22:
232:
466:, rather than KOH (caustic potash) which produces soft paste, gel or liquid soaps. In order to calculate the lye amount needed to make bar soap, KOH values of SV can be converted to NaOH values by dividing KOH values by the ratio of the molecular weights of KOH and NaOH (1.403).
88:. The higher the saponification value, the lower the fatty acids average length, the lighter the mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice versa. Practically, fats or oils with high saponification value (such as coconut and palm oil) are more suitable for
550:
788:, texturing etc. On the other hand, when proportion of unsaponifiables is too high (> 3%), or the specific unsaponifiables present do not provide significant benefits, a defective or inferior soap product can result. For example,
666:
604:, the SV of a given fat is inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Actually, as fats and oils contain a mix of different triglycerides species, the average MW can be calculated according to the following relation:
775:
Unsaponifiable constituents are an important consideration when selecting oil mixtures for the manufacture of soaps. Unsaponifiables can be beneficial to a soap formula because they may have properties such as
149:
370:
692:
saponifiable functions were present per g of coconut oil, which means more KOH is required to saponify the same amount of matter, and thus a higher SV. The calculated molecular weight (Eq.
136:
indicator, which indicates the consumption of strong base (KOH) by the acid, not the weak base (potassium carboxylates). The SV (mg KOH/ g of sample) is calculated as following:
487:
323:
297:
271:
617:
802:
Determination of unsaponifiables involves a saponification step of the sample followed by extraction of the unsaponifiable using an organic solvent (i.e.
593:
with a total MW of 885.4 (g / mol). Therefore, its SV equals 190 mg KOH / g sample. In comparison, trilaurin with three shorter fatty acid residues (
1412:
811:
399:
227:{\displaystyle {\textrm {SV}}={\frac {({\textrm {B}}-{\textrm {S}})\times {\textrm {M}}\times 56.106}{{\textrm {W}}_{\textrm {oil/fat}}}}}
474:
The theoretical SV of a pure triglyceride molecule can be calculated by the following equation (where MW is its molecular weight):
684:
with an abundance of medium chain fatty acids (mainly lauric acid) contain more fatty acids per unit of weight than, for example,
1683:
760:(sterols esters, wax esters, tocopherols esters, ...). This fraction may also contain environmental contaminants and residues of
795:
For edible oils, the tolerated limit of unsaponifiable matter is 1.5% (olive, refined soybean), while inferior quality crude or
1837:
1782:
1755:
1667:
1640:
1605:
1565:
1538:
1422:
696:) is not applicable to fats and oils containing high amounts of unsaponifiable material, free fatty acids (> 0.1%), or
340:
1319:
1392:
815:
444:
732:
contains, by weight, 1.5 – 2.5% of unsaponifiable matter. Unsaponifiables include nonvolatile components :
728:
when treated with alkali and remain insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. For instance, typical
1956:
545:{\displaystyle {\textrm {MW}}_{\textrm {oil/fat}}={\frac {3\times 1000\times 56.106}{\textrm {SV}}}+38.049}
1343:
1447:
1879:
1372:
376:
For example, standard methods for determination of SV of vegetable and animal fats are as follows:
304:
278:
252:
125:
1798:
124:
consume one equivalent of base At the end of the reaction the quantity of KOH is determined by
112:. The KOH is consumed by reaction with triglycerides, which consume three equivalents of base.
1827:
1772:
1630:
1528:
1745:
1657:
1891:
792:
is not suitable for soap making as it may contain more than 10% of unsaponifiable matter.
8:
1495:
326:
61:
1895:
1684:"Trade standard applying to olive oils and olive pomace oils (COI/T.15/NC No 3/Rev. 14)"
661:{\displaystyle {\textrm {MW}}_{\textrm {oil/fat}}={\frac {168318}{\textrm {SV}}}+38.049}
1477:
807:
440:
1712:
1907:
1833:
1778:
1751:
1663:
1636:
1611:
1601:
1571:
1561:
1534:
1469:
1428:
1418:
1388:
821:
129:
1481:
1899:
1459:
1380:
781:
757:
459:
101:
77:
65:
1595:
1555:
1066:
789:
133:
1292:
1286:
1274:
1256:
935:
777:
439:
The SV can also be calculated from the fatty acid composition as determined by
69:
26:
1464:
1950:
1911:
1615:
1575:
1473:
1432:
1384:
1199:
803:
745:
697:
412:
117:
806:). Official methods for animal and vegetable fats and oils are described by
1925:
1280:
878:
469:
100:
To determine saponification value, the sample is treated with an excess of
85:
30:
21:
1903:
1268:
1250:
1180:
1161:
1030:
1011:
897:
785:
769:
761:
729:
701:
681:
594:
425:
113:
1247: – Milligrams of a base needed to neutralize 1 gram of a given acid
1829:
Fish Oil
Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds
1826:
Turchini, Giovanni M.; Ng, Wing-Keong; Tocher, Douglas
Redford (2010).
