937:
1260:, National Guard Minister Miteb bin Abdullah and Economy and Planning Minister Adel Fakeih. The official line is that the purge was in response to corrupt practices by the accused and that the anti-corruption committee has the right to issue arrest warrants, impose travel restrictions and freeze bank accounts. It is also empowered to investigate financials and freeze assets until cases are decided on. The Royal proclamation further said, "due to the propensity of some people for abuse, putting their interest above public interest, and stealing public funds."
5923:
304:
45:
1615:), which in turn are divided into numerous districts. Regional governors are appointed, usually from the royal family, and preside over one or more municipal councils, half of whose members are appointed and half elected. The governors are responsible for such functions as finance, health, education, agriculture, and municipalities. The consultative principle operates at all levels of government, including the government of villages and tribes. The governors act as regional "mini-kings", sitting in
319:
6652:
668:
1398:
958:, which comprises the first and second deputy prime ministers (usually the first and second in line to the throne respectively), 23 ministers with portfolio, and five ministers of state. The king makes appointments to and dismissals from the council, which is responsible for such executive and administrative matters as foreign and domestic policy, defense, finance, health, and education, administered through numerous separate agencies. There is also a 150-member
7140:
1202:
ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating
Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. Although the Al ash Sheikh's domination of the ulama has diminished in recent decades, they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.
7150:
5558:
and holy men made their opinions felt through `golden lists` of religiously approved candidates, sent out to voters on their cell phones... The vote also provided statistical backing for the analysis that informed observers had long maintained – that for all their faults, and quite contrary to their stereotypical reputation, the House of Saud provided a minority force pushing for
Western secular change in a Kingdom of largely retrograde caution.
1423:. In many ways, the approach to government differs little from the traditional system of tribal rule. Tribal identity remains strong and, outside the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheiks maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events. In recent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation, such as the establishment of the
1881:
rulers still see themselves in a parental role, much like a sheikh of a tribe who is in close touch with the concerns of his tribesmen and keeps those concerns in balance. For so long a time, a relatively benign monarchy has ruled over this populace that it has become used to being looked after in this manner. Therefore, until recently, calls for a more open, representative political system did not win wide support.
1024:). Prince Fahd was a talented administrator who initiated significant industrial development in the Kingdom. He was regarded by many as the "father of the country's modernization". However, during the last 10 years of his reign, ill health prevented him from fully functioning. In the absence of a king who could provide strong central leadership, the state structure began to fragment and the country stagnated.
2728:
Al Saud – on behalf of the people and behalf of the ever-expanding royal family. ... The Majlis Ash-Shura, appointed by the king to `represent` the people has no role in the budget formation. Fully 40% of the budget that is disclosed publicly is labeled `Other sectors` (including defense, security, intelligence, and direct investment of the kingdom's revenues outside the country) and is opaque to the public.
962:, appointed by the King, which can propose legislation to the King but has no legislative powers itself, including no role in budget formation. The government budget itself is not fully disclosed to the public. "Fully 40%" ... is labeled 'Other sectors' (including defense, security, intelligence, direct investment of the kingdom's revenues outside the country, and how much goes directly to the royal family).
1138:(the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) is derived from the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulama is pervasive. Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulama a direct role in government, the only other example being
840:
1638:, the number of registered voters did not exceed 18% of those eligible to vote, representing only 2% of the city's population. There was evidence of much greater interest in the Shia community of the Eastern Province. Women will be allowed to vote beginning in 2012, as King Abdullah announced in the opening speech of the new term of the Shura Council.
1054:. The key ministries have historically been reserved for the royal family, as are the thirteen regional governorships. With the large number of family members seeking well-paying jobs, critics complain that even "middle management" jobs in the Kingdom are out of reach for non-royal Saudis, limiting upward mobility and incentive for commoners to excel.
1662:. Candidates with "Western sympathies or any suspicion of secularism" lost out heavily to "hardline conservatives who were endorsed by the local religious establishment." This demonstrated to some that rather than being a conservative force holding back the country, the royal family was more progressive than the Saudi population as a whole.
1002:) was a "modernist" who favored economic, technological and governmental progress but was also politically and religiously conservative. He directed the country's rapid economic and bureaucratic development of the early 1970s, but also made concessions to the religious establishment, and abandoned plans to broaden political participation.
1593:. No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned. On 18 March the same year, King Abdullah announced a package of $ 93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $ 67 billion, in addition to creating 60,000 new security jobs.
1126:
Al Faisal is one of the strongest supporters of political and social reform. For example, he (as well as King
Abdullah) has spoken in favor of women having the right to vote, to follow the career path they wish and to be able to drive a car. Women would be able to vote in municipal elections beginning in 2012.
3073:
Al Saud family members hold all the key jobs, not just at the top but right down through middle management, even to regional managers (the governors of all 13 Saudi provinces are princes). At the bottom of the company, ordinary employees are poorly paid and even more poorly trained because management
2764:
When the Saudi budget is published every year, no less than 40 percent (166.9 billion riyals in the budget for 2008) is labeled `Other sectors`, which includes defense, national security, intelligence, direct investment outside the country, and most interesting of all, how much of the national pie is
1880:
Saudi Arabia is not totalitarian. Travel outside the country is common, political crimes and violence are rare, people are not in constant fear of the police, and the state does not try to take over all existing organizations, such as philanthropic, religious, commercial, and industrial groups. Saudi
1416:
Outside the House of Al Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulama, tribal sheiks and members of important commercial families on major decisions. This process is not reported
1125:
in the United States, perpetrated mostly by Saudi nationals, Prince Nayef was strongly criticized by the U.S. for his reaction. It also took pressure from within the royal family for him to launch a hunt for
Islamist militants who had attacked Western targets in Saudi Arabia. By contrast, Prince Saud
2727:
All revenue, whether from oil, earnings on the country's $ 400 billion in foreign reserves, or even traffic fines, flows into the central government in Riyadh – that is, to the royal family. No accounting is given to the public of either total revenues to the Al Saud coffers or total spending by the
1696:
In
September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the National Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms to the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit
1356:
attacks in 2001, there has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King
Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2005. The creation of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s did not satisfy demands for political participation, and,
5557:
The results of the voting proved the truth of what Fahd once prophesied about elections – it was usually the religious who won. Candidates with
Western sympathies or any suspicion of secularism lost out heavily to hardline conservatives who were endorsed by the local religious establishment. Imams
5459:
Abdullah was already the first Saudi ruler to have presided over elections. Admittedly the voting, held in the spring of 2005, was only for local, virtually powerless municipal councils – and then for only half the seats on those; women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote. But the male
1366:
was created to regulate the succession. In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post. However, the changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic, and the royal family is
1512:
leader of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman. The NAP is the first formalized political opposition in King Salman's rule. The country's Basic Law bans the formation of political parties and sanctions sedition and condemnation of the king with long jail terms. The founding members of the
National
1101:
In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties,
1700:
The membership of the
Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 members in July 1997, to 120 in May 2001, and to 150 members in 2005. Membership has changed significantly during each expansion of the council, as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the council is gradually
1711:
in the
Kingdom, including the legalization of political parties. Other analysts of the Saudi political scene were more skeptical. Islamist candidates, often businessmen, did well, but in practice had little real power. In 2009, promised new elections and hopes for female suffrage in them were
1049:
The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to hold most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. The number of princes is estimated to be anything from 7,000 upwards, with the most power and
1201:
which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family) with whom they formed a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The pact, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al
815:, which has often been divided by internal disputes and into factions. The members of the family are the principal political actors allowed by the government. Political participation outside the royal family is limited. Saudi Arabia is one of only four countries (the other being
1343:
In March 2021, more than 240 people were arrested in Saudi Arabia for corruption. Employees from the ministries of interior, health, municipal and rural affairs and housing, education, and human resources and social development, customs and the postal story were arrested.
