History of Anglo-Saxon England

252: 3387:(2000): " ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the "elite-dominance model. To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it." 2209: 5222:

disgrace, he yielded to his worst impulse and set no bounds to his fury condemning the innocent and the guilty to a common fate. In the fulness of his wrath he ordered the corn and cattle with the implements of husbandry and every sort of provisions to be collected in heaps and set on fire till the whole was consumed and thus destroyed at once all that could serve for the support of life in the whole country lying beyond the Humber There followed consequently so great a scarcity in England in the ensuing years and severe famine involved the innocent and unarmed population in so much misery that in a Christian nation more than a hundred thousand souls of both sexes and all ages perished..

2396:. Emma supported her son by Cnut, Harthacnut, rather than a son by Æthelred. Her son by Æthelred, Edward, made an unsuccessful raid on Southampton, and his brother Alfred was murdered on an expedition to England in 1036. Emma fled to Bruges when Harald Harefoot became king of England, but when he died in 1040 Harthacnut was able to take over as king. Harthacnut quickly developed a reputation for imposing high taxes on England. He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut's heir, and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 (probably murdered), Edward (known to posterity as 2439: 1867: 120: 2596: 2099: 3343:, p. 11: "Some archaeologists seem to believe that very few immigrants...were involved in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England... Gildas describes the settlement of Saxon mercenaries in the eastern part of the country, their reinforcement and subsequent successful rebellion...suggests more than just a handful of military adventurers. Bede felt secure in his belief that he was not of British descent... Further his list of three principle peoples who migrated here... is echoed in the archaeological record." 11248: 2361:: most of these were allocated to nobles of Danish descent, but he made an Englishman earl of Wessex. The man he appointed was Godwin, who eventually became part of the extended royal family when he married the king's sister-in-law. In the summer of 1017, Cnut sent for Æthelred's widow, Emma, with the intention of marrying her. It seems that Emma agreed to marry the king on condition that he would limit the English succession to the children born of their union. Cnut already had a wife, known as 2534: 1524: 2610: 1535: 10145: 8392: 1929:. On arrival in the south east of England in 597, Augustine was given land by King Æthelberht of Kent to build a church; so in 597 Augustine built the church and founded the See at Canterbury. Æthelberht was baptised by 601, and he then continued with his mission to convert the English. Most of the north and east of England had already been evangelised by the Irish Church. However, Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained mainly pagan until the arrival of 8382: 11417: 11832: 6056: 5741: 5452: 5439: 5309: 1741: 11849: 10916: 2624: 986: 2020: 8402: 1993: 2031:. This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army. Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders: Northumbria in 867, East Anglia in 869, and nearly all of Mercia in 874–77. Kingdoms, centres of learning, archives, and churches all fell before the onslaught from the invading Danes. Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive. In March 878, the Anglo-Saxon King of Wessex, 11815: 2307: 1941: 251: 4025:., pp. 160–73. Kirby suggests that there would have been Christian communities already in Sussex. King Æthelwealh and his wife were already Christian, he having been baptised in Mercia. The pre-existing converts, in Sussex, would have been evangelised by the Irish church, and Bede and Eddius (Wilfred's biographer) were indifferent to the Irish Church. It was also politic to play up Wilfrid's role. 1458:

view is based on sources such as Bede, who mentions the Britons being slaughtered or going into "perpetual servitude". According to Härke the more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the traditional model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the

4663:, p. 160. "..it has to be accepted that early eleventh century kings could raise larger sums in taxation than could most of their medieval successors. The numismatic evidence for the scale of the economy is extremely powerful, partly because it demonstrates how very many coins were struck, and also because it provides strong indications for extensive foreign trade." 2334:, King of Denmark, brought the Danish fleet to Sandwich, Kent. From there he went north to the Danelaw, where the locals immediately agreed to support him. He then struck south, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy (1013–1014). However, on 3 February 1014, Sven died suddenly. Capitalising on his death, Æthelred returned to England and drove Sven's son, 3356:, p. 303: "As for migrants, three kinds of hypotheses have been advanced. Either they were a warrior elite, few in numbers but dominant by force of arms; or they were farmers mostly interested in finding good agricultural land; or they were refugees fleeing unsettled conditions in their homelands. Or they might have been any combination of these." 3194:..the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle (three ships of Hengest and Horsa; three ships of Aella; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric; two ships of Port; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar), drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications, might be considered a poetic convention. 3617:) is the story of the unification of the English monarchy. To project such an interpretation required Henry (of Huntingdon) to exercise firm control over his material. One of the products of this control was his creation of the Heptarchy, which survived as a concept in historical writing into our own time". 2491:

