Nominal derivation
1944:as well as its aspirated counterpart źh
57:
6359:
6110:
6053:
6029:
5985:
5337:Hamp, Eric P. (October–December 1996).
5316:
5181:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4387:Proto-Indo-European phonology#Sonorants
2117:, whereas according to the text of the
2086:. These texts are not unanimous on the
1959:
1885:
870:IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
8232:
6245:
6096:(2002 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
6077:(2000 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
6039:(2000 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
6015:(2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
6007:
5919:
3640:
3615:nominative, accusative, instrumental,
2066:, or ""repressing or obscuring", of a
6955:
6765:
6389:
6201:
6182:
6145:
6129:
6073:Bucknell, Roderick S (January 2010).
5443:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5292:
5280:
4496:may take both active and middle voice
3020:analysis of the Sanskrit verb is the
2995:present, imperfect, perfect, aorist,
6185:A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians
6113:Pāṇini - His work and his traditions
6091:
4449:
3507:Furthermore, Sanskrit has so-called
3355:Conjugation – standard finite verbs
220:(17th century). Bhaṭṭoji's disciple
177:and Vāmana wrote a commentary named
114:. By 1000 BCE, the end of the early
4428:Present-tense third-person singular
4025:Disrespectfully calling attention:
2997:periphrastic future, simple future
2113:only occurred when a consonant was
324:
13:
6372:
6270:
5993:(2010 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
5991:Indo-European Language and Culture
5922:"Word order in Classical Sanskrit"
4487:2 forms: Simple & Periphrastic
4128:'artificial' is meant that it was
2206:
2201:
14:
8266:
6284:
6255:(in German). Heidelberg: Forkel.
3686:Sanskrit pronouns and determiners
3680:Personal pronouns and determiners
42:. It was studied and codified by
6347:Monier-Williams, Monier (1899).
6132:A History of Sanskrit Literature
5913:
5877:
5868:
5859:
5850:
5841:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5805:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5146:
5135:
5124:
5113:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5066:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4440:
4271:, but it later developed into a
4033:
4018:Respectfully calling attention:
3981:
3797:
2849:has 2nd-grade forms throughout.
1795:
872:
98:The oldest attested form of the
73:Sanskrit grammatical tradition (
54:grammar of the 4th century BCE.
6349:"A Sanskrit English Dictionary"
6291:Vedic Society Sandhi Calculator
5979:
5619:
5616:Monier Williams – word meanings
5610:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5497:
5488:
5467:
5458:
5449:
5353:
5330:
5307:
5298:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5054:
5043:
5032:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4977:
4966:
4955:
4944:
4933:
4922:
4911:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4871:
4860:
4849:
4838:
4827:
4816:
4805:
4794:
4783:
4772:
4761:
4750:
4739:
4728:
4717:
4706:
4550:cast, throw, especially of dice
4535:
4526:
4517:
4478:Very rare in Classical Sanskrit
4469:Very similar to the Fifth class
4431:
4422:
4413:
4402:
4391:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4279:
4255:
4246:
4237:
3915:– marks the beginning of a work
3903:
3844:
3637:, producing the thematic stem.
2663:to form the second grade, or a
2070:or, according to some texts, a
144:
6736:Sanskrit universities in India
6058:(2003 ed.). McGraw Hill.
5893:J.F. Staal (31 January 1967).
5229:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5172:
4701:Traditional glossary and notes
4216:
4207:
4082:Because of Sanskrit's complex
3814:. The latter is treated under
3675:Sanskrit nouns § Numerals
2929:
2826:i·tá ⇒ áy·anam (0 ⇒ 2nd grade)
1980:or other substrate languages.
1860:kʰa pʰa cʰa ṭʰa tʰa ca ṭa ta·v
149:About a century after Pāṇini,
1:
6130:Keith, A. Berriedale (1956).
5920:Gillon, B.S (25 March 1996),
5166:
4897:"vṛddhir·ād·aiC" – Pāṇini I 1
3778:languages such as especially
3731:
3556:
2881:
2861:
6415:
6330:"Online Sanskrit Dictionary"
6202:Varma, Siddheshwar (1961) .
3990:Wonder, grief, regret, etc:
3868:
3759:
3604:masculine, feminine, neuter
3207:Reduplication, accent varies
3011:
1927:
313:
7:
6457:Sanskritisation (sociology)
4511:
4261:In the earlier language, v
4243:twice as long as the shorts
4230:) of proper speech forms (
4143:
4112:
3960:Affirmative and negative –
3774:nouns, also widely seen in
3668:
3545:
3016:The starting point for the
2910:, has dropped a variety of
2700:ghóṣ·a·ti, ghuṣ·ṭá- ⇒ ghuṣ-
2193:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2081:
2057:
2049:
2041:
270:
214:
189:
183:
83:disciplines) began in late
10:
8271:
6462:Sanskritisation (language)
6148:Phonetics in ancient India
4888:"ad·eṄ guṇaḥ" – Pāṇini I 2
4367:vṛddhi indeed means growth
4310:
4226:– a means of instruction (
4004:Sorrow, dejection, grief:
3876:The most common ones are:
3853:
3763:
3735:
3720:Pronouns are declined for
3683:
3672:
3633:which in Sanskrit becomes
3549:
3531:The non-finite forms are:
2874:
2706:sváp·a·ti, sup·tá- ⇒ svap-
317:
68:
61:
18:
8208:
8175:
8147:
8129:
8090:
8060:
8032:
7994:
7965:
7937:
7914:
7861:
7828:
7795:
7750:
7690:
7636:
7583:
7530:
7488:
7418:
7383:
7305:
7282:
7204:
7142:
7057:
7048:
6993:
6931:
6908:
6875:
6800:
6751:World Sanskrit Conference
6713:
6661:
6608:
6533:
6475:
6449:
6423:
6360:Whitney, William (1924).