1296:
On 15 March 2020, Saudi Arabia conducted another mass-detention campaign and arrested 298 government employees out of the 674 people investigated on suspicion of corruption. The detainees included current and retired military officers, security officers under the
5460:
electorate got the change to eat large quantities of mutton for three weeks since Saudi electioneering proved to revolve around lamb and tents ... the candidate held court, inviting voters inside and plying them with mountains of rice and whole roasted sheep.
969:, in practice major policy decisions are made outside these formal governmental structures and not solely by the king. Decisions are made by establishing a consensus within the royal family (comprising the numerous descendants of the kingdom's founder,
1173:
radicals. The government's response to the crisis included strengthening the ulama's powers and increasing their financial support: in particular, they were given greater control over the education system and allowed to enforce stricter observance of
1588:
Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests. In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $ 36 billion, of which $ 10.7 billion was earmarked for
1121:, the Foreign Minister. Prince Nayef was personally committed to maintaining Saudi Arabia's conservative Wahhabi values. Of the senior princes, he was probably the least comfortable with King Abdullah's desire for reform. Following the
1388:
Politics in Saudi Arabia, outside the royal family, can be examined in three contexts: the extent to which the royal family allows political participation by the wider Saudi society, opposition to the regime, and Islamist terrorism.
1164:
By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization of the country initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were under way and the power of the ulama was in decline. However, this changed following
923:" was created, comprising King Abdulaziz's surviving sons plus a son of each of his deceased sons, to determine who will be the heir apparent (the Crown Prince) after the previous heir apparent dies or accedes to the throne.
891:, the Saudi government was the eighteenth-most authoritarian regime among the 167 countries rated in 2022, being at it lowest score in 2012 and at its highest from 2020 to 2022. Government is dominated by the royal family.
2269:
1472:
in a rare display of protest against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing eleven people. Police stopped the demonstration after about 15 minutes and arrested 30 to 50 people.
5224:
1361:
was announced that would allow selected professionals and intellectuals to publicly debate current national issues, within certain prescribed parameters. In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the
1218:', to do business as well as patronage systems. The Saudi government and the royal family have often, and over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is
1645:
orientation, a liberal agenda or reliant on tribal status. The Islamist candidates tended to be backed by public figures and the religious establishment and won most of the seats in the Saudi cities such as Riyadh,
6128:
2488:
1770:
1035:) was seen as a reformer and introduced economic reforms (limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization) and made modernizing changes to the judiciary and government ministries.
510:
1507:
members were exiled in the US, Britain, and elsewhere at the time of the party's launch from London. The opposition party aims to bring democracy as a form of government in the absolute monarchy and oust the
803:
is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have a right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the
1688:
issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying royal succession for the first time. The King's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national
5191:
4063:
1222:, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by
5610:
4662:
4261:
5358:
1631:
were held. The elections for "virtually powerless" municipal councils were for half the seats (half of each council's seats were appointed). Women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote.
1153:
Not only is royal succession subject to the approval of the ulama, so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulama have also influenced major executive decisions, for example the imposition of the
5098:
1229:
Although corruption allegations have often been limited to broad undocumented accusations, specific allegations were made in 2007, when it was claimed that the British defence contractor
5807:
4541:
3939:
1256:
on 5 November, 11 princes and dozens of former ministers were detained in a new anti-corruption probe in Saudi Arabia. Among those detained include prominent billionaire investor Prince
3695:
2955:
2465:
1106:', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants. Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform, and whether the role of the
5380:
2432:
1693:, with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial or emirate level.
954:
The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions and royal decrees form the basis of the country's legislation. The king is also the prime minister and presides over
1724:
1641:
In 2005, candidates tended to be local businessmen, activists, and professionals. Although political parties were not permitted, it was possible to identify candidates as having an
6718:
5038:
4693:
2261:
2024:
1665:
In 2007, a Saudi commentator noted that the municipal councils were proving to be powerless. Nevertheless, the elections represented an important step in modernizing the regime.
5246:
5215:
4180:
2520:
4572:
4455:
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doesn't want an initiative that might threaten its control. ... Nor surprisingly, the Saudi employees of such a stultifying company are sullen, resentful and unmotivated.
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2480:
1697:
conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations were also announced.
6637:
5693:
4994:
867:
country's constitution. There is no legally binding written constitution and the Qur'an and the Sunna remain subject to interpretation. This is carried out by the
6615:
5802:
5183:
4055:
3010:
2871:
1417:
by the Saudi media. In theory, all males of the age of majority have a right to petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the
5129:
780:
ruler of Saudi Arabia. Under his rule, he has centralized policymaking, purged competing political elites, and dismantled pre-existing power-sharing dynamics.
224:
4781:
4756:
4348:
1067:. He was a commoner and immensely powerful, which meant he was despised by most royals, especially the Sideris, who sacked him as soon as the old king died.
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5602:
5298:
5350:
4654:
4632:
4511:
4253:
6698:
5068:
4602:
5090:
1468:. However, open protest against the government, even if peaceful, is not tolerated. On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of
705:
6388:
6373:
4811:
4425:
3514:
1967:
1930:
1897:
1484:. Salman was accused of funding extremism in the UK, committing human rights abuses domestically, and breaching international humanitarian law in
2714:
1464:). Of these, the Islamic activists have been the most prominent threat to the regime and have in recent years perpetrated a number of violent or
5268:
7105:
3947:
980:
As an absolute monarchy, the personality and capabilities of the reigning monarch influence the politics and national policies of the country.
4537:
6630:
5838:
5675:
3149:
2456:
1182:
took steps to rein back the powers of the ulama, for instance transferring their control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.
3687:
2947:
1161:. It plays a major role in the judicial and education systems and has a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.
5388:
2985:
2561:
2422:
991:) was considered incompetent and extravagant and his reign led to an economic and political crisis that resulted in his forced abdication.
795:
is declared as the official constitution of the country. The kingdom's governance is officially proclaimed to be conducted on the basis of
6432:
6261:
2600:
631:
627:
5026:
4685:
1492:, where millions are on the verge of famine. Later that year, he was criticized by many other countries after Saudi American journalist
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5851:
3378:
2014:
1465:
599:
5238:
4944:
3318:
2295:
1596:
The lack of critical thought in the education system has been cited by some as the reason why fewer protests occurred in the Kingdom.
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5727:
3485:
1383:
1147:
868:
282:
4164:
2331:
6645:
6623:
6293:
6053:
5948:
3127:
2051:
871:, the Saudi religious establishment, although the power of the religious establishment has been significantly eroded in the 2010s.
565:
449:
2510:
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Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries also sent some policemen to Bahrain to assist police clampdown on protesters within Bahrain.
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7054:
6241:
4564:
4463:
1673:
1669:
1070:
Long term political and government appointments result in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes. Examples include:
5757:
5641:
5511:
3348:
3175:
1704:
1628:
906:
698:
549:
544:
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399:
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2125:
1984:
1914:
1720:
1690:
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1424:
1402:
1371:
1329:
959:
434:
118:
5091:"Exiled Saudi Arabian dissidents have launched a political party they hope will dethrone MBS and open the door to democracy"
7029:
6779:
6741:
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5963:
2113:
955:
878:, who acceded to the throne on 23 January 2015. No political parties or national elections are permitted, and according to
749:
649:
429:
214:
5701:
5571:
6703:
6180:
6096:
5958:
1499:
On 24 September 2020, a group of dissidents from Saudi Arabia announced the launch of a political party in opposition to
1489:
1298:
1110:
should be increased or reduced. There were also divisions within the family over who should succeed Crown Prince Sultan.
490:
441:
148:
1249:
for 2010 gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.4 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "very clean").
7074:
6303:
6086:
5550:
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5452:
5419:
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4916:
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4385:
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2708:
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1583:
485:
7174:
6400:
6236:
6116:
6033:
6028:
5968:
5831:
5121:
4772:
4747:
3019:
2862:
1947:
1873:
1253:
691:
592:
500:
353:
5160:
4836:
3871:
Bligh, Alexander (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom".
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17:
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3751:
1844:
1457:
1087:
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417:
234:
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constitution adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (that is, Islamic law) and the
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1963:
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1237:. Prince Bandar denied the allegations. Investigations by both US and UK authorities resulted, in 2010, in
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Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Hendrickson, Mahmud, Mary (2006). "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".
