2062:"The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."
1728:
to Danino, this suggests that the Vedic people were present in northern India in the third millennium BCE, a conclusion which is controversial amongst professional archaeologists. Danino states that there is an absence of "any intrusive material culture in the
Northwest during the second millennium BCE," a biological continuity in the skeletal remains, and a cultural continuity. Danino then states that if the "testimony of the Sarasvati is added to this, the simplest and most natural conclusion is that the Vedic culture was present in the region in the third millennium."
1495:, a specific "thing". However, Mukherjee believes that "Sarasvati" is initially used by the Rigvedic people as an adjective to the Indus as a large river and later evolved into a "noun". Mukherjee concludes that the Vedic poets had not seen the palaeo-Sarasvati, and that what they described in the Vedic verses refers to something else. He also suggests that in the post-Vedic and Puranic tradition the "disappearance" of Sarasvati, which to refers to " under ground in the sands", was created as a complementary myth to explain the visible non-existence of the river.
2396:, writing in the 1990s, have suggested that many religious and literary invocations to Sarasvati in the Rig Veda were to a real Himalayan river, whose waters, on account of seismic events, were diverted, leaving only a seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, in the original river bed. Archaeologists Gregory Possehl and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, supposing that the Sutlej and Yamuna diverged their courses during late Harappan times.
89:
1414:, make clear that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system was not a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, but a monsoonal-fed river. They concluded that the Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago. When the monsoons, which fed the rivers that supported the civilisation, further diminished and the rivers dried out as a result, the IVC declined some 4000 years ago. This in particular effected the Ghaggar-Hakra system, which became an
1515:
1531:
2059:"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene
910:
7359:
708:(10.15-19) the Sarasvati seems to be a perennial river up to the Vinasana, which is west of its confluence with the Drshadvati (Chautang). The Drshadvati is described as a seasonal stream (10.17), meaning it was not from Himalayas. Bhargava has identified Drashadwati river as present-day Sahibi river originating from Jaipur hills in Rajasthan. The Asvalayana Srautasutra and Sankhayana Srautasutra contain verses that are similar to the Latyayana Srautasutra.
1748:. The terms refer to the Sarasvati river mentioned in the Vedas, and equate the Vedic culture with the Indus Valley Civilisation. In this view, the Harappan civilisation flourished predominantly on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra, not the Indus. For example, Danino notes that his proposed dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation, and that it is "tempting" to equate the Indus Valley and
1133:
500:
1802:. Surveys and satellite photographs confirm that there was once a great river that rose in the Himalayas, entered the plains of Haryana, flowed through the Thar-Cholistan desert of Rajasthan and eastern Sindh (running roughly parallel to the Indus) and then reached the sea in the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat. The strange marshy landscape of the Rann of Kutchh is partly due to the fact that it was once the estuary of a great river.
1287:
40:
296:
people migrated into north-west India. Rigvedic references to a physical river also indicate that the
Sarasvati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra) approximately 3000 years ago," "depicting the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water." Also, Rigvedic descriptions of the Sarasvati do not fit the actual course of the Gagghar-Hakra.
1933:, p. 81): "The autochthonous theory overlooks that RV 3.33206 already speaks of a necessarily smaller SarasvatÄ«: the SudĆ„s hymn 3.33 refers to the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej (VipĆ„Å, ÅutudrÄ«). This means that the Beas had already captured the Sutlej away from the SarasvatÄ«, dwarfing its water supply. While the Sutlej is fed by Himalayan glaciers, the Sarsuti is but a small local river depending on rain water.
1388:
6579:
553:
580:.95 and RV 7.96. As a river goddess, she is described as a mighty flood, and is clearly not an earthly river. According to Michael Witzel, superimposed on the Vedic Sarasvati river is the heavenly river Milky Way, which is seen as "a road to immortality and heavenly after-life." The description of the Sarasvati as the river of heavens, is interpreted to suggest its mythical nature.
2377:
rocks, while the lower terraces in these valleys do not contain such rocks. A major seismic activity in the
Himalayan region caused the rising of the Bata-Markanda Divide. This resulted in the blockage of the westward flow of Ghaggar-Hakra forcing the water back. Since the YamunÄ Tear opening was not far off, the blocked water exited from the opening into the YamunÄ system.
1763:. Similarly the Rigveda lacks a conceptual familiarity with key aspects of organized urban life (e.g. non-kin labour, facets or items of an exchange system or complex weights and measures) and doesn't mention objects found in great numbers at Indus Valley civilization sites like terracotta figurines, sculptural representation of human bodies or seals.
1478:." According to Valdiya, "it is plausible to conclude that once upon a time the Ghagghar was known as "SarsutÄ«"," which is "a corruption of "Sarasvati"," because "at SirsÄ on the bank of the Ghagghar stands a fortress called "SarsutÄ«". Now in derelict condition, this fortress of antiquity celebrates and honours the river
2608:, pp. 74, 125, 133): "It can easily be understood, as the SarasvatÄ«, the river on earth and in the nighttime sky, emerges, just as in Germanic myth, from the roots of the world tree. In the Middle Vedic texts, this is acted out in the YÄtsattra... along the Rivers SarasvatÄ« and Dį¹į¹£advatÄ« (northwest of Delhi)..."
2178:, p. 310, note 574): "Witzel suggests that Sarasvatī is not an earthly river, but the Milky Way that is seen as a road to immortality and heavenly after-life. In `mythical logic,' as outlined above, the two interpretations are not however mutually exclusive. There are passages which clearly suggest a river."
1278:. At least 10,000 years ago, well before the rise of the Harappan civilization, the sutlej diverted its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a monsoon-fed river. Early in the 2nd millennium BCE the monsoons diminished and the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system dried up, which affected the Harappan civilisation.
4707:
If in an ancient mound we find only one pot and two bead necklaces similar to those of
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with the bulk of pottery, tools and ornaments of a different type altogether, we cannot call that site Harappan. It is instead a site with Harappan contacts. ... Where the Sarasvati valley
2424:
Demkina et al. (2017): "In the second millennium BC, humidification of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late
Catacomb
1766:
Hetalben
Sindhav notes that claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, leaving many sites undisturbed. Sidhav further notes that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a tributary of the Indus, so the
1683:
which disappeared in the desert. The later
Rigvedic Sarasvati is only in the post-Rigvedic Brahmanas said to disappear in the sands. According to Kocchar the Ganga and Yamuna were small streams in the vicinity of the Harut River. When the Vedic people moved east into Punjab, they named the new rivers
1611:
extols the
Helmand in similar terms to those used in the Rigveda with respect to the Sarasvati: "The bountiful, glorious Haetumant swelling its white waves rolling down its copious flood". However unlike the Rigvedic Sarasvati, Helmand river never attained the status of a deity despite the praises in
295:
Rigvedic
Sarasvati with the Ghaggar-Hakra system is therefore problematic, since the Gagghar-Hakra had dried up well before the time of the composition of the Rigveda. In the words of Wilke and Moebus, the Sarasvati had been reduced to a "small, sorry trickle in the desert" by the time that the Vedic
2405:
Chatterjee et al. (2019) identify the
Sarasvati with the Ghaggar, arguing that during "9-4.5 ka the river was perennial and was receiving sediments from the Higher and Lesser Himalayas" by distributaries of the Sutlej, which "likely facilitated development of the early Harappan settlements along its
2376:
was the ancient upper-part of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, identified with the Sarasvati river by them. The Ghaggar-Haggar would then had been fed with Himalayan glaciers, which would make it the mighty river described in the Vedas. The terrain of this river contains pebbles of quartzite and metamorphic
1346:
Older publications have suggested that the Sutlej and the Yamuna drained into the Hakra well into Mature Harappan times, providing ample volume to the supply provided by the monsoon-fed Ghaggar. The Sutlej and Yamuna then changed course between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE, due to either tectonic events or
1727:
places the composition of the Vedas therefore in the third millennium BCE, a millennium earlier than the conventional dates. Danino notes that accepting the Rigveda accounts as a mighty river as factual descriptions, and dating the drying up late in the third millennium, are incompatible. According
1501:
terms the identification controversial and dismisses it, noticing that the descriptions of Sarasvati flowing through the high mountains does not tally with Ghaggar's course and suggests that Sarasvati is Haraxvati of Afghanistan. Wilke and Moebus suggest that the identification is problematic since
1421:
The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological changes in the Eurasian steppes, leading to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to nomadic cattle breeding," These migrations eventually resulted in the Indo-Aryan
1374:
Khonde et al. (2017) confirm that the Great Rann of Kutch received sediments from a different source than the Indus, but this source stopped supplying sediments after ca. 10,000 years ago. Likewise, Dave et al. (2019) state that "ur results disprove the proposed link between ancient settlements and
1370:
Ajit Singh et al. (2017) show that the paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago, well before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled
647:(34.11), Sarasvati is mentioned in a context apparently meaning the Sindhu: "Five rivers flowing on their way speed onward to Sarasvati, but then become Sarasvati a fivefold river in the land." According to the medieval commentator Uvata, the five tributaries of the Sarasvati were the Punjab rivers
1691:
Romila Thapar (2004) declares the identification of the Ghaggar with the Sarasvati controversial. Furthermore, the early references to the Sarasvati could be the Haraxvati plain in Afghanistan. The identification with the Ghaggar is problematic, as the Sarasvati is said to cut its way through high
917:
Diana Eck notes that the power and significance of the Sarasvati for present-day India is in the persistent symbolic presence at the confluence of rivers all over India. Although "materially missing", she is the third river, which emerges to join in the meeting of rivers, thereby making the waters
539:
In the oldest texts of the Rigveda she is described as a "great and holy river in north-western India," but Michael Witzel notes that the Rigveda indicates that the Sarswati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra) approximately 3000 years
2117:
of the Indo-Europeans at the Pontic steppes. From this area, which already included various subcultures, Indo-European languages spread west, south and east starting around 4,000 BCE. These languages may have been carried by small groups of males, with patron-client systems which allowed for the
587:
he is described as refreshed by Sarasvati. The invocations in 10.17 address Sarasvati as a goddess of the forefathers as well as of the present generation. In 1.13, 1.89, 10.85, 10.66 and 10.141, she is listed with other gods and goddesses, not with rivers. In 10.65, she is invoked together with
1767:
proposed Sarasvati nomenclatura is redundant. According to archaeologist Shereen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilization, but only a few are fully developed Harappan ones. Moreover, around 90% of the
1366:
in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones. This suggests that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. The drainage from the Yamuna may have been lost from the
1935:
In sum, the middle and later RV (books 3, 7 and the late book, 10.75) already depict the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water to the Sutlej (and even earlier, much of it also to the YamunƄ). It was no longer the large river it might have been before the early
1505:
Rajesh Kocchar further notes that, even if the Sutlej and the Yamuna had drained into the Ghaggar during Rigvedic, it still would not fit the Rigvedic descriptions because "the snow-fed Satluj and Yamuna would strengthen lower Ghaggar. Upper Ghaggar would still be as puny as it is today."
1119:
The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, suggesting an earlier dating of the Rigveda, and renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the
2144:
The migration into northern India was not a large-scale immigration, but may have consisted of small groups, which were genetically diverse. Their culture and language spread by the same mechanisms of acculturalisation, and the absorption of other groups into their patron-client system.
2449:
Witzel: "If the RV is to be located in the Panjab, and supposedly to be dated well before the supposed 1900 BCE drying up of the Sarasvatī, at 4000-5000 BCE (Kak 1994, Misra 1992), the text should not contain evidence of the domesticated horse (not found in the subcontinent before
2056:"Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."
1758:
points out that an alleged equation of the Indus Valley civilization and the carriers of Vedic culture stays in stark contrast to not only linguistic, but also archeological evidence. She notes that the essential characteristics of Indus valley urbanism, such as planned cities, complex
1458:
Recent archaeologists and geologists, such as Philip and Virdi (2006), K.S. Valdiya (2013) have identified the Sarasvati with Ghaggar. According to Gregory Possehl, "Linguistic, archaeological, and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra."
760:
According to Hindu scriptures, a journey was made during the Mahabharata by Balrama along the banks of the Saraswati from Dwarka to Mathura. There were ancient kingdoms too (the era of the Mahajanapads) that lay in parts of north Rajasthan and that were named on the Sarasvati River.
1821:, a distance of 40 kilometres. Once confirmed that there is no obstructions in the flow of the water, the government proposes to flow in another 100 cusecs after a fortnight. At that time, there were also plans to build three dams on the river route to keep it flowing perennially.
2269:, pp. 149ā50), there are several dried out river beds (paleochannels) between the Sutlej and the Yamuna, some of them two to ten kilometres wide. They are not always visible on the ground because of excessive silting and encroachment by sand of the dried out river channels.