1298:
1277: – Mass of KOH needed to neutralize 1 gram of acetylized substance
1244:
1104:
859:
753:
749:
741:
586:
81:
1448:"Structure indices in FA chemistry. How relevant is the iodine value?"
1295: – Process that converts fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol
451:
1218:
1142:
1047:
765:
685:
1774:
Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and
Biotechnology, Third Edition
1262:
1123:
1085:
954:
916:
590:
582:
455:
34:
1880:"The estimation of unsaponifiable matter in oils, fats, and waxes"
1259: – Mass of bromine absorbed by 100 grams of a given substance
822:
Saponification values and unsaponifiables of various oils and fats
1926:"SECTION 3. Codex Standard for Fats and Oils from Animal Sources"
1283: – Mass of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of a given substance
973:
840:
121:
105:
299:
is the volume of HCl solution used for the tested sample, in mL;
1853:
796:
756:
as well as those that mainly result from the saponification of
737:
733:
109:
76:
under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average
1713:"USDA commodity requirements document for bulk oil and tallow"
689:
585:, a triglyceride occurring in many fats and oils, has three
273:
is the volume of HCl solution used for the blank run, in mL;
1370:
992:
725:
417:
404:
89:
38:
1656:
Fryer, Percival J.; Weston, Frank E. (December 19, 2013).
1600:(Third ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 424.
1560:(Third ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 424.
1629:
Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, Werner; Schieberle, Peter (2013).
1253: – Measure of an organic compound's nitrogen content
721:
717:
713:
463:
430:
394:
390:
120:
and free fatty acids, as well as by other esters such as
73:
568:
3 is the number of fatty acids residues per triglyceride
470:
Calculation of average molecular weight of fats and oils
108:
solution of potassium hydroxide) for half an hour under
33:
molecule (left) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) yielding
1628:
1230:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1097:
1090:
1078:
1071:
1058:
1052:
1040:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1004:
997:
984:
978:
965:
959:
947:
940:
927:
921:
908:
902:
889:
883:
871:
864:
852:
845:
332:
712:
Unsaponifiables are components of a fatty substance (
620:
571:
1000 is the conversion factor for milligrams to grams
490:
343:
307:
281:
255:
152:
1289: – Measure of peroxide content of a fat or oil
1271: – Measure of the epoxy content of a substance
365:{\displaystyle {{\textrm {W}}_{\textrm {oil/fat}}}}
16:
Milligrams of a base required to saponify 1g of fat
660:
544:
364:
317:
291:
265:
226:
577:38.049 is the molecular mass of glycerol backbone
1948:
1825:
1593:
1553:
1806:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft e.V
1377:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1452:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1301:— Small scale process of producing soap
1655:
1547:
1414:Chemistry and Technology of Oils & Fats
1410:
335:is the molecular weight of KOH, in g / mol;
60:) represents the number of milligrams of
1659:Technical Handbook of Oils, Fats and Waxes
1635:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1533:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1463:
1379:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. a24_247.
832:Saponification value (mg KOH / g sample)
1771:Akoh, Casimir C.; Min, David B. (2008).
1743:
688:(mainly oleic acid). Consequently, more
132:(HCl). Key to the method is the use of
20:
1770:
1526:
1411:Chakrabarty, M. M. (November 9, 2003).
1320:"Saponification Value of Fats and Oils"
1949:
1877:
1799:"Physical Properties of fats and Oils"
1594:Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L. (2007).
1554:Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L. (2007).
1527:Nielsen, Suzanne (September 4, 2014).