6339:"The Sanskrit Grammarian"
6094:A Higher Sanskrit Grammar
6054:Coulson, Michael (2003).
4302:
4263:
4182:, French sanskrit scholar
4077:
3977:– marks the end of a work
3474:
3449:
3446:
3379:
3376:
2803:
2703:sráv·a·ti, sru·tá- ⇒ sru-
2427:Vowel gradation examples
2003:
1983:
1912:
1895:
1800:
1767:
1758:
1747:
1722:
1713:
1700:
1687:
894:
887:
831:
822:
811:
786:
777:
764:
751:
346:
339:
129:
102:as it had evolved in the
100:Proto-Indo-Aryan language
6488:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
6210:Wackernagel, Debrunner,
6111:Cardona, George (1997).
5535:Macdonnell, Vedic p.118.
4676:food offered to the gods
4201:
4180:Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat
4130:learned after some other
4102:Peculiar characteristics
3346:
2973:active, middle, passive
2870:
2823:i- ⇒ éti (0 ⇒ 1st grade)
2164:Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya
2149:Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya
2141:Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya
2093:One ancient grammarian,
1337:(NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: int
1321:(NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: mo
1305:(NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: mor
881:Sanskrit sound examples
226:Madhya Siddhānta Kaumudī
7705:Central Atlas Tamazight
6825:Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)
6633:Historic Sanskrit texts
6598:Suyat family of scripts
6441:Mandala political model
6375:"The Sanskrit Language"
6246:Stiehl, Ulrich (2011).
6156:Altindische Tempuslehre
6115:. Motilal Banarsidass.
6031:Whitney, William Dwight
5313:Bohtlingk, (1887), p.1.
4577:call, invoke, sacrifice
4269:labio-velar approximant
3969:yāvat-tāvat, yadā-tadā,
3967:Conjunctions of time –
3941:cet, yadi, yadāpi, net,
3593:singular, dual, plural
3150:Athematic verb classes
2951:singular, dual, plural
2064:incomplete articulation
309:Bhattoji-dīkṣita – XVII
234:Laghu Siddhānta Kaumudī
167:this grammar is called
38:, and extensive use of
8255:Indo-European grammars
4437:Occasionally vriddhied
4267:was pronounced as the
4175:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
4137:language of his mother
3035:Thematic verb classes
2026:Phonological processes
1916:of any nasal, both in
1871:
864:(Further information:
855:Received Pronunciation
845:Pronunciation examples
261:William Dwight Whitney
230:Sāra Siddhānta Kaumudī
87:and culminated in the
21:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
8250:Indo-Iranian grammars
6794:South Asian languages
6792:Grammars of specific
6213:Altindische Grammatik
6183:Staal, Frits (1972).
6013:The Sanskrit Language
4694:well-being, happiness
3955:āho, uta, utāho, kim,
3673:Further information:
3067:Root accent, gunated
2962:first, second, third
2808:Sanskrit inherited a
2127:place of articulation
1835:
1833:The Māhēśvara Sūtrāṇi
58:Grammatical tradition
6146:Allen, W.S. (1953),
3962:atha kim, ām, addhā,
3920:atha, atho, uta, ca,
3089:None (ending accent)
2674:ghóṣ·a·ti ⇒ ghuṣ·ṭá-
1966:retroflex consonants
1960:Retroflex consonants
1948:, were inherited by
1886:Visarga and anusvāra
1786:Indo-Aryan languages
199:of Buddhist scholar
165:Sanskrit grammarians
44:Sanskrit grammarians
8245:Indo-Aryan grammars
7335:Old Church Slavonic
6618:Buddhist literature
5987:Fortson, Benjamin W
5691:Bucknell, p. 12-16.
4613:stop, arrest, check
4196:Proto-Indo-European
4118:Daniel H.H. Ingalls
4092:subject–object–verb
3641:Stem classification
3583:
3356:
3169:Conjugation samples
3151:
3054:Conjugation samples
3036:
2941:
2730:
2688:sup·tá- ≠ *sóp·a·ti
2680:sváp·a·ti ⇒ sup·tá-
2677:sráv·a·ti ⇒ sru·tá-
2428:
2274:
2107:6.12), states that
882:
334:
285:Patañjali – 150 BCE
104:Indian subcontinent
8200:Lingua Franca Nova
7843:Classical Japanese
6746:World Sanskrit Day
6741:Sanskrit Knowledge
6552:Later development
6362:"Sanskrit Grammar"
6276:Pooth, Roland A. "
6219:vol. I. phonology
6140:Pâṇini's Grammatik
6092:Kale, M R (1969).
5950:Vidyākara (1965).
5926:Indian Linguistics
5727:Whitney, §321–322.
5700:Whitney, §261–266.
5643:Whitney, §527–541.
4191:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4113:Subhāṣitaratnakośa
4020:aho, bhoḥ, he, ho,
3934:athavā, tu, kintu,
3816:Sanskrit compounds
3766:Sanskrit compounds
3655:ā-, ī- and ū-stems
3582:
3372:Conventional term
3354:
3149:
3034:
2940:
2728:
2426:
2272:
2215:or more generally
2156:Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya
2104:Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya
1226:Retroflex form of
880:
332:
257:Otto von Böhtlingk
253:Jean François Pons
8227:
8226:
7881:Classical Chinese
7526:
7525:
6987:world's languages
6949:
6948:
6759:
6758:
6262:978-3-7719-0086-1
6223:Jacob Wackernagel
6177:978-90-277-0549-5
6138:Böhtlingk, Otto,
6084:978-81-208-1188-1
6046:978-81-208-0620-7
6000:978-1-4051-8895-1
5969:978-0-674-03950-6
5906:978-90-277-0549-5
5745:Burrow, §4.3–4.4.