2467:
is a clear indication of new cultural elements. Michaels points out that there are linguistic and archaeological data that shows a cultural change after 1750 BCE, and Flood notices that the linguistic and religious data clearly show links with Indo-European languages and
1716:
dating of the Vedic culture. Some see these descriptions as a mighty river as evidence for an earlier dating of the Rigveda, identifying the Vedic culture with the Harappan culture, which flourished at the time that the Ghaggar-Hakra had not dried up, and rejecting the
342:
proponents suggesting an earlier dating of the Rigveda; renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and
3326:, p. 85): "The SarasvatÄ« river, which, according to Witzel,... personifies the Milky Way, falls down to this world at Plakį¹£a PrÄsarvaį¹a, "the world tree at the center of heaven and earth," and flows through the land of the Kurus, the center of this world."
619:, the goddess of speech, perhaps due to the centrality of speech in the Vedic cult and the development of the cult on the banks of the river. It is also possible to postulate two originally independent goddesses that were fused into one in later Vedic times.
288:) lay along this course. When the monsoons that fed the rivers further diminished, the Hakra dried-up some 4,000 years ago, becoming an intermittent river, and the urban Harappan civilisation declined, becoming localized in smaller agricultural communities.
4708:
sites are concerned, we find that many of them are sites of local culture (with distinctive pottery, clay bangles, terracotta beads, and grinding stones), some of them showing Harappan contact, and comparatively few are full-fledged Mature Harappan sites.
623:
has proposed, on the other hand, that "the symbolism of the Veda betrays itself to the greatest clearness in the figure of the goddess Sarasvati ... She is, plainly and clearly, the goddess of the World, the goddess of a divine inspiration ...".
1490:
Ashoke Mukherjee (2001), is critical of the attempts to identify the Rigvedic Sarasvati. Mukherjee notes that many historians and archaeologists, both Indian and foreign, concluded that the word "Sarasvati" (literally "being full of water") is not a
1430:
A number of archaeologists and geologists have identified the Sarasvati river with the present-day Ghaggar-Hakra River, or the dried up part of it, despite the fact that it had already dried-up and become a small seasonal river before Vedic times.
5312:
Hock, Hans (1999) Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, ed. Bronkhorst & Deshpande, Ann
2450:
c. 1700 BCE, see Meadow 1997,1998, Anreiter 1998: 675 sqq.), of the horse-drawn chariot (developed only about 2000 BCE in S. Russia, Anthony and Vinogradov 1995, or Mesopotamia), of well developed copper/bronze technology, etc."
1824:
In 2021, the Chief Minister of the State of Haryana stated that over 70 organizations were involved with researching the Saraswati River's heritage, and that the river "is still flowing underground from Adi Badri and up to Kutch in Gujarat."
2406:
banks." In response, Sinha et al. (2020) state that "most workers have documented the cessation of large scale fluvial activity in NW India in early Holocene, thereby refuting the sustenance of the Harappan civilization by a large river."
1454:
notes that "the 1500 km-long bed of the Sarasvati" was "rediscovered" in the 19th century. According to Danino, "most Indologists" were convinced in the 19th century that "the bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra was the relic of the Sarasvati."
999:
Romila Thapar notes that "once the river had been mythologized through invoking the memory of the earlier river, its name - Sarasvati - could be applied to many rivers, which is what happened in various parts of the subcontinent."
1218:.61 indicate that the Sarasvati river originated in the hills or mountains (giri), where she "burst with her strong waves the ridges of the hills (giri)". It is a matter of interpretation whether this refers only to the Himalayan
5098:
Dave, Aditi Krishna; Courty, Marie-Agnes; Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; Singhvia, Ashok Kumar (2019), "Revisiting the contemporaneity of a mighty river and the Harappans: Archaeological, stratigraphic and chronometric constraints",
611:, she was rarely associated with the river. Instead, she emerged as an independent goddess of knowledge, learning, wisdom, music and the arts. The evolution of the river goddess into the goddess of knowledge started with later
2477:
Number of Indus script inscribed objects and seals obtained from various Harappan sites: Mohanjodaro (1540), Harappa (985), Chanhudaro (66), Lothal (165), Kalibangan (99), Banawali (7), Ur, Iraq (6), Surkotada (5), Chandigarh
949:, is believed to also converge with the unseen Sarasvati river, which is believed to flow underground. This is despite Allahabad being at a considerable distance from the possible historic routes of an actual Sarasvati river.
5760:
Schuldenrein, Joseph; Wright, Rita P.; Mughal, M. Rafique; Khan, M. Afzal (2004), "Landscapes, soils, and mound histories of the Upper Indus Valley, Pakistan: New insights on the Holocene environments near ancient Harappa",
1378:
According to Chaudhri et al. (2021) "the Saraswati River used to flow from the glaciated peaks of the Himalaya to the Arabian sea," and an "enormous amount of water was flowing through this channel network until BC 11,147."
1644:
Rajesh Kocchar, after a detailed analysis of the Vedic texts and geological environments of the rivers, concludes that there are two Sarasvati rivers mentioned in the Rigveda. The early Rigvedic Sarasvati, which he calls
2332:
the Sutlej river suddenly turns sharply away from the Ghaggar. The narrow Ghaggar river bed itself is becoming suddenly wider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should have met the Ghaggar river. There also is a major
2130:(2300ā1700 BCE); out of this interaction developed the Indo-Iranians, which split around 1800 BCE into the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians. The Indo-Aryans migrated to the Levant, northern India, and possibly south Asia.
1667:(Heu RĆŗd or Sabzawar River). Rajesh Kocchar, however, believes that the name 'Harut' is traced to 'Harauvaiti' (the name for the region of Arachosia, not a river) and Harut is not actually a part of Arachosia but of
151:, the other referent for the term "Sarasvati" which developed into an independent identity in post-Vedic times. The river is also described as a powerful river and mighty flood. The Sarasvati is also considered by
1140:
The Rigveda contains several hymns which give an indication of the flow of the geography of the river, and an identification of the Sarasvati as described in the later books of the Rigveda with the Ghaggra-Hakra:
2328:, the course of the Sutlej suggests that "the Satluj periodically was the main tributary of the Ghaggar and that subsequently the tectonic movements may have forced the Satluj westward and the Ghaggar dried." At
690:(or Pancavimsa Br.) calls this the 'disappearance' (vinasana). The same text (25.10.11-16) records that the Sarasvati is 'so to say meandering' (kubjimati) as it could not sustain heaven which it had propped up.
3774:
1711:
The Vedic description of the goddess Sarasvati as a mighty river, and the Vedic and Puranic statements about the drying-up and diving-under of the Sarasvati, have been used by some as a reference point for a
960:
and denotes the "powerful legacy" the Vedic river left after her disappearance. The belief is interpreted as "symbolic". The three rivers Sarasvati, Yamuna, Ganga are considered consorts of the Hindu Trinity
956:, a mass bathing festival is held at Triveni Sangam, literally "confluence of the three rivers", every 12 years. The belief of Sarasvati joining at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna originates from the
1739:
The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the "Sarasvati culture", "Sarasvati Civilization", "Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilisation," "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization," or "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization" by
716:
Wilke and Moebus note that the "historical river" Sarasvati was a "topographically tangible mythogeme", which was already reduced to a "small, sorry trickle in the desert", by the time of composition of the
540:
ago." The middle books 3 and 7 and the late books 10 "depict the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water." The Sarasvati acquired an extalted status in the mythology of the
1307:
60:
1407:(Harrapan Civilisation) sites are found on the banks of and in the proximity of the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, due to the "high monsoon rainfall" which fed the Ghaggar-Hakra in Mature Harappan Times.
3790:
925:
and rise to the surface at some places. For centuries, the Sarasvati river existed in a "subtle or mythic" form, since it corresponds with none of the major rivers of present-day South Asia. The
1418:
and was largely abandoned. Localized Late IVC-settlements are found eastwards, toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralised late Harappan phase took place.
1351:. More recent publications have shown that the Sutlej and the Yamuna shifted course well before Harappan times, leaving the monsoon-fed Ghaggar-Hakra which dried-up during late Harappan times.
5866:
Sinha, Rajiv; Singh, Ajit; Tandon, Sampat (25 July 2020), "Fluvial archives of north and northwestern India as recorders of climatic signatures in the late Quaternary: review and assessment",
3816:
1094:
Already since the 19th century, attempts have been made to identify the mythical Sarasvati of the Vedas with physical rivers. Many think that the Vedic Sarasvati river once flowed east of the
1266:
have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The supposed paleochannel of the Hakra is actually a paleochannel of the Sutlej, flowing into the
6121:
Chakrabarti, D. K., & Saini, S. (2009). The problem of the Sarasvati River and notes on the archaeological geography of Haryana and Indian Panjab. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
733:(3rd c. BCE - 3rd c. CE) the Sarasvati River dried up to a desert (at a place named Vinasana or Adarsana) and joins the sea "impetuously". MB.3.81.115 locates the state of Kurupradesh or
245:. Around 10,000-8,000 years ago, this channel was abandoned when the Sutlej diverted its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers which did not reach the sea.
1211:
The Rigveda seems to contain descriptions of several Sarasvatis. The earliest Sararvati is said to be similar to the Helmand in Afghanistan which is called the Harakhwati in the ÄvestÄ.
792:
on the Himalayas. It then turns west at Kedara and also flows underground. Five distributaries of the Sarasvati are mentioned. The text regards Sarasvati as a form of Brahma's consort
1338:
While there is general agreement that the river courses in the Indus Basin have frequently changed course, the exact sequence of these changes and their dating have been problematic.
1623:
According to Konrad Klaus (1989), the geographic situation of the Sarasvati and the Helmand rivers are similar. Both flow into terminal lakes: The Helmand flows into a swamp on the
1375:
large rivers from the Himalayas and indicate that the major palaeo-fluvial system traversing through this region ceased long before the establishment of the Harappan civilisation."
5721:
Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati: Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India (1999) Geological Society of India (Memoir 42), Bangalore.
5035:
Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al. (2012), "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River",
3109:, s.v. Saraswatī as a common noun in Classical Sanskrit means a region abounding in pools and lakes, the river of that name, or any river, especially a holy one. Like its cognates
1168:
can be translated as "Sarasvati the Seventh, Mother of Floods," but also as "whose mother is the Sindhu", which would indicate that the Sarasvati is here a tributary of the Indus.
3969:"Saraswati River in northern India (Haryana) and its role in populating the Harappan civilization sitesāA study based on remote sensing, sedimentology, and strata chronology"
1675:, is described in the Rigvedic Nadistuti sukta (10.75), which was composed centuries later, after an eastward migration of the bearers of the Rigvedic culture to the western
2415:
Painted Grey Ware sites (ca. 1000 BCE) have been found in the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, suggesting that the river had dried up before this period.
1787:
believe that proof of the physical existence of the Vedic river would bolster their concept of a golden age of Hindu India, before invasions by Muslims and Christians." The
335:
of the Rigveda may also refer to two distinct rivers, with the family books referring to the Helmand River, and the more recent 10th mandala referring to the Ghaggar-Hakra.
1641:, which according to him at that time meant 'confluence', 'lake', 'heavenly lake', 'ocean'; the current meaning of 'terrestrial ocean' was not even felt in the Pali Canon.
3973:
4757:
4299:
1731:
Danino acknowledges that this asks for "studying its tentacular ramifications into linguistics, archaeoastronomy, anthropology and genetics, besides a few other fields".
3967:
Chaudhri, Akshey Rajan; Chopra, Sundeep; Kumar, Pankaj; Ranga, Rajesh; Singh, Yoginder; Rajput, Subhash; Sharma, Vikram; Verma, Veerendra Kumar; Sharma, Rajveer (2021).
3784:
3179:
2280:, p. 149), have argued, based on archaeological, geomorphic and sedimentological research, that the Yamuna may have flowed into the Sarasvati during Harappan times.
5371:
Khonde, Nitesh; Kumar Singh, Sunil; Maur, D. M.; Rai, Vinai K.; Chamyal, L. S.; Giosan, Liviu (2017), "Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh",
2299:
channel, since many Harappan sites have been discovered on these dried-out river beds. There are no Harappan sites on the present Yamuna river, but there are, however,
1462:
According to R.U.S. Prasad, "we find a considerable body of opinions among the scholars, archaeologists and geologists, who hold that the Sarasvati originated in the
3800:
2234:
1899:
4784:
1396:
7393:
1226:
The Rigveda was composed during the latter part of the late Harappan period, and according to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the
319:
583:
In 10.30.12, her origin as a river goddess may explain her invocation as a protective deity in a hymn to the celestial waters. In 10.135.5, as Indra drinks
233:. Recent geophysical research shows that the supposed downstream Ghaggar-Hakra paleochannel is actually a paleochannel of the Sutlej, which flowed into the
1502:
the Ghaggar-Hakra river was already dried up at the time of the composition of the Vedas, let alone the migration of the Vedic people into northern India.
