Saudi Arabia–United States relations

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approximately 10,000 barrels of petroleum are imported daily to United States since 2012 ("U.S. Total Crude Oil and Products Imports"). Saudi Arabia has consistently been in need of weapons, reinforcement, and arms due to the consistent rising tensions throughout the Middle East during the late 20th century and early 21st century. Post 2016, the United States of America has continued to trade with Saudi Arabia, mainly for their oil related goods. Using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized System) classification, the top exports of Saudi Arabia are Crude Petroleum ($ 96.1 billion), Refined Petroleum ($ 13bn), Ethylene Polymers($ 10.1bn), Propylene Polymers ($ 4.93bn) and Ethers ($ 3.6bn). Its top imports are Cars ($ 11.8B), Planes, Helicopters, and/or Spacecraft ($ 3.48bn), Packaged Medicaments ($ 3.34bn), Broadcasting Equipment ($ 3.27bn) and Aircraft Parts ($ 2.18bn)".

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their relationship beyond oil and counter-terrorism efforts. For example, King Abdullah has allocated funds for young Saudis to study in the United States. One of the most important reasons that King Abdullah has given full scholarships to young Saudis is to give them western perspective and to impart a positive impression of Saudi Arabia on the American people. On the other hand, President Bush has discussed the world economic crisis and what the U.S.–Saudi relationship can do about it. During meetings with the Saudis, the Bush administration took Saudi policies very seriously because of their prevalent economic and defensive presence in the region and their great media influence on the Islamic world. The two leaders have made many decisions that deal with the security, economic, and business aspects of the relationship.

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1.4 billion). U.S. exports to Saudi Arabia declined approximately nine percent in 2017 compared to 2016. However, 2017 exports represented a 57% increase compared to 2007. Imports to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia increased approximately 11 percent from 2017 to 2018. However, this represented an overall decline of 47% compared to 2007. What the U.S. imports from Saudi Arabia has not changed much over the years: "The top import categories (2-digit HS) in 2017 were: mineral fuels ($ 18 billion), organic chemicals ($ 303 million), special other (returns) ($ 247 million), aluminum ($ 164 million), and fertilizers ($ 148 million)".

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fields, giving the Hijaz back to the Hashemites, and delegating control of the holy cities to a multinational committee of moderate, non-Wahhabi Muslims: the House of Saud should be sent home to Riyadh. 'Saudi Arabia supports our enemies and attacks our allies,' argued Murawiec, a protégé of Richard Perle's, the neocon advocate of war with Iraq who chaired the Policy Board. 'The Saudis are active at every level of the terror chain, from planners to financiers, from cadre to foot soldier, from ideologist to cheerleaders.' They were 'the kernel of evil, the prime mover, the most dangerous opponent' in the Middle East.

2531: 1093: 965: 431: 1407: 1542: 29: 8472: 8903: 8041: 1149:(CTIC) held in Riyadh in 2005. The cooperation grew broader and covered financial, educational, and technological aspects both in Saudi Arabia and Muslim-like countries to prevent pro-Al-Qaeda terrorists' activities and ideologies. "It is a high time for the Ulma (Muslim Scholars), and all thinkers, intellectuals, and academics, to shoulder their responsibilities towards the enlightenment of the people, especially the young people, and protect them from deviant ideas" said Sheikh Saleh bin 2564: 59: 8393: 8031: 2550: 563:). In the Persian Gulf region, this meant relying on Saudi Arabia and Iran as the "twin pillars" of regional security. Whereas in 1970 the U.S. provided less than $ 16 million to Saudi Arabia in military aid, by 1972 that number had increased to $ 312 million. As part of its "twin pillars" strategy, the U.S. also attempted to improve relations between the Saudis and the Iranians. For example, this included persuading Iran to remove its territorial claim to 48: 2578: 8346: 849: 3133: 313:(a.k.a Ibn Saud), developed close ties with the United States. After unifying his country in 1928, he set about gaining international recognition. Great Britain was the first country to recognize Saudi Arabia as an independent state. In May 1931, the U.S. officially recognized Saudi Arabia by extending full diplomatic recognition. At the same time, Ibn Saud granted a concession to the U.S. company 890:. Furthermore, the U.S. sent additional troops, with nearly 100,000 Saudi troops sent by Fahd, to form a U.S.–Saudi army alliance. Alongside troops from other allied countries, this alliance was deployed to attack Iraqi troops in Kuwait and to stop further invasion. During the ground campaign of Operation Desert Storm, the Iraqi troops were defeated within four days and retreated back to Iraq. 1828:, feared that the abandonment of the international gold standard under the Bretton Woods arrangement (combined with a growing U.S. trade deficit, and massive debt associated with the ongoing Vietnam War) would cause a decline in the relative global demand for the U.S. dollar. In a series of meetings, the United States and the Saudi royal family made an agreement. The United States would offer 2629: 3927:

since 15 out of 19 hijackers as well as Osama bin Laden and many of the global 'jihadists' that participated in the conflicts fought in Bosnia, Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Iraq were Saudi nationals. This naturally led the U.S. government and its people to ask serious questions as to what is wrong with Saudi Arabia and to draw conclusions about its religious ideology and institutions.

3141: 1495:'s humanitarian crisis, saying: "Thousands and thousands inside Yemen today are dying. ... This horror is caused in part by our decision to facilitate a bombing campaign that is murdering children and to endorse a Saudi strategy inside Yemen that is deliberately using disease and starvation and the withdrawal of humanitarian support as a 2166:. Trade volumes between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia topped out around 2012 and have slightly fluctuated since, but the overall trend has been positive. In 2001, U.S. exports (in millions of U.S. dollars) were at $ 5,957.60 and imports were at $ 13,272.20. In 2012, these numbers were $ 17,961.20 in exports and $ 55,667.00 in imports. 1044: 886:'s intention to invade and control the oil reserves in the region. As a result, with King Fahd's approval, President Bush deployed a significant amount of American military forces (up to 543,000 ground troops by the end of the operation) to protect Saudi Arabia from a possible Iraqi invasion; this operation was called 3926:

The events that transpired on 11 September 2001, shook the foundation of the U.S.–Saudi relationship by raising serious concerns and questions regarding the role of the Saudi government and their Wahhabi ideology played in terrorism associated with Al-Qaeda. The attacks shined a light on Saudi Arabia

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Out of all issues, the September 11 attacks caused the greatest harm to U.S.-Saudi trade relations, due to Saudi Arabia's alleged involvement. Tensions also rose between the two nations throughout Barack Obama's presidency when the U.S. removed oil sanctions on Iran and allowed them to sell their oil

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in Palestine, the U.S. is not in any way responsible for the establishment. Ibn Saud was convinced by the message and U.S.–Saudi relations began to run smoothly again. Moreover, in March 1938, CASCO made a big oil discovery in Saudi Arabia which boomed the oil industry in the country. Coincidentally,

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and NY Sens. Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand challenged the "state secrets privilege" that was invoked by former US Presidents to restrict the classified FBI report from being released. The evidence of Saudi Arabian involvement in the September 11 attacks first surfaced in a 2012 FBI memo during

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Almost all members of the CTIC agreed that Al-Qaeda targeted less educated Muslims by convincing them that they are warriors of God but used them only to accomplish their political goals. Three years after the Saudi government took a serious and active role in anti-terrorism, Al-Qaeda began launching

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After the Cold War, U.S.–Saudi relations were improving. U.S. and Saudi companies were both actively engaged and paid handsomely for taking on and managing projects in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia transferred $ 100 billion to the United States for administration, for construction, for weapons and,

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President Trump arrived here Saturday for his debut on the world stage After Air Force One touched down in Riyadh shortly before 10 a.m. local time Chatting through an interpreter, the two men sat for a cup of coffee inside the ornate V.I.P. reception terminal at King Khalid International Airport.

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In Washington, there's an unintentionally comic spokesman for our ally Saudi Arabia who on Tuesday declared that his country was the victim of unwarranted American intolerance bordering on 'hate.' ... the Saudi minister of the interior, Prince Nayef, maintained as recently as last week that the

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In 2017, Saudi Arabia was the U.S.'s 20th biggest export market and its 21st biggest import market. That year, the most exported goods to Saudi Arabia were "aircraft ($ 3.6 billion), vehicles ($ 2.6 billion), machinery ($ 2.2 billion), electrical machinery ($ 1.6 billion), and arms and ammunition ($

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In the wake of Saudi Arabia's declining human rights record, on July 17, 2019, lawmakers in Washington backed a resolution to block the sale of precision-guided munitions to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The measure would have denied billions of dollars in weapon sales to

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In 2003, several terror attacks occurred which targeted U.S. compounds, the Saudi ministry of interior, and several other places inside Saudi Arabia. As a result of these attacks, the U.S. decided to redevelop Saudi law enforcement agencies by providing them with anti-terrorism education, the latest

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program to the kingdom. Later that year, the president approved the creation of the state-owned Petroleum Reserves Corporation, with the intent that it purchase all CASOC stock and thus gain control of Saudi oil reserves in the region. However, the plan was met with opposition and ultimately failed.

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After President George W. Bush's two visits to Saudi Arabia in 2008—which was the first time a U.S. president visited a foreign country twice in less than four months—and after King Abdullah's three visits to the U.S.—2002, 2005, and 2008— relations reached their peak. The two nations have expanded

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The U.S. was keen to point out that the arms transfer would increase "interoperability" with U.S. forces. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, American armed forces were able to deploy into a familiar battle environment because Saudi forces had been trained by the U.S. and had built military installations to

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with the United States. The Saudi government has on numerous occasions been actively involved with helping Saudi citizens flee the United States after they have committed serious crimes. In 2019, U.S. federal law enforcement officials launched an investigation into cases involving the disappearance

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for the first time. In the past, the U.S. had only given unofficial or partial recognition. Turkey, which has traditionally denied the genocide's existence, accused the United States of inflaming tensions. Donald Trump rejected the resolution and cited that his administration's stance on the issue

1403:; and enforcing a blockade of food and medical supplies that has triggered a famine. Critics oppose U.S. support of Saudi Arabia for this operation, which they say does not benefit U.S. national security interests. They also object to the United States selling arms to Saudi Arabia for use in Yemen. 547:

immediately responded to Saud's request by sending U.S. warplanes in July 1963 to stop the attack. At the end of the war, shortly before Prince Faisal became king, the relationship between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia became healthy again. In 1962, due to international and domestic pressure, President

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in 1958, Egypt returned to its pro-Soviet strategy. Saud once again joined their alliance, which brought U.S.–Saudi relations to a low point. This was especially the case after Saud announced in 1961 that he had changed his mind on renewing the U.S. base. In 1962, however, Egypt then attacked Saudi

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In July that year Laurent Murawiec, a French analyst with the RAND Corporation, had given a 24-slide presentation to the prestigious Defense Policy Board, an arm of the Pentagon, suggesting that the United States should consider 'taking Saudi out of Arabia' by forcibly seizing control of the oil

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studying in the United States and represented 3.4% of all foreigners pursuing higher education in the U.S. A December 2013 poll found that 57% of Americans polled had an hostile view towards Saudi Arabia with only 27% favorable, while a poll in July 2021 estimated that 50% of Americans viewed the

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On August 9, 2020, Saudi Arabia announced that it would cut down on oil supply to the U.S. for the third time in one year, in an attempt to suppress stockpiles in the global oil market in order to rebalance supply and demand. However, experts claimed that while the strategy worked in 2017 when the

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driver charged with the first-degree murder of a passenger in June 2020. Ba-Abbad was driving for a cab service provider, Uber, in June, when he got into a fight with a passenger, Jeremy Shadrick. Ba-Abbad ran over Shadrick in the fight, killing him as a result. Ba-Abbad has claimed in his defense

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After these changes, the Saudi government was better prepared in preventing terrorist activities. They caught a large number of Saudi terrorists and terrorists from other countries (some of them American) that had connections with al-Qaeda in one way or another. Some of these criminals held a high

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became the new king of Saudi Arabia after a conflict with his brother Saud, the erstwhile king. The U.S. was not sure about the outcome of such an unplanned change in the Saudi monarchy. A low point in Saudi-U.S. relations came as Faisal decided to launch an oil embargo against the U.S. and Europe

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In November 1931, a treaty was signed by both nations which included favored nation status. However, the relationship was still weak because America did not have an interest in establishing missions in Saudi Arabia. At the time, Saudi affairs were handled by the U.S. delegation in Cairo, Egypt. In

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authorized a nearly $ 110B arms deal with Saudi Arabia which was worth $ 300B over a ten-year period. The deal included training and close co-operation with the Saudi Arabian military. Signed documents included letters of interest and letters of intent but no actual contracts. U.S. defense stocks

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On October 20, 2010, the U.S. State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history—an estimated $ 60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represented a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi

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production in the United States and caused Saudi Arabian oil exports to decrease by nearly fifty percent. Oil went from around $ 110 a barrel prior to the 2014 crash to about $ 27 a barrel by the beginning of 2016. The trade relationship worsened after the U.S. Congress passed a bill in 2016 that

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A Saudi intelligence survey of "educated Saudis between the ages of 25 and 41" taken shortly after the 9/11 attacks "concluded that 95 percent" of those surveyed supported Bin Laden's cause. (Support for Bin Laden reportedly waned by 2006, and by then the Saudi population become considerably more

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and Saudi Arabia agreed on a 50/50 profit distribution of the oil discovered in Saudi Arabia. In 1951, the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement was put into action. This allowed for the U.S. arms trade to Saudi Arabia, along with a United States military training mission centered in Saudi Arabia.