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2423:"Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman says Israel has 'right' to homeland | DW | 03.04.2018"
977:(religious scholars), leading tribal sheiks, and heads of prominent commercial families are considered.
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took place in 2005 and some journalists saw this as a first tentative step towards the introduction of
1453:
1440:
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756:(until the mid-2010s), tribal leaders and other traditional elites of the society. Saudi government is
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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
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The King's Messenger. Prince Bandar bin Sultan and America's Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia
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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
2069:"Women's entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Feminist solidarity and political activism in disguise?"
1716:
1518:
1309:
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agreements with the company, by which it paid $ 447 million in fines but did not admit to bribery.
1179:
1051:
1025:
970:
912:
5793:
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personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the '
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875:
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Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
5122:"Two years later: 9/11 Tactics; Official Says Qaeda Recruited Saudi Hijackers to Strain Ties"
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contains many characteristics of what might be called a constitution in other countries. The
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The Basic Law specifies that the king must be chosen from among the sons of the first king,
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4254:"A Nation Challenged: The Plots; Saudi Arabia Also a Target of Attacks, U.S. Officials Say"
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1868:(4th ed.). 132 West 31st Street, New York NY 10001, USA: Facts on File. p. 1171.
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called for the revelation of the legal and evidentiary basis for each person's detention.
1301:, health officials and judges. The mass-detention raised human rights concerns, where the
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748:. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the King, the
8:
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6809:
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2041:
1293:, and his younger brother, to eliminate the risk of potential successors of the throne.
7084:
7019:
6984:
6919:
6899:
6889:
6849:
6834:
6829:
6713:
6672:
6288:
6160:
6013:
5892:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5535:
5437:
4905:
3971:
3908:
3888:
3820:
2742:
2183:
2145:
1957:
1924:
1887:
1753:
1739:
1708:
1534:
1363:
1302:
1290:
1058:
920:
800:
745:
394:
197:
167:
1460:; and long-standing tribal and regional particularistic opponents (for example in the
7149:
7125:
7044:
7004:
6979:
6959:
6894:
6869:
6859:
6844:
6450:
5887:
5882:
5749:
5633:
5546:
5483:
5475:
5448:
5415:
5216:"Saudi ruler offers $ 36bn to stave off uprising amid warning oil price could double"
4974:
4912:
4883:
4726:
4718:
4402:
4381:
4294:
4232:
4207:
4170:
4143:
4125:
4101:
4083:
4042:
4024:
4006:
3982:
3919:
3892:
3851:
3806:
3778:
3747:
3722:
3666:
3655:
3630:
3602:
3577:
3541:
3466:
3441:
3405:
3290:
3257:
3246:
3221:
3210:
3099:
3047:
2926:
2901:
2893:
2841:
2833:
2813:
2805:
2785:
2777:
2753:
2704:
2677:
2652:
2627:
2590:
2367:
2240:
2215:
2190:
2152:
2121:
1990:
1980:
1943:
1938:
A. Dobratz, K. Waldner, Buzzel, Betty, Lisa, Timothy (2016). "2: Role of the state".
1910:
1869:
1728:
1522:
1406:
1113:
Leading figures in the royal family with differing ideological orientations included
1090:
had been Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1975 to just before his death in 2015; and
966:
848:
729:
138:
66:
5503:
4538:"Saudi Arabia arrests Princes, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman consolidates powers"
3430:
3340:
3183:
1748:
1178:
rules of moral and social behaviour. Following his accession to the throne in 2005,
1063:
6964:
6929:
6884:
6879:
6788:
6165:
5902:
4229:
Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa: A Freedom in the World Special Edition
3880:
2481:"Analysis – Saudi Arabia's ambitious crown prince comes to a Washington in turmoil"
2080:
1325:
1189:, the country's leading religious family. The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of
4485:
6736:
5897:
5679:
5575:
5034:
1731:
as head of the Supreme Judicial Council and appointed the first female minister.
1547:
1493:
1397:
1264:
1154:
915:, and their male descendants subject to the subsequent approval of leaders (the
888:
1809:
as a constitution-like charter for the country. The Basic Law declares that the
6682:
6133:
5606:
4565:"Time Names Person of the Year for 2018: Jamal Khashoggi and Other Journalists"
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2427:
2046:
1771:
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)
1481:
1480:
faced severe criticism from British opposition figures during his visit to the
1142:. Prior to 1971, a council of senior ulama advising the king was headed by the
644:
617:
3884:
2322:
7168:
7143:
5351:"Saudi King to Spend $ 67 Billion on Housing, Jobs in Bid to Pacify Citizens"
4841:
4655:"Saudi ex-spy suing crown prince faces fresh death threat in Canada – report"
1775:
1563:
1186:
1158:
1079:
1044:
880:
812:
757:
741:
733:
726:
341:
303:
163:
128:
63:
60:
44:
2535:
6651:
5847:
1672:, Abdullah announced that women will be able to vote and be elected in the
1514:
1370:
In 2011, Abdullah announced that women will be able to be nominated to the
1317:
1238:
1078:
from 1963 until 2010, when he then appointed his son to replace him; Crown
816:
765:
721:
3719:
Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration
3599:
Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration
7153:
6283:
5152:
4850:
2392:
2114:"Saudi Arabias centralized political structure: prospects and challenges"
2015:"The totalitarian prince: Trump's questionable friend in the Middle East"
1827:
1500:
1333:
1282:
1230:
1198:
1143:
828:
824:
323:
318:
108:
5816:
5269:"King Abdullah Returns to Kingdom, Enacts Measures to Boost the Economy"
2262:"Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed seeks to reduce influential clerics' power"
1863:
1210:
Corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, most prevalent in the form of
973:). Also, the views of important members of Saudi society, including the
2624:
International security and the United States: an encyclopedia, Volume 2
2554:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia (Government and Society)"
2085:
2068:
2457:"Saudi Arabia's Mohammed bin Salman to meet Emmanuel Macron in France"
1445:
The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources:
5061:"Saudi crown prince's UK visit prompts heavy criticism by opposition"
4373:
National Security in Saudi Arabia: Threats, Responses, and Challenges
4166:
The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War
1567:
1452:
activism, liberal critics, including an underground green party, the
1175:
927:
is the current Crown Prince, and is widely regarded as the country's
856:
788:
265:
1940:
Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
6757:
6048:
3910:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa: Vol. 1 A–C
3800:
3402:
The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
3069:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
2700:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
2649:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1
2511:"Mohammed bin Salman, reformist prince who has shaken Saudi Arabia"
1642:
1571:
1449:
1211:
1170:
1146:
and met informally. In that year, the council was formalized in a
929:
82:
4934:"Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia"
1994:
1150:, appointed by the king and with salaries paid by the government.
6564:
6298:
5787:
The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia – United States; Washington, DC
5603:"Saudi Women Inspired by Fall of Mubarak Step Up Equality Demand"
3090:
State, power and politics in the making of the modern Middle East
1977:
Totalitarianism, Terrorism and Supreme Values: History and Theory
1725:
Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
1590:
1324:, and other high-ranking officials. The lawsuit was filed at the
1194:
1103:
99:
6719:
Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula
5786:
4943:(33). Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies.
2237:
The paradoxical kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the momentum of reform
1086:
was the Minister of Interior from 1975 until his death in 2012;
843:
Verses from the Qur'an, the official constitution of the country
511:
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
6470:
5797:
5673:
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/arb/?fa=show&article=23151
3152:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. Archived from
1814:
1651:
1647:
1635:
1616:
1469:
1419:
1410:
1313:
1233:
had paid Prince Bandar US$ 2 billion in bribes relating to the
1226:(a senior member of the royal family) in an interview in 2001.