6044:
1798:, research and satellite imagery of the region has confirmed to have found the lost river when water was detected during digging of the dry river bed at
1759:
fortifications, elaborate drainage systems, the use of mud and fire bricks, monumental buildings, extensive craft activity, are completely absent in the
3428:
D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati 1999. According to this reference, 44 asvins may be over 2,600 km
721:. These post-Vedic texts regularly talk about drying up of the river, and start associating the goddess Sarasvati with language, rather than the river.
686:, but dating to a later date than the Veda Samhitas. The Jaiminiya Brahmana (2.297) speaks of the 'diving under (upamajjana) of the Sarasvati', and the
520:. In the late book 10, only two references are unambiguously to the river: 10.64.9, calling for the aid of three "great rivers", Sindhu, Sarasvati and
487:
took the view that "The earliest Aryan homeland in India-Pakistan (Aryavarta or Brahmavarta) was in the Punjab and in the valleys of the Sarasvati and
1828:
The Saraswati revival project seeks to build channels and dams along the route of the lost river, and develop it as a tourist and pilgrimage circuit.
175:, superimposed on the Vedic Sarasvati river is the "heavenly river": the Milky Way, which is seen as "a road to immortality and heavenly after-life."
351:, which postulates an extended period of migrations of Indo-European speaking people into the Indian subcontinent between ca. 1900 BCE and 1400 BCE.
5191:"Creating Suitable Evidence of the Past? Archaeology, Politics, and Hindu Nationalism in India from the End of the Twentieth Century to the Present"
4808:"Saraswati Nadi in Haryana and its linkage with the Vedic Saraswati River ā Integrated study based on satellite images and ground based information"
569:
Sarasvati is mentioned some fifty times in the hymns of the Rigveda. It is mentioned in thirteen hymns of the late books (1 and 10) of the Rigveda.
463:
The Saraswati river was revered and considered important for Hindus because it is said that it was on this river's banks, along with its tributary
6150:
5135:
Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (IIIāII centuries BC)",
3442:. Saraswati river ā a perspective. organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. pp. 114ā117.
1188:, enumerates all important rivers from the Ganges in the east up to the Indus in the west in a clear geographical order. The sequence "Ganges,
1679:
plain some 600 km to the east. The Sarasvati by this time had become a mythical "disappeared" river, and the name was transferred to the
3631:
327:, the name of which may have been reused from the more ancient Sanskrit name of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, after the Vedic tribes moved to the
1997:
According to Bhargava (1964) "samudra" stands for a huge inland lake, of which there were four or seven in Rigvedic sources. He translates
5702:
1434:
In the 19th and early 20th century a number of scholars, archaeologists and geologists have identified the Vedic Sarasvati River with the
2366:
movements have frequently diverted streams in the past. The Ghaggar-Hakra may have migrated westward due to such uplift of the Aravallis.
2127:
7386:
4957:
1668:
5899:
3253:
J. Shaffer, in: J. Bronkhorst & M. Deshpande (eds.), Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology. Cambridge (
1098:(Sindhu) river. Scientists, geologists as well as scholars have identified the Sarasvati with many present-day or now-defunct rivers.
6083:
3141:
1391:
Outline of the Indus Civilization, with concentration of settlements along the Ghaggar-Hakra, which had dried-up by the time of the
1101:
Two theories are popular in the attempts to identify the Sarasvati. Several scholars have identified the river with the present-day
5732:
2015:. Talageri notes that "PÄį¹ini gives the meaning of mÄ«ra as samudra (Uį¹Ädi-Sutra ii, 28)," and notes that, according to Mallory, IE
1105:
or dried up part of it, which is located in Northwestern India and Pakistan. A second popular theory associates the river with the
4723:
5318:
5308:. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. I. New Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
4250:
Tripathi, Jayant K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (2004). "Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints".
2114:
5495:
SarasvatÄ«, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying VÄ«į¹Ä-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma
632:
In post-Rigvedic literature, the disappearance of the Sarasvati is mentioned. Also the origin of the Sarasvati is identified as
414:'run, flow' but does agree that it could have been a river that connected many lakes due to its abundant volumes of water-flow.
4224:
3550:
compare also with Yajurveda 34.11, D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p.35-44
7770:
7379:
6882:
6531:
6001:
5964:
5918:
5820:
Singh, Ajit (2017), "Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements",
5798:
5664:
5525:
5503:
5426:
5180:
5089:
4967:
4862:
4700:
4675:
4487:
4356:
3726:
3350:
3202:
3058:
3028:
2994:
2944:
2875:
1362:
immediately below the presumed Ghaggar-Hakra channel show sediment affinity not with the Ghagger-Hakra, but instead with the
858:
to the east of the disappearance of the Sarasvati in the desert, to the west of Kalakavana, to the north of the mountains of
6102:
5588:
Oldham, R.D. 1893. The Sarsawati and the Lost River of the Indian Desert. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1893. 49-76.
1771:
discovered were found at sites in Pakistan along the Indus river, while other places accounting only for the remaining 10%.
178:
Rigvedic and later Vedic texts have been used to propose identification with present-day rivers, or ancient riverbeds. The
1208:
The Sarasvati River is perceived to be a great river with perennial water, which does not apply to the Hakra and Ghaggar.
996:
s in India where two physical rivers are joined by the "unseen" Sarasvati, which adds to the sanctity of the confluence.
5361:
4937:
1259:
2068:
dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700ā2500 years ago.
6187:
5789:
Shaffer, Jim G. (1995), "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology", in George Erdosy (ed.),
5691:
5455:
5336:
4366:
3750:
248:
The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago. and
3386:
Pancavimsa Brahmana, Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana, Katyayana Srauta Sutra, Latyayana Srauta; Macdonell and Keith 1912
2303:(1000 - 600 BC) sites along the Yamuna channel, showing that the river must then have flowed in the present channel.
139:
As a physical river in the oldest texts of the Rigveda, it is described as a "great and holy river in north-western
7800:
4884:
2250:
The suggestion of a change of river courses during Mature Harappan times due to tectonic activity has been used by
31:
6797:
1718:
1263:
348:
17:
6158:
3021:
Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China
7825:
7780:
3188:, p. 97: "It is widely accepted that the Sarasvatī mentioned here is the river that gave the name Harakhvaiti".
697:. The distance between the source and the Vinasana (place of disappearance of the river) is said to be 44
338:
The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, with some
4225:"Proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries: Volume II"
2010:
1061:
1354:
Clift et al. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the
202:, a word now usually translated as 'ocean', but which could also mean "lake." Later Vedic texts such as the
7830:
7805:
7775:
2313:, there are no Harappan sites on the Sutlej in its present lower course, only in its upper course near the
1809:
Heritage Development Board (SHDB) had conducted a trial run on 30 July 2016 filling the river bed with 100
143:," but in the middle and late Rigvedic books, it is described as a small river ending in "a terminal lake (
1371:
not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods.
1347:"slightly altered gradients on the extremely flat plains," resulting in the drying-up of the Hakra in the
516:. Macdonell and Keith provided a comprehensive survey of Vedic references to the Sarasvati River in their
7810:
4912:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
1784:
921:
After the Vedic Sarasvati dried, new myths about the rivers arose. Sarasvati is described to flow in the
3440:
Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river
2425:
and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding."
1620:
river was first proposed by Thomas (1886), followed by Alfred Hillebrandt a couple of years thereafter.
607:
Though Sarasvati initially emerged as a river goddess in the Vedic scriptures, in later Hinduism of the
7835:
7820:
7545:
7326:
7100:
4929:
2273:
701:(between several hundred and 1,600 miles) (Tandya Br. 25.10.16; cf. Av. 6.131.3; Pancavimsa Br.).
4885:"Haryana to launch revival of Saraswati river, to construct dam, barrage & reservoir at Adi Badri"
888:
gives similar definitions, declaring that Aryavarta is the land that lies west of Kalakavana, east of
7785:
6524:
1404:
1355:
253:
129:
5554:"Possible contribution of River Saraswati in groundwater aquifer system in western Rajasthan, India"
4157:
Gaur, R. C. (1983). Excavations at Atranjikhera, Early Civilization of the Upper Ganga Basin. Delhi.
7790:
7765:
4333:
2636:
Samudra, XXIII Deutscher Orientalistentag WĆ¼rzburg, ZDMG Suppl. Volume VII, Stuttgart 1989, 367ā371
1204:
Yet, the Rigveda also contains clues for an identification with the Helmand river in Afghanistan:
1074:
7341:
6423:
5516:, in Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.),
4919:
3254:
483:, Brahmavarta is portrayed as the "pure" centre of Vedic culture. Bridget and Raymond Allchin in
7260:
4785:"Hunt for mythical Saraswati river a test of history and science - india news - Hindustan Times"
1649:, is described in suktas 2.41, 7.36, etc. of the family books of the Rigveda, and drains into a
217:
Since the late 19th century, numerous scholars have proposed to identify the Sarasvati with the
7840:
7795:
7030:
5714:
2464:
2238:
1903:
1788:
1713:
847:: "the land between the Sarasvati and Drishadvati is created by God; this land is Brahmavarta."
773:
describe the Sarasvati River, and also record that the river separated into a number of lakes (
5991:
4976:
Chatterjee, Anirban; Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Shukla, Anil D.; Pande, Kanchan (20 November 2019).
4741:
4475:
2932:
1955:"This stream Sarasvati with fostering current comes forth, our sure defence, our fort of iron.
6940:
6925:
6688:
6180:
6011:
5807:
Sindhav, Hetalben Dhanabhai (2016), "The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappan Civilisation)",
5493:
5350:"Early city-states in south Asia: Comparing the Harappan phase and the Early Historic period"
4953:
2867:
2860:
1392:
851:
705:
693:
The Plaksa Prasravana (place of appearance/source of the river) may refer to a spring in the
5654:
5514:"Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period"
7815:
7666:
7362:
7255:
7200:
6900:
6517:
5896:
5829:
5770:
5570:
5380:
5324:
5229:
5144:
5108:
5044:
4989:
4819:
4124:
4055:
3982:
3541:
D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p.35-44
3126:) 'swamp'; the root is otherwise often connected with rivers (also in river names, such as
1813:
of water which was pumped into a dug-up channel from tubewells at Uncha Chandna village in
471:, that Vedic Sanskrit had its genesis, and important Vedic scriptures like initial part of
5928:
3197:
Manu (2004). Olivelle, Patrick, ed. The Law Code of Manu. Oxford University Press. p. 24.
678:
The first reference to the disappearance of the lower course of the Sarasvati is from the
8:
7530:
6678:
6079:
6024:
5725:
5722:
4925:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
4719:
3156:
3019:
Charles Keith Maisels (16 December 2003). "The Indus/'Harappan'/Sarasvati Civilization".
2251:
1969:
Pure in her course from mountains to the ocean, alone of streams Sarasvati hath listened.
1878:
1745:
1475:
1435:
1333:
1102:
875:
218:
140:
5833:
5774:
5752:
5676:
River and Goddess Worship in India: Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati
5592:
Pal, Yash (1984). "Remote Sensing of the "Lost" Sarasvati River.". In Lal, B. B. (ed.).
5384:
5328:
5233:
5148:
5112:
5048:
4993:
4823:
4128:
4059:
3986:
1571:
An alternative suggestion for the identity of the early Rigvedic Sarasvati River is the
7845:
6895:
6693:
6673:
5978:
5885:
5850:
5744:
5641:
5633:
5401:
5281:
5268:
Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Macklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (10 October 2013),
5252:
5160:
5124:
5060:
5018:
4977:
4843:
4277:
4259:
4140:
4079:
3998:
3968:
2962:
2435:
1467:
1415:
913:
Triveni Sangam, Allahabad ā the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and the "unseen" Sarasvati.
793:
640:
207:
5880:
4017:
4015:
6438:
6385:
6337:
5997:
5982:
5970:
5960:
5914:
5889:
5855:
5794:
5687:
5660:
5645:
5553:
5521:
5499:
5451:
5422:
5406:
5357:
5332:
5257:
5176:
5164:
5128:
5085:
5064:
5023:
5005:
4963:
4933:
4847:
4835:
4696:
4671:
4483:
4362:
4071:
4002:
3746:
3722:
3493:
3346:
3233:
3198:
3054:
3024:
2990:
2987:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
2940:
2871:
2345:
2300:
2123:
2119:
1868:
1701:
444:
403:
6139:
4743:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
4228:
7575:
6965:
6717:
6668:
6267:
6173:
5952:
5875:
5845:
5837:
5778:
5679:
5625:
5396:
5388:
5247:
5237:
5198:
5152:
5116:
5052:
5013:
4997:
4827:
4132:
4115:
Stein, Aurel (1942). "A Survey of Ancient Sites along the "Lost" Sarasvati River".