has a different version of the story, having Tostig land in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, then ravaging the English coast, before arriving at Sandwich, Kent. At Sandwich Tostig is said to have enlisted and press-ganged sailors before sailing north where, after battling some of the northern earls and

2461:

had "grabbed" the crown of England, others laid claim to it, primarily William, Duke of Normandy, who was cousin to Edward the Confessor through his aunt, Emma of Normandy. It is believed that Edward had promised the crown to William. Harold Godwinson had agreed to support William's claim after being

2420:

The Godwins, having previously fled, threatened to invade England. Edward is said to have wanted to fight, but at a Great Council meeting in Westminster, Earl Godwin laid down all his weapons and asked the king to allow him to purge himself of all crimes. The king and Godwin were reconciled, and the

2408:

for some time, summoned them to trial. Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was chosen to deliver the news to Godwin and his family. The Godwins fled rather than face trial. Norman accounts suggest that at this time Edward offered the succession to his cousin, William (duke) of Normandy (also known

2345:

fell out with his father, Æthelred, and struck out on his own. Some English leaders decided to support Cnut, so Æthelred ultimately retreated to London. Before engagement with the Danish army, Æthelred died and was replaced by Edmund. The Danish army encircled and besieged London, but Edmund was able

2149:

When Æthelred died in 911, Æthelflæd succeeded him as "Lady of the Mercians", and in the 910s she and her brother Edward recovered East Anglia and eastern Mercia from Viking rule. Edward and his successors expanded Alfred's network of fortified burhs, a key element of their strategy, enabling them to

2082:

were primarily designed as defensive structures, they were also commercial centres, attracting traders and markets to a safe haven, and they provided a safe place for the king's moneyers and mints. A new wave of Danish invasions commenced in 891, beginning a war that lasted over three years. Alfred's

1948:

It remains unclear what "conversion" actually meant. The ecclesiastical writers tended to declare a territory as "converted" merely because the local king had agreed to be baptised, regardless of whether, in reality, he actually adopted Christian practices; and regardless, too, of whether the general

1489:

in c. 500, and this might mark a point at which Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed. Gildas said that this battle was "forty-four years and one month" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth. He said that a time of great prosperity followed. But, despite the

2403:

Edward was supported by Earl Godwin of Wessex and married the earl's daughter. This arrangement was seen as expedient, however, as Godwin had been implicated in the murder of Alfred, the king's brother. In 1051 one of Edward's in-laws, Eustace, arrived to take up residence in Dover; the men of Dover

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was elected, aged about twelve. His reign was marked by disorder, and three years later, in 978, he was assassinated by some of his half-brother's retainers. Æthelred succeeded, and although he reigned for thirty-eight years, one of the longest reigns in English history, he earned the name "Æthelred

1473:

still continue on the size of the migration, and whether it was a small elite band of Anglo-Saxons who came in and took over the running of the country, or mass migration of peoples who overwhelmed the Britons. An emerging view is that two scenarios could have co-occurred, with large-scale migration

1457:

expounded what is now regarded as the traditional view of the Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain. He suggested a mass immigration, with the incomers fighting and driving the sub-Roman Britons off their land and into the western extremities of the islands, and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas. This

4173:

This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and

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2011 83, pp. 715–33: "Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period. Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation, there is evidence that significant mixing of the

3075:

Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not

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The presence of Danish and Norse settlers in the Danelaw had a lasting impact; the people there saw themselves as "armies" a hundred years after settlement: King Edgar issued a law code in 962 that was to include the people of Northumbria, so he addressed it to Earl Olac "and all the army that live

2545:

Harold would have been celebrating his victory at Stamford Bridge on the night of 26/27 September 1066, while William of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066. Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place