1095:
860:
820:
805:
796:
792:
475:
386:
93:
5631:'Islamist win' in key Saudi poll, BBC News, 11 February 2005,
4514:. Transparency International. 15 December 2010. Archived from
2674:
Islamic family law in a changing world: a global resource book
1937:
1558:
were Saudi nationals or used to be Saudi nationals and former
760:, although some analysts have characterized the government of
6549:
5321:"Saudi Arabia's king announces huge jobs and housing package"
5239:"Saudi king gives billion-dollar cash boost to housing, jobs"
5184:"Saudis mobilise thousands of troops to quell growing revolt"
1810:
1798:
1485:
1461:
1446:
1215:
1135:
1107:
1050:
influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of
974:
916:
753:
470:
89:
5724:"RFI – Religious hard-liners take a hit in King's reshuffle"
4831:
4829:
3399:
3281:
Catastrophic consequences: civil wars and American interests
1427:
in the early 1990s and the National Dialogue Forum in 2003.
1332:, accusing the crown prince of sending a hit squad, dubbed "
851:. According to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, the country's
6278:
5781:
3657:
Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979
3427:
2282:
1659:
1555:
1353:
1139:
1122:
4204:
September 11 and the U.S. war: beyond the curtain of smoke
4021:
Middle Eastern leaders and Islam: A precarious equilibrium
1082:, was Minister of Defense and Aviation from 1962 to 2011;
811:
The government is dominated by the vast royal family, the
5287:
4826:
3460:
2019:
1909:. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269.
1574:
and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing."
1559:
1367:
reportedly divided on the speed and direction of reform.
1308:
On 6 August 2020, former top Saudi Intelligence official
5803:
Carnegie Endowment, Arab Reform Bulletin: 'Saudi Arabia'
5381:"Critical thoughts on critical thinking in Saudi Arabia"
4563:
Haag, Matthew; Grynbaum, Michael M. (11 December 2018).
2978:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia (History)"
1904:
5671:
Carnegie An endowment, Arab Reform Bulletin, May 2009,
5019:
4837:"Saudis vote in municipal elections, results on Sunday"
3120:"Saudi King Abdullah to go to US for medical treatment"
2387:
2385:
2383:
2323:
Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (2006).
1377:
839:
5470:
5468:
4686:"Saudi Arabia arrests 241 in new corruption crackdown"
4369:
4080:
Saudi Arabia: Government, society, and the Gulf crisis
3627:
Saudi Arabia: government, society, and the Gulf crisis
874:
The government of Saudi Arabia is led by the monarch,
4595:"Saudi Prince Details Senior Members of Royal Family"
4403:"BAE accused of secretly paying £1bn to Saudi prince"
3803:
Saudi Arabia King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Handbook
3741:
1061:, Secretary-General of the Court and King Abdullah's
5504:"Women in Saudi Arabia to vote and run in elections"
4971:
Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region
3341:"Women in Saudi Arabia to vote and run in elections"
3066:
2696:
2621:
2380:
1159:
invitation of foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990
5465:
3486:"Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm" By Peter W. Wilson
2863:"Obituary: King Fahd – A forceful but flawed ruler"
1866:
World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties
1281:detained three senior royal members, including the
5534:
5436:
5214:
4771:
4746:
4201:
3907:
3429:
3018:
3011:"The House of Saud: rulers of modern Saudi Arabia"
2861:
2741:
2586:Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East
2455:
2142:
1942:. NY 10017, New York, USA: Routledge. p. 50.
1905:Oliver Collin, L. Martin, Richard, Pamela (2013).
3968:
3428:Goldstein, Natalie; Brown-Foster; Walton (2010).
1430:
7166:
5563:
5313:
4713:
4711:
4056:"The corrupt, feudal world of the House of Saud"
3870:
1167:the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979
6699:Arab Socialist Action Party – Arabian Peninsula
5212:
4931:
4370:Cordesman, Anthony H.; Corobaid; Nawaf (2005).
3648:
3646:
3423:
3421:
3400:Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali E.Hillal (2010).
1826:Serves as an advisory body to the king with no
1013:) left government largely to his Crown Prince,
5027:"Dozens detained in Saudi over flood protests"
4962:
4486:"Lord Goldsmith defends BAE Systems plea deal"
4169:. University of California Press. p. 67.
3500:
3496:
3494:
3239:
3237:
2589:. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 265.
6773:
6631:
5832:
5691:
5213:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (24 February 2011).
4708:
4315:"Saudi bribe claims delay £20bn fighter deal"
4226:
3503:"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders"
3176:"Prince Salman resumes duties at governorate"
2212:Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2120:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 144–157,
1539:State-sponsored terrorism § Saudi Arabia
1129:
699:
5662:Aarts & Nonneman, op. cit., pp. 449-453.
5594:
5572:"Saudi Arabia announces municipal elections"
5175:
4907:World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula
4562:
4426:"BAE Systems sued over alleged Saudi bribes"
3873:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3801:International Business Publications (2011).
3679:
3643:
3418:
2185:World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula
2147:World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula
1929:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1668:Although male-only municipal elections were
1629:the first elections in Saudi Arabian history
1619:, hearing grievances and settling disputes.
1185:The ulama have historically been led by the
956:the Council of Ministers (Majlis al-Wuzarāʾ)
6247:Council of Economic and Development Affairs
4896:
4804:"Reform in Saudi Arabia: At a snail's pace"
4625:"Saudi Arabia: New Mass Corruption Arrests"
4432:. London. 20 September 2007. Archived from
3969:Reed, Jennifer Bond; Brenda, Lange (2006).
3538:Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation
3491:
3479:
3248:Conflict and cooperation in the Gulf region
3234:
3203:
3201:
2138:
2136:
1975:Bernholz, Peter (2017). "1: Introduction".
1966:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1896:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6780:
6766:
6638:
6624:
5839:
5825:
5569:
5526:
5474:
5428:
4717:
4400:
4098:Security issues in the post-cold war world
3742:Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994).
3652:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3005:
3003:
2892:
2832:
2804:
2776:
2765:paid into the coffers of the royal family.
2453:
2355:
2165:
1392:
1271:after he criticized the Saudi government.
1254:2017 Saudi Arabian anti-corruption arrests
706:
692:
5846:
4968:
4902:
4456:"Prince Bandar denies BAE bribery claims"
3994:
3848:Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
3620:
3618:
2733:
2180:
2111:
2084:
1801:to be the constitution in 1960. In 1992,
1384:List of political parties in Saudi Arabia
5600:
5297:. Al Jazeera English. 23 February 2011.
5144:
5119:
4987:
4401:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (7 June 2007).
3371:"The Koran Doesn't Oppose Women Driving"
3243:
3212:Crude power: politics and the oil market
3198:
2622:DeRouen, Karl R.; Bellamy, Paul (2008).
2582:
2576:
2234:
2133:
2066:
1974:
1396:
935:
838:
4773:"Prince Naif appointed deputy Saudi PM"
4725:. pp. 180, 242–243, 248, 257–258.
4282:
4251:
4162:
4156:
4018:
3565:
3554:
3270:
3000:
2478:
2259:
2209:
1577:
616:Minister of State for Foreign Affairs:
151:, Chairman of the Consultative Assembly
14:
7167:
5760:from the original on 14 September 2017
5730:from the original on 14 September 2017
4950:from the original on 23 September 2015
4683:
4540:. theindependent.in. 5 November 2017.
4462:. London. 11 June 2007. Archived from
4137:
4113:
3905:
3899:
3796:
3794:
3760:
3685:
3615:
3207:
3130:from the original on 30 September 2018
2945:
2646:
2318:
2316:
2203:
2039:
2012:
1723:from his position as President of the
1622:
1602:
965:Although in theory, the country is an
907:Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
6761:
6678:Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia
6619:
5820:
5694:"Govt shake-up hailed as a bold step"
5644:from the original on 4 September 2019
5532:
5434:
5409:
5227:from the original on 12 January 2022.
5132:from the original on 24 November 2010
5101:from the original on 10 November 2020
4784:from the original on 10 December 2022
4759:from the original on 10 December 2022
4575:from the original on 11 December 2018
4321:. London. 7 June 2007. Archived from
4095:
4036:
3845:
3535:
3321:from the original on 24 February 2021
3276:
3041:
2920:
2874:from the original on 10 December 2022
2739:
2671:
2468:from the original on 12 January 2022.