4063:
3990:
3512:
1447:
1439:
1051:
836:
379:
6134:
3817:
New study challenges existence of Saraswati river, says it was Sutlej's old course
3395:
Asvalayana Srauta Sutra, Sankhayana Srauta Sutra; Macdonell and Keith 1912, II: 55
817:
One who bathes and drinks there where the GangÄ, YamunÄ and Sarasvati join enjoys
7605:
7595:
7479:
7035:
6860:
6408:
6395:
6275:
6087:
5903:
5613:
5513:
5349:
5120:
4923:
3740:
2389:
2359:
1848:
1632:
1624:
1576:
1566:
1538:
1185:
1149:
1065:
687:
557:
525:
203:
121:
5419:
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
4016:
Jayant K. Tripathi; Barbara Bock; V. Rajamani; A. Eisenhauer (25 October 2004).
1222:, where the present-day Sarasvati (Sarsuti) river flows, or to higher mountains.
1158:.52.6 describes the Sarasvati as swollen (pinvamÄnÄ) by the rivers (sindhubhih).
1003:
Several present-day rivers are also named Sarasvati, after the Vedic Sarasvati:
88:
7739:
7703:
7641:
7600:
7550:
7432:
7371:
6975:
6749:
6653:
6159:"ąŖŖą«ąŖ°ąŖ¦ą«ąŖ¶ ąŖØąŖ¦ą«ąŖØą« ąŖ¤ąŖąŖŖą«ąŖ°ąŖ¦ą«ąŖ¶ (ąŖ¬ą«ąŖą«ąŖØ) ąŖøąŖ°ąŖøą«ąŖµąŖ¤ą« (Regional River Basin: Saraswati Basin)"
5841:
5392:
5220:
Giosan; et al. (2012), "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization",
5080:
Darian, Steven G. (2001), "5.Ganga and Sarasvati: The Transformation of Myth",
5001:
4807:
3110:
2622:
Klaus, K. Die altindische Kosmologie, nach den BrÄhmaį¹as dargestellt. Bonn 1986
2337:
between the turning point of the Sutlej and where the Ghaggar river bed widens.
2254:
to argue for the identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra with the Vedic Sarasvati.
1873:
1588:
1463:
1039:
1007:
Sarsuti is the present-day name of a river originating in a submontane region (
942:
683:
172:
168:
6960:
5956:
5782:
5512:
Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013),
5190:
5156:
4831:
3237:
2154:
According to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the
7759:
7459:
7406:
7265:
7060:
6980:
6764:
6683:
6631:
6626:
6589:
5974:
5009:
4839:
4737:
4663:
4075:
3497:
2585:
2393:
2159:
2110:
1755:
1724:
1660:
1572:
1562:
1519:
1498:
1451:
1231:
1178:, a word now usually translated as "ocean," but which could also mean "lake."
1106:
1082:
1055:
839:, escaping from a flood, founded the Vedic culture between the Sarasvati and
797:
781:
742:
694:
300:
5242:
3486:
Research Journal of Akhil Bhartiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana, ABISY (New Delhi)
3048:
2348:
theory, the disappearance of the river may additionally have been caused by
1514:
1443:
308:
7708:
7682:
7651:
7646:
7625:
7610:
7570:
7565:
7540:
7489:
7474:
7464:
7305:
6955:
6817:
6790:
6663:
6648:
6621:
6616:
6563:
6403:
6380:
5993:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
5859:
5601:
5410:
5261:
5027:
3135:
2334:
2118:
inclusion of other groups into their cultural system. Eastward emerged the
1853:
1768:
1749:
1676:
1324:
7 = dried-up Harappan Hakra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (
1295:
1271:
1121:
809:
734:
656:
584:
541:
344:
238:
156:
80:
7 = dried-up Harappan Hakra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (
48:
6151:
Saraswati: The River That Never Was, Flowing Always in the People's Hearts
6144:
5683:
5520:, American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198, John Wiley & Sons,
5469:
5463:
5441:
5435:
2695:
2693:
2691:
1530:
604:), consistent with her role as a goddess of both knowledge and fertility.
598:
590:
418:
408:
392:
384:
368:
360:
106:
7729:
7656:
7620:
7560:
7535:
7525:
7504:
7494:
7469:
7454:
7402:
7250:
7150:
7040:
6920:
6915:
6802:
6643:
6638:
6606:
6568:
6541:
6498:
6466:
6418:
5703:"Glaciological and Geological Source of Vedic Saraswati in the Himalayas"
5301:
4300:"Government-constituted expert committee finds Saraswati river did exist"
2897:
2296:
2187:
See Witzel (1984) for discussion; for maps (1984) of the area, p. 42 sqq.
1863:
1843:
1838:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1791:
Government had therefore ordered archaeologists to search for the river.
1664:
1635:). This matches the Rigvedic description of the Sarasvati flowing to the
1584:
1546:
1470:, situated in the foothills of the Shivaliks, to the plains and finally
1348:
1275:
1032:
1016:
844:
840:
832:
754:
738:
730:
648:
488:
468:
464:
448:
399:
324:
314:
242:
230:
211:
70:
5748:
5637:
5285:
5269:
4263:
909:
636:
Prasravana (Peepal tree or Ashwattha tree as known in India and Nepal).
92:
Cemetery H, Late Harappan, OCP, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sites
7687:
7661:
7615:
7520:
7331:
7290:
7285:
7230:
7215:
7110:
7070:
7065:
7010:
6935:
6870:
6865:
6855:
6785:
6698:
6658:
6611:
6486:
6461:
6456:
6302:
6257:
5629:
5203:
4144:
4083:
4043:
2688:
2373:
2349:
2217:
2197:
2001:
as "ocean". In this view the "lowlands" of Kashmir and Kuruksetra were
1964:, the flood flows on, surpassing in majesty and might all other waters.
1550:
1542:
1363:
1298:, and (pre-)Harappan Hakra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels, as proposed by
1267:
1181:
953:
926:
882:
801:
718:
672:
664:
480:
476:
269:
257:
234:
117:
6025:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
1684:
they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand, and the
1120:"Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and
51:, and (pre-)Harappan Hakra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels as proposed by
7724:
7499:
7484:
7336:
7225:
7195:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7020:
7015:
6970:
6890:
6759:
6601:
6491:
6433:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6049:
TheE Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history
5056:
3994:
3909:
2213:
2205:
1948:
1858:
1806:
1580:
1359:
1291:
1219:
1215:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1132:
1069:
1043:
1028:
946:
893:
871:
859:
855:
746:
644:
620:
612:
577:
573:
564:
499:
440:
304:
277:
261:
195:
179:
148:
44:
5947:
Valdiya, K.S. (2017). "Prehistoric River Saraswati, Western India".
4136:
4067:
1974:
Thinking of wealth and the great world of creatures, she poured for
1734:
7555:
7240:
7235:
7205:
7180:
7025:
6985:
6930:
6905:
6807:
6744:
6727:
6722:
6471:
6124:
An archaeological tour along the Ghaggar-Hakra River by Aurel Stein
4358:
In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India
4355:
Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (11 January 1999).
3481:
3340:
2363:
2314:
2292:
1741:
1251:
1193:
1113:
962:
897:
889:
867:
679:
512:
The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all but the fourth book of the
382:), derived from 'sƔras' + 'vat', meaning 'having sƔras-'. Sanskrit
339:
265:
226:
6140:
Saraswati ā the ancient river lost in the desert by A. V. Sankaran
5606:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
4755:
3537:
3535:
2781:
2224:
still with its generic meaning) would be less common in RV speech.
1341:
1286:
1109:
or an ancient river in the present Helmand Valley in Afghanistan.
39:
7310:
7275:
7210:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7130:
7120:
7095:
7085:
7080:
7050:
7045:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6950:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6481:
6347:
6317:
6312:
6290:
6204:
6196:
5616:(December 1997). "The transformation of the Indus Civilization".
5317:
Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007),
4978:"On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland"
4762:
4095:
4093:
3131:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2163:
2155:
2090:
1961:
1795:
1780:
1760:
1680:
1651:
1637:
1628:
1600:
1534:
1471:
1387:
1255:
1235:
1227:
1175:
1047:
1024:
989:
974:
957:
863:
750:
668:
472:
425:
375:
285:
273:
199:
183:
144:
133:
6428:
6161:. Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department.
3921:
3511:
org, Richard MAHONEY - r dot mahoney at indica-et-buddhica dot.
1367:
Ghaggar-Hakra well before the beginnings of Indus civilisation.
7438:
7427:
7300:
7280:
7270:
7220:
7135:
7055:
6910:
6832:
6365:
6342:
6327:
6322:
6307:
6082:, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 20 March 2013.
5462:
Kochhar, Rajesh (2012), "On the identity and chronology of the
4693:
Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley
4476:"On the identity and chronology of the į¹gvedic river SarasvatÄ«"
3846:
3822:
3532:
3529:
Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean culture, Volume 2, page 398
2933:"On the identity and chronology of the į¹gvedic river SarasvatÄ«"
2288:
2036:
suggest that the river remained perennial till 4,500 years ago.
1975:
1608:
1197:
1189:
1078:
1020:
1008:
970:
966:
938:
934:
922:
818:
789:
785:
770:
698:
660:
652:
633:
608:
533:
529:
432:
328:
281:
191:
187:
164:
160:
152:
6578:
6509:
4249:
4090:
3689:
3687:
2832:
2830:
2793:
2546:
2544:
7295:
7245:
7170:
7145:
7125:
7115:
7090:
7075:
6990:
6945:
6739:
6558:
6448:
6370:
6357:
6332:
6295:
6285:
6135:
Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? by Tripathi, Bock, Rajamani, Eir
5344:
Keith and Macdonell. 1912. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
3938:
3936:
3127:
3117:
3105:
2329:
1810:
1247:
1095:
1012:
984:
In lesser known configuration, Sarasvati is said to form the
978:
892:(where the Sarasvati disappears in the desert), south of the
843:
rivers. The Sarasvati River was thus the western boundary of
521:
513:
222:
159:
form, in which it formed a confluence with the sacred rivers
125:
5476:
Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts
5448:
Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts
4806:
Bhadra, B. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, J. R. (February 2009).
4177:
4044:"A Survey of Ancient Sites along the "Lost" Sarasvati River"
3764:
3762:
3452:
Mhb. 3.82.111; 3.130.3; 6.7.47; 6.37.1-4., 9.34.81; 9.37.1-2
3228:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).
3134:); the suggestion has been revived in the connection of an "
2937:
Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2508:
2506:
552:
7744:
7140:
6734:
6476:
6375:
6280:
5511:
5356:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 52ā70.
4758:"Special Report: Battling for India's soul, state by state"
4567:
3684:
3635:
3359:
3284:
3176:, Gƶttingen-Leipzig: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/JC Hinrichs
2827:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2541:
2358:, referring to three other publications, state that active
1979:
1554:
1492:
479:
were supposed to have been composed by Vedic seers. In the
249:
113:
101:
6165:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4532:
3933:
3302:
1.3, 13, 89, 164; 10.17, 30, 64, 65, 66, 75, 110, 131, 141
2459:
Michael Witzel points out that this is to expected from a
1695:
572:
The most important hymns related to Sarasvati goddess are
528:. In this hymn, the Sarasvati River is placed between the
366:
is the feminine nominative singular form of the adjective
5354:
The Archaeology of City States: Cross-cultural approaches
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4380:
4378:
3834:
3759:
3513:"INDOLOGY - Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization (c. 3000 B.C.)"
3482:"Interpreting the Sarasvati Tirthayatra of Shri BalarÄma"
3345:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 311ā2.
3049:
Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008).
2659:
2561:
2559:
2503:
2352:
which may have led to the redirection of its tributaries.
2306:
Other Indigenist Aryanism-cloroued publications include:
128:
and post-Vedic texts. It played an important role in the
5485:
The Saraswati Flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture
5434:
Kochhar, Rajesh, 'On the identity and chronology of the
5267:
4975:
3966:
3948:
3915:
3899:
3897:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
2732:
2705:
2491:
2069:
2033:
4639:
4603:
4508:
4496:
4443:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4167:
4165:
4163:
3260:
2817:
2815:
2769:
2317:, and along the dried up channel of the ancient Sutlej.
1526:, is identified by some as the ancient Sarasvati river.
1290:
Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with
1246:
The present Ghaggar-Hakra River is a seasonal river in
43:
Vedic and present-day Ghaggar-Hakra river-course, with
4756:
Rupam Jain Nair, Frank Jack Daniel (12 October 2015).
4544:
4482:. Archaeology and Language. Vol. III. Routledge.
4426:
4375:
4018:"Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints"
2556:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
1692:
mountains, which is not the landscape of the Ghaggar.
1382:
1200:, which is consistent with the Ghaggar identification.
904:
4579:
4520:
4455:
4414:
4402:
4390:
3894:
3882:
3603:
3601:
3412:
3410:
3341:
Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (16 May 2007).