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In 1945, after World War II, Saudi citizens began to feel uncomfortable with U.S. forces still operating in Dhahran. In contrast, the Saudi government saw the U.S. forces as a major component of its military defense strategy. Ibn Saud balanced the two perspectives by changing the demands on U.S.

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for its religious freedom abuses. Brownback described Saudi Arabia as "one of the worst actors in the world on religious persecution" and hoped to see "actions take place in a positive direction". The report detailed discrimination against and maltreatment of Shiite Muslims in Saudi Arabia. The

681:, the U.S. government began pursuing a deeper partnership with Saudi Arabia. The vast oil wealth accumulated from price increases enabled the Saudis to purchase large sums of American military technology. The embargo was lifted in March 1974 after the U.S. pressured Israel into negotiating with 2064:

From the early 20th century, Saudi Arabia has been an enticing trade partner for the United States. The biggest commodity traded between the two nations is petroleum. The strength of the relationship is notoriously attributed to the United States' demand for oil throughout the post modern era;

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In April 2017, U.S. President Donald J. Trump attempted to repair the United States' relationship with Saudi Arabia by having the U.S. Defense Secretary visit the country. Trump has stated that he aimed to assist Saudi Arabia in terms of military protection in exchange for beneficial economic

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in a Saudi consulate in Turkey. This became a breaking point in relations and caused a serious rift between the two countries. The United States sanctioned some Saudi nationals, and Congress attempted to cut off U.S. weapons sales to Saudi Arabia related to the war in Yemen. However, this was

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Judging by the tenor of much that has been said about Saudi Arabia since September 11, quite a few people seem to think something similar should be done with the present-day Saudis. In Congress, on American television, and in print, their country has been portrayed as a sort of oily heart of

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The oil embargo, which lasted until March 1974, generated the most diplomatic hostility the Saudi-U.S. relationship had seen thus far. American oil companies operating in Saudi Arabia became subjected to the direct supervision of the Saudi government. The policies implemented by the Arab

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A classified American intelligence report taken from a Saudi intelligence survey in mid-October of educated Saudis between the ages of 25 and 41 concluded that 95 percent of them supported Mr. bin Laden's cause, according to a senior administration official with access to intelligence

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Following the OPEC oil cut in October 2022, a survey of Americans estimated that 49% viewed Saudi Arabia as "either unfriendly to or an outright enemy" to the United States. An opinion poll conducted in 2022 found that a majority of Saudi citizens (59%) prioritized alignment with the

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multiple attacks targeting Saudi government buildings and U.S. compounds on Saudi grounds. These attacks tried to corrode and destroy the U.S.–Saudi relationship and also exhibited Al-Qaeda's desire for revenge against Saudi Arabia for its co-operation with US anti-terrorism.

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on August 29: "A time comes when peoples and nations part. We are at a crossroads. It is time for the United States and Saudi Arabia to look at their separate interests. Those governments that don't feel the pulse of their people and respond to it will suffer the fate of the

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However, as World War II progressed, the United States began to believe that Saudi oil was of strategic importance. As a result, in the interest of national security, the U.S. began to push for greater control over the CASOC concession. On February 16, 1943, President

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The trade relationship between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has long revolved around two central concepts: security and oil. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the relationship between the two nations grew significantly stronger. In 1950,

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Emancipating “The Unfortunates”: The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p.

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On July 3, 2020, it was reported that dozens of American diplomats would leave Saudi Arabia along with their families, due to the kingdom's failure at containing the coronavirus outbreak as its economy reopened. Some of the diplomats believed that the government of

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a sort of oily heart of darkness, the wellspring of a bleak, hostile value system that is the very antithesis of our own. America's seventy-year alliance with the kingdom has been reappraised as a ghastly mistake, a selling of the soul, a gas-addicted alliance with

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rank in their respective terrorist organizations, which helped diffuse many terrorist cells. In a matter of months, Saudi law enforcement officials were successfully able to stop and prevent terrorist activities. Also, they were successful in finding the source of

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and crippled Saudi Arabia's oil production. This attack left Bin Saud scrambling to find an external power that would protect the country. He feared that further attacks would cease not only the country's oil production but also the flow of pilgrims coming into

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Ever since the modern relationship began in 1945, the U.S. has been willing to overlook some of the kingdom's domestic and foreign policy aspects as long as it maintained oil production and supported American national security policies. These aspects include

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in the U.S. In an interview with international media, Faisal said, "America's complete Israel support against the Arabs makes it extremely difficult for us to continue to supply the United States with oil, or even remain friends with the United States."

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the U.S. became more interested in Saudi oil. As a result, on February 4, 1940, as World War II was approaching, the U.S. had established a diplomatic presence in Saudi Arabia in order to have closer relations with the Saudis and to offer protection.

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darkness, the wellspring of a bleak, hostile value system that is the very antithesis of our own. America's seventy-year alliance with the kingdom has been reappraised as a ghastly mistake, a selling of the soul, a gas-addicted dalliance with death.

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of American children to Saudi Arabia provoked sustained criticism and resulted in a congressional hearing in 2002 where parents of children held in Saudi Arabia gave impassioned testimony related to the abduction of their children. Washington-based

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of Oregon, which required the FBI to declassify any information regarding Saudi Arabia's possible role. Oregon officials demand extradition of these suspects by Saudi Arabia since they were involved in violent crimes causing bodily harm and death.

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was beginning its first phase, with Saudi Arabia remaining neutral. The U.S. was deeply involved in World War II, and U.S.–Saudi relations were put on the 'back burner' as a result. This negligence left Saudi Arabia vulnerable to attack. Italy, an

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in 1978, the Saudi and the U.S. governments began to further reduce bilateral rifts and deepen strategic co-operation. Additionally, both Saudi Arabia and the United States shared common geo-political goals such as countering the influence of the

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in October 2022. This event triggered a strong backlash in the United States, with relations sinking to an "all-time low" and tensions exacerbating further. American officials have criticized Saudi Arabia for actively enabling Russians to bypass

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The idea people who inspired the hijackers are religious leaders, pseudo-intellectuals, pundits, and educators, primarily in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which continues to use its vast oil wealth to spread its austere and intolerant brand of Islam,

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described the journalist's death as a "murder" and a "tremendous mistake.", but he denied the knowledge of whereabouts of the body. Following the case, the U.S. promised to revoke the visas of Saudi nationals responsible for Khashoggi's death.

1141:, who had his Saudi nationality revoked in 1994 and was expelled, had chosen 15 Saudi hijackers on purpose to break up U.S.–Saudi relations, as the U.S. was still suspicious of Saudi Arabia. The Saudis decided to cooperate with the U.S. on its 793:

In December 2021, the US Senate voted against a proposal to stop $ 650 million in sales of advanced medium-range air-to-air missiles to Saudi Arabia. The proposal was meant to discourage Saudi Arabia from its military intervention in Yemen.

4130:. "In a region obsessed with conspiracy theories, many Saudis, both Sunni and Shiite, think that Washington has plans to split off the Eastern Province into a separate entity and seize control of its oil reserves after Iraq has stabilized." 1171:

In May 2021, 22 federal lawmakers from New York and New Jersey pressured President Joe Biden to release the classified FBI documents that cite the role of Saudi Arabia in the 9/11 terror attacks. In their letter to the US Attorney General

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as the key arbiter of the U.S. relationship with Saudi Arabia. Diplomatic relations hit a new low after a February 2021 U.S. intelligence report accused the crown prince of being directly involved in the assassination of Khashoggi. During

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reported on November 4: "The White House has said OPEC+ risks imperiling the global economic recovery by refusing to speed up oil production increases and warned the U.S. was prepared to use 'all tools' necessary to lower fuel prices."

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After the year 2000, the United States developed techniques to recover oil and gas much more efficiently and soon became an energy exporter. Instead of depending on purchases of Middle Eastern oil and gas, the U.S. became a rival.

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operations. While many Saudis contribute to those charities in good faith believing their money goes toward good causes, it has been alleged that others know full well the terrorist purposes to which their money will be applied.

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the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen where thousands have been killed in the 4-year long war. President Trump vetoed three such resolutions, which did not have the two-thirds majority support in the Senate to override his vetoes.

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to fly over and construct airfields in Saudi Arabia. Oil installations were rebuilt and protected by the U.S. Pilgrimage routes were also protected, and the U.S. gained a much needed direct route for military aircraft heading to

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in Florida. Alshamrani himself was a second lieutenant in the Royal Saudi Air Force who was participating in a training program sponsored by the Pentagon as part of a security cooperation agreement with Saudi Arabia. Later, the

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and other parts of the country who faced charges in the U.S. During the investigation, it was speculated that the Saudi government helped the students escape from the U.S. In October 2019, the U.S. Senate passed a bill by Sen.

1534:. During an interview, Trump vowed to get to the bottom of the case and that there would be "severe punishment" if the Saudi kingdom was found to be involved in the disappearance or assassination of the journalist. Citing the 4055:. "Anti-U.S. sentiment inside Saudi Arabia is now at an all-time high, following the outrages at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad and Washington's continued support for Israel's often brutal suppression of the Palestinians." 650:

against the United States. Because of Saudi Arabia's close partnership with the U.S. since 1945, King Faisal's decision to launch the oil embargo has become regarded as the most dynamic and aggressive aspect of the crisis.

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said, "This sends a global message that just because you're an ally of the United States, you can't kill with impunity. The relationship with Saudi Arabia is not working for America. It is more of a burden than an asset."

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administration promised Bin Saud protection from Soviet influence, and, as a result, the U.S. increased its presence in the region, This greatly strengthened the security relationship between Saudi Arabia and the U.S.

4039:. "In the climate of intense anti-American sentiment in Saudi Arabia after September 11, it is certainly true that any association with U.S.-inspired 'reform' ... is fast becoming a hindrance rather than a help." 1836:, and in return the Saudi's would price their oil sales exclusively in United States dollars (in other words, the Saudis were to refuse all other currencies, except the U.S. dollar, as payment for their oil exports). 1240:

with Iran over its nuclear program. President Obama called King Abdullah to brief him about the agreement, and the White House said the leaders agreed to "consult regularly" about the U.S.'s negotiations with Iran.

8027: 996:. In the U.S., there followed considerable negative publicity for, and scrutiny of, Saudi Arabia and its teaching of Islam. There was also a reassessment of the "oil-for-security" alliance with the Al Saud. A 2002 8102: 1630:

had not changed. Despite Trump's denial, the resolution was sponsored by Trump's ally Saudi Arabia. This highlighted the increasing disdain and distrust toward Turkey from both Saudi Arabia and the United States.

4618: 1903:(an act of charity dictated by Islam) paid by all Saudis to charities and amounts to at least 2.5% of their income. Although many charities are genuine, others allegedly serve as fronts for money laundering and 4883: 4096:"Saudi Arabians Overwhelmingly Reject Bin Laden, Al Qaeda, Saudi Fighters in Iraq, and Terrorism; Also among most pro-American in Muslim world. Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Saudi Arabia" 7549: 5742: 1697:. He had been accused of abuse of power after he used an obscure emergency procedure to bypass congressional refusal to approve an $ 8 billion arms sale to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and 775:. Many of these military facilities were influenced by the U.S., with the needs of cold war aircraft and deployment strategies in mind. Also, the Saudis purchased a great deal of weapons that varied from 1146: 2162:, Saudi Arabia expressed disapproval of the United States' lack of action in eradicating Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. The United States has consistently expressed disapproval of Saudi Arabia's 984:. The attacks killed 2,977 victims and caused an estimated $ 150 billion in property and infrastructure damage and economic impact, exceeding the death toll and damage caused by the Japanese 4912: 2633: 1926:

covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels. Some American officials worried that Syrian rebels being supported had ties to al-Qaeda. In October 2015, Saudi Arabia delivered 500 U.S.-made

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to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, America kept 5,000 troops in Saudi Arabia to maintain their protection and trade relations. The Gulf War of 1990–91, which aligned with the climax of the

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When it became clear that 15 of the 19 were Saudis, that was a disaster, a total disaster, because bin Laden, at that moment, had made in the minds of Americans Saudi Arabia into an enemy.

3087: 506:, the eldest son of Ibn Saud, came to power after his father's death. During his reign, U.S.–Saudi relations faced many obstacles concerning the U.S.'s anti-communism strategy. President 1538:

kingdom's "influential and vital role in the global economy", the Saudi Foreign Ministry vexedly replied that if Saudi Arabia "receives any action, it will respond with greater action."

1304:, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi. The envoy offered to help the Trump presidential campaign, which would have been illegal under U.S. law. The meeting included Lebanese-American lobbyist 589: 8212: 6967: 1580:, a retired U.S. army general who spoke Arabic, as U.S. ambassador to the country. Saudi Arabia also brought a fresh face on board by appointing their first female ambassador, Princess 1189: 6941: 6421: 5528:"S.Res.150—A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian genocide through official recognition and remembrance" 8019: 4598: 3001: 2918: 5380: 1993:

Some members of the Saudi Royal family are known to have committed serious crimes in the United States. Princess Meshael Alayban was involved in human trafficking for a long time.

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in August 1990 led to the Gulf War, and the security relationship between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia was greatly strengthened during that time. Concurrently with the U.S. invasion,

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In October 2022, in response to American objections, Saudi Arabia implied that the US was motivated by short-term political considerations of having lower gas prices during the

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Historically, opinion polls between the two nations have shown negative sentiment toward each other despite the shifting relationship of their respective governments. Polls of

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President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump arrived in the Saudi capital Riyadh on Saturday. It is the president's first foreign visit since his inauguration. (May 20)

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approved a resolution to suspend Yemen conflict-related weapon sales to Saudi Arabia and to impose sanctions on people obstructing humanitarian access in Yemen. Senator

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suspended flight training for all Saudi military aviation students pending the results of the FBI investigation. Their training resumed in late February 2020 after the

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production in the U.S. would eventually pose a threat to the kingdom's oil-dependent economy. Despite this, the two countries still maintained a positive relationship.