2403:from the original on 29 December 2017
1817:are the constitution of Saudi Arabia.
1721:Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Abdullah Al-Ghaith
1528:
6787:
5514:from the original on 18 October 2021
5361:from the original on 26 January 2015
5331:from the original on 18 October 2017
5181:
5163:from the original on 4 February 2021
5120:Johnston, David (9 September 2003).
4871:
4814:from the original on 14 October 2017
4684:Salama, Samir, ed. (15 March 2021).
4202:Burbach, Roger; Clarke, Ben (2002).
4183:from the original on 17 January 2023
4077:
4066:from the original on 10 October 2011
3998:Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century
3766:
3716:
3624:
3596:
3351:from the original on 18 October 2021
3085:
2717:from the original on 17 January 2023
2603:from the original on 17 January 2023
2285:"The Economist Democracy Index 2010"
2067:Alkhaled, Sophia (27 January 2021).
1715:On 15 February 2009, in a reshuffle
1378:Politics outside of the royal family
610:Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs:
5570:al-Suhaimy, Abeed (23 March 2011).
5295:"Saudi king announces new benefits"
4875:Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia
4849:. 30 September 2011. Archived from
4512:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2010"
4337:
3791:
3770:Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia
3686:Cooper, Helene (29 November 2010).
3142:
3017:. 30 September 2010. Archived from
2946:Cooper, Helene (29 November 2010).
2313:
2272:from the original on 3 August 2021.
1679:
1057:The one exception to this rule was
442:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
149:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
24:
5782:Saudi National e-Government Portal
5634:"'Islamist win' in key Saudi poll"
5301:from the original on 6 August 2011
4696:from the original on 15 March 2021
4665:from the original on 9 August 2020
4635:from the original on 28 March 2020
4351:from the original on 31 March 2019
4252:Bergman, Lowell (9 October 2001).
3517:from the original on 6 August 2011
3461:Federal Research Division (2004).
3182:. 23 November 2010. Archived from
2253:
2054:from the original on 29 March 2021
2027:from the original on 21 March 2022
1712:postponed for at least two years.
1701:expanding as it gains experience.
1263:In 2018, Saudi Arabian journalist
1193:, the 18th century founder of the
1117:, the late Interior Minister, and
25:
7186:
6647:Political parties in Saudi Arabia
6029:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
5775:
5750:"Major reshuffle in Saudi Arabia"
5613:from the original on 1 April 2011
5601:Abu-Nasr, Donna (28 March 2011).
5194:from the original on 6 March 2011
5071:from the original on 7 March 2018
5041:from the original on 2 March 2011
5003:. 29 January 2011. Archived from
4605:from the original on 6 March 2020
4544:from the original on 8 March 2021
4492:from the original on 18 July 2022
4413:from the original on 27 July 2013
4264:from the original on 14 June 2018
4117:Saudi Arabia and its royal family
3940:"Saudi Arabia Corruption Profile"
3698:from the original on 27 July 2013
3381:from the original on 24 June 2009
2958:from the original on 27 July 2013
2479:Tharoor, Ishaan (19 March 2018).
2454:Mulholland, Rory (7 April 2018).
2393:"When kings and princes grow old"
2337:from the original on 28 June 2011
2283:The Economist Intelligence Unit.
2013:Bergen, Peter (10 October 2018).
1907:An Introduction to World Politics
1525:, and scholar Abdullah al-Aoudh.
354:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
7148:
7139:
7138:
6724:Organization of Saudi Communists
6704:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
6650:
5921:
5742:
5716:
5692:Saudi Gazette (2 January 2012).
5685:
5665:
5656:
5625:
5496:
5403:
5373:
5343:
5261:
5249:from the original on 2 July 2017
5231:
5206:
5150:
3944:Business Anti-Corruption Profile
3688:"Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia"
2948:"Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia"
2523:from the original on 17 May 2018
2491:from the original on 17 May 2018
2435:from the original on 17 May 2018
2301:from the original on 6 June 2018
2260:Dadouch, Sarah (3 August 2021).
2118:Handbook of Middle East Politics
1476:In March 2018, the crown prince
827:) that does not have a separate
725:takes place in the context of a
666:
317:
302:
43:
6709:Communist Party in Saudi Arabia
6201:General Intelligence Presidency
5812:Business Anti-Corruption Portal
5808:Saudi Arabia Corruption Profile
5113:
5083:
5053:
4925:
4865:
4796:
4739:
4677:
4647:
4617:
4587:
4556:
4530:
4504:
4478:
4448:
4394:
4363:
4307:
4276:
4245:
4220:
4195:
3962:
3932:
3864:
3839:
3735:
3710:
3590:
3529:
3454:
3393:
3363:
3333:
3303:
3168:
3112:
3079:
3060:
3035:
2988:from the original on 3 May 2015
2970:
2939:
2914:
2886:
2854:
2826:
2798:
2770:
2690:
2672:Naʻīm, Abd Allāh Aḥmad (2002).
2665:
2640:
2615:
2564:from the original on 3 May 2015
2503:
2472:
2447:
2415:
2349:
2325:"Country Profile: Saudi Arabia"
2276:
2228:
2073:Gender, Work & Organization
1670:held again on 29 September 2011
1074:, who was the Commander of the
1038:
1030:
1019:
1008:
997:
986:
945:
834:
324:Member State of the Arab League
7106:British Indian Ocean Territory
4969:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2009).
4345:"Interview: Bandar bin Sultan"
3995:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003).
3744:Saudi Arabia: the coming storm
2356:Kechichian, Joseph A. (2001).
2105:
2042:"Time to Cut Off Saudi Arabia"
2003:
1854:
1833:
1820:
1788:
1584:2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests
1431:Opposition to the royal family
776:, Mohammed bin Salman, is the
774:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
37:سياسة المملكة العربية السعودية
13:
1:
6191:Chairman of the General Staff
3067:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
2697:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
2099:
1466:terrorist acts in the country
1330:Torture Victim Protection Act
1205:
1017:, who succeeded him as King (
604:Minister of Foreign Affairs:
4903:Cavendish, Marshall (2007).
3566:Hassner, Ron Eduard (2009).
3463:Saudi Arabia A Country Study
2583:Campbell, Christian (2007).
2181:Cavendish, Marshall (2007).
2040:Bandow, Doug (19 May 2020).
1607:The kingdom is divided into
1513:Assembly Party are Activist
1437:Human rights in Saudi Arabia
1276:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
1247:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
6433:Water supply and sanitation
6262:History of the oil industry
6129:Mutaween (religious police)
5182:Fisk, Robert (5 May 2011).
4748:"Saudi king speeds reforms"
4039:The history of Saudi Arabia
3653:Hegghammer, Thomas (2010).
3044:The history of Saudi Arabia
2143:Marshall Cavendish (2007).
1759:
1336:", in October 2018 for his
894:
600:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
244:First Deputy Prime Minister
10:
7191:
4995:"Flood sparks rare action"
3846:Nyrop, Richard F. (2008).
3311:"Who's who: Senior Saudis"
3150:"Biographies of Ministers"
2359:Succession in Saudi Arabia
1847:post has been held by the
1766:Ministries of Saudi Arabia
1734:In his first act as King,
1581:
1532:
1441:Censorship in Saudi Arabia
1434:
1381:
1316:, filed a lawsuit against
1289:, the former crown prince
1287:Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz
1243:Transparency International
1191:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1148:Council of Senior Scholars
1130:The influence of the ulama
1098:Region from 1962 to 2011.
1094:, was the Governor of the
1042:
925:Prince Mohammad bin Salman
904:
898:
869:Council of Senior Scholars
283:Specialized Criminal Court
7134:
7093:
7053:
6795:
6742:List of political parties
6732:
6691:
6660:
6577:
6535:
6441:
6342:
6333:
6227:
6218:
6151:
6072:
6054:National Security Council
6009:
6005:
5996:
5939:
5930:
5919:
5858:
5480:A History of Saudi Arabia
4723:A History of Saudi Arabia
3885:10.1017/S0020743800028750
3277:David, Steven R. (2008).