3272:
3067:
3018:
2291:
may have flowed into the Sarasvati river through the
2072:
have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.
1148:.23.4 mentions the Sarasvati River together with the
753:
reflects the same geographical view described in the
229:, between the Yamuna and the Sutlej, and ends in the
27:
River mentioned in the Vedas and ancient Indian epics
5895:
S. G. Talageri, The RigVeda - A Historical Analysis
5304:(1999). Pande, G. C.; Chattophadhyaya, D.P. (eds.).
4615:
4354:
4189:
4160:
3663:
3305:
2898:"The rivers Sarasvati: Reconciling the sacred texts"
2812:
2757:
2362:
are present in the region, and lateral and vertical
2216:, giving the second translation. A translation as a
1706:
1659:
in the Rigveda matches the physical features of the
1485:
1425:
1038:
Sarasvati is the name of a river originating in the
221:
system, which flows through modern-day northwestern-
5759:
5547:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
4591:
3870:
3858:
3828:
3780:
3613:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2518:
1587:, separated from the watershed of the Indus by the
1522:, Afghanistan, known in ancient Iranian Avestan as
1281:
1174:.95.1-2, describes the Sarasvati as flowing to the
1011:district) and joining the Ghaggar near Shatrana in
214:, mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.
198:.95.1-2, describes the Sarasvati as flowing to the
5733:"Saraswati ā The ancient river lost in the desert"
5656:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
4627:
3745:. Indian Space Research Organization. p. 23.
3598:
3586:
3565:
3407:
2859:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2126:(1800ā1400 BCE). This culture interacted with the
2023:, originally referred to "lake," and not to "sea."
1817:. The water is expected to fill the channel until
1258:season, but satellite images in possession of the
1196:" places the Sarasvati between the Yamuna and the
1019:) the Naiwala channel, a dried out channel of the
4805:
2382:
1735:Identification with the Indus Valley Civilisation
1663:in Afghanistan, more precisely its tributary the
878:defines Aryavarta like the Vasistha Dharma Sutra.
800:32.1-4, the Sarasvati rose from the Plaksa tree (
784:, the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of
7757:
7401:
5929:"The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river"
5865:
5316:
4860:
3927:
3852:
3329:
3037:
2081:The Helmand river historically, besides Avestan
6097:
6095:
4863:"'Lost' Saraswati river brought 'back to life'"
3713:
3711:
2639:
1794:According to the government of Indian state of
1671:. The later Rigvedic Sarasvati, which he calls
1412:Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilisation
1342:Pre-Holocene diversion of the Sutlej and Yamuna
1112:Others consider Sarasvati a mythical river, an
737:to the south of the Sarasvati and north of the
406:considers unlikely a connection with the root *
6047:, in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.),
5073:The Lost River - On the trail of the Sarasvati
4725:The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables
3227:
3216:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2162:(1900-1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to
1234:(1900-1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to
503:Map of northern India in the late Vedic period
485:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan
299:"Sarasvati" has also been identified with the
132:, appearing in all but the fourth book of the
7387:
6525:
6181:
5552:Mitra, D. S.; Bhadu, Balram (10 March 2012).
5370:
5294:The lost Saraswati and the Indus Civilization
5219:
5195:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
4662:
4478:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
4099:
3942:
3249:
3247:
2984:
2909:The Vedic People: Their history and geography
2857:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2787:
2682:
2601:
2599:
2262:, makes ample reference to such suggestions:
2260:The lost Saraswati and the Indus Civilization
2050:
1688:may correspond with the Ghaggar-Hakra river.
1450:(1862-1943), C.F. Oldham and Jane Macintosh.
1303:
988:confluence with rivers Hiranya and Kapila at
56:
6092:
5819:
5034:
4656:
3796:
3719:Vedic River Sarasvati and Hindu Civilization
3708:
3232:. Vol. 2. London: Murray. p. 434.
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2751:
2726:
2012:The Proto-Indo-European Word for "Sea/Ocean"
1721:, which postulates a migration at 1500 BCE.
1325:
1299:
524:; and 10.75.5, the geographical list of the
81:
52:
5989:
5951:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
5352:. In Nichols, D.L.; Charlton, T.H. (eds.).
5097:
4278:"Press Information Bureau English Releases"
4227:. Fao.org. 14 February 2003. Archived from
3954:
3003:
2989:. Pearson Education India. pp. 137ā8.
2935:, in Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.),
2806:
2775:
2571:
2512:
2175:
2005:, but the sea in which the Ganga fell is a
1591:. The Helmand historically besides Avestan
1031:the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up
186:(10.75) mentions the Sarasvati between the
7394:
7380:
6532:
6518:
6188:
6174:
5578:Breakthrough, Breakthrough Science Society
5551:
5536:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
4959:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
4812:Journal of the Geological Society of India
3647:
3645:
3244:
3218:, Cambridge University Press, 1982, P.358.
3139:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2866:. University of California Press. p.
2842:
2596:
2355:
2122:(2100ā1800 BCE), from which developed the
1993:
1991:
1744:revisionists subscribing to the theory of
1089:
5913:, Universities Press (India), Hyderabad,
5879:
5849:
5700:
5568:
5400:
5323:, Springer Science & Business Media,
5251:
5241:
5202:
5017:
4695:. New Delhi: Tulika Books. pp. 7ā8.
4684:
3693:
3558:
3556:
3172:by Lommel (1927); Lommel, Herman (1927),
2969:
2836:
2369:
2244:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1944:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1553:in southern Afghanistan at the border of
458:
5730:
5542:
5533:
4918:
4777:
4609:
4526:
4502:
3888:
3840:
3815:Malavika Vyawahare (29 November 2017), "
3768:
3438:Bhargava, Sudhir (20ā22 November 2009).
3437:
2862:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
2763:
2650:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2443:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1769:Indus script seals and inscribed objects
1529:
1513:
1386:
1285:
1131:
908:
551:
498:
87:
38:
5990:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011),
5946:
5926:
5908:
5806:
5788:
5652:
5612:
5600:
5518:Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations
5461:
5416:
5347:
5134:
4909:
4650:
4514:
4473:
4449:
4420:
4202:
4183:
4171:
3903:
3876:
3864:
3738:
3642:
3185:
2930:
2915:
2884:
2550:
2497:
2065:
1988:
1696:Contemporary politico-religious meaning
390:means 'lake, pond' (cf. the derivative
30:For other rivers of the same name, see
14:
7758:
6145:Sarasvati research and Education Trust
6058:The Origins of the World's Mythologies
6055:
6042:
6022:
6009:
5809:International Journal of Social Impact
5673:
5571:"RIGVEDIC SARASVATI: MYTH AND REALITY"
5491:
5487:, New Delhi: Aryan Books International
5320:Hydrology and Water Resources of India
5079:
5070:
4952:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4538:
4461:
4437:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4110:
4108:
3669:
3619:
3553:
3416:
3377:K.R. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, pp. 12-13
3365:
3343:Hydrology and Water Resources of India
3323:
3311:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3082:
2821:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2605:
2565:
2535:
2325:
2276:(1972, 1973, 1975, 1977), as cited in
2181:
2039:
2032:In contrast with the mainstream view,
1939:
1930:
1909:
1612:the Avesta. The identification of the
1241:
1085:, has dried up since the 17th century.
7375:
6513:
6169:
5911:Saraswati: The River That Disappeared
5300:
5291:
5210:
5188:
5175:, Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony,
4633:
4621:
4114:
4041:
3811:
3809:
3742:Saraswati: The River that Disappeared
3479:
2957:
2955:
2611:
2310:
2284:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2133:
2105:
2103:
5701:Puri, V. M. K.; Verma, B.C. (1998).
2196:While the first translation takes a
1474:herself into the Arabian sea at the
627:
491:rivers in the time of the Rigveda."
122:river first mentioned in the Rigveda
6073:
6032:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
5731:Sankaran, A. V. (25 October 1999),
5594:Frontiers of the Indus Civilization
5591:
5482:
5170:
4105:
3607:
3592:
3571:
2895:
2625:
2341:
2321:
1383:IVC and diminishing of the monsoons
905:Contemporary religious significance
711:
24:
6577:
6115:
5949:Society of Earth Scientists Series
4861:Zee Media Bureau (6 August 2016).
4690:
3806:
3732:
3317:
3214:Bridget Allchin, Raymond Allchin,
2952:
2100:
2093:form having cognate with Sanskrit
1127:
639:In a supplementary chapter of the
544:, where the Rigveda was compiled.
347:can be equated; and rejecting the
25:
7857:
6128:
5791:Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
5763:Journal of Archaeological Science
3739:Valdiya, K. S. (1 January 2002).
3230:Vedic Index of names and subjects
3053:. Psychology Press. p. 766.
1707:Drying-up and dating of the Vedas
1486:Textual and historical objections
1426:Identification with the Sarasvati
1081:, formerly a distributary of the
556:Painting of Goddess Saraswati by
424:is considered to be a cognate of
378:as the name of the keeper of the
7358:
7357:
5296:, Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Prakashan
4877:
4854:
4799:
4749:
4731:
4713:
4467:
4348:
4339:
4327:
4318:
4291:
4270:
4243:
4217:
4208:
4151:
4035:
4009:
3960:
2471:
2453:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2344:, p. 24), who supports the
2283:According to Misra, as cited in
2265:According to Misra, as cited in
2109:According to David Anthony, the
1509:
1282:Paleochannels and ancient course
32:Saraswati River (disambiguation)
6798:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra
6539:
5306:The dawn of Indian civilization
4480:Artefacts, Languages, and Texts
4297:
3699:
3675:
3654:
3625:
3577:
3544:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3431:
3422:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3296:
3221:
3208:
3191:
3166:
3097:
3088:
2653:The Geography of Rigvedic India
2227:
2190:
2169:
2148:
2075:
2026:
1166:"sĆ”rasvatÄ« saptĆ”thÄ« sĆndhumÄtÄ"
547:
5082:The Ganges in Myth and History
4670:. Penguin Books. p. 110.
3928:Sinha, Singh & Tandon 2020
3853:Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007
2586:"Sarasvati | Hindu deity"
2324:, p. 494), also cited in
2208:. Hans Hock (1999) translates
1892:
1783:reported that "members of the
1410:Giosan et al., in their study
724:
447:to be rich in rivers, and its
13:
1:
5421:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,
5084:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,
3500:– via www.academia.edu.
2485:
2434:See also Eurogenes Blogspot,
821:. Of this there is no doubt."
682:, texts that are composed in
507:
7771:Locations in Hindu mythology
5653:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002).
5215:, Cambridge University Press
5121:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.002
4914:, Princeton University Press
1719:Indo-Aryan migrations theory
1422:migrations into South Asia.
354:
349:Indo-Aryan migrations theory
309:
7:
6195:
5881:10.18520/cs/v119/i2/232-243
5618:Journal of World Prehistory
5470:
5464:
5442:
5436:
5213:An Introduction to Hinduism
4962:, Oxford University Press,
3155:. p. 9. Archived from
2372:argue that the present-day
1831:
1805:The government constituted
1785:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
1537:river basin with tributary
1254:that flows only during the
599:
591:
419:
409:
393:
385:
369:
361:
323:), in present day southern
291:Identification of a mighty
107:
10:
7862:
5842:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9
5608:. Oxford University Press.
5569:Mukherjee, Ashoke (2001),
5545:Hinduism. Past and present
5492:LudvĆk, Catherine (2007),
5393:10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8
5189:Etter, Anne-Julie (2020),
5002:10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4
4930:Princeton University Press
4910:Anthony, David W. (2007),
4897:
4691:Ratnagar, Shereen (2006).
3974:Archaeological Prospection
3118:
3023:. Routledge. p. 184.
2220:("mother of rivers", with
1774:
1699:
1560:
1331:
992:. There are several other
825:
764:
615:, which identified her as
562:
494:
318:
29:
7717:
7696:
7675:
7634:
7588:
7513:
7447:
7420:
7413:
7355:
7319:
6881:
6848:
6775:
6707:
6588:
6575:
6549:
6447:
6394:
6356:
6266:
6203:
6060:, Oxford University Press
5957:10.1007/978-3-319-44224-2
5783:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.015
5713:(2): 7ā36. Archived from
5292:Gupta, S.P., ed. (1995),
5173:India: A Sacred Geography
5157:10.1134/S1064229317070018
4832:10.1007/s12594-009-0084-y
4371:– via Google Books.
3116:'river meadow' and Greek
2961:EncyclopƦdia Britannica,
2204:, the word is actually a
1655:. The description of the
1603:form cognate to Sanskrit
1405:Indus Valley civilisation
1356:Indus Valley civilisation
1274:c.q. paleochannel of the
1184:.75.5, the late Rigvedic
1054:before submerging in the
741:. The dried-up, seasonal
254:Indus Valley civilization
6080:Mythical Saraswati River
6056:Witzel, Michael (2012),
6043:Witzel, Michael (2005),
6023:Witzel, Michael (2001),
6010:Witzel, Michael (1984),
5211:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
5101:Quaternary Geochronology
4920:Beckwith, Christopher I.