1513:
1445:
1371:Klaus Schumann; Kurt Siekmann (2005).
1739:
1737:
1344:"Saponification value of Fat and Oil"
589:residues esterified to a molecule of
1589:
1587:
1585:
1406:
1404:
1338:
1336:
611:
597:) has a MW of 639 and an SV of 263.
481:
143:
1265: – Fuel standard for biodiesel
37:(purple) and salts of fatty acids (
13:
1747:Oils and Fats in the Food Industry
1734:
707:
14:
1968:
1582:
1401:
1333:
116:consume two equivalents of KOH.
84:present in the sample in form of
1417:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.
600:As it can be seen from equation
95:
1918:
1871:
1846:
1819:
1791:
1764:
1705:
1676:
1649:
1622:
607:
477:
139:
1662:. Cambridge University Press.
1488:
1439:
1364:
1312:
574:56.1 is the molar mass of KOH.
372:is the weight of sample, in g.
186:
166:
1:
1305:
318:{\displaystyle {\textrm {M}}}
292:{\displaystyle {\textrm {S}}}
266:{\displaystyle {\textrm {B}}}
80:(or chain length) of all the
772:hydrocarbons and aromatics.
329:of HCl solution, in mol / L;
7:
1238:
814:3596: 2000 or 18609: 2000,
128:using standard solution of
10:
1973:
1500:www.fromnaturewithlove.com
835:Unsaponifiable matter (%)
462:(NaOH), commonly known as
1750:. John Wiley & Sons.
1691:internationaloliveoil.org
1465:10.1007/s11746-002-0569-4
1878:Wilkie, John M. (1917).
1744:Gunstone, Frank (2009).
1446:Knothe, Gerhard (2002).
1385:10.1002/14356007.a24_247
1496:"Saponification Chart"
662:
546:
366:
319:
293:
267:
228:
42:
663:
547:
367:
320:
294:
268:
229:
50:saponification number
24:
1957:Analytical chemistry
1904:10.1039/AN9174200200
799:oil could reach 3%.
724:) that fail to form
618:
488:
341:
305:
279:
253:
150:
46:Saponification value
1896:1917Ana....42..200W
68:(NaOH) required to
62:potassium hydroxide
1597:The Lipid Handbook
1557:The Lipid Handbook
658:
542:
441:gas chromatography
413:Petroleum products
362:
315:
289:
263:
224:
43:
1854:"Lanolin - CAMEO"
1839:978-1-4398-0863-4
1784:978-1-4200-4664-9
1757:978-1-4443-0243-1
1669:978-1-107-68731-8
1642:978-3-662-07279-0
1607:978-1-4200-0967-5
1567:978-1-4200-0967-5
1540:978-1-4419-1477-4
1424:978-81-7764-495-1
1236:
1235:
818:method Ca 6a-40.
678:
677:
650:
648:
633:
626:
562:
561:
534:
532:
503:
496:
437:
436:
357:
350:
312:
286:
260:
244:
243:
222:
218:
211:
196:
183:
173:
157:
130:hydrochloric acid
1964:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1890:(495): 200–202.
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1232:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1174:
1168:
1156:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1054:
1042:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1006:
999:
986:
980:
967:
961:
949:
942:
929:
923:
910:
904:
891:
885:
873:
866:
854:
847:
826:
825:
708:Unsaponifiables
680:This means that
667:
665:
664:
659:
651:
649:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
631:
628:
627:
624:
612:
609:
551:
549:
548:
543:
535:
533:
530:
528:
511:
506:
505:
504:
501:
498:
497:
494:
482:
479:
460:sodium hydroxide
385:Standard method
379:
378:
371:
369:
368:
363:
361:
360:
359:
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
334:
324:
322:
321:
316:
314:
313:
310:
298:
296:
295:
290:
288:
287:
284:
272:
270:
269:
264:
262:
261:
258:
233:
231:
230:
225:
223:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
205:
198:
197:
194:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
171:
164:
159:
158:
155:
144:
141:
78:molecular weight
66:sodium hydroxide
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1608:
1592:
1583:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1525:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1444:
1440:
1425:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1241:
1067:Palm kernel oil
824:
710:
702:diacylglycerols
645:
640:
630:
629:
623:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
529:
512:
510:
500:
499:
493:
492:
491:
489:
486:
485:
472:
403:
354:
353:
347:
346:
345:
344:
342:
339:
338:
309:
308:
306:
303:
302:
283:
282:
280:
277:
276:
257:
256:
254:
251:
250:
215:
214:
208:
207:
206:
193:
192:
180:
179:
170:
169:
165:
163:
154:
153:
151:
148:
147:
134:phenolphthalein
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1917:
1870:
1845:
1838:
1818:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1756:
1733:
1704:
1675:
1668:
1648:
1641:
1632:Food Chemistry
1621:
1606:
1581:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1512:
1487:
1458:(9): 847–854.