3244:Kostiner, Joseph (2009).
2898:A History of Saudi Arabia
2838:A History of Saudi Arabia
2810:A History of Saudi Arabia
2784:. pp. 102–105, 110.
2782:A History of Saudi Arabia
2210:Robbers, Gerhard (2007).
1705:Saudi municipal elections
1543:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
1347:
1214:, the use of middlemen, '
1123:11 September 2001 attacks
785:Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
606:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud
450:National Security Council
281:
276:Judiciary of Saudi Arabia
271:
264:
256:
248:
240:
230:
220:
210:
203:
193:
183:
173:
162:
155:
144:
134:
124:
114:
107:
77:Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
72:
56:
42:
31:
7175:Politics of Saudi Arabia
6855:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6747:Politics of Saudi Arabia
6299:Tadawul (stock exchange)
6294:Supreme Economic Council
6242:Capital Market Authority
6196:General Staff Presidency
6049:Mabahith (secret police)
5157:Energy Security in Focus
4932:Barenek, Ondrej (2009).
4488:. BBC. 6 February 2010.
4163:Kamrava, Mehran (2011).
4138:Curtis, Michael (1986).
4114:Holden, William (1982).
4078:Abir, Mordechai (1993).
4037:Bowen, Wayne H. (2007).
3717:Abir, Mordechai (1987).
3625:Abir, Mordechai (1993).
3597:Abir, Mordechai (1987).
3208:Noreng, Oystein (2005).
3071:. Knopf. p. 10,13.
3042:Bowen, Wayne H. (2007).
2235:Champion, Daryl (2003).
2112:Alhussein, Eman (2023),
1962:: CS1 maint: location (
1892:: CS1 maint: location (
1781:
1729:Sheikh Saleh al-Luhaidan
1674:2015 municipal elections
1566:described Saudi Arabian
1224:Prince Bandar bin Sultan
1134:The significance of the
566:Administrative divisions
295:Politics of Saudi Arabia
33:Politics of Saudi Arabia
7116:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6668:National Assembly Party
6181:Strategic Missile Force
5794:Saudi Arabia Government
4872:Long, David E. (2005).
4283:Ottaway, David (2008).
4096:Davis, M. Jane (1996).
4062:. London. 14 May 2003.
4019:Alianak, Sonia (2007).
3906:Mattar, Philip (2004).
3767:Long, David E. (2005).
3501:Nawaf E. Obaid (1999).
1979:. Springer. p. 4.
1609:13 regions or provinces
1505:National Assembly Party
1393:Political participation
1359:National Dialogue Forum
863:are declared to be the
673:Saudi Arabia portal
612:Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah
5533:Lacey, Robert (2009).
5435:Lacey, Robert (2009).
5410:Lacey, Robert (2009).
4227:Freedom House (2005).
4140:The Middle East reader
3432:Religion and the State
2921:Lacey, Robert (2009).
2740:Lacey, Robert (2009).
2647:Stokes, Jamie (2009).
1570:as "the soil in which
1456:– particularly in the
1413:
951:
844:
628:Diplomatic missions of
50:Emblem of Saudi Arabia
6024:Consultative Assembly
5510:. 25 September 2011.
4810:. 30 September 2010.
3569:War on sacred grounds
3536:Farsy, Fouad (1992).
3507:Middle East Quarterly
3347:. 25 September 2011.
2703:. Knopf. p. 25.
1752:, replacing him with
1403:Consultative Assembly
1400:
1338:extrajudicial killing
1312:, who self-exiled in
1274:On 6 March 2020, the
1119:Prince Saud Al-Faisal
960:Consultative Assembly
939:
859:. The Qur'an and the
842:
797:Islamic law (Shari'a)
435:Consultative Assembly
119:Consultative Assembly
7030:United Arab Emirates
5756:. 14 February 2009.
5682:Accessed 8 June 2009
5640:. 11 February 2005.
5482:. pp. 248–250.
5275:on 28 September 2013
5245:. 23 February 2011.
4847:Agence France-Presse
4755:. 15 February 2009.
4041:. pp. 15, 108.
3126:. 21 November 2010.
3086:Owen, Roger (2000).
3046:. pp. 15, 108.
2812:. pp. 118–120.
1709:democratic processes
1691:Consultative Council
1578:Arab Spring protests
1425:Consultative Council
1269:kidnapped and killed
1235:Al-Yamamah arms deal
901:King of Saudi Arabia
750:Council of Ministers
732:, along traditional
430:Council of Ministers
215:Council of Ministers
7057:limited recognition
6289:Saudi Central Bank
6097:Freedom of religion
5873:Early Islamic State
5704:on 18 February 2012
5678:7 June 2011 at the
5221:The Daily Telegraph
5037:. 29 January 2011.
4778:The Financial Times
4753:The Financial Times
3950:on 6 September 2016
3317:. 30 October 2007.
3186:on 24 November 2010
3023:on 10 December 2022
2868:The Financial Times
2516:The Times of Israel
2266:The Washington Post
1839:Since the reign of
1746:Prime Minister and
1623:Municipal elections
1603:Regional government
1478:Mohammed bin Salman
1357:in 2003, an annual
1322:Mohammed bin Salman
1279:Mohammed bin Salman
1258:Al-Waleed bin Talal
1155:oil embargo in 1973
948: 2015–present
847:Saudi Arabia is an
762:Mohammed bin Salman
491:Freedom of religion
423:Mohammed bin Salman
381:Deputy crown prince
373:Mohammed bin Salman
6714:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
6673:Umma Islamic Party
6304:Telecommunications
6087:Capital punishment
6014:Allegiance Council
5893:Emirate of Diriyah
5878:Rashidun Caliphate
5868:Pre-Islamic Arabia
5541:. Viking. p.
5443:. Viking. p.
5412:Inside the Kingdom
5126:The New York Times
5007:on 1 February 2011
4973:. pp. 50–52.
4911:. pp. 92–93.
4853:on 19 January 2012
4629:Human Rights Watch
4599:The New York Times
4569:The New York Times
4325:on 17 January 2023
4258:The New York Times
3973:Saudi Royal Family
3831:has generic name (
3692:The New York Times
2952:The New York Times
2923:Inside the Kingdom
2748:. Viking. p.
2487:(in Kinyarwanda).
2151:. pp. 92–93.
2086:10.1111/gwao.12626
1754:Mohammed bin Nayef
1740:Khaled al-Tuwaijri
1727:. He also removed
1627:In February 2005,
1535:Islamist terrorism
1529:Islamist terrorism
1414:
1364:Allegiance Council
1303:Human Rights Watch
1291:Muhammed bin Nayef
1059:Khaled al-Tuwaijri
952:
921:Allegiance Council
913:Abdul Aziz Al Saud
845:
801:Allegiance Council
486:Capital punishment
395:Allegiance Council
198:Allegiance Council
109:Legislative branch
7162:
7161:
7099:other territories
6789:Politics of Asia
6755:
6754:
6613:
6612:
6573:
6572:
6401:Human trafficking
6329:
6328:
6214:
6213:
6147:
6146:
6034:Foreign relations
5992:
5991:
5888:Abbasid Caliphate
5883:Umayyad Caliphate
5357:. 18 March 2011.
5327:. 18 March 2011.
5151:IAGS, Institute.
4941:Middle East Brief
4780:. 27 March 2009.
4661:. 9 August 2020.
4631:. 17 March 2020.
4112:; from the 1980s:
4076:; from the 1990s:
2870:. 1 August 2005.