5446:, pp. 137–8.
5410:, pp. 141–2.
5359:Whitney, §98–101.
5244:Staal (1972) p. 0
4297:, as for example
4160:Sanskrit compound
4150:Sanskrit nominals
3622:
3621:
3552:Sanskrit nominals
3505:
3504:
3344:
3343:
3147:
3146:
3002:
3001:
2798:
2797:
2657:
2656:
2424:
2423:
1880:
1829:: a, ā, ī, ū, ṝ.
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1727:
1718:
1705:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1626:
842:
841:
836:
827:
815:
791:
782:
769:
756:
748:
742:
733:
723:
716:
710:
701:
690:
288:Bhartṛhari – V CE
265:Jacob Wackernagel
245:Siddhānta-Kaumudī
209:Siddhānta Kaumudī
169:Trimuni Vyākarana
79:, one of the six
32:Sanskrit language
8262:
8240:Sanskrit grammar
7896:Mandarin Chinese
7727:Levantine Arabic
7055:
7054:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6763:
6762:
6726:Sanskrit studies
6721:Sanskrit revival
6574:Spread of usage
6410:
6403:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6369:
6356:
6342:
6333:
6266:
6254:
6235:Albert Debrunner
6207:
6198:
6151:
6142:, Leipzig (1887)
6135:
6126:
6107:
6088:
6075:Sanskrit Grammar
6069:
6050:
6036:Sanskrit Grammar
6033:(January 2008).
6026:
6004:
5974:
5973:
5957:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5794:
5793:Coulson, p. xxi.
5791:
5782:
5781:Kale, §179, 337.
5779:
5773:
5770:
5764:
5763:Bucknell, p. 32.
5761:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5736:Fortson, §10.46.
5734:
5728:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5683:
5682:Bucknell, p. 11.
5680:
5671:
5668:
5662:
5661:Bucknell, p. 53.
5659:
5653:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5554:
5553:Bucknell, p. 34.
5551:
5545:
5544:Fortson, §10.41.
5542:
5536:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5504:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5474:
5473:Bucknell, tb. 5.
5471:
5465:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5334:
5328:
5327:Whitney, §31–75.
5325:
5314:
5311:
5305:
5304:Whitney, §19–30.
5302:
5296:
5295:, p. 28,58.
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5263:
5262:Whitney, §19–79.
5260:
5254:
5253:Bucknell, p. 73.
5251:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5226:Whitney, p. xiii
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5208:Whitney, p. xii.
5206:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5179:
5176:
5161:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4710:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4622:another (reason)
4620:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4586:press (of juice)
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4283:
4277:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4186:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4115:
4006:hā, hāhā, hanta,
3953:Interrogative –
3584:
3581:
3357:
3353:
3152:
3148:
3037:
3033:
2942:
2939:
2935:Verb conjugation
2866:
2863:
2731:
2729:Vowel gradation
2727:
2429:
2425:
2275:
2273:Vowel gradation
2271:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2178:Cārāyaṇīya Śikṣa
2173:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2084:
2082:Cārāyaṇīya Śikṣa
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2035:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1950:Proto-Indo-Aryan
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1915:
1914:
1903:of r and s, and
1898:
1897:
1881:
1878:
1858:ja ba ga ḍa da·ś
1852:ña ma ṅa ṇa na·m
1770:
1761:
1749:
1725:
1716:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1594:
1578:
1562:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1477:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1426:
1410:
1390:
1374:
1334:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1178:
1151:
1135:
1119:
1103:
1088:
1075:similar to Eng:
1072:
1038:
1022:
1006:
990:
974:
926:
883:
879:
876:
875:
851:General American
834:
825:
813:
789:
780:
767:
752:
746:
736:
727:
721:
714:
704:
695:
688:
335:
333:Sanskrit sounds
331:
325:The sound system
303:Śaraṇadeva – XII
300:Hemacandra – XII
219:
216:Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita
194:
186:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8204:
8171:
8143:
8125:
8093:Native American
8086:
8056:
8028:
7990:
7961:
7933:
7910:
7857:
7824:
7791:
7746:
7686:
7632:
7579:
7522:
7484:
7414:
7379:
7301:
7278:
7200:
7179:Scottish Gaelic
7138:
7044:
6989:
6980:
6950:
6945:
6927:
6904:
6871:
6796:
6790:
6760:
6755:
6709:
6657:
6604:
6583:Gujarati script
6529:
6471:
6445:
6419:
6414:
6337:
6328:
6296:Little Red Book
6287:
6273:
6271:Further reading
6263:
6252:
6195:
6123:
6104:
6085:
6066:
6047:
6023:
6001:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5948:
5944:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5802:Burrow, p. 209.
5801:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:Whitney, §1138.
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:Fortson, §6.43.
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:Bucknell, §2.B.
5651:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:Whitney, ch. 8.
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5526:Burrow, pp 115.
5525:
5521:
5516:
5507:
5503:Burrow, p. 110.
5502:
5498:
5494:Burrow, p. 109.
5493:
5489:
5485:Coulson, p. 22.
5484:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:Fortson, §4.12.
5454:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:Coulson, p xvi.
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:Coulson, p. xv.