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As the United Kingdom withdrew from the Persian Gulf region in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the U.S. was reluctant to take on new security commitments. Instead, the

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bloc rather than United States. Only 41% of Saudi citizens described relations with the US as "important"; behind China (55%), Russia (52%) and European Union (46%).

567:. The rise in oil prices during 1970-1971 enabled the Saudi government to increase its U.S. weapons purchases from $ 15.8 million in 1970 to $ 312.4 million in 1972. 955: 771:

in the 1970s and 1980s, for higher education scholarships to the U.S. During that era, the U.S. built and administrated numerous military academies, navy ports, and

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Relations between the two nations solidified even further when the U.S. sent nearly 500,000 soldiers to Saudi Arabia to aid in protection against Iraq. Following

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in 2002 and that in 2005 to 2006 Saudi public opinion was sharply divided, with 38% viewing U.S. influence positively and 38% viewing U.S. influence negatively.

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In March 2018, a U.S. judge formally allowed a lawsuit, brought by 9/11 survivors and victim's families, to move forward against the Saudi Arabian government.

514:

in his pro-Soviet strategy. Furthermore, Saud dismissed the U.S. forces stationed in the Kingdom and replaced them with Egyptian ones. But in 1956, during the

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to "offset previous production cuts that OPEC+ imposed during the pandemic until well into 2022." On September 28, 2021, Sullivan met with Saudi Crown Prince

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such as bombing hospitals, gas stations, water infrastructure, marketplaces and other groups of civilians, and archaeological monuments; declaring the entire

1000:

Terrorist Financing Task Force report found that "for years, individuals and charities based in Saudi Arabia have been the most important source of funds for

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unsuccessful due to opposition from the Trump administration. Turkish authorities and U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that the killing was ordered by

128:

were established. These relations were formalized under the 1951 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. Despite the differences between the two countries—an

6704: 5554: 5399: 3038: 2895: 1899:) "donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide". Part of this funding arises through the 5846: 2318: 1588: 1237: 7522: 7068: 5425: 2348:

were planning to introduce legislation that put strict human rights constraints on foreign arms sales to countries with poor human rights records, such

84: 10454: 10016: 7496: 6830: 6677: 5686: 4809: 1845: 6722: 816:

in December 1979, relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States further strengthened as both governments began jointly co-ordinating to assist

735:

fighters to Saudi Arabia as part of its anti-communist campaign. Furthermore, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia were both supporting anti-communist groups in

10815: 10805: 9341: 8971: 8706: 8349: 8005: 6507: 5715: 852:

Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, February 1991

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which called for him to release all political prisoners. The letter was backed by 21 Democratic House representatives and one Republican lawmaker.

333: 5606: 4784: 4265: 2530: 518:, King Saud decided to start cooperating with the U.S. again after Eisenhower stopped Israeli, British, and French forces from seizing the canal. 10756: 10534: 10434: 10359: 9356: 9296: 8877: 8675: 8374: 7768: 7230: 6530: 5768: 3095: 1071:

inside Saudi Arabia.) The proposal at the Defense Policy Board to "take Saudi out of Arabia" was spread as the secret U.S. plan for the kingdom.

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demand for oil was high, there are challenges and risks at the present time, due to the impact of the ongoing coronavirus crisis on oil demand.

1108:

For over a year after 9/11, Saudi Minister of the Interior (a powerful post whose jurisdiction included domestic intelligence gathering) Prince

10354: 10309: 9321: 8185: 8124: 7609: 6075: 5663: 5354: 4470: 2377: 1511: 1249: 1116:

plot. In December 2002, a Saudi government spokesman declared that his country was the victim of unwarranted American intolerance bordering on

1331:. Lebanese-American businessman Ahmad Khawaja claimed that Saudi Arabia and UAE illegally funneled millions of dollars into Trump's campaign. 10449: 10399: 10344: 9652: 8976: 8190: 8129: 6794: 3061: 2214: 1419: 1370: 1226: 6776: 6178: 5069: 3810: 10810: 10364: 10329: 10233: 10202: 7096: 5872:

Schulmeister, Stephan (2000). "Globalization without global money: the double role of the dollar as national currency and world currency".

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Despite the disagreements throughout their relationship, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia have never stopped being trading partners. During the

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that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks.

916:

After the Gulf War, the U.S. had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia—a figure that rose to 10,000 during the

10524: 10429: 10424: 10414: 10404: 10334: 9988: 9973: 9870: 8367: 8305: 7632: 7601: 5017: 4497: 3419: 10529: 10349: 10129: 9229: 8791: 8202: 8195: 8139: 8056: 7838:

Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East

7574: 7312: 3605: 2695: 2601: 1912: 959: 79: 7682: 1476:, a Democratic Representative from Hawaii, criticized the move, saying that Saudi Arabia is "a country with a devastating record of 28: 10444: 10409: 10339: 10264: 9885: 9543: 9428: 9264: 9199: 9178: 8389: 8071: 3311: 1670:

officials testify as part of an investigation into a 2019 arms sale and the dismissal of the State Department's inspector general,

1535: 244: 10181: 10149: 10144: 9710: 9617: 9596: 9591: 9382: 9346: 9209: 9074: 8446: 8300: 8263: 8160: 8097: 7657: 5250: 2955: 2616: 2139: 1380: 1145:. "Terrorism does not belong to any culture, or religion, or political system", said King Abdullah at the opening address of the 1060: 1021: 4523: 10469: 10134: 10078: 10063: 9746: 9685: 9622: 9548: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9377: 9244: 9214: 9204: 9067: 9057: 9047: 9032: 8907: 8823: 8650: 8630: 8525: 7019: 6653: 5302: 4375: 3118: 2978: 2596: 674:, the U.S. wished to resume relations with the Saudis. As the economic importance of oil became increasingly emphasized in its 5451: 186:. While the two countries continue to enjoy strong ties, critical disagreements have emerged over the years. Examples include 10519: 10176: 9958: 9803: 9715: 9690: 9659: 9569: 9501: 9446: 9402: 9387: 9042: 8545: 8535: 6912: 4220: 4187: 4013: 3555: 3514: 3343: 3286: 3225: 2678: 1131: 989: 92: 6359: 4732: 2867: 1248:. This was despite Obama's authorization of US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their 10592: 10539: 10228: 10088: 10073: 10043: 9907: 9865: 9720: 9700: 9680: 9647: 9637: 9586: 9491: 9481: 9466: 9392: 9316: 9306: 9163: 9158: 9094: 9079: 9022: 9012: 8951: 8807: 8645: 8625: 8560: 8232: 8217: 8112: 7687: 7392: 6848: 6557: 6307: 1935: 1896: 1861:

ran a series of articles on international abduction during the same period and highlighted Saudi Arabia a number of times.

1829: 1710: 459:

was starting, and the U.S. was greatly concerned about Soviet communism and strategized to 'contain' its spread within the

1561:

After weeks of denial, Saudi Arabia accepted that Khashoggi died at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul during a "fistfight."

646:

jointly announced a policy to increase the price of oil by 70%. On 20 October 1973, the Saudi government declared a total

146:

ever since. The U.S. provides military protection to the Kingdom in exchange for a reliable oil supply, pricing of oil in

10579: 10419: 10299: 10212: 10124: 10114: 10109: 10021: 10011: 10006: 9983: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9912: 9897: 9880: 9875: 9860: 9793: 9756: 9751: 9741: 9725: 9705: 9496: 9471: 9451: 9336: 9326: 9301: 9259: 9254: 9234: 9173: 9168: 9142: 9125: 9110: 9062: 9017: 9007: 9002: 8736: 8665: 8620: 8605: 8600: 8456: 5203: 4847: 2109: 2085: 1388: 1025: 678: 7340: 6230: 4551: 4095: 548:

Kennedy put pressure on Saudi Arabia to introduce "modernization reforms", a request which was heavily directed against

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While the U.S.–Saudi relationship was growing, their first conflict began when disorder broke out between the Jews and

655:

oil-producing countries resulted in a rapid increase in oil prices. As the energy crisis began to adversely impact the

7366: 4991: 2325:

op-ed that the Trump administration had been covertly working on plans to sell $ 1.8 billion worth of weapons to

10761: 10274: 10269: 10248: 10243: 10093: 10058: 10048: 9833: 9818: 9808: 9642: 9632: 9581: 9574: 9564: 9461: 9331: 9249: 9219: 9194: 9137: 9120: 9115: 9027: 8981: 8781: 8771: 8766: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8731: 8721: 8670: 8660: 8640: 8590: 8585: 8575: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8397: 8222: 6590: 5916: 5276: 5149: 4066: 3952: 3886: 3767: 3628: 3621:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

3464: 3395: 2644: 2591: 2456:

viewed the United States as an ally of their nation. In 2019, Saudi Arabian students formed the 4th largest group of

2163: 1947: 1576:

However, in November 2018, relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia re-strengthened when Trump nominated

1343: 402:. They discussed topics such as the two countries' security relationship and the creation of a Jewish country in the 6153:"Saudi Arabia threatens to pull $ 750B from U.S. economy if Congress allows them to be sued for 9/11 terror attacks" 4042: 4026: 3708:"Bush Sends U.S. Force to Saudi Arabia as Kingdom Agrees to Confront Iraq; Bush's Aims: Deter Attack, Send a Signal" 390:

declared that "the defense of Saudi Arabia is vital to the defense of the United States" and, thereby, extended the

10514: 10197: 9798: 9766: 9761: 9695: 9486: 9311: 9269: 9239: 8961: 8776: 8741: 8685: 8655: 8635: 8580: 8555: 8550: 8451: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8227: 7745: 7053: 6867: 4935: 4428:

Mamdouh G. Salameh, "Impact of US Shale Oil Revolution on the Global Oil Market, the Price of Oil & Peak Oil."

2131: 1892: 1643: 1523: 1480:

and abroad, and a long history of providing support to terrorist organizations that threaten the American people".

228: 4117: 3732: 1874: 1766:. The U.S. favored the establishment of an independent Israeli state, but Saudi Arabia, the leading nation in the 163: 8615: 8570: 8565: 8504: 7841: 4654: 3939: 1871:

Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

1375: 913:

until the late 2010s. During the 1990s, Saudi Arabia continued its bilateral partnership with the United States.

366: 5793: 5477: 5303:"Surveillance footage shows Saudi 'body double' in Khashoggi's clothes after he was killed, Turkish source says" 3648: 2170:

to the U.S. The relationship was also hindered by the oil market crash of 2014. This was propelled by increased

1387:

Significant numbers of Americans have criticized the conduct of Saudi Arabia in its ongoing intervention in the

8165: 8076: 6282:"Syrian sniper: US TOW missiles transform CIA-backed Syria rebels into ace marksmen in the fight against Assad" 4401: 4344: 3046: 2903: 2807: 2363:

In August 2024, The Biden administration partially lifted the three-year ban on US arms sales to Saudi Arabia.

813: 664: 281:

and for undermining Western efforts to isolate Vladimir Putin. Saudi Arabia has also defied the United States'

167: 8471: 7913: 7899: 7814: 1985:

report cites the mass execution of 34 individuals in April 2019, out of which a majority were Shiite Muslims.

1253: 7974: 7871: 7534: 6256:"Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime" 5042: 1851: 1616: 395:

Roosevelt continued to court the government, and, on February 14, 1945, he met with King Ibn Saud aboard the

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announced that 16 Saudi nationals involved in Khashoggi's murder, including Mohammed bin Salman's close aid

868:, also marked the apex of friendly relations between the governments of Saudi Arabia and the United States. 8331: 8295: 7365:

Elbagir, Nima; Abdelaziz, Salma; Browne, Ryan; Arvanitidis, Barbara; Smith-Spark, Laura (August 17, 2018).

7317: 7124: 6535: 4444: 3571: 2127: 2100:

blamed the OPEC oil cartel, led by Saudi Arabia, for rising motor fuel prices in the United States. As the

1833: 1477: 1350: 1301: 1233:

that month (despite previously campaigning for such a seat) in protest of American policy on those issues.

997: 899: 237: 159: 101: 7969: 7550:"Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman toured Hollywood, Harvard and Silicon Valley on US visit" 5527: 1126:

American politicians and media have accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a

1068: 10509: 7861: 6625: 5126: 4599:"We finally know what Hillary Clinton knew all along – US allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar are funding Isis" 2835: 2120: 1720: 1109: 556: 261: 207: 6255: 4141: 10602: 7069:"US–Saudi Arabia seal weapons deal worth nearly $ 110 billion immediately, $ 350 billion over 10 years" 5175: 4275: 3903: 2840: 2123:

traveled to Saudi Arabia to meet with bin Salman and ask him to increase the country's oil production.

1729: 1570: 1305: 1245: 543:

because of Saudi Arabia's anti-revolution propaganda. This caused Saud to seek U.S. support. President

314: 4236: 3941:

Terrorist Financing: Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations

3275:

China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace

3180:[Saudi–American Relations. A History Full of Sincere Understanding and Fruitful Cooperation]. 928:

over southern Iraq set up after 1991, and the country's oil exports through the shipping lanes of the

10751: 8290: 8117: 6179:"Mayor de Blasio joins Democrats in calling on President Obama to go after Saudi Arabia on 9/11 ties" 3914: 3247: 2288: 1716: 1581: 1514:(ACLED), airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition have killed 24,000 people, including 9,000 civilians. 1438:. Among the senators who voted against moving the measure to block the sale were Democratic Senators 1309: 1052: 1028:, to consider 'taking Saudi out of Arabia' by forcibly seizing control of the oil fields, giving the 981: 742: 179: 4270:[Prince Abdullah: Terrorists are Murderous Criminals Stripped of Islamic and Human Values]. 8838: 5301:

Tuysuz, Gul; Abdelaziz, Salma; Balkiz, Ghazi; Formanek, Ingrid; Ward, Clarissa (October 23, 2018).