2127:978-1-80220-563-3
1986:978-3-319-56906-2
1916:978-1-4422-1803-1
1828:legislative power
1523:Madawi al-Rasheed
1407:Al Yamamah Palace
1320:'s Crown Prince,
1299:Interior Ministry
967:absolute monarchy
943:of Saudi Arabia (
849:absolute monarchy
736:lines, where the
730:absolute monarchy
716:
715:
650:Visa requirements
593:Foreign relations
288:
287:
225:Salman government
145:Presiding officer
139:Al Yamamah Palace
67:absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
7182:
7152:
7142:
7141:
7111:Christmas Island
6797:Sovereign states
6782:
6775:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6655:
6654:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6617:
6616:
6593:
6586:
6426:response to ISIL
6340:
6339:
6284:Riyal (currency)
6225:
6224:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5949:Cities and towns
5937:
5936:
5925:
5903:Kingdom of Hejaz
5841:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5700:. Archived from
5689:
5683:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5578:. Archived from
5567:
5561:
5560:
5540:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5472:
5463:
5462:
5442:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5387:. Archived from
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5271:. Archived from
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5243:Arabian Business
5235:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5153:"Fueling Terror"
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5095:Business Insider
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5000:Montreal Gazette
4991:
4985:
4984:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4938:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4750:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4518:on 25 April 2012
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:on 7 August 2011
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4436:on 7 August 2011
4422:
4420:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4111:
4093:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4052:
4034:
4016:
3992:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3946:. Archived from
3936:
3930:
3929:
3913:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3563:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3435:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3377:. 15 June 2005.
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3251:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2550:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2399:. 15 July 2010.
2389:
2378:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2109:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1971:
1961:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1901:
1891:
1883:
1858:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1792:
1680:Political reform
1552:the 19 hijackers
1458:Eastern Province
1328:court under the
1326:Washington, D.C.
1034:
1033: 2005–2015
1032:
1023:
1022: 1982–2005
1021:
1012:
1011: 1975–1982
1010:
1001:
1000: 1964–1975
999:
990:
989: 1953–1964
988:
949:
947:
919:). In 2007, an "
886:
829:legislative body
754:Islamic scholars
708:
701:
694:
671:
670:
669:
322:
321:
306:
290:
289:
157:Executive branch
47:
29:
28:
21:
18:Saudi Government
7190:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7130:
7098:
7089:
7070:Northern Cyprus
7056:
7049:
6791:
6786:
6756:
6751:
6737:Politics Portal
6728:
6687:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6614:
6609:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6569:
6531:
6493:Public holidays
6437:
6325:
6269:Foreign workers
6210:
6143:
6068:
6059:Nuclear program
5988:
5926:
5917:
5898:Emirate of Nejd
5854:
5845:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5686:
5680:Wayback Machine
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5576:Asharq al-Awsat
5568:
5564:
5553:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5473:
5466:
5455:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5391:on 24 July 2011
5379:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5188:The Independent
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5035:Thomson-Reuters
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4919:
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4897:
4890:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4802:
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4797:
4787:
4785:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4745:
4744:
4740:
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4716:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4424:
4416:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4142:. p. 235.
4132:
4108:
4090:
4069:
4067:
4060:The Independent
4054:
4049:
4031:
4013:
3989:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3904:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:. p. 232.
3459:
3455:
3448:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:. p. 358.
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3206:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3156:on 16 June 2011
3148:
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3118:
3117:
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3106:
3084:
3080:
3065:
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3054:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3015:Financial Times
3009:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:. p. 264.
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:. p. 212.
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2840:. p. 143.
2831:
2827:
2820:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2738:
2734:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2691:
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2676:. p. 136.
2670:
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2651:. p. 611.
2645:
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2626:. p. 672.
2620:
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2536:
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2509:
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2494:
2492:
2485:Washington Post
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2421:
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2298:
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2277:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:. p. 791.
2208:
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2179:
2166:
2159:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2057:
2055:
2030:
2028:
2008:
2004:
1987:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1762:
1684:In March 1992,
1682:
1625:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1548:Osama bin Laden
1545:
1533:Main articles:
1531:
1494:Jamal Khashoggi
1443:
1433:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1350:
1265:Jamal Khashoggi
1208:
1132:
1047:
1041:
1029:
1018:
1007:
996:
985:
944:
909:
903:
897:
889:Democracy Index
884:
837:
712:
683:
679:Other countries
667:
665:
660:
659:
640:Nationality law
636:
632:in Saudi Arabia
624:
595:
585:
584:
583:
568:
558:
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531:
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465:
455:
454:
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413:
405:
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389:
375:
356:
344:
327:
316:
297:
266:Judicial branch
221:Current cabinet
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52:
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23:
22:
15:
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5:
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6683:Hizb ut-Tahrir
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6398:
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6386:
6376:
6374:Discrimination
6371:
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6206:Military ranks
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6186:National Guard
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6064:Prime Minister
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5913:Modern history
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5885:
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5776:External links
5774:
5772:
5771:
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5715:
5684:
5664:
5655:
5624:
5593:
5562:
5552:978-0670021185
5551:
5525:
5495:
5489:978-0521747547
5488:
5476:Al-Rasheed, M.
5464:
5454:978-0670021185
5453:
5427:
5421:978-0099539056
5420:
5414:. p. 97.
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4889:978-0313320217
4888:
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4731:
4719:Al Rasheed, M.
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4387:978-0275988111
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4238:978-0742537750
4237:
4231:. p. 63.
4219:
4213:978-0872864047
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4206:. p. 32.
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4176:978-0520267749
4175:
4155:
4149:978-0887381010
4148:
4130:
4107:978-1858983349
4106:
4100:. p. 81.
4089:978-0415093255
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4082:. p. 73.
4048:978-0313340123
4047:
4030:978-0820469249
4029:
4023:. p. 67.
4012:978-0275980917
4011:
3988:978-0791092187
3987:
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3931:
3925:978-0028657707
3924:
3898:
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3857:978-1434462107
3856:
3850:. p. 50.
3838:
3812:978-0739727409
3811:
3790:
3784:978-0313320217
3783:
3759:
3752:
3746:. p. 16.
3734:
3728:978-0709951292
3727:
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3672:978-0521732369
3671:
3642:
3636:978-0415093255
3635:
3629:. p. 21.
3614:
3608:978-0709951292
3607:
3601:. p. 30.
3589:
3583:978-0801448065
3582:
3553:
3547:978-1874132035
3546:
3540:. p. 29.
3528:
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3472:978-1419146213
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3447:978-0816080908
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3411:978-9774163609
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3296:978-0801889899
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3105:978-0415196741
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2907:978-0521747547
2906:
2894:Al Rasheed, M.
2885:
2853:
2847:978-0521747547
2846:
2825:
2819:978-0521747547
2818:
2806:Al Rasheed, M.
2797:
2791:978-0521747547
2790:
2778:Al Rasheed, M.
2769:
2759:978-0670021185
2758:
2732:
2710:978-0307473288
2709:
2689:
2683:978-1842770931
2682:
2664:
2658:978-0816071586
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2633:978-0275992552
2632:
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2596:978-1430319146
2595:
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2534:
2502:
2471:
2446:
2428:Deutsche Welle
2414:
2379:
2373:978-0312238803
2372:
2348:
2312:
2275:
2252:
2246:978-1850656685
2245:
2239:. p. 60.
2227:
2221:978-0816060788
2220:
2202:
2196:978-0761475712
2195:
2189:. p. 78.
2164:
2158:978-0761475712
2157:
2132:
2126:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
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2092:
2091:
2079:(3): 950–972.
2064:
2047:Cato Institute
2037:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1972:
1948:
1935:
1915:
1902:
1874:
1853:
1845:prime minister
1832:
1819:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1749:éminence grise
1681:
1678:
1624:
1621:
1604:
1601:
1582:Main article:
1579:
1576:
1550:and 15 out of
1530:
1527:
1519:Omar Abdulaziz
1496:was murdered.
1482:United Kingdom
1432:
1429:
1394:
1391:
1379:
1376:
1349:
1346:
1245:in its annual
1220:named after it
1207:
1204:
1131:
1128:
1076:National Guard
1064:éminence grise
1052:King Abdulaziz
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
971:King Abdulaziz
899:Main article:
896:
893:
836:
833:
714:
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685:
684:
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681:
675:
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634:
623:
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621:
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618:Adel al-Jubeir
614:
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501:Women's rights
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418:Prime Minister
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7080:South Ossetia
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5759:
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5729:
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5703:
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5698:Saudi Gazette
5695:
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5608:
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5582:on 1 May 2011
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5423:
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5390:
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5385:openDemocracy
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5096:
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5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:The Peninsula
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4844:
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4842:Oman Observer
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4813:
4809:
4808:The Economist
4805:
4799:
4783:
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4427:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
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4366:
4350:
4347:. PBS. 2001.