5198:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5039:karmaṇi·prayoga
5037:
5033:
5028:kartari·prayoga
5026:
5022:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4995:prathama·puruṣa
4993:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:to order, array
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:originally 'āu'
4357:
4353:
4349:originally 'au'
4348:
4344:
4340:originally 'āi'
4339:
4335:
4331:originally 'ai'
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4284:
4280:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4146:
4104:
4080:
4075:
4036:
3984:
3932:Adversative –
3906:
3871:
3856:
3847:
3800:
3768:
3762:
3740:
3734:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3661:Consonant stems
3643:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3349:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3269:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3194:
3192:
3014:
2932:
2908:injunctive mood
2884:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2626:
2621:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2537:
2532:
2516:
2511:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2209:
2207:Vowel gradation
2204:
2202:Morphophonology
2078:as well as the
2033:
2032:
2028:
2006:
1986:
1962:
1930:
1922:nasalised vowel
1888:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1803:
1798:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1003:
1002:
992:
987:
986:
976:
971:
970:
950:
945:
938:
928:
923:
922:
911:
847:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
391:
386:
379:
374:
363:
327:
322:
316:
306:Vopadeva – XIII
294:Śākaṭāyana – IX
273:
147:
132:
71:
66:
60:
46:from the later
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8268:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8215:
8213:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8153:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8135:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8095:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8066:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7972:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7355:Serbo-Croatian
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7229:Istro-Romanian
7226:
7221:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6648:Sanskrit poets
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6483:Vedic Sanskrit
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6450:Mode of spread
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6424:Influence zone
6421:
6420:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6286:
6285:External links
6283:
6282:
6281:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6231:
6226:
6208:
6199:
6193:
6180:
6162:
6152:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6121:
6108:
6102:
6089:
6083:
6070:
6064:
6051:
6045:
6027:
6021:
6009:Burrow, Thomas
6005:
5999:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5942:
5912:
5905:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5795:
5783:
5774:
5765:
5756:
5754:Whitney, §490.
5747:
5738:
5729:
5720:
5711:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5672:
5670:Whitney, §540.
5663:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5625:Burrow, p. 328
5618:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5589:Whitney, ch 8.
5582:
5573:
5564:
5562:Burrow, p. 367
5555:
5546:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5475:
5466:
5464:Burrow, §3.22.
5457:
5448:
5436:
5434:, p. 139.
5424:
5422:, p. 142.
5412:
5400:
5398:, p. 140.
5388:
5386:, p. 138.
5376:
5374:, p. 137.
5361:
5352:
5329:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5145:
5134:
5123:
5112:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5053:
5042:
5031:
5020:
5009:
5006:dvitīya·puruṣa
4998:
4987:
4976:
4965:
4954:
4943:
4932:
4921:
4910:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4870:
4859:
4848:
4837:
4826:
4815:
4804:
4793:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4749:
4738:
4727:
4716:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4595:extend, spread
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4448:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4401:
4390:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4278:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Sanskrit verbs
4152:
4145:
4142:
4103:
4100:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3948:hi, tat, tena,
3944:
3939:Conditional –
3937:
3930:
3925:Disjunctive –
3923:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3870:
3867:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3799:
3796:
3764:Main article:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3736:Main article:
3733:
3730:
3684:Main article:
3681:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:i- and u-stems
3650:
3642:
3639:
3627:thematic vowel
3620:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3558:
3555:
3550:Main article:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3511:conjugations:
3503:
3502:
3501:'Conditional'
3499:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3013:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2931:
2928:
2900:Vedic Sanskrit
2883:
2880:
2877:Sanskrit verbs
2875:Main article:
2872:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2614:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2558:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2504:
2488:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2046:, 'stoppage',
2027:
2024:
2005:
2002:
1985:
1982:
1961:
1958:
1929:
1926:
1887:
1884:
1879:The Aṣṭādhyāyī
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1471:
1469:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1438:
1420:
1418:
1404:
1402:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1294:
1280:
1278:
1264:
1262:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1170:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1111:
1097:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1032:
1030:
1016:
1014:
1000:
998:
984:
982:
968:
966:
964:
956:
955:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
939:
936:
934:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
909:
907:
901:
900:
893:
886:
846:
843:
840:
839:
830:
821:
818:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
795:
794:
785:
776:
774:
772:
763:
761:
758:
757:
750:
743:
734:
725:
718:
711:
702:
693:
684:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
628:
620:
619:
617:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
565:
564:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
507:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
443:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
405:
397:
396:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
361:
359:
353:
352:
345:
338:
326:
323:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
272:
269:
146:
143:
131:
128:
70:
67:
59:
56:
40:compound nouns
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8267:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7916:Austroasiatic
7913:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7050:Indo-European
7047:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:Orthographies
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:Modern status
6712:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:Current usage
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6578:Bangla script
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6566:Nagari script
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6544:Brahmi script
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Vedic grammar
6518:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Greater India
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6258:
6251:
6250:
6244:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:, Göttingen.
6215:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6194:0-262-19078-8
6190:
6187:. MIT Press.
6186:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:B. Delbrück,
6153:
6149:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6122:81-208-0419-8
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6103:81-208-0177-6
6099:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6065:0-340-85990-3
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6022:81-208-1767-2
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5889:
5880:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5715:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5677:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5634:Whitney, §775
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5580:Burrow, §7.3.
5577:
5571:Whitney, §538
5568:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5517:Coulson, §98.
5514:
5512:
5510:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5340:
5333:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5310:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5283:, p. 57.
5282:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5190:Burrow, §2.1.
