1808:(PSFS). Savings banks were limited by law to only offer savings accounts and to make their income from mortgages and student loans. Savings banks could pay one-third of 1% higher interest on savings than could a commercial bank. PSFS circumvented this by offering "payment order" accounts which functioned as checking accounts and were processed through the Fidelity Bank of Pennsylvania. The rules were loosened so that savings banks could offer automobile loans, credit cards, and actual checking accounts. In time PSFS became a full commercial bank.
57:
1246:
908:
928:
1564:(NOW) accounts to consumers and nonprofit organizations. Over the next several years, this was followed by provisions that allowed banks and thrifts to offer a wide variety of new market-rate deposit products. For S&Ls, this deregulation of one side of the balance sheet essentially led to more inherent interest rate risk inasmuch as they were funding long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans with volatile shorter-term deposits.
918:
1612:(the Garn-St Germain Act), and, more important, through state legislative enactments in a number of important and rapidly growing states. These introduced new risks and speculative opportunities which were difficult to administer. In many instances management lacked the ability or experience to evaluate them, or to administer large volumes of nonresidential construction loans.
3256:
1571:
was passed and increased the proportion of assets that thrifts could hold in consumer and commercial real estate loans and allowed thrifts to invest 5 percent of their assets in commercial, corporate, business, or agricultural loans until
January 1, 1984, when this percentage increased to 10 percent.
1819:
The overriding goal of the savings and loan association was to encourage savings and investment by common people and to give them access to a financial intermediary that otherwise had not been open to them in the past. The savings and loan was also there to provide loans for the purchase of large
1615:
Elimination of regulations initially designed to prevent lending excesses and minimize failures. Regulatory relaxation permitted lending, directly and through participations, in distant loan markets on the promise of high returns. Lenders, however, were not familiar with these distant markets. It
1584:, from 1986 to 1995, the number of federally insured savings and loan institutions in the United States declined from 3,234 to 1,645. Analysts mostly attribute this to unsound real estate lending. The market share of S&Ls for single family mortgage loans went from 53% in 1975 to 30% in 1990.
1815:
Savings and loans accepted deposits and used those deposits, along with other capital that was in their possession, to make loans. What was revolutionary was that the management of the savings and loan was determined by those that held deposits and in some instances had loans. The amount of
1623:
A new type and generation of opportunistic savings and loan executives and owners — some of whom operated in a fraudulent manner — whose takeover of many institutions was facilitated by a change in FSLIC rules reducing the minimum number of stockholders of an insured association from 400 to
1674:
While not specifically identified above, a related specific factor was that S&Ls and their lending management were often inexperienced with the complexities and risks associated with commercial and more complex loans as distinguished from their roots with "simple" home mortgage loans.
1560:(DIDMCA) of 1980 was designed to help the banking industry to combat disintermediation of funds to higher-yielding non-deposit products such as money market mutual funds. It also allowed thrifts to make consumer loans up to 20 percent of their assets, issue credit cards, and provide
1758:
had also eliminated the ability for investors to reduce regular wage income by so-called "passive" losses incurred from real estate investments, e.g., depreciation and interest deductions. This caused real estate value to decline as investors pulled out of this sector.
1669:
and its legal and supervisory staff to deal with problem institutions in a timely manner. Many institutions, which ultimately closed with big losses, were known problem cases for a year or more. Often, it appeared, political considerations delayed necessary supervisory
3263:
1811:
Accounts at savings and loans were insured by the FSLIC. Some savings and loans did become savings banks, such as First
Federal Savings Bank of Pontiac in Michigan. What gave away their heritage was that their accounts continued to be insured by the FSLIC.
1627:
Dereliction of duty on the part of the board of directors of some savings associations. This permitted management to make uncontrolled use of some new operating authority, while directors failed to control expenses and prohibit obvious conflict of interest
1548:
accounts until the late 1970s. This reduced the attractiveness of savings and loans to consumers, since it required consumers to hold accounts across multiple institutions in order to have access to both checking privileges and competitive savings rates.
1425:, as well as family memorabilia relating to Henry Duncan and other prominent people of the surrounding area. However, the main type of institution similar to U.S. savings and loan associations in the United Kingdom is not the savings bank, but the
1651:
Pressures felt by the management of many associations to restore net worth ratios. Anxious to improve earnings, they departed from their traditional lending practices into credits and markets involving higher risks, but with which they had little
1604:
Increased competition on the deposit gathering and mortgage origination sides of the business, with a sudden burst of new technology making possible a whole new way of conducting financial institutions generally and the mortgage business
1658:
Organizational structure and supervisory laws, adequate for policing and controlling the business in the protected environment of the 1960s and 1970s, resulted in fatal delays and indecision in the examination/supervision process in the
1631:
A virtual end of inflation in the
American economy, together with overbuilding in multifamily, condominium-type residences and in commercial real estate in many cities. In addition, real estate values collapsed in the energy states —
1779:), are the primary source of financial assistance to a large segment of American homeowners. As home-financing institutions, they give primary attention to single-family residences and are equipped to make loans in this area.