3970: 3248:"Saudi Arabia: A chronology of the country's history and key events in the U.S.–Saudi relationship" 2189: 1434:

along with most Democrat Senators who voted to advance the measure to block the sale and cited the

1221:

suggested a distancing in Saudi Arabia–United States relations as a result of differences over the

1101: 921: 833: 282: 183: 7827: 6740: 3069: 1244:

The relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States declined during the last years of the

178:(1990–1991) marked a high point in the relationship when both countries and the UK jointly led an 10731: 10554: 8285: 8144: 5932: 2445:

between October 2005 and January 2006. The polls found that 51% of Saudis had a negative view of

2272: 2112:. U.S.-Saudi relations had been strained over the Biden administration's lack of support for the 1092: 964: 857: 611: 576: 549: 527: 292:

for a series of summits to sign a "comprehensive strategic partnership agreement" which elevated

4002: 430: 8280: 8170: 6813:"Biden turns to countries he once sought to avoid to find help shutting off Russia's oil money" 3836: 2457: 2434: 2280: 1647: 1622: 985: 606: 310: 6942:"If US, Saudi Arabia split over journalist's murder, will troops ever be able to leave Syria?" 5794:"6 Saudi nationals detained for questioning after NAS Pensacola shooting: official | Fox News" 5658: 4052: 4036: 8833: 8325: 8320: 8175: 7868:

Behind the Kingdom's Veil: Inside the New Saudi Arabia Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman

4127: 4004:

Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

3542:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–30. 2812: 1884: 1796: 1550: 803: 540: 387: 338: 195: 7828:

Discovering the prize: information, lobbying, and the origins of US–Saudi security relations

7642: 3878: 1930:

to anti-Assad rebels. Reports indicate that some TOW missiles have ended up in the hands of

1130:

culture. They noted that Osama bin Laden and fifteen out of the nineteen (or 78 percent of)

980:, by four hijacked planes, occurred in New York City, Washington, D.C., and in a field near 10776: 10693: 10617: 9978: 8180: 8092: 7288: 6205:"CIA and Saudi weapons for Syrian rebels fueled black market arms trafficking, report says" 2569: 2438: 2386: 2353: 2143: 1817: 1347: 977: 969: 949: 882:

declared war against Iraq. The U.S. was concerned about the safety of Saudi Arabia against

747: 660: 594: 531: 507: 443: 435: 252: 214: 203: 6620: 4289: 2175:

allowed victims of the 9/11 attacks to sue the Saudi Arabian government for their losses.

2146:

said "we are re-evaluating our relationship with Saudi Arabia in light of these actions."

8: 10766: 10698: 10627: 10612: 10549: 8275: 7101: 5208: 4878: 3538:

Gause, F. Gregory III (2010). "2: The emergence of the Gulf regional system, 1971–1978".

2872: 2670: 2555: 2398: 2089: 1961: 1904: 1763: 1546: 1531: 1507: 1406: 1297: 1230: 1194: 1162: 1076: 910: 584: 495: 403: 318: 293: 233: 219: 6968:"US court allows 9/11 victims' lawsuits claiming Saudi Arabia helped plan terror attack" 5204:"Saudi-led airstrikes in Yemen have been called war crimes. Many relied on U.S. support" 1569:

In November 2018, Trump defended Saudi Arabia, despite the country's involvement in the

10713: 8134: 7419:"Democrats propose legislation to put more human rights controls on foreign arms sales" 5889: 5355:"Middle East expert says there's 'unprecedented disruption' in U.S.–Saudi relationship" 4907: 4889:

Salman rode with Trump in the president's armored Cadillac for the drive into the city.

3874: 3565: 3520: 3377: 3273:

Atatüre, Süha (2023). "The US and China as Main Powers in Multipolar World Order 2.0".

3149: 3017: 2979:"Jamal Khashoggi: How intelligence report could dent US-Saudi ties for years Published" 2934: 2779: 2372: 2232: 1857: 1725: 1366: 1261: 1207: 1177: 1011:, the Saudi government was portrayed in the media, Senate hearings, and elsewhere as: 925: 875: 727:. The Saudis' increase in oil production to stabilize the oil price and its support of 707: 511: 396: 342: 109: 7393:"Trump administration considering new weapons sale to Saudi Arabia, top Democrat says" 7177: 6422:"Saudi Embassy has helped its citizens facing criminal charges flee the United States" 5426:"Menendez and Graham announce resolution on Saudi Arabia in wake of Khashoggi killing" 5327: 5223: 4710: 4673: 4636: 2963: 2723: 10708: 8207: 7881: 7851: 7153:"Defense stocks soar to all-time highs on $ 110 billion US–Saudi Arabia weapons deal" 6875: 6429: 5912: 4216: 4183: 4009: 3948: 3882: 3867: 3783: 3763: 3681: 3624: 3551: 3524: 3510: 3460: 3453: 3391: 3373: 3292: 3282: 3221: 2674: 2307: 2284: 2108:

In March 2022, Saudi Arabia declined requests from the United States to increase its

2097: 2048: 1931: 1626: 1496: 1396: 1218: 861: 821: 817: 807: 763: 460: 171: 132: 7927:

Making the Desert Modern: Americans, Arabs, and Oil on the Saudi Frontier, 1933–1973

7909: 6456:"Feds launch investigation into disappearance of Saudi students facing U.S. charges" 5893: 5580:"Reports: Saudi Arabia to sponsor Congress resolution recognizing Armenian Genocide" 4936:"10,000 Yemeni children have died of preventable diseases since the Saudi war began" 4574: 2986: 10688: 10657: 10637: 10632: 7959: 6562: 5885: 5881: 5769:"Pensacola naval base shooting that left 3 dead presumed to be terrorism, FBI says" 5633:"House votes to block Trump's arms sales to Saudi Arabia, setting up a likely veto" 5251:"Trump vows 'severe punishment' if journalist Jamal Khashoggi was killed by Saudis" 5176:"Congress Votes to Say It Hasn't Authorized War in Yemen, Yet War in Yemen Goes On" 4843: 4594: 4208: 4175: 3543: 3502: 3383: 3002:"New public report to blame Saudi crown prince for 2018 killing of Jamal Khashoggi" 2919:"New public report to blame Saudi crown prince for 2018 killing of Jamal Khashoggi" 2700: 2666: 2483: 2276: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2159: 1973: 1732:

and Navy implemented increased security measures with respect to foreign trainees.

1667: 1541: 1443: 1285: 1222: 933: 837: 783: 772: 656: 349: 286: 7469: 6404: 4874:"Trump gets elaborate welcome in Saudi Arabia as he embarks on first foreign trip" 2306:

sold by the U.S. and built by Lockheed Martin was used in the Saudi-led coalition

10703: 10683: 10652: 10647: 10622: 10607: 10492: 7858:

Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran And The Struggle For Supremacy.

7761:"Saudi Arabia's Image in America Continues to Sink as Formal Relations Hit Nadir" 7738:"Saudi Arabia's Image in America Continues to Sink as Formal Relations Hit Nadir" 6333:"House lawmakers demand Saudis release political prisoners detained for tweeting" 6235: 4603: 4560: 4555: 3088:"Saudi Arabia's Image in America Continues to Sink as Formal Relations Hit Nadir" 2784: 2583: 2410: 2406: 2236: 1923: 1888: 1825: 1604: 1459: 1173: 1138: 1048: 993: 615: 580: 544: 464: 447: 224: 191: 7984: 6993: 5847:"Dozens of U.S. Diplomats to Leave Saudi Arabia as Coronavirus Outbreak Worsens" 4733:"Trump Jr. and Other Aides Met With Gulf Emissary Offering Help to Win Election" 3674:"Analysis | Congress failed to block the sale of missiles to Saudi Arabia. Why?" 2227:

Saudi Arabia has signed billions of dollars of deals with U.S. companies in the

10667: 10642: 8310: 8253: 8248: 6682: 6460: 5381:"Trump rebuilds relations with Saudi Arabia by nominating top general as envoy" 2422: 1809: 1745:

may have been underreporting the number of coronavirus cases by the thousands.

1592: 1562: 1324: 1097: 1081: 883: 728: 675: 560: 410: 265: 7992: 7803: 5988: 5959: 5555:"Trump administration rejects Senate resolution recognizing Armenian genocide" 5502: 5400:"The Global Saudi Soft Power Offensive: A Saudi Princess and Dollar Diplomacy" 4835: 3296: 10799: 10746: 10662: 8902: 8040: 6879: 6433: 6240: 6017: 5820:"Navy Resumes Flight Training for Saudi Troops After Pensacola Terror Attack" 5180: 4940: 4548: 4267:الأمير عبدالله: الإرهابيون مجرمون سفاحون تجردوا من القيم الإسلامية والإنسانية 4212: 3685: 3547: 3506: 2756: 2495: 2341: 2228: 2077: 1977: 1821: 1800: 1719:

shot three people dead and injured eight others in a terrorist attack at the

1655: 1527: 1473: 1411: 1142: 1080:

reported that Crown Prince Abdullah sent a critical letter to U.S. President

887: 751: 731:

contributed to closer relations with the U.S. In January 1979, the U.S. sent

686: 439: 199: 139: 121: 63: 7602:"Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century: IV. Opposition and Islamic Extremism" 6831:"Saudi, UAE leaders declined calls with Biden amid Ukraine conflict: report" 6705:"Turning to foreign leaders to fix our energy crisis is a shameful solution" 6648: 6046: 5716:"House Chairmen Issue Subpoenas in Probe of U.S. Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia" 5503:"Saudi Arabia will financially sponsor Armenian genocide resolution in U.S." 4376:"Lawmakers demand release of secret probe docs on Saudi involvement in 9/11" 2192:. The U.S. coalition eventually pushed the Iraqis out and liberated Kuwait. 8920: 8392: 8258: 8030: 7932: 7341:"5 Top Deals Lockheed, Boeing, Raytheon May Get From Saudis—If They Pay Up" 6849:"Inside the Secret Meeting Between the CIA Director and Saudi Crown Prince" 6482:

Tapper, Jake; Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon; Marquardt, Alex (February 14, 2019).

5823: 5691: 2402: 2382: 2349: 2337: 2326: 2314: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2220: 2117: 2093: 2044: 2023: 1981: 1957: 1953: 1775: 1742: 1690: 1675: 1671: 1659: 1577: 1488: 1439: 1400: 1339: 1328: 1289: 1272: 1086: 1043: 1004:. And for years, Saudi officials have turned a blind eye to this problem." 929: 903: 759: 720: 690: 627: 478: 419: 357: 256: 248: 117: 97: 52: 4179: 217:'s trip to Saudi Arabia in May 2017. In October 2018, Saudi dissident and 10741: 8828: 8107: 7798:

Blanchard, Christopher M. "Saudi Arabia: background and U.S. relations."

6100: 5452:"U.S. bans 16 Saudi individuals from U.S. for role in Khashoggi's murder" 4692:"The bizarre alliance between the US and Saudi Arabia is finally fraying" 2752:"The bizarre alliance between the US and Saudi Arabia is finally fraying" 2638: 2491: 2264: 2005: 1813: 1686: 1679: 1600: 1467: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1431: 1317: 907: 755: 736: 671: 647: 515: 362: 147: 7313:"4 Defense Giants In Buy Zone As Saudis Near $ 100 Billion Arms Package" 6510:(Press release). Office of the Secretary of the Senate. October 17, 2019 5122:"Senators Target Trump's Proposed $ 110B Weapons Deal With Saudi Arabia" 4758:"Trump Jr. met Gulf princes' emissary in 2016 who offered campaign help" 4172:

Great Powers and Regional Orders: The United States and the Persian Gulf

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and Mecca to a multinational committee of moderate non-Wahhabi Muslims.

463:. Saudi security was at the top of Washington's list of priorities. The 8315: 5579: 3387: 3177:العلاقات السعودية–الأميركية. تاريخ حافل بالتفاهم الصادق والتعاون المثمر 2418: 2414: 2260: 1927: 1771: 1554: 1463: 1427: 1198: 848: 732: 391: 317:

and allowed them to explore for oil in the country's Eastern Province,

289: 136: 7020:"Arms for the King and His Family: The U.S. Arms Sale to Saudi Arabia" 5687:"US Senate allows arms sales to Saudi Arabia, sustaining Trump vetoes" 4731:

Mazzetti, Mark; Bergman, Ronen; Kirkpatrick, David D. (May 19, 2018).

210:, the relationship has become strained and witnessed a major decline. 7637: 4968: 3278: 2446: 2357: 2345: 2268: 2171: 2073: 2015: 1780: 1651: 1481: 1392: 1211: 1033: 1008: 879: 780: 503: 155: 125: 6384: 3132:

Bulos, Yang, Wilkinson, Nabih, Stephanie, Tracy (December 9, 2022).

1783:, former ambassador in Egypt, was elected as the U.S. ambassador in 1526:

put the U.S. into a difficult situation as Trump and his son-in-law

1484:

introduced a bill to try to block the plan calling it a "travesty".