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The Dukes of Normandy were quite happy to allow these Danish adventurers to use their ports for raids on the English coast. The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other. Eventually, Æthelred sought a treaty with the Normans, and ended up marrying

1392:

recruited from the German homelands. This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period. The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were

2520:

followed, on 20 September, which was one of the bloodiest battles of medieval times. The English forces were routed, though Edwin and Morcar escaped. The victors entered the city of York, exchanged hostages and were provisioned. Hearing the news whilst in London, Harold Godwinson force-marched a

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On 26 December 1065, Edward was taken ill. He took to his bed and fell into a coma; at one point he woke and turned to Harold Godwinson and asked him to protect the Queen and the kingdom. On 5 January 1066 Edward the Confessor died, and Harold was declared king. The following day, 6 January 1066,

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By the 980s the kings of Wessex had a powerful grip on the coinage of the realm. It is reckoned there were about 300 moneyers, and 60 mints, around the country. Every five or six years the coinage in circulation would cease to be legal tender and new coins were issued. The system controlling the

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His camps were scattered over a surface of one hundred miles numbers of the insurgents fell beneath his vengeful sword he levelled their places of shelter to the ground wasted their lands and burnt their dwellings with all they contained. Never did William commit so much cruelty, to his lasting

1610:

suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.

1402:

is to be believed, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which eventually merged to become England were founded when small fleets of three or five ships of invaders arrived at various points around the coast of England to fight the sub-Roman British, and conquered their lands. The language of the

3502:-With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven, that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive. 1952:

Even after Christianity had been set up in all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, there was friction between the followers of the Roman rites and the Irish rites, particularly over the date on which Easter fell and the way monks cut their hair. In 664, a conference was held at

4578:, pp. 165–66. In the year of our Lord's incarnation 979, Ethelred ... obtaining the kingdom, occupied rather than governed it, for thirty-seven years. The career of his life is said to have been cruel in the beginning, wretched in the middle and disgraceful in the end. 2275:

currency around the country was extremely sophisticated; this enabled the king to raise large sums of money if needed. The need indeed arose after the battle of Maldon, as Æthelred decided that, rather than fight, he would pay ransom to the Danes in a system known as

2429:

were given East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. The Northumbrians disliked Tostig for his harsh behaviour, and he was expelled to an exile in Flanders, in the process falling out with his brother Harold, who supported the king's line in backing the Northumbrians.

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By the time of William's death in 1087 it was estimated that only about 8 per cent of the land was under Anglo-Saxon control. Nearly all the Anglo-Saxon cathedrals and abbeys of any note had been demolished and replaced with Norman-style architecture by 1200.

1494:, around 520. However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances. In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest, which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book 3058:

While these events were happening in the city, Aulus Plautius, a senator of great renown, made a campaign against Britain; for a certain Bericus, who had been driven out of the island as a result of an uprising, had persuaded Claudius to send a force

2251:, his son, drove his father from the kingdom. The rebels, dispossessed at home, probably formed the first waves of raids on the English coast. The rebels did so well in their raiding that the Danish kings decided to take over the campaign themselves. 1965:

for the Irish rites. Wilfrid's argument won the day and Colmán and his party returned to Ireland in their bitter disappointment. The Roman rites were adopted by the English church, although they were not universally accepted by the Irish Church until

2165:

Along with the Britons and the settled Danes, some of the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms disliked being ruled by Wessex. Consequently, the death of a Wessex king would be followed by rebellion, particularly in Northumbria. Alfred's great-grandson,

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After the victory at Edington and resultant peace treaty, Alfred set about transforming his Kingdom of Wessex into a society on a full-time war footing. He built a navy, reorganised the army, and set up a system of fortified towns known as

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second English army to Tadcaster by the night of the 24th, and after catching Harald Hardrada by surprise, on the morning of 25 September, Harold achieved a total victory over the Scandinavian horde after a two-day-long engagement at the

2039:, hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset. He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings. In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, which defeated the Viking army in the 1949:

population of his kingdom did. When churches were built, they tended to include pagan as well as Christian symbols, evidencing an attempt to reach out to the pagan Anglo-Saxons, rather than demonstrating that they were already converted.