3249:
1482:
which did not pay anything toward the principal of the loan with each payment. As such, many people were either perpetually in debt in a continuous cycle of refinancing their home purchase, or they lost their home through
1537:) and gave the S&Ls 50 basis points above what banks could offer. The idea was that with marginally higher savings rates, savings and loans would attract more deposits that would allow them to continue to write more
1728:(FDIC), FSLIC was a permanent corporation that insured savings and loan accounts up to $ 100,000.) SAIF was administered by the FDIC alongside its sister fund for banks, Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) until 2006 when the
1358:, and even publicly traded, in such instances it is no longer truly a mutual association, and depositors and borrowers no longer have membership rights and managerial control. By law, thrifts can have no more than 20
1619:
Fraud and insider transaction abuses, especially in the case of state-chartered and regulated thrifts, where regulatory supervision at the state level was lax, thinly-spread, and/or insufficient (e.g.: Texas,
1510:
loans for home purchases. The idea was to get banks involved in lending, not insurance companies, and to provide realistic loans which people could repay and gain full ownership of their homes.
2076:
1732:(effective February 2006) provided, among other provisions, that the two funds merge to constitute the Depositor Insurance Fund (DIF), which would continue to be administered by the FDIC.
1684:
1346:), meaning that the depositors and borrowers are members with voting rights, and have the ability to direct the financial and managerial goals of the organization like the members of a
1616:
also permitted associations to participate extensively in speculative construction activities with builders and developers who had little or no financial stake in the projects.
3397:
1598:
in preserving the spread between the cost of money and the rate of return on assets, basically stemming from inflation and the accompanying increase in market interest rates.
1587:
The following is a detailed summary of the major causes for losses that hurt the S&L business in the 1980s according to the United States League of
Savings Associations:
1609:
1557:
3392:
1655:
The lack of appropriate, accurate, and effective evaluations of the savings and loan business by public accounting firms, security analysts, and the financial community.
1804:
Accounts at savings banks were insured by the FDIC. When the
Western Savings Bank of Philadelphia failed in 1982, it was the FDIC that arranged its absorption into the
1687:(FIRREA) dramatically changed the savings and loan industry and its federal regulation. Here are the highlights of this legislation, signed into law on August 9, 1989:
1277:
1662:
Federal and state examination and supervisory staffs insufficient in number, experience, or ability to deal with the new world of savings and loan operations.
2005:
1556:
granted all thrifts in 1980, including savings and loan associations, the power to make consumer and commercial loans and to issue transaction accounts. The
1513:
Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low-cost funding available through the
Federal Home Loan Bank Act.
3825:
1820:
ticket items, usually homes, for worthy and responsible borrowers. The early savings and loans were in the business of "neighbors helping neighbors".
3038:
1771:
on residential property. These organizations, which also are known as savings associations, building and loan associations, cooperative banks (in
3620:
3276:
3272:
3374:
3053:
2318:
2132:
1696:
1474:
companies, and they differed greatly from the mortgage or home loan that is familiar today. Most early mortgages were short with some kind of
3386:
3524:
2298:
1729:
1568:
3048:
2424:
1437:
The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership, through
1270:
1135:
3404:
3410:
3324:
1724:
The
Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) replaced the FSLIC as an ongoing insurance fund for thrift institutions. (Like the
3736:
3058:
1362:
percent of their lending in commercial loans—their focus on mortgage and consumer loans makes them particularly vulnerable to
3356:
3043:
1725:
1263:
1128:
548:
414:
3292:
2313:
1008:
1003:
2259:
2201:
3748:
2454:
2125:
1028:
3241:
3440:
2383:
2052:
1938:
1805:
1707:
1391:
1367:
1168:
957:
1816:
influence in the management of the organization was determined based on the amount on deposit with the institution.
3632:
3480:
2449:
2211:
17:
1993:. Vol. II. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Division of Research and Statistics. pp. 55–85.
3638:
3423:
3417:
3028:
2419:
2409:
1906:
1870:
121:
1591:
Lack of net worth for many institutions as they entered the 1980s, and a wholly inadequate net worth regulation.
3649:
3457:
3362:
3033:
1601:
Inability to vary the return on assets with increases in the rate of interest required to be paid for deposits.