4474:Kochhar, Rajesh (1999).
4334:Sacred Books of the East
4324:Indische Alterthumskunde
4117:The Geographical Journal
4048:The Geographical Journal
3829:Schuldenrein et al. 2004
3781:Schuldenrein et al. 2004
3140:N. Kazanas (June 2006).
3051:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
2931:Kochhar, Rajesh (1999),
2356:Mitra & Bhadu (2012)
2176:Wilke & Moebus (2011
2034:Chatterjee et al. (2019)
1885:
1399:for a more detailed map.
866:and to the south of the
854:I.8-9 and 12-13 locates
467:, in the Vedic state of
252:has observed that major
7801:Sea and river goddesses
7342:Epic-Puranic chronology
6149:C.P. Rajendran (2019),
6101:Rajesh Kochhar (2017),
5909:Valdiya, K. S. (2002),
5902:15 January 2018 at the
5674:Prasad, R.U.S. (2017).
5543:Michaels, Axel (2004),
5534:McIntosh, Jane (2008),
5417:Kinsley, David (1998),
5348:Kenoyer, J. M. (1997).
5243:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
5071:Danino, Michel (2010),
4361:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3717:S. Kalyanaraman (ed.),
3255:Harvard Oriental Series
2807:Wilke & Moebus 2011
2776:Wilke & Moebus 2011
2651:Bhargava, M.L. (1964).
2590:Encyclopedia Britannica
2513:Wilke & Moebus 2011
2370:Puri & Verma (1998)
2239:Honde te al. (2017) map
2235:Clift et al. (2012) map
1904:Honde te al. (2017) map
1900:Clift et al. (2012) map
1316:3 = today's Thar desert
1090:Identification theories
6582:
6103:"The Aryan chromosome"
6086:9 October 2016 at the
5927:Valdiya, K.S. (2013),
5171:Eck, Diana L. (2012),
3916:Chatterjee et al. 2019
3480:Haigh, Martin (2011).
3257:, Opera Minora 3) 1999
2985:Upinder Singh (2008).
2858:Romila Thapar (2004).
2465:Gandhara grave culture
2463:society, but that the
1789:Bharatiya Janata Party
1558:
1527:
1466:and descended through
1400:
1329:
1137:
914:
823:
560:
504:
459:Importance in Hinduism
93:
85:
7826:Rivers of Uttarakhand
7781:Ancient Indian rivers
7709:Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur
6581:
6013:Sur le chemin du ciel
5996:, Walter de Gruyter,
5822:Nature Communications
5793:, Walter de Gruyter,
5717:on 14 September 2006.
5684:10.4324/9781315209401
5137:Eurasian Soil Science
5075:, Penguin Books India
4042:Stein, Aurel (1942).
2655:. Lucknow. p. 5.
2009:. See also Talageri,
1533:
1517:
1393:Indo-Aryan migrations
1390:
1289:
1135:
912:
852:Vasistha Dharma Sutra
815:
706:Latyayana Srautasutra
596:) and "munificence" (
555:
502:
374:(which occurs in the
91:
42:
7667:Lower Sharda Barrage
5755:on 19 September 2004
5450:, Routledge (1999),
4345:Oldham 1893 pp.51ā52
4231:on 13 September 2016
3174:Die YaŔts des Awesta
3162:on 29 February 2008.
3094:e.g. 7.96.4, 10.66.5
2790:, p. 1688-1689.
2553:, p. 10, 55-57.
2287:, p. 153), the
2070:Giosan et al. (2013)
2051:Giosan et al. (2012)
1397:Sameer et al. (2018)
1304:Khonde et al. (2017)
1152:and the ÄpayÄ River.
933:) or joining of the
190:in the east and the
57:Khonde et al. (2017)
7831:Rivers of Rajasthan
7806:Indigenous Aryanism
7776:Mythological rivers
7433:Ghaghara or Karnali
5834:2017NatCo...8.1617S
5775:2004JArSc..31..777S
5659:. Rowman Altamira.
5614:Possehl, Gregory L.
5385:2017NatSR...7.5476K
5329:2007hwri.book.....J
5234:2012PNAS..109E1688G
5228:(26): E1688āE1694,
5149:2017EurSS..50..791D
5113:2019QuGeo..49..230D
5049:2012Geo....40..211C
4994:2019NatSR...917221C
4890:. 15 February 2021.
4824:2009JGSI...73..273B
4720:Iravatham Mahadevan
4576:, p. 256, 258.
4186:, p. 300, 336.
4129:1942GeogJ..99..173S
4060:1942GeogJ..99..173S
3987:2021ArchP..28..565C
3819:", Hindustan Times.
3632:At the Three Rivers
2809:, pp. 310ā311.
2700:Maemoku et al. 2013
1879:Sarasvati Pushkaram
1859:Saraswati (goddess)
1746:Indigenous Aryanism
1631:and lake system of
1436:Ghaggar-Hakra River
1334:Ghaggar-Hakra River
1326:Clift et al. (2012)
1300:Clift et al. (2012)
1242:Ghaggar-Hakra River
1103:Ghaggar-Hakra River
796:. According to the
219:Ghaggar-Hakra River
194:in the west, while
82:Clift et al. (2012)
53:Clift et al. (2012)
7811:Rivers in Buddhism
6583:
6550:Traditional author
6107:The Indian Express
5723:Review (on page 3)
5630:10.1007/bf02220556
5483:Lal, B.B. (2002),
5373:Scientific Reports
5204:10.4000/samaj.6926
4982:Scientific Reports
4541:, p. 342-343.
4100:Giosan et al. 2012
3943:Khonde et al. 2017
3639:, 23 February 1948
3583:Manusmriti 2.17-18
2788:Giosan et al. 2012
2683:Giosan et al. 2012
2272:Raikes (1968) and
2200:interpretation of
1686:Vinasana Sarasvati
1673:Vinasana Sarasvati
1657:Naditama Sarasvati
1647:Naditama Sarasvati
1575:and its tributary
1559:
1545:mountain in north
1528:
1416:intermittent river
1401:
1330:
1138:
1068:, originates near
1046:, passing through
1042:mountain range in
1015:. Near Sadulgarh (
958:Puranic scriptures
915:
641:Vajasaneyi-Samhita
561:
505:
208:Jaiminiya Brahmana
94:
86:
7836:Rivers of Gujarat
7821:Rivers of Haryana
7753:
7752:
7635:Dams and barrages
7584:
7583:
7369:
7368:
6507:
6506:
6003:978-3-11-018159-3
5966:978-3-319-44223-5
5920:978-81-7371-403-0
5800:978-3-11-014447-5
5666:978-0-7591-0172-2
5527:978-1-118-70443-1
5505:978-90-04-15814-6
5428:978-81-208-0394-7
5182:978-0-385-53191-7
5091:978-81-208-1757-9
4969:978-0-19-513777-4
4922:(16 March 2009),
4787:. 26 January 2018
4702:978-81-89487-02-7
4677:978-0-1430-2989-2
4489:978-0-415-10054-0
3797:Clift et al. 2012
3727:978-81-7305-365-8
3696:, p. 2, 6-9.
3352:978-1-4020-5180-7
3203:978-0-19280-271-2
3060:978-0-7007-1267-0
3030:978-1-134-83731-1
2996:978-81-317-1677-9
2946:978-0-415-10054-0
2902:RajeshKochhar.com
2896:Kocchar, Rajesh.
2877:978-0-520-24225-8
2839:, p. 2, 8-9.
2752:Singh et al. 2017
2727:Clift et al. 2012
2500:, p. 11, 13.
2346:Indigenous Aryans
2301:Painted Gray Ware
2124:Andronovo culture
2120:Sintashta culture
1869:Saraswat Brahmins
1844:Drishadwati River
1702:Indigenous Aryans
1320:5 = today's shore
1318:4 = ancient shore
1314:2 = today's river
1312:1 = ancient river
1270:bed, presently a
1064:, a tributary of
896:and north of the
729:According to the
655:), Chandrabhaga (
628:Other Vedic texts
588:"holy thoughts" (
431:. In the younger
210:, as well as the
149:goddess Sarasvati
76:5 = today's shore
74:4 = ancient shore
67:2 = today's river
65:1 = ancient river
16:(Redirected from
7853:
7786:Rigvedic deities
7418:
7417:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7373:
7372:
7361:
7360:
6569:Ugrashrava Sauti
6534:
6527:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6109:
6099:
6090:
6077:
6061:
6052:
6039:
6029:
6019:
6018:
6006:
5986:
5943:
5933:
5923:
5892:
5883:
5862:
5853:
5816:
5803:
5785:
5756:
5751:, archived from
5743:(8): 1054ā1060,
5718:
5697:
5670:
5649:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5508:
5488:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5445:
5439:
5431:
5413:
5404:
5367:
5341:
5309:
5297:
5288:
5264:
5255:
5245:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5185:
5167:
5131:
5094:
5076:
5067:
5057:10.1130/g32840.1
5031:
5021:
4972:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4915:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4753:
4747:
4735:
4729:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4258:(8): 1141ā1145.
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4112:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3995:10.1002/arp.1829
3964:
3958:
3955:Dave et al. 2019
3952:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3843:, p. 20-21.
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3778:
3772:
3771:, p. 19-21.
3766:
3757:
3756:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3269:, p. 84-85.
3264:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3146:is pre-Harappan"
3121:
3120:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3016:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2928:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2865:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2730:
2724:
2703:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2569:
2568:, p. 11-13.
2563:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2392:(1942ā2011) and
2388:Anthropologists
2386:
2380:
2248:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2107:
2098:
2085:, bore the name
2079:
2073:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2024:
1995:
1986:
1946:
1937:
1936:Rgvedic period."
1928:
1907:
1896:
1549:and falls in to
1448:Marc Aurel Stein
1440:Christian Lassen
1322:6 = today's town
1310:satellite image.
1124:can be equated.
712:Post-Vedic texts
602:
594:
422:
412:
396:
388:
380:celestial waters
372:
364:
322:
312:
110:
78:6 = today's town
63:satellite image.
21:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7791:Rigvedic rivers
7766:Sarasvati River
7756:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7735:Sarasvati River
7713:
7692:
7671:
7630:
7606:Chittaura Jheel
7596:Barua Sagar Tal
7580:
7509:
7443:
7409:
7400:
7370:
7365:
7351:
7347:Sarasvati River
7315:
6877:
6861:Kurukshetra War
6844:
6771:
6756:List of tribes
6703:
6689:Mahaprasthanika
6584:
6573:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6508:
6503:
6443:
6390:
6352:
6262:
6199:
6194:
6157:
6131:
6118:
6116:Further reading
6113:
6112:
6100:
6093:
6088:Wayback Machine
6078:
6074:
6064:
6027:
6016:
6004:
5967:
5936:Current Science
5931:
5921:
5904:Wayback Machine
5868:Current Science
5801:
5737:Current Science
5694:
5667:
5573:
5558:Current Science
5528:
5506:
5429:
5364:
5339:
5274:Current Science
5183:
5092:
4970:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4903:Printed sources
4900:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4754:
4750:
4736:
4732:
4718:
4714:
4703:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4252:Current Science
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4137:10.2307/1788862
4113:
4106:
4102:, p. 1693.
4098:
4091:
4068:10.2307/1788862
4040:
4036:
4025:Current Science
4020:
4014:
4010:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3408:
3404:Griffith, p.492
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3339:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3245:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3148:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3068:
3061:
3047:
3038:
3031:
3017:
3004:
2997:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2929:
2916:
2907:
2894:
2885:
2878:
2856:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2733:
2725:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2660:
2649:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2390:Gregory Possehl
2387:
2383:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2108:
2101:
2089:, which is the
2080:
2076:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2027:
1996:
1989:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1849:Rigvedic rivers
1834:
1777:
1737:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1633:Hamun-i-Helmand
1625:Iranian plateau
1616:river with the
1599:, which is the
1569:
1567:Arghandab River
1561:Main articles:
1539:Arghandab River
1512:
1488:
1428:
1385:
1344:
1336:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1284:
1244:
1186:Nadistuti sukta
1150:Drsadvati River
1130:
1128:Rigvedic course
1116:not a "thing".