1438:
1423:
1400:
1393:
1363:
1332:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1293:Saponification
1290:
1287:Peroxide value
1284:
1278:
1275:Hydroxyl value
1272:
1266:
1260:
1257:Bromine number
1254:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
988:
982:
976:
970:
969:
963:
957:
951:
950:
944:
938:
936:Cottonseed oil
932:
931:
925:
919:
913:
912:
906:
900:
894:
893:
887:
881:
875:
874:
868:
862:
856:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
823:
820:
778:moisturization
746:fatty alcohols
709:
706:
676:
675:
670:
668:
657:
654:
644:
639:
581:For instance,
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
560:
559:
554:
552:
541:
538:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
471:
468:
435:
434:
428:
422:
421:
415:
409:
408:
397:
387:
386:
383:
374:
373:
336:
330:
300:
274:
248:
242:
241:
236:
234:
204:
201:
191:
188:
178:
168:
162:
118:Monoglycerides
97:
94:
29:reaction of a
27:saponification
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1969:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1935:September 14,
1931:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1863:September 14,
1859:
1858:cameo.mfa.org
1855:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1832:. CRC Press.
1831:
1830:
1822:
1811:September 14,
1807:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1777:. CRC Press.
1776:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1726:September 15,
1721:
1714:
1708:
1697:September 15,
1692:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:Food Analysis
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1505:September 13,
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1394:3-527-30673-0
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1352:
1351:kyoto-kem.com
1345:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1200:Sunflower oil
1198:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1143:Safflower oil
1141:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
994:
991:
990:
983:
977:
975:
972:
971:
964:
958:
956:
953:
952:
945:
939:
937:
934:
933:
926:
920:
918:
915:
914:
907:
901:
899:
896:
895:
888:
882:
880:
877:
876:
869:
863:
861:
858:
857:
850:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:diethyl ether
800:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
705:
704:(> 0.1%).
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
674:
671:
669:
655:
652:
642:
637:
614:
613:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
558:
555:
553:
539:
536:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
507:
484:
483:
480:
475:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
377:
337:
331:
328:
301:
275:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
235:
202:
199:
189:
176:
160:
146:
145:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:(usually an
103:
96:Determination
93:
91:
87:
86:triglycerides
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1746:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:fsa.usda.gov
1719:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:
1658:
1651:
1631:
1624:
1596:
1556:
1549:
1529:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1413:
1376:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1323:. Retrieved
1314:
1281:Iodine value
1124:Rapeseed oil
879:Cocoa butter
810:D1065 - 18,
801:
794:
782:conditioning
774:
762:plasticizers
758:fatty esters
711:
693:
679:
672:
606:
601:
599:
580:
556:
476:
473:
454:who aim for
449:
438:
426:Mineral oils
375:
238:
138:
114:Diglycerides
99:
72:one gram of
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
31:triglyceride
18:
1930:www.fao.org
1325:January 18,
1269:Epoxy value
1251:Amine value
1181:Soybean oil
1162:Shea butter
1031:Mineral oil
1012:Linseed oil
898:Coconut oil
786:antioxidant
770:mineral oil
754:carotenoids
750:tocopherols
742:triterpenes
730:soybean oil
682:coconut oil
595:lauric acid
452:soap makers
447:Cd 3a-94).