170:

in 1979, the alliance deepened, as both countries jointly supported

10771: 7129: 6508:"Senate Passes Wyden Bill to Provide Answers About Saudi Fugitives" 5743:"State Department says Pompeo cleared in emergency Saudi arms sale" 4579: 3455:

Saudi Arabia and the United States: Birth of a Security Partnership

3134:"With U.S.-Saudi ties at a low point, China's leader comes calling" 2728: 2244: 1423: 1127: 1123:

technologies, and interactions with U.S. law enforcement agencies.

1001: 917: 865: 843: 787: 724: 559:

sought to rely on local allies to "police" American interests (see

456: 175: 143: 7937:

Kings and Presidents: Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR

7889:

Inside the Mirage: America's Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia

6586:"Petroleum & Other Liquids: U.S. Imports by Country of Origin" 6485:

Feds investigate if Saudi government helped students evade justice

5478:"Pompeo Bars 16 Saudis From U.S. in Response to Khashoggi Killing" 7364: 6741:"US energy secretary blames Opec 'cartel' for high petrol prices" 4839: 4575:"Obama: Congress veto override of 9/11 lawsuits bill 'a mistake'" 4498:"Saudi Arabia Rejects U.N. Security Council Seat in Protest Move" 4402:"Updated work plans and detailed list of associates (FBI – 9/11)" 3111:"Analysis: The Russia-Ukraine war and the view from Saudi Arabia" 2487: 2205:

U.S. specifications. The deal was meant to increase this effect.

2027: 1767: 1553:(blamed for Khashoggi's death) meeting U.S. Secretary of Defense 1313: 1113: 937: 564: 370: 7964: 7811:

Thicker than Oil: America's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia

7257:"Guide to $ 400 Billion in Saudi–U.S. Deals: Black Hawks to Oil" 7229:

Martin, Matthew; Nereim, Vivian; Fattah, Zainab (May 20, 2017).

6795:"'Not our war': Gulf states resist pressure to raise oil output" 3175: 1689:

was cleared of charges of wrongdoing in a disputed arms sale to

7231:"Saudi Arabia Welcomes Trump With Billions of Dollars of Deals" 4810:"Report: Saudis, UAE funnelled millions to Trump 2016 campaign" 4207:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 178, 222. 2506: 2502: 2466: 2453: 2240: 2010: 1976:

Report on International Religious Freedom, Ambassador at Large

1784: 1698: 1436:

human rights violations by Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni Civil War

1236:

Saudi Arabia was cautiously supportive of a Western-negotiated

1037: 715: 623: 598: 269: 187: 129: 105: 7367:"Bomb that killed 40 children in Yemen was supplied by the US" 5070:"Dem senator: Trump's arms deal with Saudis a 'terrible idea'" 4903:"Trump to Visit Saudi Arabia and Israel in First Foreign Trip" 3904:"Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?" 2051:

contradicted his claim with video evidence proving otherwise.

422:. The first American consulate was opened in Dhahran in 1944. 10544: 7800:

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs

6723:"Top White House aide discussed oil prices with Saudi Arabia" 6558:"OK prosecutors argue Uber driver accused of murder may flee" 5300: 5202:

Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Mirza, Atthar (June 4, 2022).

4964:"The Senate-approved Saudi Arms deal is a disaster for Yemen" 4711:"The U.S. Might Be Better Off Cutting Ties With Saudi Arabia" 2780:"The U.S. Might Be Better Off Cutting Ties With Saudi Arabia" 2470: 2038:

County Sheriff Office in order to bail out Omar Ba-Abbad, an

2035: 1900: 1759: 1492: 1029: 711: 682: 639: 536: 375: 6994:"The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis" 6759:"Energy secretary says she hopes gas prices won't reach $ 4" 4320:"Saudi Arabia must face U.S. lawsuits over Sept. 11 attacks" 2332:

According to a draft version of the legislation reviewed by

1256:

with the Saudi military that helped manage the war, and the

7444:"US to lift ban on offensive weapons sales to Saudi Arabia" 7073: 6531:"Saudi Arabia Paid $ 500,000 Bond For Tulsa Murder Suspect" 6389: 5909:

Petrodollar Warfare: Oil, Iraq and the Future of the Dollar

2081: 2039: 2031: 1715:

On December 6, 2019, an aviation student from Saudi Arabia

1584:, to help calm relations in the wake of Khashoggi's death. 1338:

Trump made his first trip as president outside the U.S. to

871: 776: 635: 631: 455:

forces as danger increased and subsided. At this time, the

415: 379: 273: 7920:

Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires

7097:"The $ 110 billion arms deal to Saudi Arabia is fake news" 5328:"Khashoggi murder: Crown prince vows to punish 'culprits'" 4992:"Senate Narrowly Backs Trump Weapons Sale to Saudi Arabia" 4730: 3647:

Ottaway, David B.; Kaiser, Robert G. (February 13, 2002).

7204:"Factbox: Deals signed by U.S. companies in Saudi Arabia" 6127:"Why Obama doesn't want 9/11 families suing Saudi Arabia" 2442: 2333: 2322: 2310:

in Yemen, which killed 51 people, including 40 children.

1919: 1694: 1663: 1422:

was opposed by various lawmakers, including GOP Senators

1257: 956:

Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks

797: 643: 494:

King Saud and John Kennedy meet at the king's mansion in

382:, the basis of Saudi power and its economy at that time. 7712:"US Public Views Saudi Relationship as One of Necessity" 6777:"Biden's other setback: OPEC+ ignores his plea for help" 6481: 6360:"US condemns Saudi Arabia over religious freedom abuses" 4655:"CIA using Saudi base for drone assassinations in Yemen" 4637:"Yemen conflict: US 'could be implicated in war crimes'" 4290:"Country Reports: Middle East and North Africa Overview" 4158:

15 Saudi hijackers of 9/11 were dupes in a Zionist plot.

2612:

List of ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia

2607:

List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States

1816:

system originated in the early 1970s in the wake of the

7944:

America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier

7806:

U.S. government document (not copyright); 22,700 words.

6868:"Saudi Arabia and U.S. Trade Accusations Over Oil Cuts" 5096:"Paul plans to force vote on $ 110B Saudi defense deal" 3947:. Council on Foreign Relations Press. 2002. p. 1. 3758:

Rashid, Nasser Ibrahim; Shaheen, Esber Ibrahim (1992).

2836:"Shifting Sands in the U.S.–Saudi Arabian Relationship" 1051:'s Kingdom of Saudi Arabia passport recovered from the 7283:"Aramco signs $ 50-billion in deals with US companies" 4445:"Shale Threatens Saudi Economy, Warns Prince Alwaleed" 3642: 3640: 3131: 2662:

Partial Hegemony: Oil Politics and International Order

2224:

reached all-time highs after this deal was announced.

2195: 1996:

Princess Bunia assaulted her staff on many occasions.

1458:

along with top Republicans, including Majority Leader

1063:

was described as "intense" and "at an all-time high".

7896:

The United States and Saudi Arabia: Ambivalent Allies

7046:"US–Saudi Security Cooperation, Impact of Arms Sales" 4345:"Federal Lawmakers' Letter to US President Joe Biden" 3000:

Mitchell, Dilanian, Andrea, Ken (February 25, 2021).

2956:"Saudi human rights under new spotlight in Biden era" 2917:

Mitchell, Dilanian, Andrea, Ken (February 25, 2021).

1275:

shakes hands with King Salman in Riyadh, January 2015

824:

against Soviet occupation forces across Afghanistan.

7658:"Over 90% of Saudi youth view US as an ally: Survey" 6067: 5224:"Jamal Khashoggi: Who is murdered Saudi Journalist?" 4352:

Official Website of U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler

3312:"In Memoriam: Ambassador Parker T. Hart (1910–1997)" 2806:

Cammack, Perry; Sokolsky, Richard (April 13, 2016).

2696:"The Fight for Survival Behind Saudi Arabia's Purge" 2545: 1988: 1112:, insisted that the Saudi hijackers were dupes in a 7575:"MBS meets AIPAC, anti-BDS leaders during US visit" 7497:"Saudi smile likely for Bush on oil plea, not more" 6308:"ISIS used US-made anti-tank missiles near Palmyra" 3637: 3379:

Area Handbook Series: Saudi Arabia. A Country Study

2896:"The world is watching the U.S. vote: Saudi Arabia" 2868:"Which countries Americans like ... and don't" 2461:country at least as a necessary partner of the US. 1864: 1589:

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

1327:investigated the Trump campaign's possible ties to 902:in 1991, the United States emerged as the dominant 356:As the U.S.–Saudi relationship was growing slowly, 325:1943, the U.S. finally sent a resident ambassador. 8103:Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program 7593: 7281: 7228: 6385:"Saudi Princess Charged with US Human Trafficking" 5845: 5714: 5607:"House rejects Saudi weapons sales; Trump to veto" 4894: 4524:"Obama, Saudi king to 'consult regularly' on Iran" 4443: 4001: 3969: 3866: 3649:"Marriage of Convenience: The U.S.–Saudi Alliance" 3452: 2999: 2916: 1846:International child abduction in the United States 1356: 1279: 521: 485: 409:Bin Saud approved the U.S.'s request to allow the 10577: 7793:King Faisal and the Modernisation Of Saudi Arabia 6678:"Saudi Arabia Turns Off America's Oil Taps Again" 5277:"Saudi Arabia and U.S. Clash Over Khashoggi Case" 2130:. The US protested that Saudi Arabia was helping 1897:Wikileaks U.S. 'cables leaks' controversy in 2010 1217:In October 2013, Saudi intelligence chief Prince 1067:pro-American after Al-Qaeda linked groups staged 10797: 8269:Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee 8067:Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia 8062:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States 7906:Oil Powers: A History of the U.S.-Saudi Alliance 6918:Office of the United States Trade Representative 5018:"Senate rejects effort to block Saudi arms sale" 4785:"It's Not Just a 'Russia' Investigation Anymore" 4593: 3869:Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis 3739:. A&E Television Networks. November 16, 2009 2536:Consulate-General of Saudi Arabia in Los Angeles 1610: 1517: 570: 304: 6076:"Wikileaks: Saudis 'chief funders of al-Qaeda'" 4872:Rucker, Philip; DeYoung, Karen (May 20, 2017). 3809:Carter, Shan; Cox, Amanda (September 8, 2011). 3540:The International Relations of the Persian Gulf 3499:The International Relations of the Persian Gulf 3344:"Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931–2002" 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2805: 2476: 1941: 1530:share a strong personal and official bond with 1308:, Joel Zamel, who was an Israeli specialist in 8125:U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen 7633:"Global Poll: Iran Seen Playing Negative Role" 7610:Center for Strategic and International Studies 5844:Kalin, Stephen; Malsin, Jared (July 3, 2020). 4836:"Raw: President Trump Arrives in Saudi Arabia" 4442:Said, Summer; Faucon, Benoît (July 29, 2013). 4430:International Association for Energy Economics 1512:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project 264:, Saudi Arabia defied U.S. efforts to isolate 213:Saudi-U.S. relations were strengthened by the 8885: 8375: 8350:Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 8191:In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 8013: 7125:"U.S. defense stocks jump on Saudi arms deal" 6105:Institute for the Analysis of Global Security 5201: 4871: 4708: 4471:"Saudi to reassess relations with US: report" 3961: 3932: 3757: 3646: 3310:Killgore, Andrew I. (January–February 1998). 1875:State-sponsored terrorism § Saudi Arabia 1229:. The Saudis rejected a rotating seat on the 8161:1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum 7832:European Journal of International Relations. 7802:(U.S. Congressional Research Service, 2020) 7044:Cordesman, Anthony H. (September 17, 2010). 6454:Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon (February 13, 2019). 5871: 5423: 5043:"Gabbard condemns arms sale to Saudi Arabia" 4619:"Saudi Arabia launches air attacks in Yemen" 3828: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3322: 3245: 3196: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3154:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3022:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2939:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2366: 2208: 2034:worth $ 500,000 as a cashier's check to the 1153:, Minister of Islamic Affairs, in the CTIC. 992:came from Saudi Arabia, as did their leader 247:, Biden had pledged to make Saudi Arabia "a 7993:Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations 7786:Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia 7600:Cordesman, Anthony H. (December 31, 2002). 7178:"After Saudi arms deal, defense shares fly" 5843: 5274: 5248: 5150:"Paul: $ 110B Saudi arms deal 'a travesty'" 3751: 3596:Gause III, F. Gregory (December 20, 2022). 3351:Middle East Review of International Affairs 2715: 2523:Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C. 1879:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 1491:accused the United States of complicity in 766:to the anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan. 150:, and support for American foreign policy. 10491: 8892: 8878: 8382: 8368: 8020: 8006: 7017: 6529:Blanchette, William (September 25, 2020). 6528: 5275:Kirkpatrick, David D. (October 14, 2018). 4726: 4724: 4441: 4313: 4311: 4202: 4133: 3081: 3079: 3039:"Have U.S.-Saudi Relations Hit a New Low?" 1607:, have been barred from entering the U.S. 1599:On April 8, 2019, U.S. Secretary of State 1147:Counter-terrorism International Conference 706:After the initiation of the U.S.-brokered 206:. In recent years, particularly since the 8196:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act 8140:International Maritime Security Construct 8130:2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 8057:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. 7878:The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Saud 7821:Saudi Arabia: Guarding the desert kingdom 7599: 7043: 6453: 6279: 6093: 5630: 4933: 4274:(in Arabic). May 14, 2003. Archived from 3967: 3808: 3762:. International Institute of Technology. 3595: 3578: 3437: 3361: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3162: 2602:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. 2215:2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 2026:, through the Saudi Arabian consulate in 2022:On September 25, 2020, the government of 1913:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act 1371:2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 1288:had a meeting with an envoy representing 1227:between Iran and the Obama administration 1007:In the backlash against Saudi Arabia and 960:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act 860:, which was a response by U.S. President 80:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. 10816:Bilateral relations of the United States 7960:History of Saudi Arabia – U.S. relations 7735: 7709: 6229:Porter, Gareth (May 28 – June 3, 2015). 6073: 6018:"All Talk, No Action on Stolen Children" 5989:"Stolen Kids Become Pawns in Terror War" 5604: 5534:. Library of Congress. December 12, 2019 5449: 4961: 4370: 4368: 4064: 4058: 3834: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3417: 3316:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 3309: 2808:"The New Normal in U.S.–Saudi Relations" 2376: 1633: 1540: 1405: 1379:Protest against U.S. involvement in the 1374: 1266: 1210:warned Saudi ministers in May 2013 that 1188: 1091: 1042: 963: 847: 741: 588: 489: 429: 332: 285:. In December 2022, Saudi Arabia hosted 272:by coordinating to reduce oil output of 268:and instead strengthened relations with 91: 8919: 8301:American International School of Jeddah 8264:Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States 8098:United States Military Training Mission 7965:Embassy of Saudi Arabia- Washington, DC 7758: 7531:National Council on U.S.–Arab Relations 7494: 7474:Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau in Canada 7018:Teitelbaum, Joshua (November 4, 2010). 6865: 6357: 6280:Crowcroft, Orlando (October 30, 2015). 6150: 5987:Maier, Timothy W. (November 27, 2001). 5817: 5766: 5740: 5712: 5249:Smith-Spark, Laura (October 14, 2018). 5067: 4782: 4721: 4671: 4521: 4317: 4308: 4123: 4067:"Don't Weaken Arafat, Saudi Warns Bush" 4048: 4032: 3864: 3858: 3341: 3272: 3246:Smith, Martin; Bergman, Lowell (n.d.). 3215: 3108: 3085: 3076: 3059: 2976: 2953: 2833: 2777: 2721: 2693: 2617:Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States 2452:However, as of July 2022, 92% of young 2114:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 1911:In September 2016, Congress passed the 1764:British-administrated Palestine mandate 1735: 1381:Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 1363:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 972:terrorists were Saudi Arabian nationals 943: 626:on 16 October 1973, the governments of 471: 337:King Ibn Saud converses with President 10798: 8908:Foreign relations of the United States 8306:American International School – Riyadh 7736:Kendrick, Matthew (October 27, 2022). 7547: 7416: 7338: 7254: 7150: 7094: 6965: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6591:U.S. Energy Information Administration 6416: 6414: 6253: 6228: 6202: 5475: 5424:O'Reilly, Andrew (December 12, 2018). 5378: 5173: 5147: 5119: 5093: 5015: 4989: 4674:"How strained are US-Saudi relations?" 3993: 3901: 3895: 3802: 3705: 3234: 2865: 2724:"How strained are US–Saudi relations?" 2658: 2597:Foreign relations of the United States 2385:, King Salman, and Egyptian President 2096:. In late 2021, U.S. Energy Secretary 1967: 1748: 798:Joint support to anti-Soviet guerillas 10576: 10490: 8918: 8873: 8363: 8001: 7975:Consulate General of U.S.A. – Dhahran 7625: 7520: 7390: 7066: 6991: 6886:from the original on October 13, 2022 6305: 6125:Korte, Gregory (September 23, 2016). 6124: 6044: 6015: 5986: 5957: 5906: 5684: 5552: 5397: 4900: 4850:from the original on October 15, 2017 4496:Worth, Robert F. (October 18, 2013). 4495: 4365: 4065:Sciolino, Elaine (January 27, 2002). 3999: 3902:Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009). 3733:"Bush orders Operation Desert Shield" 3706:Gordon, Michael R. (August 8, 1990). 3537: 3496: 3483: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3109:Cafiero, Giorgio (October 26, 2022). 2893: 2861: 2859: 2749: 2428: 2178: 1999: 1704: 978:September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks 530:. But in less than a year, after the 425: 10806:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 8233:Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting 8218:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 8213:United States diplomatic cables leak 8036:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 7980:Consulate General of U.S.A. – Jeddah 7939:(Brookings Institution Press, 2019). 7417:Atwood, Kylie (September 24, 2020). 7310: 7122: 6939: 6231:"Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'" 6176: 6047:"A Double Standard for Our Children" 5713:McBride, Courtney (August 3, 2020). 5656: 5605:Zengerle, Patricia (July 17, 2019). 5352: 4934:Beauchamp, Zack (November 1, 2016). 4587: 4318:Stempel, Jonathan (March 28, 2018). 4169: 4139: 3835:Friedman, Thomas L. (June 2, 2002). 3618: 3612: 3450: 3372: 3173: 3060:Rachman, Gideon (October 20, 2022). 2977:Gardner, Frank (February 26, 2021). 2694:Keating, Joshua (November 6, 2017). 2640:U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets 1790: 1711:Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting 1410:Protest against the war in Yemen in 1335:compensation for the United States. 1181:the Operation Encore investigation. 786:that later proved useful during the 663:threatened Saudi Arabia with direct 85:Embassy of the United States, Riyadh 10811:Bilateral relations of Saudi Arabia 10325:Greater Republic of Central America 10320:Federal Republic of Central America 8855:Diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia 7946:(Stanford University Press, 2006). 7788:(Princeton University Press, 2014). 7655: 7024:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 6898: 6675: 6606: 6411: 6405:"Princess fined over assault claim" 6358:Hansler, Jennifer (June 21, 2019). 6254:Bender, Jeremy (October 10, 2015). 6074:Spillius, Alex (December 5, 2010). 5960:"Kids Held Captive in Saudi Arabia" 5958:Maier, Timothy W. (June 24, 2002). 5874:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 5818:Harkins, Gina (February 26, 2020). 5631:Demirjian, Karoun (July 17, 2019). 5450:Williams, Abagail (April 9, 2019). 4567: 4522:Balluck, Kyle (November 28, 2013). 4088: 3968:Rodenbeck, Max (October 21, 2004). 3776: 2954:Gardner, Frank (February 1, 2021). 2866:Stokes, Bruce (December 30, 2013). 2196:2010 U.S. arms sale to Saudi Arabia 1687:U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo 1625:issued official recognition of the 1137:Some analysts have speculated that 762:in 1985. The U.S. and Saudi Arabia 670:Despite the tensions caused by the 526:In 1957, Saud decided to renew the 13: 8824:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 8470: 7987:Saudi-American Relations 1968–1972 7848:Saudi Arabia and the United States 7778: 7759:Pollock, David (August 26, 2022). 7521:Obaid, Nawaf (November 14, 2007). 7495:Zakaria, Tabassum (May 12, 2008). 6992:Titus, James (September 1, 1996). 6621:"Trade in Goods with Saudi Arabia" 5741:DeYoung, Karen (August 11, 2020). 5553:Kelly, Laura (December 17, 2019). 5476:Sanger, David E. (April 8, 2019). 5379:Gehrke, Joel (November 15, 2018). 5174:Jilani, Zaid (November 14, 2017). 4549:Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest' 4174:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 68. 4008:. Viking Press. pp. 288–289. 3404: 3174:Wafa, Talaat (September 8, 2005). 3086:Pollock, David (August 26, 2022). 3062:"US-Saudi ties at an all-time low" 3037:Lu, Christina (October 12, 2022). 3036: 2856: 2750:Hasan, Mehdi (November 26, 2017). 2671:10.1093/oso/9780197546376.001.0001 2319:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 2054: 1839: 1506:and the Security Force Monitor at 1201:in Washington, D.C., June 13, 2016 1104:in Crawford, Texas, April 25, 2002 14: 10827: 8398:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia 8223:Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident 7953: 7929:(U of Massachusetts Press, 2015). 7067:David, Javier E. (May 20, 2017). 6866:Hubbard, Ben (October 13, 2022). 6151:McShane, Larry (April 16, 2016). 6045:Maier, Timothy W. (May 1, 2000). 5767:Kesslen, Ben (December 9, 2019). 5016:Carney, Jordain (June 13, 2017). 4962:Liautaud, Alexa (June 13, 2017). 4915:from the original on May 19, 2017 4783:Keating, Joshua (March 8, 2018). 4672:Gardner, Frank (April 20, 2016). 2722:Gardner, Frank (April 20, 2016). 2645:United States Department of State 2592:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia 2059: 1989:Saudi Royals in the United States 1918:Saudi Arabia was involved in the 1753: 1344:King Khalid International Airport 1176:, the lawmakers' Ione Republican 1020:There was even a proposal at the 701: 202:", and Saudi influence after the 164:alleged state-sponsored terrorism 10440:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 9131:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8967:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8901: 8391: 8345: 8344: 8228:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 8113:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8039: 8029: 7813:(Oxford University Press, 2006) 7752: 7729: 7703: 7675: 7649: 7567: 7541: 7514: 7488: 7462: 7436: 7410: 7384: 7358: 7332: 7304: 7274: 7248: 7222: 7196: 7170: 7144: 7116: 7088: 7060: 7037: 7011: 6985: 6966:Baynes, Chris (March 29, 2018). 6959: 6933: 6859: 6841: 6823: 6805: 6787: 6769: 6751: 6733: 6715: 6697: 6669: 6641: 6578: 6550: 6522: 6500: 6475: 6447: 6397: 6377: 6351: 6325: 6299: 6273: 6247: 6222: 6196: 6170: 6144: 6118: 6038: 6009: 5980: 5951: 5925: 5900: 5865: 5837: 5811: 5786: 5760: 5734: 5706: 5678: 5657:Sulz, Matthias (June 18, 2019). 5650: 5624: 5598: 5572: 5546: 5520: 5495: 5469: 5443: 5417: 5391: 5353:Bonn, Tess (November 21, 2018). 5068:Beavers, Olivia (May 20, 2017). 4990:Cooper, Helene (June 13, 2017). 4709:Ashford, Emma (April 22, 2016). 4140:Rich, Frank (December 7, 2002). 3811:"One 9/11 Tally: $ 3.3 Trillion" 3420:"US–Saudi relations: A timeline" 2778:Ashford, Emma (April 22, 2016). 2632: This article incorporates 2627: 2576: 2562: 2548: 2529: 2515: 2501:United States has an embassy in 2397:In early 2018, the Crown Prince 2219:On May 20, 2017, U.S. President 2080:released a statement calling on 1893:United States Secretary of State 1865:Allegations of funding terrorism 1805:The United States dollar is the 1721:U.S. Naval Air Station Pensacola 1524:assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 1254:joint coordination planning cell 180:international military coalition 57: 46: 27: 7710:Sullivan, Emily (May 5, 2022). 7391:Cohen, Zachary (May 27, 2020). 7255:Fattah, Zainab (May 22, 2017). 