1561:
705:
456:
1739:(RTC) was established to dispose of failed thrift institutions taken over by regulators after January 1, 1989.
3774:
3730:
3475:
2118:
2006:"Housing Finance in Developed Countries: An International Comparison of Efficiency, Chapter 6. United States"
1714:
1046:
859:
802:
3820:
3792:
3676:
3469:
2439:
2340:
2020:
1789:
It receives individuals' savings and uses these funds to make long-term amortized loans to home purchasers.
1736:
1703:
1692:
1666:
1541:, which would keep the mortgage market liquid, and funds would always be available to potential borrowers.
1503:
1402:
1363:
988:
829:
3768:
3350:
3008:
2705:
2651:
2490:
2325:
2216:
1038:
650:
2656:
2520:
2414:
2196:
1889:
1853:
1491:
1051:
610:
538:
370:
96:
1980:
Seidman, L. William; Litan, Robert E.; White, Lawrence J.; Silverberg, Stanley C. (January 16, 1997).
3666:
2735:
2624:
2434:
2335:
1185:
513:
348:
1955:
1417:. It is home to the Savings Bank Museum, in which there are records relating to the history of the
3786:
3108:
2860:
2765:
2730:
2710:
2378:
2330:
1458:
1394:, was established on December 20, 1816, and by the 1830s, such institutions had become widespread.
921:
463:
382:
3706:
3661:
3229:
2911:
2700:
2568:
2515:
2373:
2363:
2252:
2040:
Where deregulation went wrong: a look at the causes behind savings and loan failures in the 1980s
1718:
1581:
1507:
1327:
1225:
710:
353:
141:
3318:
3003:
2636:
2464:
2221:
2044:
2038:
1755:
1553:
1499:
1113:
976:
1981:
1902:
1866:
3761:
3754:
3742:
3614:
3493:
3380:
3340:
3302:
3018:
2904:
2833:
2688:
2573:
2535:
1303:
1098:
950:
884:
645:
583:
543:
402:
181:
171:
3701:
3552:
3368:
3127:
3070:
2693:
2673:
2500:
2388:
2308:
2206:
1335:
1250:
1103:
1033:
807:
782:
660:
620:
615:
483:
272:
221:
151:
131:
8:
3798:
3720:
3694:
3644:
3602:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3546:
3512:
3429:
3280:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3161:
3023:
2983:
2745:
2715:
2583:
2444:
2368:
2358:
2165:
2141:
1829:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1323:
874:
700:
690:
640:
578:
287:
156:
101:
2641:
3687:
3626:
3596:
3591:
3574:
3500:
3434:
3271:
3222:
3134:
3013:
2938:
2755:
2720:
2631:
2588:
2558:
2530:
2525:
2495:
2469:
2293:
2245:
2226:
2186:
1782:
Some of the most important characteristics of a savings and loan association are that:
1487:
when they were unable to make the balloon payment at the end of the term of that loan.
1479:
1456:
The savings and loan associations of this era were famously portrayed in the 1946 film
849:
824:
720:
715:
603:
588:
563:
528:
316:
136:
41:
3780:
3655:
3608:
3563:
3083:
2953:
2845:
2809:
2799:
2760:
2750:
2678:
2668:
2598:
2084:
2058:
2048:
1934:
1750:
additional responsibility to support mortgages for low- and moderate-income families.
927:
762:
757:
598:
568:
503:
216:
3196:
3151:
3096:
3088:
3078:
2855:
2779:
2619:
2593:
2578:
2485:
2303:
2285:
2191:
2155:
1983:
Symposium
Proceedings: Panel 3 – Lessons of the 1980s: What Does the Evidence Show?
1898:
1862:
1495:
1426:
1351:
1331:
1212:
943:
911:
839:
817:
797:
772:
635:
625:
533:
451:
3540:
3452:
3312:
3208:
3171:
3147:
2948:
2943:
2923:
2882:
2877:
2824:
2819:
2683:
2663:
2540:
2505:
1786:
It is generally a locally owned and privately managed home financing institution.
1545:
1530:
1522:
1475:
1108:
1085:
879:
864:
854:
777:
767:
680:
630:
573:
553:
523:
498:
473:
387:
277:
267:
116:
91:
1990:
1792:
It makes loans for the construction, purchase, repair, or refinancing of houses.
1710:, was created to charter, regulate, examine, and supervise savings institutions.
409:
3114:
2963:
2646:
2510:
2404:
2350:
1768:
1645:
1521:
Savings and loans were given a certain amount of preferential treatment by the
1422:
1398:
1319:
1314:
and other loans. While the terms "S&L" and "thrift" are mainly used in the
931:
844:
812:
752:
685:
670:
665:
593:
392:
375:
358:
262:
227:
211:
196:
111:
56:
1648:— and weakness occurred in the mining and agricultural sectors of the economy.