1092:
1075:Saraswati River
1066:Alaknanda River
1062:Saraswati River
907:
850:Similarly, the
828:
788:and flows from
767:
727:
714:
688:Tandya Brahmana
630:
567:
558:Raja Ravi Varma
550:
526:Nadistuti Sukta
510:
497:
461:
357:
204:Tandya Brahmana
171:. According to
108:SĆ”rasvatÄ«-nadÄ«Ģ
98:Sarasvati River
79:
77:
75:
73:
68:
66:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Saraswati River
15:
12:
11:
5:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7740:Triveni Sangam
7737:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7718:Related topics
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7704:Malviya Bridge
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7642:Ganges Barrage
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7399:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6976:Dhrishtadyumna
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6129:External links
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6091:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6053:
6045:"Indocentrism"
6040:
6020:
6007:
6002:
5987:
5965:
5944:
5924:
5919:
5906:
5893:
5863:
5817:
5804:
5799:
5786:
5769:(6): 777ā797,
5757:
5728:
5719:
5698:
5692:
5671:
5665:
5650:
5624:(4): 425ā472.
5610:
5598:
5589:
5586:
5566:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5526:
5509:
5504:
5489:
5480:
5459:
5432:
5427:
5414:
5368:
5363:978-1560987222
5362:
5345:
5342:
5337:
5314:
5310:
5298:
5289:
5280:(7): 888ā890,
5270:"Sarasvati II"
5265:
5217:
5208:
5186:
5181:
5168:
5143:(7): 791ā804,
5132:
5095:
5090:
5077:
5068:
5043:(3): 211ā214,
5032:
4973:
4968:
4950:
4939:978-1400829941
4938:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4876:
4853:
4818:(2): 273ā288.
4798:
4776:
4748:
4730:
4712:
4701:
4683:
4676:
4655:
4653:, p. 103.
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4564:, p. 256.
4543:
4531:
4519:
4517:, p. 408.
4507:
4495:
4488:
4466:
4454:
4452:, p. 263.
4442:
4440:, p. 260.
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4387:, p. 252.
4374:
4367:
4347:
4338:
4326:
4317:
4304:Indian Express
4290:
4269:
4242:
4216:
4207:
4188:
4176:
4159:
4150:
4123:(4): 173ā182.
4104:
4089:
4054:(4): 173ā182.
4034:
4008:
3981:(4): 565ā582.
3959:
3947:
3932:
3930:, p. 240.
3920:
3908:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3855:, p. 312.
3845:
3833:
3821:
3805:
3789:
3773:
3758:
3751:
3731:
3707:
3698:
3694:Mukherjee 2001
3683:
3674:
3662:
3653:
3641:
3624:
3612:
3610:, p. 148.
3597:
3595:, p. 145.
3585:
3576:
3574:, p. 147.
3564:
3552:
3543:
3531:
3522:
3503:
3492:(2): 179ā193.
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3430:
3421:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3358:
3351:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3295:
3283:
3281:, p. 4-5.
3271:
3259:
3243:
3220:
3207:
3190:
3178:
3165:
3153:Omilos Meleton
3096:
3087:
3085:, p. 258.
3066:
3059:
3036:
3029:
3002:
2995:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2914:
2883:
2876:
2841:
2837:Mukherjee 2001
2826:
2811:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2731:
2704:
2687:
2658:
2638:
2624:
2610:
2595:
2570:
2555:
2540:
2517:
2515:, p. 310.
2502:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2452:
2442:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2398:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2353:
2338:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2281:
2270:
2243:
2226:
2189:
2180:
2168:
2147:
2132:
2099:
2074:
2066:Valdiya (2013)
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2038:
2025:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1938:
1908:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:Triveni Sangam
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1776:
1773:
1750:Vedic cultures
1736:
1733:
1708:
1705:
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1627:(the extended
1595:bore the name
1589:Sanglakh Range
1541:originates in
1511:
1508:
1487:
1484:
1464:Shivalik hills
1427:
1424:
1384:
1381:
1343:
1340:
1332:Main article:
1283:
1280:
1243:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1129:
1126:
1122:Vedic cultures
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1059:
1036:
981:respectively.
943:Triveni Sangam
906:
903:
902:
901:
879:
848:
827:
824:
766:
763:
726:
723:
713:
710:
684:Vedic Sanskrit
629:
626:
563:Main article:
549:
546:
509:
506:
496:
493:
460:
457:
356:
353:
345:Vedic cultures
320:šš¼š¢šŗš«š”š
173:Michael Witzel
169:Triveni Sangam
155:to exist in a
130:Vedic religion
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7858:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7841:Former rivers
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:Sacred rivers
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:South flowing
7512:
7506:
7505:Tamsa or Tons
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:North flowing
7446:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7407:Uttar Pradesh
7404:
7397:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7383:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7364:
7354:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Vichitravirya
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:Dhritarashtra
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Swarnaprastha
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6766:
6765:Mahajanapadas
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Ashramavasika
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6632:Bhagavad Gita
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6580:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:and narrators
6548:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:Itihas Darpan
5704:
5699:
5695:
5693:9781315209401
5689:
5685:
5681:
5678:. Routledge.
5677:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5602:Parpola, Asko
5599:
5595:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5456:0-415-10054-2
5453:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5338:9781402051807
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
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5235:
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5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
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5196:
5192:
5187:
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5178:
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5169:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4954:Bryant, Edwin
4951:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4786:
4780:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4738:Upinder Singh
4734:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4664:Romila Thapar
4659:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4624:, p. 33.
4623:
4618:
4612:, p. 33.
4611:
4610:Michaels 2004
4606:
4599:
4594:
4588:, p. 31.
4587:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4527:Beckwith 2009
4523:
4516:
4511:
4505:, p. 29.
4504:
4503:Beckwith 2009
4499:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4464:, p. 42.
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4411:, p. 14.
4410:
4405:
4399:, p. 13.
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4368:9788120816268
4364:
4360:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4321:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:McIntosh 2008
3885:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3841:McIntosh 2008
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3769:McIntosh 2008
3765:
3763:
3754:
3752:9788173714030
3748:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3678:
3672:, p. 58.
3671:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3518:
3517:indology.info
3514:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3461:Mbh. 3.80.118
3458:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3314:, p. 11.
3313:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2939:, Routledge,
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2824:, p. 81.
2823:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2764:Sankaran 1999
2760:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2592:. 2 May 2023.
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2538:, p. 93.
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2421:
2412:
2402:
2395:
2394:J. M. Kenoyer
2391:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:According to
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2326:Bryant (2001)
2323:
2320:According to
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:According to
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2160:late Harappan
2157:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2111:Yamna culture
2106:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:and fatness."
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:Romila Thapar
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:Michel Danino
1722:
1720:
1715:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Helmand River
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Helmand River
1568:
1564:
1563:Helmand River
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1520:Helmand River
1516:
1510:Helmand river
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:Romila Thapar
1496:
1494:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:Rann of Kutch
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:(1823-1900),
1445:
1442:(1800-1876),
1441:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:delta channel
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:late Harappan
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1192:, Sarasvati,
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:Helmand river
1104:
1099:
1097:
1084:
1083:Hooghly River
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:Rann of Kutch
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
918:thrice holy.
911:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
822:
820:
814:
812:
811:
805:
803:
799:
798:Vamana Purana
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Skanda Purana
778:
776:
772:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Ghaggar River
740:
736:
732:
722:
720:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
695:Sivalik hills
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
601:
595:
593:
586:
581:
579:
575:
570:
566:
559:
554:
545:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
501:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
421:
415:
413:
411:
405:
401:
398:'lake bird =
397:
395:
389:
387:
381:
377:
373:
371:
365:
363:
352:
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
302:
297:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
239:delta channel
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:and later in
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
103:
99:
90:
83:
72:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7734:
7683:Ganges Canal
7652:Parichha Dam
7647:Matatila Dam
7626:Phulhar Lake
7346:
7306:Yudhishthira
7102:
7101:Role in the
6956:Bhurishravas
6838:Vyagaprastha
6823:Pranaprastha
6818:Indraprastha
6814:Panchagrama
6791:Indraprastha
6714:Main tribes
6694:Svargarohana
6674:Ashvamedhika
6591:
6564:Vaisampayana
6540:
6413:
6404:Sapta Sindhu
6106:
6075:
6057:
6048:
6035:
6031:
6012:
5992:
5948:
5939:
5935:
5910:
5871:
5867:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5808:
5790:
5766:
5762:
5753:the original
5740:
5736:
5715:the original
5710:
5706:
5675:
5655:
5621:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5577:
5561:
5557:
5544:
5535:
5517:
5494:
5484:
5475:
5447:
5418:
5376:
5372:
5353:
5319:
5305:
5302:Gupta, S. P.
5293:
5277:
5273:
5225:
5221:
5212:
5194:
5172:
5140:
5136:
5104:
5100:
5081:
5072:
5040:
5036:
4988:(1): 17221.
4985:
4981:
4958:
4943:, retrieved
4924:
4911:
4888:
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4856:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4779:
4767:. Retrieved
4761:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4692:
4686:
4667:
4658:
4651:Sindhav 2016
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4534:
4522:
4515:Anthony 2007
4510:
4498:
4479:
4469:
4457:
4450:Kochhar 2012
4445:
4423:, p. 6.
4421:Valdiya 2017
4416:
4404:
4392:
4357:
4350:
4341:
4329:
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4303:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4272:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:the original
4219:
4214:Darian p. 58
4210:
4203:Anthony 2007
4184:Anthony 2007
4179:
4172:Demkina 2017
4153:
4120:
4116:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4011:
3978:
3972:
3962:
3950:
3923:
3911:
3906:, p. 8.
3904:Possehl 2002
3884:
3877:Kenoyer 1997
3872:
3865:Possehl 1997
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3792:
3776:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3701:
3681:Darian p. 59
3677:
3665:
3656:
3634:
3627:
3622:, p. 1.
3615:
3588:
3579:
3567:
3546:
3525:
3516:
3506:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3368:, Chapter-3.
3361:
3342:
3324:LudvĆk (2007
3319:
3307:
3298:
3293:, Chapter-2.
3286:
3274:
3262:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3193:
3186:Parpola 2015
3181:
3173:
3168:
3157:the original
3152:
3143:
3138:" argument,
3136:out of India
3123:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3050:
3020:
2986:
2963:
2936:
2908:
2904:(blog post);
2901:
2861:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2652:
2606:Witzel (2012
2589:
2551:Kinsley 1998
2498:Kinsley 1998
2493:
2473:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2384:
2335:paleochannel
2311:Gupta (1999)
2259:
2256:Gupta (1995)
2246:
2229:
2221:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2171:
2150:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1931:Witzel (2001
1894:
1854:Sapta Sindhu
1827:
1823:
1804:
1793:
1778:
1765:
1754:
1738:
1730:
1723:
1710:
1690:
1685:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1570:
1523:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1479:
1461:
1457:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1296:Kuru Kingdom
1245:
1225:
1203:
1165:
1139:
1136:Vedic rivers
1118:
1111:
1100:
1093:
1023:, joins the
1002:
998:
993:
985:
983:
951:
930:
920:
916:
885:
816:
810:Padma Purana
808:
806:
779:
774:
768:
759:
735:Kuru Kingdom
728:
715:
703:
692:
677:
638:
631:
616:
606:
597:
589:
582:
571:
568:
548:As a goddess
542:Kuru Kingdom
538:
517:
511:
484:
475:and several
462:
452:
436:
428:
417:
416:
407:
391:
383:
367:
359:
358:
337:
332:
298:
292:
290:
247:
225:and eastern-
216:
182:hymn in the
177:
157:metaphysical
138:
114:mythologized
105:
97:
95:
69:3 = today's
49:Kuru Kingdom
36:
7816:Indus basin
7730:Charmanwati
7657:Rajghat Dam
7621:Raja Ka Tal
7421:Main rivers
7403:Hydrography
7251:Upapandavas
7151:Parashurama
7103:Mahabharata
7041:Ghatotkacha
6966:ChitrÄngadÄ
6961:ChitrÄngada
6921:Babruvahana
6916:Ashwatthama
6871:Chakravyūha
6833:Tilaprastha
6803:Kurukshetra
6542:Mahabharata
6499:Dirghatamas
6467:Vishvamitra
6439:Drishadvati
6067:Web-sources
6051:, Routledge
5828:(1): 1617,
5478:, Routledge
5379:(1): 5476,
5107:: 230ā235,
4945:30 December
4865:. Zee Media
4668:Early India
4598:Witzel 2005
4586:Witzel 2001
4574:Danino 2010
4562:Danino 2010
4539:Witzel 2005
4462:Prasad 2017
4438:Danino 2010
4409:Prasad 2017
4397:Prasad 2017
4385:Danino 2010
3670:Darian 2001
3620:LudvĆk 2007
3470:Mbh. 3.88.2
3417:Witzel 1984
3366:Prasad 2017
3312:LudvĆk 2007
3291:Prasad 2017
3279:LudvĆk 2007
3267:LudvĆk 2007
3114:hĆŖl, heledd
3103:Mayrhofer,
3083:Danino 2010
2822:Witzel 2001
2566:LudvĆk 2007
2536:Witzel 2001
2350:earthquakes
2297:Drishadvati
2285:Gupta (1995
2278:Gupta (1995
2267:Gupta (1995
2252:Indigenists
1864:Indus River
1839:Brahmavarta
1819:Kurukshetra
1815:Yamunanagar
1800:Yamunanagar
1665:Harut River
1585:Afghanistan
1547:Afghanistan
1349:Thar Desert
1306:. See also
1276:Indus River
1033:Drishadvati
1017:Hanumangarh
886:Dharmasutra
845:Brahmavarta
841:Drishadvati
835:, the sage
833:Manu Smriti
813:proclaims:
755:Mahabharata
739:Drishadvati
731:Mahabharata
725:Mahabharata
719:Hindu epics
651:, Satudri (
649:Drishadvati
518:Vedic Index
489:Drishadvati
469:Brahmavarta
465:Drishadwati
449:Old Persian
443:, a region
400:Sarus crane
325:Afghanistan
315:Old Persian
303:in ancient
243:Indus River
231:Thar desert
212:Mahabharata
147:)." As the
71:Thar desert
59:. See also
7760:Categories
7688:Agra Canal
7662:Rihand Dam
7616:Moti Jheel
7576:West Rapti
7291:Vrishasena
7286:Vrishaketu
7231:Shishupala
7216:Shakuntala
7111:Kritavarma
7071:Jayadratha
7066:Jarasandha
7061:Janamejaya
7011:Duryodhana
6936:Bhagadatta
6883:Characters
6866:Vishvarupa
6856:Svayamvara
6786:Hastinapur
6699:Harivamsha
6669:Anushasana
6487:Bharadvaja
6462:Gritsamada
6457:Saptarishi
6303:Visvedevas
6153:, The Wire
5874:(2): 232,
5538:, ABC-CLIO
4634:Etter 2020
4622:Flood 1996
4310:19 October
4283:18 October
3799:, p.