7151:Thomas, Lauren (May 22, 2017). 7123:Berr, Jonathan (May 22, 2017). 6940:Copp, Tara (October 27, 2018). 6177:Blau, Reuven (April 19, 2016). 5372: 5346: 5320: 5294: 5268: 5242: 5216: 5195: 5167: 5141: 5120:Nelson, Steven (May 25, 2017). 5113: 5087: 5061: 5035: 5009: 4983: 4955: 4927: 4865: 4828: 4802: 4776: 4750: 4702: 4684: 4665: 4647: 4629: 4611: 4541: 4515: 4489: 4463: 4435: 4422: 4394: 4337: 4282: 4258: 4229: 4196: 4163: 3725: 3699: 3666: 3531: 3473: 3418:Chughtai, Alia (May 18, 2017). 3303: 3266: 3220:. University Press of America. 3125: 3102: 3053: 3030: 2993: 2970: 2947: 2910: 2482:Saudi Arabia has an embassy in 2302:In August 2018, a laser-guided 2149: 2092:in Saudi Arabia to discuss the 2009:of Saudi Arabian students from 1478:human rights violations at home 1357:2017 arms deal and war in Yemen 1280:2016 U.S. presidential election 827: 622:During an OPEC meeting held in 614:. The oil embargo triggered an 552:and resulted in its abolition. 522:Cold War and Soviet containment 486:King Saud comes to power (1953) 328: 174:militias during the 1980s. The 9352:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 8203:Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees 8077:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 7311:Rich, Gillian (May 19, 2017). 7095:Riedel, Bruce (June 5, 2017). 6676:Lee, Julian (August 9, 2020). 6306:Weiss, Caleb (June 10, 2015). 6054:Committee for Missing Children 6025:Committee for Missing Children 5996:Committee for Missing Children 5967:Committee for Missing Children 5886:10.1080/01603477.2000.11490246 5398:Genin, Aaron (April 1, 2019). 4018:– via Internet Archive. 3784:"US pulls out of Saudi Arabia" 3501:. Cambridge University Press. 3497:Gause, F. Gregory III (2010). 2894:Abbas, Mo (October 26, 2020). 2887: 2827: 2799: 2771: 2743: 2687: 2652: 2004:Saudi Arabia does not have an 1948:Women's rights in Saudi Arabia 1250:military intervention in Yemen 814:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 196:2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq 168:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 100:with the King of Saudi Arabia 1: 7548:Arango, Tim (April 7, 2018). 7339:Peters, Bill (June 9, 2017). 6203:Norton, Ben (June 28, 2016). 5148:Hensch, Mark (May 24, 2017). 5094:Hensch, Mark (May 23, 2017). 3891:– via Internet Archive. 3760:Saudi Arabia and the Gulf War 3469:– via Internet Archive. 3400:– via Internet Archive. 3382:. Federal Research Division. 2622: 2076:'s national security adviser 1617:Armenian genocide recognition 1611:Armenian genocide recognition 1518:Jamal Khashoggi assassination 1346:on May 20, where he met with 1197:with U.S. Secretary of State 571:Oil embargo and energy crisis 309:The founder of Saudi Arabia, 305:Early history and recognition 142:—the two countries have been 8475:Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia 8332:House of Bush, House of Saud 8296:King Khalid Military College 6286:International Business Times 5685:Gould, Joe (July 29, 2019). 5659:"Yemen Snapshots: 2015–2019" 5127:U.S. News & World Report 4901:Baker, Peter (May 4, 2017). 3976:The New York Review of Books 3459:. Indiana University Press. 3216:Grayson, Benson Lee (1982). 2477:Resident diplomatic missions 2140:US National Security Council 2132:Russia's invasion of Ukraine 1942:Human rights of Saudi Arabia 1895:, (disclosed as part of the 1824:and his Secretary of State, 1302:Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1260:'s usage of Saudi bases for 1184: 1036:, and delegating control of 998:Council on Foreign Relations 900:collapse of the Soviet Union 262:Russia's invasion of Ukraine 238:crown prince of Saudi Arabia 116:Bilateral relations between 102:Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 7: 10560:International organizations 10460:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 10315:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 6626:United States Census Bureau 4203:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). 3598:"The Kingdom and the Power" 3277:. Mher Sahakyan. New York: 2665:. Oxford University Press. 2541: 2505:and a consulate-general in 2486:and consulates-generals in 2183: 1110:Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 532:Egyptian–Syrian unification 208:Barack Obama administration 10: 10832: 10603:Proclamation of Neutrality 10390:North German Confederation 8166:US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale 7970:Embassy of U.S.A. – Riyadh 7470:"KASP Scholarship Program" 6016:Maier, Timothy W. (n.d.). 5911:. New Society Publishers. 5907:Clark, William R. (2005). 4170:Kaim, Markus, ed. (2008). 2841:Middle East Policy Council 2370: 2212: 2072:In August 2021, President 1945: 1868: 1843: 1794: 1730:United States Marine Corps 1708: 1666:. Democrats demanded that 1614: 1587:On December 12, 2018, the 1360: 1059:Likewise in Saudi Arabia, 953: 947: 918:2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq 841: 831: 801: 574: 315:Standard Oil of California 299: 10722: 10676: 10591: 10587: 10572: 10500: 10486: 10292: 10257: 10221: 10190: 10169: 10162: 10102: 9999: 9921: 9853: 9846: 9734: 9668: 9610: 9557: 9521: 9514: 9439: 9416: 9365: 9289: 9282: 9187: 9151: 9103: 8995: 8939: 8932: 8928: 8914: 8847: 8816: 8800: 8694: 8518: 8482: 8468: 8404: 8341: 8291:King Khalid Military City 8241: 8153: 8085: 8049: 7826:Evers, Miles M. (2022). " 7716:www.thechicagocouncil.org 7345:Investor's Business Daily 7318:Investor's Business Daily 4205:A History of Saudi Arabia 3915:Naval Postgraduate School 3865:Bradley, John R. (2005). 2834:Freeman, Chas W. (n.d.). 2367:Notable diplomatic visits 2308:airstrike on a school bus 2289:Weatherford International 2209:2017 U.S.–Saudi arms deal 1834:Saudi Arabia's oil fields 1717:Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani 1582:Reema bint Bandar Al Saud 1399:a military target; using 1310:social media manipulation 1252:, the establishment of a 1225:and diplomatic overtures 1053:United Airlines Flight 93 982:Shanksville, Pennsylvania 78: 73: 69: 56: 45: 35: 26: 10395:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 8957:Central African Republic 8839:Gulf Cooperation Council 4294:U.S. Department of State 4266: 4213:10.1017/CBO9780511993510 4142:"Pearl Harbor Day, 2002" 3570:: CS1 maint: location ( 3548:10.1017/CBO9780511818264 3507:10.1017/CBO9780511818264 3451:Hart, Parker T. (1998). 3218:Saudi–American Relations 3176: 2659:Colgan, Jeff D. (2021). 2277:Jacobs Engineering Group 2043:that his act was out of 1391:. This includes alleged 1134:were from Saudi Arabia. 1102:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia 922:Operation Southern Watch 893: 834:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 696: 283:China containment policy 184:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 124:began in 1933 when full 22:Saudi–American relations 10555:Third Border Initiative 8286:King Abdulaziz Air Base 8145:Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 7918:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim. 7791:Beling, Willard A. ed. 7523:"Assessing Saudi Power" 5852:The Wall Street Journal 5721:The Wall Street Journal 4450:The Wall Street Journal 2273:McDermott International 1982:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1852:international abduction 1061:anti-American sentiment 858:Operation Desert Shield 764:supplied money and arms 612:Fourth Arab-Israeli War 577:Fourth Arab-Israeli War 550:slavery in Saudi Arabia 140:constitutional republic 10465:Kingdom of Württemberg 10455:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10017:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8817:Multilateral relations 8707:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8476: 8281:Prince Sultan Air Base 8171:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson 7819:Cordesman, Anthony H. 4409:US Government Archives 4000:Lacey, Robert (2009). 3342:Pollack, Josh (2002). 2634:public domain material 2458:international students 2435:Saudi Arabian citizens 2390: 2336:, Democratic Senators 2281:National Oilwell Varco 1956:initiated a letter to 1928:TOW anti-tank missiles 1623:United States Congress 1558: 1502:A June 2022 report by 1415: 1384: 1276: 1202: 1105: 1056: 1018: 990:15 of the 19 hijackers 986:attack on Pearl Harbor 973: 853: 820:militias, which waged 767: 739:and various countries. 602: 541:1962 Yemeni revolution 499: 451: 442:with their host, King 353: 311:King Abdulaziz Al Saud 113: 8987:São Tomé and Príncipe 8972:Republic of the Congo 8834:Arab Peace Initiative 8474: 8326:King Abdullah Academy 8321:Islamic Saudi Academy 8176:Khobar Towers bombing 8118:Arab–Israeli alliance 7771:on September 3, 2022. 7641:. n.d. Archived from 7289:Oil & Gas Journal 5404:The California Review 4583:. September 29, 2016. 4554:17 April 2019 at the 4180:10.4324/9781315585833 3608:on December 23, 2022. 3098:on September 3, 2022. 3012:on February 25, 2021. 2989:on February 26, 2021. 2929:on February 25, 2021. 2813:The National Interest 2380: 1885:U.S. State Department 1844:Further information: 1797:Petrodollar recycling 1762:in April 1936 in the 1654:in probe of the U.S. 1634:2019 arms legislation 1544: 1522:In October 2018, the 1409: 1378: 1270: 1192: 1095: 1074:In October 2001, the 1046: 1026:Department of Defense 1013: 967: 932:are protected by the 851: 832:Further information: 745: 665:military intervention 659:, officials from the 592: 535:Arabia from bases in 493: 433: 388:Franklin D. Roosevelt 339:Franklin D. Roosevelt 336: 95: 10777:Special Relationship 10618:Good Neighbor policy 10380:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10375:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 10370:Grand Duchy of Hesse 10305:Grand Duchy of Baden 9979:Special Relationship 9829:United Arab Emirates 8676:United Arab Emirates 8181:September 11 attacks 8093:Operation Hajji Baba 7784:Anderson, Irvine H. 7765:Washington Institute 7748:on November 7, 2022. 7645:on January 18, 2007. 7537:on December 5, 2007. 7056:on October 31, 2018. 6566:. September 25, 2020 5047:Asian American Press 4696:www.newstatesman.com 4597:(October 14, 2016). 4278:on January 19, 2010. 3619:Coll, Steve (2004). 3121:on November 3, 2022. 3092:Washington Institute 3072:on November 7, 2022. 3049:on February 1, 2023. 2570:United States portal 2387:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2354:United Arab Emirates 2317:, a Democrat on the 2188:In early 1990, Iraq 1883:According to a 2009 1820:collapse. President 1736:Coronavirus outbreak 1685:On August 11, 2020, 1571:killing of Khashoggi 1418:The approval of the 1292:'s Crown Prince and 1262:drone assassinations 1246:Obama administration 1022:Defense Policy Board 950:September 11 attacks 944:September 11 attacks 750:with U.S. President 661:Nixon administration 557:Nixon administration 528:U.S. base in Dhahran 508:Dwight D. Eisenhower 472:Foundation of Aramco 444:Saud of Saudi Arabia 404:Mandate of Palestine 369:oil installation in 253:Biden Administration 215:Trump administration 204:September 11 attacks 126:diplomatic relations 10767:Progressive realism 10762:Non-interventionism 10613:Roosevelt Corollary 10550:Major non-NATO ally 10435:Kingdom of Sardinia 10360:Hanseatic Republics 9357:Trinidad and Tobago 9342:St. Kitts and Nevis 9297:Antigua and Barbuda 8848:Diplomatic missions 8276:WWE in Saudi Arabia 7904:McFarland, Victor. 7898:(Routledge, 2019). 7887:Lippman, Thomas W. 7850:(Indiana UP, 1998) 6783:. November 8, 2021. 6765:. November 7, 2021. 6747:. October 31, 2021. 5933:"Petrodollar power" 5747:The Washington Post 5637:The Washington Post 5385:Washington Examiner 5209:The Washington Post 4879:The Washington Post 4816:. February 25, 2020 4661:. February 6, 2013. 4643:. October 10, 2016. 4623:The Washington Post 3971:"Unloved in Arabia" 3653:The Washington Post 2906:on January 4, 2021. 2873:Pew Research Center 2556:Saudi Arabia portal 2441:in 2002 and by the 2439:Zogby International 2399:Mohammad bin Salman 2321:, claimed during a 2090:Mohammed bin Salman 2030:, Texas, offered a 1968:Freedom of religion 1962:Mohammad bin Salman 1905:terrorist financing 1830:military protection 1749:Other controversies 1642:On August 3, 2020, 1547:Mohammed bin Salman 1532:Mohammad bin Salman 1508:Columbia Law School 1504:The Washington Post 1298:Mohammad bin Salman 1231:UN Security Council 1195:Mohammad bin Salman 1163:terrorist financing 1077:Wall Street Journal 911:international order 585:1973-1975 recession 496:Palm Beach, Florida 438:and Vice President 294:Sino-Arab relations 257:human rights policy 234:Mohammed bin Salman 182:in response to the 23: 18:Bilateral relations 10757:Middle East policy 10355:Kingdom of Hanover 10310:Kingdom of Bavaria 9322:Dominican Republic 8477: 8186:Alleged Saudi role 8135:2017 Riyadh summit 7985:Odah Sultan Odah, 7683:"Places of Origin" 6872:The New York Times 6729:. October 1, 2021. 6711:. August 16, 2021. 6243:on April 17, 2019. 5939:. December 7, 2006 5482:The New York Times 5334:. October 24, 2018 5281:The New York Times 5230:. October 22, 2018 4996:The New York Times 4908:The New York Times 4737:The New York Times 4502:The New York Times 4477:. October 23, 2013 4146:The New York Times 4071:The New York Times 3875:Palgrave Macmillan 3841:The New York Times 3815:The New York Times 3712:The New York Times 3388:10.21236/ada273008 3374:Metz, Helen Chapin 2437:were conducted by 2429:Public perceptions 2391: 2373:2017 Riyadh summit 2233:petroleum industry 2179:Military relations 2164:treatment of women 2006:extradition treaty 2000:Extradition issues 1726:United States Navy 1705:Pensacola shooting 1559: 1416: 1414:on August 14, 2020 1385: 1367:2017 Riyadh Summit 1277: 1208:Alwaleed bin Talal 1203: 1178:Nicole Malliotakis 1151:Abdulaziz Alsheikh 1106: 1057: 988:60 years earlier. 974: 876:invasion of Kuwait 854: 768: 708:Camp David Accords 605:In November 1964, 603: 593:"No Gas" signs in 512:Gamal Abdel Nasser 500: 452: 426:After World War II 354: 114: 74:Diplomatic mission 21: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10568: 10567: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10450:Republic of Texas 10400:Orange Free State 10345:Republic of Genoa 10288: 10287: 10158: 10157: 9842: 9841: 9510: 9509: 9278: 9277: 8977:Equatorial Guinea 8867: 8866: 8357: 8356: 8208:Homaidan Al-Turki 7942:Vitalis, Robert. 7866:Koelbl, Susanne. 7809:Bronson, Rachel, 4886:on May 20, 2017. 4625:. March 25, 2015. 4222:978-0-521-74754-7 4189:978-0-7546-7197-8 4015:978-0-670-02118-5 3623:. Penguin Press. 3557:978-0-521-19023-7 3516:978-0-521-19023-7 3288:978-1-003-35258-7 3227:978-0-8191-2528-6 3138:Los Angeles Times 2680:978-0-19-754637-6 2313:On May 27, 2020, 2285:Nabors Industries 2128:midterm elections 2116:. In April 2022, 2098:Jennifer Granholm 2049:District Attorney 1932:al-Qaeda in Syria 1887:communication by 1791:Petrodollar power 1627:Armenian genocide 1397:Saada Governorate 1238:interim agreement 1219:Bandar bin Sultan 1100:and Crown Prince 862:George H. W. Bush 818:Afghan resistance 808:Operation Cyclone 804:Soviet–Afghan War 784:main battle tanks 773:military airbases 461:Arabian Peninsula 245:election campaign 172:Afghan resistance 133:absolute monarchy 90: 89: 10823: 10589: 10588: 10574: 10573: 10488: 10487: 10365:Hawaiian Kingdom 10330:Congo Free State 10234:Marshall Islands 10203:Papua New Guinea 10167: 10166: 9851: 9850: 9519: 9518: 9287: 9286: 8937: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8916: 8915: 8906: 8905: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8871: 8870: 8396: 8395: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8050:Diplomatic posts 8044: 8043: 8034: 8033: 8022: 8015: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7846:Hart, Parker T. 7773: 7772: 7767:. Archived from 7756: 7750: 7749: 7744:. Archived from 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7613:. pp. 11–12 7606: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7581:. March 29, 2018 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7533:. Archived from 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7450:. August 9, 2024 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7285: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7052:. Archived from 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6909: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6837:. March 8, 2022. 6827: 6821: 6820: 6819:. March 8, 2022. 6809: 6803: 6802: 6801:. March 3, 2022. 6791: 6785: 6784: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6657:. Datawheel. n.d 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6617: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6393:. July 11, 2013. 