3814:
2917:
2838:
2786:
2725:
2563:
2429:
2088:
1538:
1438:
1410:
1315:
1311:
1207:
1163:
889:
869:
792:
747:
518:
508:
488:
365:
176:
166:
146:
81:
71:
2062:
3534:
3486:
3329:
3166:
2978:
2973:
2933:
2894:
2160:
1834:
1595:
1418:
1347:
1173:
675:
478:
343:
282:
239:
201:
186:
106:
86:
31:
1608:
A rapid increase in investment powers of associations with passage of the
1390:
that needed safekeeping. The first savings bank in the United States, the
3725:
3713:
3585:
3201:
3156:
2829:
2614:
1772:
1743:
1484:
1220:
1071:
834:
725:
695:
306:
191:
126:
76:
1910:
3463:
3100:
3092:
2968:
2889:
2850:
2794:
1874:
1767:
The most important purpose of savings and loan associations is to make
1747:
1202:
311:
2110:
2083:. International Credit Association (ICA): 20. September–October 1989.
3446:
3142:
2958:
2928:
2899:
2268:
2004:
Diamond Jr., Douglas B.; Lea, Michael J.; Gabriel, Stuart A. (1992).
1776:
1637:
1471:
1446:
424:
246:
3506:
2866:
1685:
Financial
Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989
1678:
1641:
1526:
1450:
1414:
1406:
1197:
468:
301:
2043:. Chicago: United States League of Savings Institutions. pp.
2804:
2740:
1956:"The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis: Truth and Consequences"
1379:
1307:
1019:
787:
558:
161:
2459:
1506:
to assist other banks in providing funding to offer long term,
1442:
1387:
338:
1717:(FHFB) was created as an independent agency to oversee the 12
3119:
1721:(also called district banks), formerly overseen by the FHLBB.
1633:
1610:
Depository
Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act
1558:
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act
1383:
446:
397:
2237:
2105:
1432:
2814:
1979:
1928:
655:
493:
419:
48:
1969:(2). Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): 26–35.
1914:
1878:
1470:
The earliest mortgages were not offered by banks, but by
1441:
lending, and further assisting their members with basic
1525:
inasmuch as they were given the ability to pay higher
2003:
1544:
However, savings and loans were not allowed to offer
1354:
company. While it is possible for an S&L to be a
1453:savings accounts and term certificates of deposit.
1890:
1854:
1799:
3812:
1991:History of the Eighties - Lessons for the Future
1679:Consequences of U.S. government acts and reforms
1529:rates on savings deposits compared to a regular
1401:, the first savings bank was founded in 1810 by
1382:was still something only done by those who had
1954:Curry, Timothy; Shibut, Lynn (December 2000).
1697:Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
3257:
2253:
2126:
1271:
951:
1730:Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005
1569:Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
1953:
1924:
1922:
3264:
3250:
2260:
2246:
2133:
2119:
2036:
1933:. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. pp. 123–124.
1278:
1264:
958:
944:
3826:Mutual savings banks in the United States
1552:In the 1980s, the situation changed. The
1433:U.S. savings and loan in the 20th century
1368:the deep one the U.S. experienced in 2007
288:Transaction (checking / current)
2030:
2019:(1). Fannie Mae: 145–170. Archived from
1919:
1535:The Interest Rate Adjustment Act of 1966
3325:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
2140:
1931:Consumer and business credit management
14:
3813:
1929:Mishler, Lon; Cole, Robert E. (1995).
1665:The inability or unwillingness of the
1378:At the beginning of the 19th century,
3245:
2241:
2114:
2069:
1726:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1516:
1478:at the end of the term, or they were
3293:Monetary policy of the United States
3277:central banking in the United States
2077:"FIRREA – It's Not a New Sports Car"
917:
3575:New York Clearing House Association
2202:International Co-operative Alliance
2037:Strunk, Norman; Case, Fred (1988).
1795:It is state or federally chartered.
1465:
24:
3387:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
2299:Accidental death and dismemberment
1895:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1859:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1775:), and homestead associations (in
1762:
1533:. This was known as Regulation Q (
25:
3837:
2099:
1806:Philadelphia Savings Fund Society
1708:United States Treasury Department
1429:and had existed since the 1770s.