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3721:. p. 4.
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2834:Al Rasheed, M
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2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2490:
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2475:
2467:
2463:
2462:The Telegraph
2458:
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2424:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2397:The Economist
2394:
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2326:
2319:
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2297:
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2292:The Economist
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2256:
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2070:
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2048:
2043:
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2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1949:9780205486298
1945:
1941:
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1932:
1926:
1918:
1912:
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1889:
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1875:0-8160-5953-5
1871:
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1797:declared the
1796:
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1776:The Bees Army
1774:
1772:
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1757:
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1750:
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1742:, Abdullah's
1741:
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1717:King Abdullah
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1564:James Woolsey
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1503:'s rule. The
1502:
1497:
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1491:
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1479:
1474:
1471:
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1463:
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1454:Shia minority
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1428:
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1399:
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1372:Shura Council
1368:
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1187:Al ash-Sheikh
1183:
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1180:King Abdullah
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1104:Sudairi Seven
1099:
1097:
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1080:Prince Sultan
1077:
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1072:King Abdullah
1068:
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1045:House of Saud
1036:
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1026:King Abdullah
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1005:
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881:The Economist
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758:authoritarian
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742:head of state
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241:Deputy leader
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164:Head of state
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135:Meeting place
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68:
65:
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51:
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30:
27:
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7095:Dependencies
7025:Turkmenistan
6990:Saudi Arabia
6989:
6746:
6416:Prostitution
6389:universities
6362:Demographics
6257:Oil reserves
6102:Human rights
6044:Crown Prince
5997:
5964:Governorates
5848:Saudi Arabia
5762:. Retrieved
5753:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5718:
5706:. Retrieved
5702:the original
5697:
5687:
5667:
5658:
5648:26 September
5646:. Retrieved
5637:
5627:
5615:. Retrieved
5596:
5584:. Retrieved
5580:the original
5565:
5556:
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5528:
5518:26 September
5516:. Retrieved
5507:
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5438:
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5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5389:the original
5384:
5375:
5363:. Retrieved
5354:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5325:The Guardian
5324:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5273:the original
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5242:
5233:
5220:
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5187:
5177:
5167:26 September
5165:. Retrieved
5156:
5146:
5134:. Retrieved
5125:
5115:
5105:25 September
5103:. Retrieved
5094:
5085:
5073:. Retrieved
5065:The Guardian
5064:
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:the original
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4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4940:
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4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4851:the original
4840:
4816:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4777:
4761:. Retrieved
4752:
4741:
4722:
4698:. Retrieved
4689:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4659:The Guardian
4658:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4598:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:the original
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:the original
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4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4434:the original
4429:
4415:. Retrieved
4407:The Guardian
4406:
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4353:. Retrieved
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:the original
4318:
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4266:. Retrieved
4257:
4247:
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4068:. Retrieved
4059:
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3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:the original
3943:
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3700:. Retrieved
3691:
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3568:
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3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3513:(3): 51–58.
3510:
3506:
3481:
3462:
3456:
3431:
3401:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3355:26 September
3353:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3280:
3272:
3247:
3211:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3179:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3154:the original
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3123:
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3089:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3014:
2990:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2922:
2916:
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2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2856:
2837:
2828:
2809:
2800:
2781:
2772:
2763:
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2726:
2719:. Retrieved
2699:
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2667:
2648:
2642:
2623:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2585:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2525:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2495:26 September
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2474:
2461:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2358:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2303:. Retrieved
2291:
2278:
2265:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2184:
2146:
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2107:
2076:
2072:
2056:. Retrieved
2045:
2029:. Retrieved
2018:
2005:
1976:
1939:
1906:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1835:
1822:
1805:adopted the
1790:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1683:
1667:
1664:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1587:
1546:
1521:, Professor
1515:Yahya Assiri
1509:
1498:
1490:on-going war
1475:
1444:
1418:
1415:
1387:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1318:Saudi Arabia
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1307:
1295:
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1251:
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1228:
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1163:
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1100:
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979:
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846:
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810:
782:
777:
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717:
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5764:16 February
5305:23 February
4857:14 December
4120:. pp.
4001:. pp.
3829:|last=
3375:Der Spiegel
3285:. pp.
1841:King Faisal
1795:King Faisal
1517:, comedian
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1283:King Salman
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1199:Sunni Islam
1144:Grand Mufti
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1088:Prince Saud
1004:King Khalid
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876:King Salman
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7010:Tajikistan
6925:Kyrgyzstan
6905:Kazakhstan
6825:Bangladesh
6815:Azerbaijan
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6481:television
6352:Censorship
6274:Irrigation
5734:20 October
5726:. Rfi.fr.
5708:20 October
5223:. London.
5190:. London.
5045:31 January
5011:29 January
4878:. p.
4409:. London.
4376:. p.
4289:. p.
4131:0818403268
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3773:. p.
3753:1563243946
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3094:. p.
2982:Britannica
2721:18 October
2558:Britannica
2362:. p.
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1382:See also:
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412:Government
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257:Ministries
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7075:Palestine
7000:Sri Lanka
6995:Singapore
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4690:Gulf News
4460:The Times
4430:The Times
4319:The Times
3893:154565116
3879:: 37–50.
3821:cite book
3180:Arab News
2009:Sources:
1958:cite book
1925:cite book
1888:cite book
1860:Sources:
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1686:King Fahd
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5676:Archived
5642:Archived
5638:BBC News
5611:Archived
5512:Archived
5508:BBC News
5478:(2010).
5365:11 March
5359:Archived
5329:Archived
5299:Archived
5247:Archived
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5161:Archived
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5069:Archived
5039:Archived
5033:(Qatar)/
4945:Archived
4812:Archived
4782:Archived
4757:Archived
4721:(2010).
4700:15 March
4694:Archived
4669:9 August
4663:Archived
4639:17 March
4633:Archived
4603:Archived
4573:Archived
4542:Archived
4522:28 April
4490:Archived
4411:Archived
4349:Archived
4262:Archived
4181:Archived
4064:Archived
3696:Archived
3515:Archived
3488:p. 26-27
3379:Archived
3349:Archived
3345:BBC News
3319:Archived
3315:BBC News
3128:Archived
3124:BBC News
2992:28 April
2986:Archived
2956:Archived
2896:(2010).
2872:Archived
2836:(2010).
2808:(2010).
2780:(2010).
2715:Archived
2601:Archived
2568:28 April
2562:Archived
2521:Archived
2489:Archived
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2433:Archived
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2332:Archived
2296:Archived
2270:Archived
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2052:Archived
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2025:Archived
1813:and the
1760:See also
1744:de facto
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1643:Islamist
1617:majlises
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791:and the
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6955:Myanmar
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5617:2 April
5586:2 April
5075:7 March
4954:29 June
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4122:154–156
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3702:28 June
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1613:manāṭiq
1591:housing
1195:Wahhabi
1176:Wahhabi
933:ruler.
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527:Recent
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7020:Turkey
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1736:Salman
1652:Medina
1648:Jeddah
1636:Riyadh
1541:, and
1470:Jeddah
1420:majlis
1411:Riyadh
1348:Reform
1314:Canada
1096:Riyadh
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857:Qur'an
821:Brunei
806:majlis
799:. The
793:Sunnah
789:Qur'an
768:. The
387:Vacant
360:Salman
231:Leader
188:Salman
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7126:Macau
7045:Yemen
7005:Syria
6980:Qatar
6960:Nepal
6895:Japan
6870:India
6860:Egypt
6845:China
6591:Index
6565:Motto
6550:Dance
6510:Sport
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6488:Music
6476:Media
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6117:Women
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5198:3 May
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4937:(PDF)
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