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6339:. March 27, 2023 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6312:Business Insider 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6260:Business Insider 6251: 6245: 6244: 6239:. Archived from 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6101:"Fueling Terror" 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5586:. April 29, 2019 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5508:. April 29, 2019 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4882:. Archived from 4869: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4846:. May 20, 2017. 4844:Associated Press 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4595:Patrick Cockburn 4591: 4585: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432:1 (2013): 27–31. 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4296:. April 30, 2007 4286: 4280: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4007: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3790:. April 29, 2003 3780: 3774: 3773: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3604:. Archived from 3593: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3448: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3415: 3402: 3401: 3370: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3171: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3140:. Archived from 3129: 3123: 3122: 3117:. Archived from 3106: 3100: 3099: 3094:. Archived from 3083: 3074: 3073: 3068:. Archived from 3057: 3051: 3050: 3045:. Archived from 3034: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3008:. Archived from 2997: 2991: 2990: 2985:. Archived from 2974: 2968: 2967: 2966:on June 6, 2021. 2962:. Archived from 2951: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2925:. Archived from 2914: 2908: 2907: 2902:. Archived from 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2656: 2648: 2631: 2630: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2533: 2519: 2484:Washington, D.C. 2257:General Electric 2253:Northrop Grumman 2249:General Dynamics 2160:Syrian Civil War 1974:State Department 1952:Democratic Rep. 1668:State Department 1549:and his advisor 1444:Claire McCaskill 1389:Yemeni Civil War 1323:Special Counsel 1286:Donald Trump Jr. 1284:In August 2016, 1223:Syrian civil war 934:U.S. Fifth Fleet 838:Battle of Khafji 822:guerilla warfare 657:American economy 365:power, bombed a 350:Yalta Conference 192:1973 oil embargo 160:its human rights 61: 60: 50: 49: 31: 24: 20: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10781: 10724: 10718: 10684:Lodge Corollary 10677:Other doctrines 10672: 10594: 10583: 10564: 10496: 10474: 10385:Duchy of Nassau 10284: 10253: 10217: 10208:Solomon Islands 10186: 10154: 10098: 10069:North Macedonia 10032:Northern Cyprus 9995: 9917: 9838: 9730: 9664: 9606: 9553: 9506: 9435: 9412: 9361: 9274: 9183: 9147: 9099: 8991: 8924: 8910: 8900: 8898: 8868: 8863: 8859:in Saudi Arabia 8843: 8812: 8796: 8690: 8514: 8478: 8466: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8358: 8353: 8337: 8237: 8149: 8081: 8045: 8038: 8028: 8026: 7956: 7922:(Yale UP, 2019) 7894:Long, David E. 7876:Lacey, Robert. 7781: 7779:Further reading 7776: 7757: 7753: 7742:Morning Consult 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7654: 7650: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7554:The Independent 7546: 7542: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7105: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7065: 7061: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6972:The Independent 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6911: 6910: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6864: 6860: 6855:. May 13, 2022. 6847: 6846: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6745:Financial Times 6739: 6738: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6619: 6618: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6426:Washington Post 6420: 6419: 6412: 6407:. July 3, 2002. 6403: 6402: 6398: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6252: 6248: 6236:Al-Ahram Weekly 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5905: 5901: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5798:www.foxnews.com 5792: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5396: 5392: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4899: 4895: 4870: 4866: 4853: 4851: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4729: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4670: 4666: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4604:The Independent 4592: 4588: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4561:Al-Ahram Weekly 4556:Wayback Machine 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4168: 4164: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4105:. December 2007 4098: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4047: 4043: 4031: 4027: 4016: 3998: 3994: 3980: 3978: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3863: 3859: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3678:Washington Post 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3617: 3613: 3602:Foreign Affairs 3594: 3579: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3449: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3405: 3398: 3371: 3362: 3346: 3340: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3289: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3147: 3146: 3144:on May 5, 2023. 3130: 3126: 3107: 3103: 3084: 3077: 3066:Financial Times 3058: 3054: 3035: 3031: 3015: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2975: 2971: 2952: 2948: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2657: 2653: 2637: 2628: 2625: 2584:Politics portal 2582: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2479: 2431: 2411:Henry Kissinger 2407:Hillary Clinton 2381:U.S. President 2375: 2369: 2237:Lockheed Martin 2217: 2211: 2198: 2186: 2181: 2152: 2134:by undermining 2102:Financial Times 2094:high oil prices 2062: 2057: 2055:Trade relations 2047:. However, the 2002: 1991: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1924:Timber Sycamore 1889:Hillary Clinton 1881: 1867: 1848: 1842: 1840:Child abduction 1826:Henry Kissinger 1803: 1793: 1756: 1751: 1738: 1713: 1707: 1674:, by President 1636: 1619: 1613: 1605:Saud al-Qahtani 1520: 1460:Mitch McConnell 1373: 1361:Main articles: 1359: 1282: 1271:U.S. President 1187: 1174:Merrick Garland 1139:Osama bin Laden 1096:U.S. President 1049:Saeed al-Ghamdi 1047:Visa page from 994:Osama bin Laden 962: 952: 946: 896: 846: 840: 830: 810: 800: 704: 699: 587: 581:1973 oil crisis 573: 545:John F. Kennedy 524: 488: 474: 448:Mayflower Hotel 428: 331: 307: 302: 279:US-EU sanctions 255:emphasized its 225:Jamal Khashoggi 220:Washington Post 96:U.S. President 62: 58: 51: 47: 19: 12: 11: 5: 10829: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10728: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10599: 10597: 10585: 10584: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10540:United Nations 10537: 10532: 10527: 10525:European Union 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10430:Ryukyu Kingdom 10427: 10425:Russian Empire 10422: 10417: 10415:Duchy of Parma 10412: 10407: 10405:Ottoman Empire 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10335:Czechoslovakia 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9989:Cayman Islands 9986: 9981: 9974:United Kingdom 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9878: 9873: 9871:Czech Republic 9868: 9863: 9857: 9855: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8925: 8912: 8911: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8792:United Kingdom 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8355: 8354: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8311:Dhahran School 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8261: 8256: 8254:Patricia Roush 8251: 8249:Golden gimmick 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7954:External links 7952: 7951: 7950: 7940: 7930: 7925:Parker, Chad. 7923: 7916: 7902: 7892: 7885: 7874: 7864: 7854: 7844: 7836:Ghattas, Kim. 7834: 7824: 7817: 7807: 7796: 7789: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7751: 7728: 7702: 7674: 7648: 7624: 7592: 7566: 7540: 7513: 7487: 7461: 7435: 7409: 7383: 7357: 7331: 7303: 7292:. May 22, 2017 7273: 7247: 7221: 7210:. May 20, 2017 7195: 7184:. May 22, 2017 7169: 7143: 7115: 7087: 7059: 7036: 7010: 6984: 6958: 6946:Military Times 6932: 6913:"Saudi Arabia" 6897: 6858: 6840: 6822: 6804: 6786: 6768: 6750: 6732: 6714: 6696: 6668: 6649:"Saudi Arabia" 6640: 6605: 6577: 6549: 6521: 6499: 6474: 6446: 6410: 6396: 6376: 6350: 6324: 6298: 6272: 6246: 6221: 6195: 6169: 6143: 6117: 6092: 6066: 6037: 6008: 5979: 5950: 5924: 5917: 5899: 5880:(3): 365–395. 5864: 5836: 5810: 5785: 5759: 5733: 5705: 5677: 5649: 5623: 5597: 5571: 5545: 5519: 5494: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5390: 5371: 5345: 5319: 5293: 5267: 5241: 5215: 5194: 5166: 5140: 5112: 5086: 5060: 5049:. May 20, 2017 5034: 5008: 4982: 4954: 4926: 4893: 4864: 4827: 4801: 4775: 4764:. May 19, 2018 4749: 4720: 4701: 4683: 4664: 4646: 4628: 4610: 4586: 4566: 4564:. 28 May 2015. 4540: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4434: 4421: 4393: 4382:. May 15, 2021 4364: 4336: 4307: 4281: 4257: 4228: 4221: 4195: 4188: 4162: 4132: 4116: 4087: 4057: 4041: 4025: 4014: 3992: 3960: 3953: 3931: 3894: 3887: 3857: 3837:"War Of Ideas" 3827: 3801: 3775: 3768: 3750: 3724: 3698: 3665: 3636: 3629: 3611: 3577: 3556: 3530: 3515: 3482: 3472: 3465: 3436: 3403: 3396: 3376:, ed. (1993). 3360: 3321: 3302: 3287: 3281:. p. 36. 3265: 3233: 3226: 3195: 3161: 3124: 3101: 3075: 3052: 3043:Foreign Policy 3029: 2992: 2969: 2946: 2909: 2886: 2855: 2826: 2798: 2770: 2742: 2714: 2686: 2679: 2650: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2573: 2559: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2499: 2478: 2475: 2430: 2427: 2423:George W. Bush 2368: 2365: 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2201:armed forces. 2197: 2194: 2190:invaded Kuwait 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2151: 2148: 2110:oil production 2086:oil production 2061: 2060:Energy and oil 2058: 2056: 2053: 2001: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1980:condemned the 1969: 1966: 1943: 1940: 1866: 1863: 1841: 1838: 1810:world currency 1792: 1789: 1755: 1754:First conflict 1752: 1750: 1747: 1737: 1734: 1709:Main article: 1706: 1703: 1635: 1632: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1593:Lindsey Graham 1563:Adel al-Jubeir 1519: 1516: 1420:2017 arms deal 1358: 1355: 1325:Robert Mueller 1281: 1278: 1186: 1183: 1132:9/11 hijackers 1098:George W. Bush 1082:George W. Bush 948:Main article: 945: 942: 895: 892: 842:Main article: 829: 826: 799: 796: 779:war planes to 729:anti-communism 703: 702:Military sales 700: 698: 695: 679:foreign policy 572: 569: 561:Nixon Doctrine 523: 520: 487: 484: 473: 470: 427: 424: 411:U.S. Air Force 330: 327: 306: 303: 301: 298: 287:Chinese leader 274:OPEC countries 266:Vladimir Putin 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 71: 70: 67: 66: 55: 43: 42: 40: 37: 36: 33: 32: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10828: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10747:Domino theory 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10571: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10530:Latin America 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10350:German Empire 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293:Former states 10291: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10130:Liechtenstein 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230:Guinea-Bissau 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9210:Côte d'Ivoire 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8895: 8890: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8510:United States 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8352: 8351: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7933:Riedel, Bruce 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7910:online review 7907: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7856:Hiro, Dilip. 7855: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7663: 7662:www.zawya.com 7659: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7611: 7603: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7428:September 24, 7424: 7420: 7413: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7291: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6853:The Intercept 6850: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6570:September 25, 6565: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6542:September 25, 6538: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6503: 6487: 6486: 6478: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6081: 6080:The Telegraph 6077: 6070: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6026: 6019: 6012: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5937:The Economist 5934: 5928: 5920: 5918:0-86571-514-9 5914: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5853: 5848: 5840: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5183: 5182: 5181:The Intercept 5177: 5170: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5023: 5019: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4451: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4380:New York Post 4377: 4371: 4369: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3989: 3977: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3954:0-87609-324-1 3950: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3888:1-4039-6433-5 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3769:0-940485-01-X 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3630:1-59420-007-6 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3468: 3466:0-253-33460-8 3462: 3457: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3397:0-8444-0791-7 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2759: 2758: 2757:New Statesman 2753: 2746: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2560: 2557: 2546: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2496:New York City 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Patrick Leahy 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:arms industry 2225: 2222: 2216: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2121:William Burns 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Jake Sullivan 2075: 2070: 2066: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978:Sam Brownback 1975: 1965: 1963: 1960:Crown Prince 1959: 1955: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1936:Islamic State 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:Richard Nixon 1819: 1818:Bretton Woods 1815: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801:Petrocurrency 1798: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1746: 1744: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1701:in May 2019. 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621:In 2019, the 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:Jared Kushner 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487:U.S. Senator 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:Tulsi Gabbard 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426:, Rand Paul, 1425: 1421: 1413: 1412:New York City 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401:cluster bombs 1398: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:war on terror 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 971: 968:15 out of 19 966: 961: 957: 951: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:enforced the 923: 919: 914: 912: 909: 905: 901: 891: 889: 888:Desert Shield 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 850: 845: 839: 835: 825: 823: 819: 815: 809: 805: 795: 791: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:Ronald Reagan 749: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 713: 709: 694: 692: 688: 687:Golan Heights 684: 680: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 617: 616:energy crisis 613: 608: 600: 596: 591: 586: 582: 578: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 546: 542: 538: 533: 529: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 492: 483: 480: 469: 466: 462: 458: 449: 445: 441: 440:Richard Nixon 437: 432: 423: 421: 417: 412: 407: 405: 401: 400: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 372: 368: 364: 359: 351: 347: 346: 341:on board the 340: 335: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 297: 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 230: 226: 222: 221: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 200:War on Terror 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 151: 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 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