3481:Second Bank of the United States
2425:Directors and officers liability
1594:Decline in the effectiveness of
1392:Philadelphia Saving Fund Society
1373:
1244:
926:
916:
907:
906:
55:
3639:Compound interest treasury note
3424:First Bank of the United States
2212:List of cooperative federations
1187:Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
3363:Continental currency banknotes
1997:
1973:
1947:
1883:
1847:
1800:Differences from savings banks
1562:negotiable order of withdrawal
1318:, similar institutions in the
1306:that specializes in accepting
706:Strategic financial management
13:
1:
3731:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3476:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
2267:
1840:
1715:Federal Housing Finance Board
860:Sustainable development goals
27:Type of financial institution
3793:National Monetary Commission
3192:Savings and loan association
2171:Savings and loan association
2106:Office of Thrift Supervision
1737:Resolution Trust Corporation
1704:Office of Thrift Supervision
1693:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
1667:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
1504:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
1292:savings and loan association
7:
3769:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
3501:New York Safety Fund System
3375:U.S. Finance Superintendent
3351:Second Continental Congress
2625:Insurance-linked securities
2217:List of worker cooperatives
2013:Journal of Housing Research
1823:
1490:The US Congress passed the
1449:outlets, typically through
1136:National Credit Union Share
1039:Federal savings association
10:
3842:
2314:Total permanent disability
1575:
1492:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
1350:or the policyholders of a
611:Fractional-reserve banking
539:Enterprise risk management
29:
3677:2nd Industrial Revolution
3675:
3667:Public Credit Act of 1869
3553:Independent U.S. Treasury
3523:
3341:1st Industrial Revolution
3339:
3301:
3288:
3217:
3069:
3054:Health insurance coverage
2994:
2778:
2607:
2549:
2478:
2397:
2349:
2319:Business overhead expense
2284:
2275:
2179:
2148:
1129:Federal Deposit Insurance
514:Diversification (finance)
3592:Legal Tender Act of 1862
3405:U.S. Treasury Department
2455:Protection and indemnity
1251:United States portal
975:This article is part of
464:Automated teller machine
30:Not to be confused with
3707:National Gold Bank Note
3662:Contraction Act of 1866
3411:U.S. Treasury Secretary
2912:Explanation of benefits
2384:Variable universal life
2197:Consumers' co-operative
1719:Federal Home Loan Banks
1706:(OTS), a bureau of the
1699:(FSLIC) were abolished.
1582:savings and loan crisis
711:Stress test (financial)
3418:U.S. Treasury security
3319:Tobacco Inspection Act
3049:Health insurance costs
2450:Professional liability
2222:Purchasing cooperative
1756:Tax Reform Act of 1986
1554:United States Congress
1500:Federal Home Loan Bank
1114:Certificate of deposit
3762:Juilliard v. Greenman
3755:Refunding Certificate
3621:National banks system
3615:Interest bearing note
3494:McCulloch v. Maryland
3381:Bank of North America
3357:U.S. dollar banknotes
3303:Commercial Revolution
2905:Out-of-pocket expense
2766:Workers' compensation
2420:Collateral protection
2410:Business interruption
1498:. It established the
1459:It's a Wonderful Life
1336:trustee savings banks
1304:financial institution
1138:Insurance Fund (NCUA)
885:Too connected to fail
646:Investment management
544:Environmental finance
403:Correspondent account
97:Community development
3787:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
3702:Currency Act of 1870
3369:Bank of Pennsylvania
3128:Corpus Juris Civilis
2207:List of cooperatives
1644:particularly due to
1494:in 1932, during the
1344:mutual savings banks
1310:deposits and making
1153:Payment and transfer
1034:Federal savings bank
783:Exchange traded fund
661:Mathematical finance
621:Fundamental analysis
616:Full-reserve banking
222:Bank holding company
132:Export credit agency
40:Part of a series on
3821:Cooperative banking
3799:Federal Reserve Act
3721:Coinage Act of 1873
3695:Hepburn v. Griswold
3645:Coinage Act of 1864
3603:Fractional currency
3581:Coinage Act of 1857
3570:Coinage Act of 1853
3559:Coinage Act of 1849
3513:Coinage Act of 1834
3430:Coinage Act of 1792
3187:Rochdale Principles
3182:Mutual savings bank
3177:Mutual organization
3162:Cooperative banking
3079:Mesopotamian banker
2359:Longevity insurance
2166:Mutual savings bank
2142:Cooperative banking
1963:FDIC Banking Review
1830:Cooperative banking
1480:interest-only loans
1356:joint-stock company
1342:held (often called
875:Time value of money
701:Statistical finance
691:Sustainable finance
641:Investment advisory
283:Time deposit (Bond)
3749:Silver certificate
3688:Legal Tender Cases
3627:National Bank Note
3609:National Bank Acts
3597:United States Note