82:fatty acids
25:Example of
1306:References
1299:Soapmaking
1245:Acid value
1105:Peanut oil
860:Canola oil
829:Fat / oil
766:pesticides
587:oleic acid
1912:1364-5528
1616:327018169
1576:327018169
1474:1558-9331
1433:771847815
1219:Whale oil
1048:Olive oil
790:shark oil
686:olive oil
523:×
517:×
450:Handmade
402:3657:2020
200:×
190:×
177:−
126:titration
106:ethanolic
64:(KOH) or
1951:Category
1482:53055746
1263:EN 14214
1239:See also
1086:Palm oil
955:Fish oil
917:Corn oil
591:glycerol
583:triolein
456:bar soap
382:Product
327:molarity
122:lactones
92:making.
70:saponify
35:glycerol
1892:Bibcode
1884:Analyst
1373:"Soaps"
1356:July 8,
974:Lanolin
841:Beeswax
738:sterols
734:alkanes
632:oil/fat
502:oil/fat
356:oil/fat
325:is the
217:oil/fat
1910:
1836:
1781:
1754:
1722:. 2013
1693:. 2019
1666:
1639:
1614:
1604:
1574:
1564:
1537:
1480:
1472:
1431:
1421:
1391:
1226:– 202
1213:– 1.2
1207:– 195
1194:– 2.5
1188:– 195
1169:– 190
1150:– 194
1137:– 1.1
1131:– 181
1118:– 4.4
1112:– 196
1093:– 209
1074:– 254
1061:– 1.1
1055:– 196
1019:– 196
1000:– 203
981:– 127
962:– 200
943:– 207
924:– 195
911:– 1.4
905:– 265
886:– 200
867:– 193
848:– 102
797:pomace
656:38.049
643:168318
565:where:
540:38.049
526:56.106
433:51559
407:D5558
247:where:
203:56.106
110:reflux
102:alkali
1802:(PDF)
1716:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
1478:S2CID
1347:(PDF)
1229:<
1175:– 17
1153:<
1096:<
1077:<
1003:<
987:– 50
946:<
870:<
851:>
726:soaps
698:mono-
690:ester
608:Eq. 3
478:Eq. 2
140:Eq. 1
1937:2020
1908:ISSN
1865:2020
1834:ISBN
1813:2020
1779:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1728:2020
1699:2020
1664:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1572:OCLC
1562:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1507:2020
1470:ISSN
1429:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1358:2016
1327:2018
1025:– 2
993:Lard
968:– 3
930:– 3
892:– 1
816:AOCS
808:ASTM
752:and
700:and
520:1000
458:use
445:AOCS
420:D94
418:ASTM
405:ASTM
395:oils
393:and
391:Fats
333:56.1
90:soap
39:soap
1900:doi
1460:doi
1381:doi
1224:185
1211:0.3
1205:189
1192:1.5
1186:187
1167:170
1155:1.6
1148:188
1135:0.7
1129:168
1116:0.2
1110:187
1098:1.4
1091:190
1072:230
1059:0.4
1053:184
1041:100
1023:0.1
1017:188
998:192
966:0.6
960:179
941:189
922:187
909:0.1
903:248
890:0.2
884:192
872:0.2
865:182
812:ISO
722:wax
718:fat
714:oil
673:(3)
602:(2)
557:(2)
464:lye
431:DIN
400:ISO
239:(1)
74:fat
56:or
48:or
1953::
1928:.
1906:.
1898:.
1888:42
1886:.
1882:.
1856:.
1804:.
1736:^
1718:.
1689:.
1610:.
1584:^
1570:.
1515:^
1498:.
1476:.
1468:.
1456:79
1454:.
1450:.
1427:.
1403:^
1387:.
1375:.
1349:.
1335:^
1005:10
985:40
979:80
853:52
846:60
784:,
780:,
768:,
764:,
748:,
744:,
740:,
736:,
720:,
716:,
647:SV
625:MW
531:SV
495:MW
156:SV
58:SN
54:SV
41:).
1939:.
1914:.
1902::
1894::
1867:.
1842:.
1815:.
1787:.
1760:.
1730:.
1701:.
1672:.
1645:.
1618:.
1578:.
1543:.
1509:.
1484:.
1462::
1435:.
1397:.
1383::
1360:.
1329:.
1231:2
1173:6
1079:1
1036:0
948:2
928:1
694:3
653:+
638:=
537:+
514:3
508:=
443:(
349:W
311:M
285:S
259:B
210:W
195:M
187:)
182:S
172:B
167:(
161:=
52:(
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