5187:
5185:
5175:
5171:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5105:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5050:bhāve·prayoga
5046:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5017:tṛtīya·puruṣa
5013:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4640:non-existence
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4224:śabdānuśāsana
4219:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4034:Miscellaneous
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:Interjections
3976:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:vā, vā... vā,
3924:
3921:
3918:Copulative –
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:In Sanskrit,
3851:
3840:Miscellaneous
3839:
3837:Interjections
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:indeclinables
3798:Indeclinables
3795:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:In addition,
3569:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:'Injunctive'
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:'Imperative'
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:morphological
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:Ancient Greek
2878:
2868:
2865: 700 CE
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2773:Dental nasal
2772:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2747:Labial nasal
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:strengthening
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:). It is the
2061:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1981:
1979:
1976:influence of
1975:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1856:gʰa ḍʰa dʰa·ṣ
1848:ha ya va ra·ṭ
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1796:Sound classes
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1012:
999:
996:
983:
980:
967:
965:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
952:
947:
942:
940:
935:
932:
919:
917:
915:
913:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
892:
891:
885:
884:
878:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
838:
837:
829:
828:
820:
819:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
796:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
773:
771:
770:
762:
760:
759:
755:
749:
744:
741:
740:
735:
732:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
709:
708:
703:
700:
699:
694:
692:
691:
685:
683:
682:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
616:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:
513:
509:
508:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
393:
388:
383:
381:
376:
371:
369:
367:
365:
360:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
344:
343:
337:
336:
330:
321:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
276:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
202:
198:
193:
192:
185:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
142:
140:
136:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
8042:Massachusett
7996:Austronesian
7863:Sino-Tibetan
7472:
7129:West Frisian
7028:Prepositions
7007:
6910:Sino-Tibetan
6859:
6854:
6492:
6378:
6365:
6352:
6248:
6211:
6203:
6184:
6168:
6165:Staal, Frits
6155:
6147:
6139:
6131:
6112:
6093:
6074:
6055:
6035:
6012:
5990:
5980:Bibliography
5953:
5945:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5895:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5718:Burrow, §4.3
5714:
5705:
5696:
5687:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5598:Burrow, §7.8
5594:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5558:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5499:
5490:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5332:
5309:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5217:Cardona §1.6
5213:
5204:
5195:
5174:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4404:
4393:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4307:Jain Prakrit
4295:assimilation
4281:
4273:labio-dental
4257:
4248:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4209:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4105:
4096:
4086:system, the
4081:
4037:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3904:Conjunctions
3896:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3864:
3857:
3848:
3845:Prepositions
3834:Conjunctions
3825:Prepositions
3820:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3769:
3741:
3719:
3712:
3689:
3664:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3570:
3560:
3535:Participles
3530:
3527:Denominative
3521:Desiderative
3508:
3506:
3425:'Imperfect'
3350:
3338:ru·n·dh·ánti
3336:ru·n·d·dhás
3334:ru·ṇá·d·dhi
3030:
3026:
3015:
3003:
2996:
2933:
2897:
2885:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2818:
2814:Vedic accent
2810:pitch accent
2807:
2799:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2712:samprasāraṇa
2711:
2709:
2694:samprasāraṇa
2693:
2691:
2683:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2266:
2262:
2259:second grade
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2161:
2153:
2138:
2130:
2118:
2094:
2092:
2088:environments
2079:
2076:Prātiśākhyas
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2010:phonological
2007:
1987:
1963:
1931:
1889:
1872:
1837:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1779:
1768:
1759:
1748:
1723:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1582:
1566:
1551:
1535:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1465:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1361:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1306:
1290:
1274:
1258:
1242:
1210:
1182:
1167:
1166:, Pol: jesie
1163:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1123:
1107:
1092:
1076:
1059:
1042:
1026:
1010:
994:
978:
959:
930:
904:
895:
888:
863:
848:
832:
823:
812:
787:
778:
765:
753:
745:
737:
728:
720:
713:
705:
696:
686:
623:
568:
510:
446:
400:
356:
347:
340:
328:
297:Kaiyaṭa – XI
291:Kāśikā – VII
274:
267:and others.
250:
243:
239:Bālamanoramā
237:
207:
205:
196:
173:
168:
158:
148:
145:After Pāṇini
133:
124:
116:Vedic period
97:
88:
74:
72:
48:Vedic period
25:
8211:constructed
8195:Interlingue
8190:Interlingua
8062:Uto-Aztecan
7752:Niger–Congo
7692:Afroasiatic
7018:Determiners
6998:Phonologies
6593:Odia script
6588:Kawi script
6561:Nandinagari
6467:Sanskritism
6379:Archive.org
6373:Burrow, T.
6366:Archive.org
6353:Archive.org
5883:Kale, §364.
5874:Kale, §377.
5865:Kale, §376.
5856:Kale, §375.
5847:Kale, §374.
5838:Kale, §372.
5829:Kale, §365.
5820:Kale, §363.
5811:Kale, §362.
5271:Stiehl 2011
5178:Keith, p. 4
5072:sarva·nāman
4984:bahu·vacana
4631:that exists
3992:ā, aho, ha,
3495:Conditional
3400:'Optative'
3323:Nasal infix
3309:krī·ṇī·tás
3307:krī·ṇā́·ti
3294:-nā- suffix
3236:-no- suffix
3110:-ya- suffix
3006:participles
2930:Conjugation
2904:subjunctive
2255:first grade
2171:abhinidhāna
2110:abhinidhāna
2034:abhinidhāna
1920:(i.e., the
1257:Ind Eng: ca
201:Dharmakīrti
181:in 600 CE.