3783:, p.
3660:Eck p. 220
3651:Eck p. 145
3562:Eck p. 149
3238:1014995385
2486:References
2437:The crisis
2374:Tons River
2274:Suraj Bhan
2218:tatpurusha
2210:sĆndhumÄtÄ
2202:sĆndhumÄtÄ
2198:tatpurusha
2115:"Urheimat"
2087:Haraxvaiti
1597:Haraxvaiti
1583:region in
1551:Hamun Lake
1543:Hindu Kush
1524:Harahvaiti
1444:Max MĆ¼ller
1438:, such as
1364:Beas River
1268:Nara river
1214:Verses in
954:Kumbh Mela
941:rivers at
927:confluence
923:underworld
883:Baudhayana
876:MahÄbhÄį¹£ya
819:liberation
802:Pipal tree
667:) and the
508:As a river
481:Manusmriti
477:Upanishads
310:HarauvatiÅ”
270:Rakhigarhi
258:Kalibangan
235:Nara river
7846:Saraswati
7725:Aciravati
7601:Belasagar
7480:Karmanasa
7337:Vedic era
7226:Shikhandi
7196:Satyavati
7166:Pururavas
7161:Purochana
7156:Parikshit
7021:Dushyanta
7016:Dushasana
6971:Damayanti
6891:Abhimanyu
6782:Capitals
6760:Janapadas
6492:Vasishtha
6434:Yavyavati
6414:Sarasvati
6409:Nadistuti
6038:(3): 1ā93
5983:132865905
5975:2194-9204
5897:chapter 4
5890:239534661
5646:161129625
5498:, BRILL,
5471:Sarasvatī
5468:ic river
5443:Sarasvatī
5440:ic river
5197:(24/25),
5165:133638705
5129:134501741
5065:130765891
5010:2045-2322
4869:19 August
4848:140635500
4840:0016-7622
4728:, pp. 6-7
4076:0016-7398
4003:236238153
3498:0974-3065
2964:Sarasvati
2906:based on
2468:religion.
2342:Lal (2002
2322:Pal (1984
2214:bahuvrihi
2206:bahuvrihi
2095:Sarasvati
2083:Haetumant
1951:.95.1-2:
1807:Saraswati
1779:In 2015,
1614:Sarasvati
1605:Sarasvati
1593:Haetumant
1581:Arachosia
1577:Arghandab
1472:debouched
1468:Adi Badri
1360:Cholistan
1358:sites in
1292:Aryavarta
1220:foothills
1070:Badrinath
1044:Rajasthan
1029:Suratgarh
947:Allahabad
894:Himalayas
872:Patanjali
860:Pariyatra
856:Aryavarta
747:Rajasthan
680:Brahmanas
645:Yajurveda
621:Aurobindo
613:Brahmanas
565:Saraswati
453:Harauvati
445:described
441:Arachosia
420:Sarasvatī
404:Mayrhofer
362:SƔrasvatī
355:Etymology
333:Sarasvati
305:Arachosia
278:Dholavira
262:Rajasthan
256:sites at
180:Nadistuti
167:, at the
45:Aryavarta
7556:Ramganga
7435:(Sarayu)
7363:Category
7332:Kingdoms
7241:Sudeshna
7236:Subhadra
7206:Shantanu
7181:Sahadeva
7031:Gandhari
7026:Ekalavya
6986:Draupadi
6931:Balarama
6906:Ambalika
6808:Jyotisar
6745:Gandhara
6728:Pandavas
6723:Kauravas
6654:Sauptika
6472:Vamadeva
6205:Mandalas
6084:Archived
5900:Archived
5860:29184098
5749:24103577
5638:25801118
5604:(2015).
5411:28710495
5286:24098502
5262:22645375
5028:31748611
4956:(2001),
4746:, p. 169
4740:, 2008,
4722:, 1977,
4666:(2002).
4336:, 32, 60
4264:24108988
3705:Griffith
3608:Eck 2012
3593:Eck 2012
3572:Eck 2012
2364:tectonic
2315:Siwaliks
2293:Chautang
2113:was the
1960:As on a
1832:See also
1742:Hindutva
1677:Gangetic
1669:Dragiana
1252:Pakistan
1194:Shutudri
1114:allegory
1040:Aravalli
963:Trimurti
898:Vindhyas
890:Adarsana
868:Himalaya
769:Several
600:puraį¹dhi
532:and the
451:cognate
437:Haraxatī
429:Haraxatī
370:sƔrasvat
340:Hindutva
293:physical
266:Banawali
227:Pakistan
206:and the
120:ancient
7697:Bridges
7611:Keetham
7551:Kukrail
7460:Chambal
7327:Avatars
7320:Related
7311:Yuyutsu
7276:Vikarna
7211:Shakuni
7201:Savitri
7191:Satyaki
7186:Sanjaya
7176:Rukmini
7131:Nahusha
7121:Lomasha
7096:Krishna
7086:Kindama
7081:Kichaka
7051:Hidimbi
7046:Hidimba
7006:Durvasa
7001:Duhsala
6996:Drupada
6951:Bhishma
6941:Bharata
6926:Bahlika
6718:Bharata
6684:Mausala
6627:Bhishma
6590:Books (
6482:Angiras
6386:Danavas
6348:Aryaman
6318:Tvashtr
6313:Ashvins
6268:Deities
6197:Rigveda
5942:(1): 42
5851:5705636
5830:Bibcode
5771:Bibcode
5402:5511136
5381:Bibcode
5325:Bibcode
5253:3387054
5230:Bibcode
5145:Bibcode
5109:Bibcode
5045:Bibcode
5037:Geology
5019:6868222
4990:Bibcode
4898:Sources
4820:Bibcode
4791:11 July
4763:Reuters
4235:12 July
4145:1788862
4125:Bibcode
4084:1788862
4056:Bibcode
3983:Bibcode
3785:fig. 23
3132:Susartu
2295:or the
2164:Haryana
2158:is the
2156:Rigveda
2091:Avestan
2003:samudra
1962:chariot
1796:Haryana
1781:Reuters
1775:Revival
1761:Rigveda
1714:revised
1681:Ghaggar
1652:samudra
1638:samudra
1629:wetland
1618:Helmand
1601:Avestan
1579:in the
1535:Helmund
1480:Sarsutī
1256:monsoon
1236:Haryana
1230:is the
1228:Rigveda
1176:samudra
1164:.36.6,
1048:Sidhpur
1027:. Near
1025:Ghaggar
994:Triveni
990:Somnath
986:Triveni
975:Krishna
952:At the
864:Vindhya
831:In the
826:Smritis
780:In the
771:Puranas
765:Puranas
751:Haryana
704:In the
669:Iravati
643:of the
617:VÄgdevÄ«
609:Puranas
495:Rigveda
473:Rigveda
426:Avestan
394:sÄrasa-
376:Rigveda
301:Helmand
286:Gujarat
274:Haryana
241:of the
200:samudra
184:Rigveda
145:samudra
134:Rigveda
118:deified
112:) is a
7676:Canals
7571:Varuna
7566:Sharda
7541:Hindon
7490:Rihand
7475:Kanhar
7465:Dhasan
7439:Yamuna
7428:Ganges
7414:Rivers
7301:Yayati
7281:Virata
7271:Vidura
7261:UttarÄ
7256:Uttara
7221:Shalya
7136:Nakula
7056:Iravan
6911:Arjuna
6901:Ambika
6849:Events
6776:Places
6750:Matsya
6708:Tribes
6664:Shanti
6649:Shalya
6622:Udyoga
6617:Virata
6449:Rishis
6424:Sarayu
6419:Sindhu
6396:Rivers
6366:Vritra
6358:Asuras
6343:Varuna
6328:Pushan
6323:Ribhus
6308:Maruts
6000:
5981:
5973:
5963:
5917:
5888:
5858:
5848:
5797:
5747:
5726:Review
5690:
5663:
5644:
5636:
5524:
5502:
5454:
5425:
5409:
5399:
5360:
5335:
5313:Arbor.
5284:
5260:
5250:
5179:
5163:
5127:
5088:
5063:
5026:
5016:
5008:
4966:
4936:
4846:
4838:
4769:29 May
4699:
4674:
4486:
4365:
4262:
4143:
4082:
4074:
4001:
3801:fig. 1
3749:
3725:
3496:
3349:
3236:
3201:
3128:Sarayu
3057:
3027:
2993:
2943:
2874:
2461:mobile
2360:faults
2289:Yamuna
2222:sindhu
2007:sagara
1999:sagara
1976:Nahusa
1811:cusecs
1609:Avesta
1607:. The
1452:Danino
1395:. See
1198:Sutlej
1190:Yamuna
1079:Bengal
1035:river.
1021:Sutlej
1009:Ambala
977:) and
971:Vishnu
967:Brahma
939:Yamuna
935:Ganges
931:sangam
794:Brahmi
790:Plaksa
786:Brahma
699:Ashwin
661:Vipasa
657:Chenab
653:Sutlej
634:Plaksa
534:Sutlej
530:Yamuna
522:Sarayu
433:Avesta
386:sƔras-
331:. The
329:Punjab
282:Lothal
192:Sutlej
188:Yamuna
165:Yamuna
161:Ganges
153:Hindus
7589:Lakes
7561:Rohni
7536:Gomti
7531:Gaula
7526:Babai
7495:Sindh
7470:Jamni
7455:Betwa
7296:Vyasa
7246:Ulupi
7171:Rukmi
7146:Pandu
7126:Madri
7116:Kunti
7091:Kripa
7076:Karna
7036:Ganga
6991:Drona
6946:Bhima
6740:Kunti
6644:Karna
6639:Drona
6607:Sabha
6592:parva
6559:Vyasa
6376:Dasas
6371:Susna
6338:Mitra
6333:Rudra
6296:Ushas
6286:Indra
6276:Devas
6028:(PDF)
6017:(PDF)
5979:S2CID
5932:(PDF)
5886:S2CID
5745:JSTOR
5642:S2CID
5634:JSTOR
5574:(PDF)
5465:į¹gved
5446:' in
5437:į¹gved
5282:JSTOR
5161:S2CID
5125:S2CID
5061:S2CID
4844:S2CID
4306:. PTI
4298:PTI.
4260:JSTOR
4141:JSTOR
4080:JSTOR
4021:(PDF)
3999:S2CID
3729:PP.96
3160:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
3124:hƩlos
3111:Welsh
3106:EWAia
2330:Ropar
2212:as a
1886:Notes
1403:Many
1248:India
1182:RV 10
1096:Indus
1052:Patan
1013:PEPSU
979:Shiva
775:saras
576:.61,
514:Vedas
307:, or
223:India
141:India
126:Vedic
7745:Doab
7546:Kali
7521:Assi
7141:Nala
6896:Amba
6735:Yadu
6659:Stri
6612:Vana
6477:Atri
6429:RasÄ
6381:Danu
6291:Soma
6281:Agni
6156:Map
5998:ISBN
5971:ISSN
5961:ISBN
5915:ISBN
5856:PMID
5795:ISBN
5688:ISBN
5661:ISBN
5564:(5).
5522:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5452:ISBN
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