3435:United States Mint
2939:Insurable interest
2440:Payment protection
2341:Payment protection
2227:Worker cooperative
2187:Co-operative Party
1646:falling oil prices
1517:Further advantages
1405:, the minister of
1332:building societies
1330:countries include
1300:thrift institution
1131:Corporation (FDIC)
850:Security (finance)
825:History of banking
721:Structured product
716:Structured finance
529:Economic expansion
42:financial services
3808:
3807:
3781:Gold Standard Act
3743:Bland–Allison Act
3737:Twenty-cent piece
3656:Three-cent nickel
3564:Three-cent silver
3441:U.S. dollar coins
3239:
3238:
3084:Code of Hammurabi
3059:Vehicle insurance
2954:Replacement value
2846:Actual cash value
2810:Adverse selection
2800:Actuarial science
2774:
2773:
2706:Kidnap and ransom
2679:Extended warranty
2326:Income protection
2235:
2234:
1742:FIRREA gave both
1683:As a result, the
1364:housing downturns
1338:. They are often
1288:
1287:
1233:
1232:
1144:
1143:
1122:Account insurance
992:
968:
967:
763:Corporate finance
758:Capital structure
733:
732:
504:Corporate finance
324:
323:
16:(Redirected from
3833:
3633:Gold certificate
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3197:Social insurance
3152:Friendly society
3044:Health insurance
2872:Short rate table
2620:Catastrophe bond
2521:Lenders mortgage
2282:
2281:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2192:Co-operatives UK
2156:Building society
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2092:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1915:October 15, 1982
1896:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1695:(FHLBB) and the
1496:Great Depression
1466:Mortgage lending
1427:building society
1421:movement in the
1361:
1352:mutual insurance
1280:
1273:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1213:Substitute check
1188:
1157:
1156:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:Deposit accounts
1022:
1021:Banking charters
995:
990:
982:
979:
970:
969:
960:
953:
946:
930:
920:
919:
910:
909:
840:Personal finance
773:Equity (finance)
636:Impact investing
626:Growth investing
534:Enterprise value
441:
440:
252:
251:
207:Savings and loan
59:
37:
36:
21:
18:Savings and loan
3841:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3679:
3671:
3547:Forstall System
3541:Wildcat banking
3527:
3519:
3453:1792 half disme
3343:
3335:
3313:Bills of credit
3305:
3297:
3284:
3273:Monetary policy
3270:
3240:
3235:
3213:
3209:Insurance cycle
3172:Fraternal order
3065:
2996:
2990:
2949:Proximate cause
2944:Insurance fraud
2924:General average
2883:Claims adjuster
2825:Risk management
2820:Risk assessment
2784:
2781:
2770:
2736:Prize indemnity
2603:
2551:
2545:
2474:
2435:Over-redemption
2393:
2345:
2336:National health
2277:
2271:
2266:
2236:
2231:
2175:
2144:
2139:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2055:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1920:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1826:
1802:
1765:
1763:Characteristics
1681:
1578:
1531:commercial bank
1523:Federal Reserve
1519:
1502:and associated
1476:balloon payment
1468:
1435:
1376:
1359:
1284:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1217:
1186:
1180:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1024:
1020:
1009:Monetary policy
993:
989:
977:
974:
964:
899:
898:
880:Too big to fail
865:Systematic risk
778:Ethical banking
768:Cost of capital
743:
735:
734:
681:Private banking
651:Islamic banking
631:Hedge (finance)
554:Ethical banking
524:Economic bubble
499:Climate finance
474:Bank regulation
438:
430:
429:
388:Instant payment
334:
326:
325:
249:
232:
231:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3650:Two-cent piece
3647:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3629:(1863–c. 1930)
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3420:(1789–present)
3415:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3315:(c. 1690–1750)
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3230:List of topics
3226:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3115:Burial society
3105:
3104:
3103:
3097:§235–238; §240
3089:§100–105; §126
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Climate change
3031:
3029:United Kingdom
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2974:Underinsurance
2971:
2966:
2964:Self-insurance
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Political risk
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Legal expenses
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Builder's risk
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Business owner
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Universal life
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Long-term care
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:External links
2098:
2095:
2094:
2068:
2053:
2029:
2026:on 2008-04-13.