108:Indo-Aryans
85:Vedic India
8234:Categories
7968:East Asian
7929:Vietnamese
7715:Historical
7677:Mingrelian
7443:Hindustani
7420:Indo-Aryan
7370:Slovincian
7330:Macedonian
7315:Belarusian
7297:Lithuanian
7259:Portuguese
7189:colloquial
7013:Adjectives
6802:Indo-Aryan
6693:Indonesian
6679:Loanwords
6643:Literature
6610:Literature
6556:Devanagari
6436:Indosphere
5932:(1–4): 1,
5444:Varma 1961
5432:Varma 1961
5420:Varma 1961
5408:Varma 1961
5396:Varma 1961
5384:Varma 1961
5372:Varma 1961
5293:Allen 1953
5281:Allen 1953
5167:References
4973:dvi·vacana
4962:eka·vacana
4801:mahā·prāṇa
4790:alpa·prāṇa
4409:*gʷʰn̥-tó-
4376:or svapiti
4170:Aṣṭādhyāyī
4088:word order
4084:declension
4027:are, rere,
3999:kim, dhik,
3997:Contempt:
3743:Derivation
3732:Derivation
3700:adjectives
3692:declension
3573:adjectives
3562:Declension
3557:Declension
3538:Infinitive
3481:Indicative
3453:Indicative
3442:'Perfect'
3436:Indicative
3419:Indicative
3408:Imperative
3405:Imperative
3389:'Present'
3383:Indicative
3326:ru·ṇá·dh-
3311:krī·ṇ-ánti
3282:tan·v·ánti
3280:tan·u·tás
3265:-o- suffix
3253:su·nv·ánti
3251:su·nu·tás
3140:cór·aya·ti
3119:dī́v·ya·ti
2912:infinitive
2882:Background
2841:(2-g) and
2742:2nd grade
2736:Zero grade
2696:on these:
2580:Retroflex
2440:2nd grade
2434:Zero grade
2373:Retroflex
2286:2nd grade
2280:Zero grade
2251:zero grade
2244:derivation
2072:semi-vowel
1974:substratal
1909:Devanagari
1864:śa ṣa sa·r
1782:Devanagari
1762:consonants
1480:Fre, Spa:
1449:Aspirated
1433:ans, Spa:
1393:Fre, Spa:
1289:Ind Eng: a
1241:Ind Eng: s
1162:, Rus: осе
1158:eau, Spa:
826:consonants
318:See also:
222:Varadarāja
197:Rupāvatāra
191:Mahābhāṣya
160:Mahābhāṣya
139:Aṣṭādhyāyī
110:is called
89:Aṣṭādhyāyī
62:See also:
36:declension
8185:Esperanto
8177:auxiliary
8075:Classical
7986:Mongolian
7876:Cantonese
7810:Malayalam
7797:Dravidian
7667:Kabardian
7575:Meänkieli
7550:Hungarian
7375:Ukrainian
7320:Bulgarian
7219:Dalmatian
7119:Ripuarian
7114:Old Norse
7109:Norwegian
7104:Icelandic
7067:Afrikaans
6890:Malayalam
6877:Dravidian
6860:Classical
6653:Vyākaraṇa
6508:Compounds
5938:0378-0759
5345:8 January
4812:anunāsika
4757:mūrdhanya
4228:anuśāsana
4108:Vidyakara
3946:Causal –
3869:Particles
3831:Particles
3786:and also
3760:Compounds
3601:3 genders
3590:3 numbers
3524:Causative
3518:Intensive
3509:Secondary
3498:Secondary
3487:'Future'
3467:Secondary
3459:'Aorist'
3456:Secondary
3422:Secondary
3397:Secondary
3297:krī·ṇā́-
3278:tan·ó·ti
3249:su·nó·ti
3222:juhu·tás
3160:Treatment
3076:bháv·a·ti
3045:Treatment
3012:Formation
3004:Further,
2959:3 persons
2948:3 numbers
2916:imperfect
2794:jaghā́na
2739:1st grade
2665:weakening
2437:1st grade
2283:1st grade
2240:inflexion
2042:āsthāpita
2020:padapāṭha
1978:Dravidian
1928:Sibilants
1901:allophone
1854:jʰa bʰa·ñ
1273:Ind Eng:
1212:retroflex
890:voiceless
512:retroflex
342:voiceless
314:Phonology
282:– 300 BCE
280:Kātyāyana
175:Jayaditya
155:Patañjali
151:Kātyāyana
76:vyākaraṇa
64:Vyākaraṇa
8149:artistic
8139:American
8101:Cherokee
8009:Hawaiian
7947:Has Hlai
7891:Kokborok
7886:Dzongkha
7848:Okinawan
7838:Japanese
7742:Ugaritic
7737:Tigrinya
7662:Georgian
7639:European
7565:Livonian
7540:Estonian
7496:Albanian
7473:Sanskrit
7448:Maithili
7438:Gujarati
7433:Bhojpuri
7350:Silesian
7274:Venetian
7264:Romanian
7243:Lombard
7194:literary
7059:Germanic
7033:Pronouns
7008:Grammars
6983:Grammars
6918:Kokborok
6855:Sanskrit
6830:Maithili
6820:Gujarati
6815:Bhojpuri
6503:Pronouns
6476:Language
6417:Sanskrit
6056:Sanskrit
6011:(2001).
5989:(2010).