3224:, p. 303. That is why many scholars still subscribe to the traditional view that combined archaeological, documentary and linguistic evidence suggests that considerable numbers of Anglo-Saxons settled in southern and eastern England. 1442:): initially around 383 during Roman rule, but also c. 460 and in the 540s and 550s; the 460s migration is thought to be a reaction to the fighting during the Anglo-Saxon mutiny between about 450 to 500, as was the migration to 4297:, p. 102. A hide was somewhat like a tax – it was the number of men required to maintain and defend an area for the King. The Burghal Hideage defined the measurement as one hide being equivalent to one man. The hidage explains that 2413:, William the Bastard, or William I), though this is unlikely given that accession to the Anglo-Saxon kingship was by election, not heredity – a fact which Edward would surely have known, having been elected himself by the 2006:; the name is believed to derive from Scandinavia, where the Vikings originated. The first raids in the British Isles were in the late 8th century, mainly on churches and monasteries (which were seen as centres of wealth). The 2568:, Edward the Confessor's new church, on Christmas Day 1066. It took William a further ten years to consolidate his kingdom, during which any opposition was suppressed ruthlessly; in a particularly brutal process known as the 1515:(who was possibly his nephew). Ceawlin was killed the following year, but the annals do not specify by whom. Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom under the overlordship of the Mercians, rather than Wessex. 3398: 3418:, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178: "large-scale migration seems highly likely for at least East Anglia and parts of Lincolnshire ... this rules out the elite dominance model in its strictest interpretation." 2899:. p. 14. Talking about Gildas references to the arrival of three keels (ships), "... this was the number of shiploads that led to the foedus or treaty settlement. Gildas also uses in their correct sense technical terms, 3283:: "...the distribution maps indicate in many areas the Anglo-Saxon shows a marked tendency to follow the Romano-British pattern, in a fashion which suggests a considerable degree of temporal as well as spatial overlap." 3266:. A complete analysis of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. A discussion of where the settlers came from, based on a comparison of pottery with those found in the area of origin in Germany. Burial customs and types of building. 4174:

not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island (Lindisfarne), by rapine and slaughter.

2059:) and those of Wessex. The Kingdom of Wessex controlled part of the Midlands and the whole of the South (apart from Cornwall, which was still held by the Britons), while the Danes held East Anglia and the North. 1466:

levels for the Britons, of which four are below that of freeman. Although the Britons could be rich freemen in Anglo-Saxon society, generally it seems that they had a lower status than that of the Anglo-Saxons.

2090:, which was written in Old English (rather than in Latin, the language of the European annals). Alfred's own literary output was mainly of translations, but he also wrote introductions and amended manuscripts. 1787:(one of the sons of the late King of Northumbria, Æthelfrith) defeated and killed Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham. In less than a decade Penda again waged war against Northumbria, and killed Oswald in the 3076:

so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them.

2067:. He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs, as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications. To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation system known as the 3777:. pp. 48–50: Saint Alban is discussed in detail, as when he lived and was martyred gives an indication of the state of Christianity in Roman Britain. Dates suggested for his martyrdom are 209 or 251–259 or 1924:

in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons, but Bede says the British clergy refused to help Augustine in his mission. Despite Bede's complaints, it is now believed that the Britons played an important role in the

2472:("The Ruthless") of Norway also had a claim on England, through Cnut and his successors. He had a further claim based on a pact between Harthacnut, King of Denmark (Cnut's son) and Magnus, King of Norway. 119: 1307:), to whom they ceded territory. In about 442 the Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they had not been paid. The Romano-British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire, 1810:

which formed the Wales/England border. It is not clear whether this was a boundary line or a defensive position. The ascendency of the Mercians came to an end in 825, when they were soundly beaten under

3330:, Ch. 1: Population and the Invasions; particularly pp. 11–12: "In contrast, some scholars shrink the numbers of the Anglo-Saxon invaders to a small, potent elite of only a few thousand invaders." 1329:

in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence. There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the

2262:, and the English were easily defeated. From then on the Vikings seem to have raided anywhere at will; they were contemptuous of the lack of resistance from the English. Even the Alfredian systems of 2713:

Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angle, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; "Anglo-Saxon" is used when the culture is meant as opposed to any ethnicity.