1996:
1972:
1946:
1939:
1918:
1903:H.R. 6267
1882:
1879:March 31, 1980
1867:H.R. 4986
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1769:mortgage loans
1764:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1577:
1574:
1539:mortgage loans
1518:
1515:
1467:
1464:
1434:
1431:
1423:United Kingdom
1399:United Kingdom
1375:
1372:
1320:United Kingdom
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
998:
997:
991:Banking in the
985:
984:
966:
965:
963:
962:
955:
948:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
924:
914:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Public finance
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
753:Bond (finance)
750:
744:
742:Related topics
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:Sustainability
683:
678:
673:
671:Money creation
668:
666:Mobile banking
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
460:
459:
454:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
406:
405:
395:
390:
385:
380:
379:
378:
373:
363:
362:
361:
356:
346:
341:
335:
333:Funds transfer
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Christmas club
257:
256:
250:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:Lists of banks
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
182:Postal savings
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
157:Mutual savings
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
66:Types of banks
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3838:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:Treasury Note
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:Civil War Era
3522:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:Treasury Note
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3330:Currency Acts
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:United States
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:Force majeure
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:Value of life
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Interest rate
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Inland marine
2567:
2565:
2564:GAP insurance
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:Communication
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Unitised fund
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Mortgage life
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:9780929097329
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1940:0-256-13948-2
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1605:specifically.
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1567:In 1982, the
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Dumfriesshire
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:Early history
1371:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:United States
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Wire transfer
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:National bank
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:United States
987:
986:
983:
980:
972:
971:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
923:
915:
913:
905:
904:
903:
902:
895:
894:
891:
890:Watered stock
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Systemic risk
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:List of banks
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Asset pricing
746:
745:
739:
738:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
519:Eco-investing
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Disinvestment
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Capital asset
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
330:
329:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
293:
292:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
254:
253:
248:
245:
241:
236:
235:
230:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Participation
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Middle market
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
82:Bulge bracket
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3760:
3712:
3693:
3686:
3611:(1863; 1864)
3535:Free banking
3492:
3487:Suffolk Bank
3393:Section VIII
3332:(1751; 1764)
3228:
3221:
3191:
3167:Credit union
3133:
3126:
3107:
2979:Underwriting
2934:Insurability
2916:
2895:Co-insurance
2865:
2861:Cancellation
2652:Catastrophic
2637:Climate risk
2465:Trade credit
2170:
2161:Credit union
2081:Credit World
2080:
2071:
2039:
2032:
2021:the original
2016:
2012:
1999:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1930:
1885:
1849:
1835:Credit union
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1781:
1766:
1753:
1682:
1673:
1596:Regulation Q
1586:
1579:
1566:
1551:
1543:
1534:
1520:
1512:
1489:
1469:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1419:savings bank
1403:Henry Duncan
1396:
1377:
1348:credit union
1328:Commonwealth
1299:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1226:Bill payment
1174:Check 21 Act
1104:Money-market
1029:Credit union
973:
803:participants
676:Pension fund
484:Asset growth
479:Bank secrecy
354:Bill payment
273:Money-market
243:
226:
206:
107:Credit union
32:Savings bank
3795:(1909–1912)
3777:(1890–1891)
3757:(1879–1907)
3751:(1878–1964)
3739:(1875–1878)
3726:Free silver
3714:Knox v. Lee
3709:(1870–1875)
3680:(1870–1914)
3658:(1865–1889)
3652:(1864–1873)
3641:(1863–1864)
3635:(1863–1933)
3623:(1863–1913)
3617:(1863–1865)
3605:(1862–1876)
3599:(1862–1971)
3588:(1861–1862)
3586:Demand Note
3577:(1853–1863)
3566:(1851–1873)
3555:(1846–1913)
3549:(1842–1865)
3543:(1836–1865)
3537:(1836–1865)
3528:(1840–1870)
3509:, 1832–1836
3503:, 1829–1842
3489:, 1818–1858
3483:, 1816–1836
3472:(1812–1913)
3466:(1793–1857)
3460:(1793–1857)
3449:(1792–1873)
3437:(1792–1873)
3426:(1791–1811)
3409:1789–1913;
3391:1787–1788;
3383:(1781–1791)
3377:(1781–1785)
3371:(1780–1781)
3365:(1775–1779)
3353:(1776–1780)
3344:(1760–1840)
3306:(1607–1760)
3202:Trade union
3157:Cooperative
2830:Uncertainty
2689:Index-based
2657:Multi-peril
2615:Reinsurance
2574:Public auto
2479:Residential
1773:New England
1744:Freddie Mac
1652:experience.
1628:situations.