5154:upasarga
5120:taddhita
5081:vibhakti
4867:vyañjana
4823:antastha
4512:Glossary
4299:Sanskrit
4144:See also
3812:compound
3772:compound
3708:nominals
3704:numerals
3669:Numerals
3546:Nominals
3464:Optative
3394:Optative
3328:ru·n·dh-
3299:krī·ṇī-
3224:júhv·ati
3220:juhó·ti
3172:Remarks
3134:cór·aya-
3113:dī́v·ya-
3098:tud·á·ti
3057:Remarks
2992:6 tenses
2970:3 voices
2768:jagā́ma
2630:·aya·ti
2625:·aya·ti
2575:·aya·ti
2520:·aya·ti
2515:·aya·ti
2470:Palatal
2309:Palatal
2217:apophony
2152:and the
2137:and the
1992:, while
1940:, and ź
1905:anusvara
1827:phonemes
1788:, e.g.,
1750:vocalics
1138:Eng: sle
1091:Eng: rea
861:values.
814:vocalics
271:Timeline
52:Pāṇinian
8157:Klingon
8111:Miskito
8070:Nahuatl
8024:Tagalog
8014:Ilocano
8004:Cebuano
7939:Kra–Dai
7906:Tibetan
7871:Burmese
7853:Hachijō
7830:Japonic
7805:Kannada
7782:Swahili
7613:Turkmen
7608:Turkish
7555:Ingrian
7545:Finnish
7518:Hittite
7506:Ancient
7468:Punjabi
7453:Marathi
7428:Bengali
7403:Persian
7393:Kurdish
7385:Iranian
7365:Slovene
7345:Russian
7292:Latvian
7269:Spanish
7252:Western
7247:Eastern
7234:Italian
7214:Catalan
7157:Cornish
7134:Yiddish
7124:Swedish
7094:Faroese
7082:English
6985:of the
6933:Iranian
6885:Kannada
6850:Punjabi
6835:Marathi
6810:Bengali
6698:Tagalog
6683:English
6540:Origin
6534:Scripts
6525:Prosody
6493:Grammar
6158:(1876)
4929:prayoga
4746:tālavya
4735:kaṇṭhya
4398:gʷm̥tó-
4287:Prakrit
4067:svasti
4058:bhuvar
4052:saṃvat
3881:a-, an-
3860:adverbs
3854:Adverbs
3828:Adverbs
3788:English
3776:kindred
3658:ṛ-stems
3649:a-stems
3612:8 cases
3515:Passive
3492:Perfect
3484:Primary
3478:Future
3439:Perfect
3430:Perfect
3416:Perfect
3386:Primary
3380:Present
3377:Present
3369:Endings
3331:Seventh
3318:√rudh-
3270:tan·u-
3268:tan·ó-
3241:su·nu-
3239:su·nó-
3195:ad·anti
3193:at·tas
2981:4 moods
2920:perfect
2906:or the
2845:(0-g),
2839:kṣā́mas
2761:gám·ana
2635:Dental
2525:Labial
2405:Dental
2341:Labial
2133:Śākalas
2121:Śākalas
2115:doubled
2068:plosive
2050:bhakṣya
1954:Rigveda
1891:Visarga
1862:ka pa·y
1846:ai au·c
1840:a i u·ṇ
1820:pitṝṇām
1816:mātṝṇām
1550:Eng: ca
1061:palatal
1041:Eng: ri
1025:Eng: do
448:palatal
184:Kaiyaṭa
120:Ṛg·Veda
81:Vedanga
69:Origins
30:of the
28:grammar
8219:Lojban
8209:Other
8167:Quenya
8116:Navajo
8091:Other
8052:Ojibwe
8047:Munsee
7981:Korean
7976:Evenki
7966:Other
7820:Telugu
7772:Herero
7732:Somali
7722:Kabyle
7710:Hebrew
7700:Arabic
7657:Basque
7652:Adyghe
7647:Abkhaz
7637:Other
7618:Uyghur
7598:Kyrgyz
7593:Kazakh
7585:Turkic
7570:Udmurt
7532:Uralic
7458:Nepali
7398:Pashto
7360:Slovak
7340:Polish
7307:Slavic
7284:Baltic
7224:French
7206:Italic
7152:Breton
7144:Celtic
7099:German
7072:Danish
6941:Pashto
6900:Telugu
6840:Nepali
6259:
6237:(1954)
6225:(1896)
6191:
6175:
6119:
6100:
6081:
6062:
6043:
6019:
5997:
5966:
5936:
5903:
5142:avyaya
5131:samāsa
5090:vacana
4918:puruṣa
4907:vacana
4856:sparśa
4845:dīrgha
4834:hrasva
4779:oṣṭhya
4768:dantya
4541:strike
4165:Pāṇini
4078:Syntax
4064:namas
4061:svāhā
4049:nāsti
4043:anyat
3808:simple
3780:German
3726:number
3715:person
3541:Gerund
3475:Future
3447:Aorist
3360:System
3301:krī·ṇ-
3289:√krī-
3275:Eighth
3272:tan·v-
3260:√tan-
3243:su·nv-
3212:juhu-
3210:juhó-
3191:at·ti
3188:Second
3126:√cur-
3116:Fourth
3105:√dív-
3084:√tud-
3062:√bhū-
2924:aorist
2812:(see:
2804:Accent
2787:hán·ti
2780:ha·tá-
2754:ga·tá-
2608:·aṇa-
2564:·ṣ·am
2552:·aṇa-
2541:·i·tá-
2510:·ṣ·am
2498:·ana-
2267:vṛddhi
2257:, and
2234:, and
2213:ablaut
2129:. The
2058:bhukta
2015:sandhi