2279:. As part of the ransom, a peace treaty was drawn up that was intended to stop the raids. However, rather than buying the Vikings off, payment of Danegeld only encouraged them to come back for more. 2000:

Between the 8th and 11th centuries, raiders and colonists from Scandinavia, mainly Danish and Norwegian, plundered western Europe, including the British Isles. These raiders came to be known as the

1385:, identified as Britons by the Romans, may have been Germanic-language speakers, but most scholars disagree with this due to an insufficient record of local languages in Roman-period artefacts. 7311: 2369:. The church, however, seems to have regarded Ælfgifu as Cnut's concubine rather than his wife. In addition to the two sons he had with Ælfgifu, he had a further son with Emma, who was named 2466:. William had demanded and received Harold's release, then during his stay under William's protection it is claimed, by the Normans, that Harold swore "a solemn oath" of loyalty to William. 1798:

was chased to the northern extremes of his kingdom. However, Oswiu killed Penda shortly after, and Mercia spent the rest of the 7th and all of the 8th century fighting the kingdom of

1511:). This expansion of Wessex ended abruptly when the Anglo-Saxons started fighting among themselves resulting in Ceawlin retreating to his original territory. He was then replaced by 2516:

on the Ouse. They marched towards York, where they were confronted, at Fulford Gate, by the English forces that were under the command of the northern earls, Edwin and Morcar; the

2380:, died in 1018, Cnut went to Denmark to secure that realm. Two years later, Cnut brought Norway under his control, and he gave Ælfgifu and their son Svein the job of governing it. 6148: 3131:

A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period

2561:, Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Godwin women who remained were either dead or childless. 5455: 2350:, the Danes were victorious, and many of the English leaders were killed. Cnut and Edmund agreed to split the kingdom in two, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut the rest. 1365:

There are records of Germanic infiltration into Britain that date before the collapse of the Roman Empire. It is believed that the earliest Germanic visitors were eight

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estimate that the population of England in 1086 was about 2.25 million, so 100,000 deaths, due to starvation, would have equated to 5 per cent of the population.

435: 1490:

lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of

11713: 11175: 10346: 8616: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6928: 6923: 6918: 2254:

In 991 the Vikings sacked Ipswich, and their fleet made landfall near Maldon in Essex. The Danes demanded that the English pay a ransom, but the English commander

408: 2984:. pp. 137–38. The author suggests that the "Rescript of Honorius" may have been for a place in southern Italy rather than Britain and that the chronology is wrong 2512:) Tostig became Hardrada's vassal and then with 300 or so longships sailed up the Humber Estuary bottling the English fleet in the river Swale and then landed at 11740: 11237: 10378: 2055:

between Alfred and Guthrum, which had a variety of provisions, including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes (which became known as the

440: 11288: 7845: 2952:. p. 29. Referring to Gildas text about a letter: "The Britons...still felt it possible to appeal to Aetius, a Roman military official in Gaul in the mid-440s" 2170:, who had come to the throne in 959, was crowned at Bath in 973 and soon afterwards the other British kings met him at Chester and acknowledged his authority. 2223:

Edgar died in 975, sixteen years after gaining the throne, while still only in his early thirties. Some magnates supported the succession of his younger son,

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The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle

2924:. p. 75. – Gildas: "... The federate complained that their monthly deliveries were inadequately paid..." – "All the greater towns fell to their enemy...." 8347: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 3374:

British and Germanic peoples occurred, and that the early law codes, such as that of King Ine of Wessex, could have deliberately encouraged such mixing."