1580:During the
1485:foreclosure
1221:ACH Network
1072:Credit card
835:Market risk
726:Toxic asset
696:Speculation
584:engineering
122:Development
102:Cooperative
3815:Categories
3464:Large cent
2997:by country
2995:Insurance
2969:Total loss
2890:Deductible
2851:Cash value
2795:Act of God
2780:Insurance
2694:Parametric
2674:Expatriate
2550:Transport/
2516:Landlords'
2501:Earthquake
2389:Whole life
2309:Disability
1913:, enacted
1905:, 96
1877:, enacted
1869:, 94
1841:References
1748:Fannie Mae
1409:Church in
1203:Debit card
1052:State bank
1004:Regulation
808:regulation
457:management
452:allocation
349:Electronic
142:Industrial
137:Investment
117:Depository
92:Commercial
3458:Half cent
3447:Half dime
3398:Section X
3143:Syndicate
3109:Collegium
3004:Australia
2959:Risk pool
2929:Indemnity
2900:Copayment
2834:Knightian
2746:Terrorism
2716:Liability
2584:Satellite
2445:Pollution
2369:Term life
2278:insurance
2276:Types of
2269:Insurance
2089:0011-1074
1777:Louisiana
1638:Louisiana
1620:Arizona).
1508:amortized
1472:insurance
1447:investing
1326:and some
788:Financial
579:economics
559:Financial
425:BRICS PAY
217:Wholesale
212:Universal
112:Custodian
3507:Bank War
3281:pre–1913
3223:Category
3101:§275–277
3019:Pakistan
2867:Pro rata
2756:War risk
2721:No-fault
2632:Casualty
2589:Shipping
2559:Aviation
2536:Renters'
2531:Property
2526:Mortgage
2496:Contents
2470:Umbrella
2430:Fidelity
2398:Business
2294:Accident
2180:See also
2063:18220698
1824:See also
1642:Oklahoma
1546:checking
1527:interest
1451:passbook
1439:mortgage
1415:Scotland
1407:Ruthwell
1366:such as
1340:mutually
1312:mortgage
1198:ATM card
1169:clearing
1099:Checking
978:a series
912:Category
604:services
589:forecast
564:analysis
469:Bad debt
255:Accounts
240:Accounts
177:Payments
167:Offshore
147:Merchant
72:Advising
3443:(1792–)
3359:(1775–)
3148:Benefit
3135:Digesta
3071:History
2805:Actuary
2761:Weather
2751:Tuition
2741:Takaful
2669:Deposit
2599:Vehicle
1891:Pub. L.
1855:Pub. L.
1670:action.
1576:Decline
1397:In the
1380:banking
1324:Ireland
1308:savings
1302:, is a
1296:S&L
1109:Savings
1065:Lending
922:Commons
599:planner
569:analyst
317:Prepaid
278:Savings
268:Deposit
202:Savings
187:Private
162:Neobank
87:Central
49:Banking
3801:(1913)
3789:(1908)
3783:(1900)
3771:(1890)
3765:(1884)
3745:(1878)
3733:(1875)
3717:(1871)
3698:(1870)
3497:, 1819
3321:(1730)
3024:Serbia
2984:Profit
2856:Broker
2782:policy
2594:Travel
2579:Marine
2486:Boiler
2460:Surety
2304:Dental
2286:Health
2087:
2061:
2051:
1937:
1909:
1899:97–320
1897:
1873:
1863:96–221
1861:
1659:1980s.
1443:saving
1388:wealth
1384:assets
1360:
1298:), or
932:Portal
855:Shares
818:system
798:market
359:Mobile
339:Cheque
307:Credit
242:
197:Retail
192:Public
127:Direct
3120:Guild
3014:India
3009:China
2878:Claim
2684:Group
2664:Cyber
2642:Crime
2608:Other
2541:Title
2506:Flood
2149:Types
2045:15–16
2024:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1907:Stat.
1871:Stat.
1634:Texas
1164:Check
574:asset
447:Asset
437:Terms
398:SWIFT
312:Debit
294:Cards
247:Cards
3275:and
3093:§234
2815:Risk
2785:and
2647:Crop
2511:Home
2405:Bond
2351:Life
2085:ISSN
2059:OCLC
2049:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1911:1469
1754:The
1746:and
1735:The
1713:The
1702:The
1691:The
1624:one.
1445:and
1334:and
813:risk
656:Loan
594:plan
494:Cash
420:SPFS
415:CIPS
393:Giro
371:RTGS
366:Wire
344:Card
77:Banq
2787:law
2726:Pet
1875:132
1386:or
793:law
549:ESG
410:CLS
383:ACH
302:ATM
3817::
3099:;
3095:;
3091:;
2079:.
2057:.
2047:.
2015:.
2011:.
1989:.
1967:13
1965:.
1961:.
1921:^
1901:,
1865:,
1640:,
1636:,
1462:.
1413:,
1370:.
1322:,
1290:A
981:on
376:NS
3283:)
3279:(
3265:e
3258:t
3251:v
3150:/
2832:/
2261:e
2254:t
2247:v
2134:e
2127:t
2120:v
2091:.
2065:.
2017:3
1943:.
1294:(
1279:e
1272:t
1265:v
959:e
952:t
945:v
244:·
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