2004:Sandhi
1984:Nasals
1899:is an
1877:,
1875:Pāṇini
1801:Vowels
1771:vowels
1726:diphth
1717:simple
1565:Eng: a
1518:Eng: s
1502:labial
1363:dental
1154:Fre: a
977:Eng: s
929:Eng: a
897:voiced
835:vowels
790:diphth
781:simple
625:labial
570:dental
349:voiced
179:Kāśikā
135:Pāṇini
130:Pāṇini
93:Pāṇini
8162:Naʼvi
8121:Otomi
8106:Inuit
8082:Nawat
8034:Algic
8019:Malay
7924:Khmer
7815:Tamil
7777:Sotho
7765:Pular
7682:Ubykh
7628:Yakut
7623:Uzbek
7603:Tatar
7511:Koine
7501:Greek
7489:Other
7478:Vedic
7408:Tajik
7325:Czech
7239:Latin
7184:Welsh
7162:Irish
7077:Dutch
7038:Verbs
7023:Nouns
6895:Tamil
6865:Vedic
6688:Hindi
6628:Epics
6623:Drama
6513:Verbs
6498:Nouns
6253:(PDF)
6150:, OUP
5099:liṅga
4940:artha
4878:svara
4713:śvāsa
4685:a bow
4658:earth
4559:steal
4311:satta
4303:sapta
4232:śabda
4202:Notes
4055:bhūr
4046:asti
4013:hanta
4011:Joy:
3784:Greek
3696:nouns
3577:basis
3564:of a
3363:Tense
3347:Scope
3304:Ninth
3246:Fifth
3231:√su-
3217:Third
3214:júhv-
3202:√hu-
3177:√ad-
3155:Root
3137:Tenth
3095:Sixth
3073:First
3070:bháv-
3040:Root
2893:Latin
2871:Verbs
2843:kṣmás
2651:kā́lp
2647:·ana-
2628:grā́h
2613:·aṇa-
2603:·tum
2586:·tá-
2568:śrā́v
2557:·ana-
2547:·tum
2534:śṛṇv·
2531:·tá-
2503:·ana-
2493:·tum
2445:Open
2291:Open
2097:Vyāḍi
1918:pausa
1844:e o·ṅ
1842:ṛ ḷ·k
1790:Hindi
1704:stops
1683:short
1675:semiv
1666:nasal
1651:unasp
1634:unasp
1581:Eng:
1534:Eng:
1464:Eng:
1429:Fre:
1413:Eng:
1377:Eng:
1341:sting
1261:house
1181:Eng:
1142:ammer
1134:/dʑʱ/
1122:Eng:
1106:Eng:
1102:/tɕʰ/
1009:Eng:
993:Eng:
961:velar
768:stops
747:short
739:semiv
730:nasal
715:unasp
698:unasp
402:velar
320:Śikṣā
112:Vedic
8131:sign
7957:Thai
7901:Mizo
7787:Zulu
7760:Fula
7560:Komi
7463:Odia
7174:Manx
6923:Mizo
6845:Odia
6257:ISBN
6189:ISBN
6173:ISBN
6117:ISBN
6098:ISBN
6079:ISBN
6060:ISBN
6041:ISBN
6017:ISBN
5995:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5934:ISSN
5901:ISBN
5347:2009
5159:gāti
5061:gaṇa
4951:kāla
4724:nāda
4649:year
4385:See
4291:Pāli
4289:and
3913:atha
3810:and
3722:case
3702:and
3631:*-o-
3566:noun
3450:Past
3433:Past
3366:Mood
3182:None
3166:gaṇa
3163:Stem
3092:tud-
3051:gaṇa
3048:Stem
3022:root
2922:and
2837:has
2835:kṣam
2645:kálp
2641:·tá-
2623:kā́r
2618:kā́r
2611:gráh
2597:ī·tá
2592:·ús
2573:vā́d
2562:śrau
2550:śráv
2518:yā́j
2513:nā́y
2487:·ṭá-
2482:·ús
2476:·tá-
2465:·am
2345:u/ū
2313:i/ī
2265:and
2263:guṇa
2242:and
2236:song
2232:sung
2228:sang
2224:sing
2190:and
2101:(in
2008:The
1996:and
1964:The
1946:/ʑʱ/
1936:, ẓ
1866:ha·l
1850:la·ṇ
1812:pitṛ
1808:mātṛ
1690:long
1625:fric
1561:/bʱ/
1530:/pʰ/
1445:/dʱ/
1437:onde
1409:/tʰ/
1343:diff
1333:/r̩/
1325:ning
1285:/ɖʱ/
1253:/ʈʰ/
1140:dgeh
1118:/dʑ/
1087:/tɕ/
1029:ouse
1021:/ɡʱ/
989:/kʰ/
905:open
868:and
853:and
754:long
689:fric
357:open
232:and
26:The
7952:Lao
7672:Laz
7167:Old
7087:Old
6299:PDF
5960:5–8
5157:or
5109:kṛt
4667:sky
4604:buy
4568:eat
4305:to
4110:'s
4029:etc
4022:etc
4015:etc
4008:etc
4001:etc
3994:etc
3975:iti
3971:etc
3964:etc
3957:etc
3950:etc
3943:etc
3936:etc
3929:etc
3922:etc
3897:ku-
3893:kā-
3887:sma
3635:-a-
3185:ad-
2891:or
2847:vāc
2653:a-
2639:kḷp
2620:·a
2616:ca·
2606:kár
2601:kár
2595:gṛh
2570:·a
2555:vád
2545:śró
2529:śru
2508:jai
2501:yáj
2496:náy
2463:jān
2461:rā́
2457:jan
2455:rā́
2452:·as
2448:rā́
2397:ār
2395:ār
2388:ar
2386:ar
2365:āv
2363:au
2356:av
2349:u/ū
2333:āy
2331:ai
2324:ay
2317:i/ī
2054:or
2022:).
1998:/ɳ/
1994:/n/
1990:/n/
1970:PIE
1942:/ʑ/
1938:/ʐ/
1934:/z/
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