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One result of Cnut's marriage to Emma was to precipitate a succession crisis after his death in 1035, as the throne was disputed between Ælfgifu's son,

11215: 10366: 428: 3137:, ed. Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily, Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice, 14 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2011), pp. 219–31 (pp. 220–21). 2683: 8438: 5442: 4702:. p. 377. The treaty was arranged.. by Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Ælfric and Æthelweard, the ealdermen of the two West Saxon provinces. 2027:

In the 860s, instead of raids, the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion. In 865, an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo-Saxons described as the

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on the east coast of England. The expedient adopted by the Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as

11195: 10356: 418: 2178:

that have Scandinavian roots, and more than 1,500 place-names in England are Scandinavian in origin; for example, topographic names such as

10181: 7937: 6511: 1559: 1213: 1014: 4815:..before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife 2572:, William issued orders to lay waste the north and burn all the cattle, crops and farming equipment and to poison the earth. According to 1430:(also called the Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung). In the same period there were migrations of Britons to the Armorican peninsula ( 11723: 2240:

about one hundred years later, was scathing in his criticism of Æthelred, saying that he occupied the kingdom, rather than governed it.

11281: 9055: 8648: 1889:

who is credited with converting the Irish en-masse. A Christian Ireland then set about evangelising the rest of the British Isles, and

1733:. In the early years of the 7th century, Kent and East Anglia were the leading English kingdoms. After the death of Æthelberht in 616, 1232:) was in use by then to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in Northern Germany). The term ' 6155: 2071:. These burhs (or burghs) operated as defensive structures. The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex: the 1768:

in the unified kingdom of Northumbria. Upon the death of Rædwald, Edwin was able to pursue a grand plan to expand Northumbrian power.

10420: 8606: 5329: 1098: 484: 6450: 2965:. p. 29. "Both Zosimus and Gildas refer to the 'Rescript of Honorius', a letter in which the Western Roman emperor told the British 10944: 10102: 6275: 2737: 10544: 10120: 8997: 7534: 4068:

The old temples were now to be kept for Christian worship; Christian worship was to be accompanied with the old feasts of cattle.

1873:, a restored 7th-century Anglo-Saxon church. Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information. 1134: 612: 11785: 11641: 3490:(2007): "The most obvious interpretation of the data in this study is a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models." 2016:

was sacked in 793. The raiding then virtually stopped for around 40 years; but in about 835, it started becoming more regular.

1257:

that England could be described as a nation-state. It is certain that the concept of "Englishness" only developed very slowly.

11838: 11274: 10222: 7815: 6585: 6431: 6412: 6265: 6227: 6077: 5922: 5890: 5871: 5824: 5638: 5617: 5513: 5473: 5356: 2751: 2043:. The Vikings retreated to their stronghold, and Alfred laid siege to it. Ultimately the Danes capitulated, and their leader 284: 11484: 11677: 11533: 8721: 7529: 2688: 11803: 11660: 10937: 8725: 8431: 8271: 8246: 8186: 11688: 2353:

In 1017, Edmund died in mysterious circumstances, probably murdered by Cnut or his supporters, and the English council (

124:

Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are coloured red. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black.

11747: 11672: 11623: 11425: 8642: 8638: 8526: 8362: 7760: 2247:

was trying to force Christianity onto his domain. Many of his subjects did not like this idea, and shortly before 988,

1408: 2853:. pp. 164–68. The author discusses the failings of the Roman army in Britain and the reasons why they eventually left. 11752: 11618: 11569: 10729: 9201: 8919: 8611: 8541: 8522: 8405: 8367: 7897: 7500: 6881: 6393: 6374: 6346: 6327: 6306: 6246: 6206: 6183: 6042: 6023: 6001: 5982: 5960: 5941: 5843: 5802: 5783: 5764: 5727: 5705: 5686: 5664: 5598: 5576: 5557: 5536: 5494: 5422: 5403: 5377: 5296: 4146:

Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology. Viking: "Northern pirate. Literally means creek dweller."

2837: 2673: 2083:

new system of defence worked, however, and ultimately it wore the Danes down: they gave up and dispersed in mid-896.

1485:, from which time victory fluctuated between the two peoples. Gildas records a "final" victory of the Britons at the 1470: 1346: 800: 181: 30: 6473: 3399:"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" 2121: 11630: 11613: 11579: 11574: 11498: 11205: 10174: 9163: 8560: 8549: 8545: 8518: 7780: 6504: 2404:

objected and killed some of Eustace's men. When Godwin refused to punish them, the king, who had been unhappy with

2346:

to escape and raised an army of loyalists. Edmund's army routed the Danes, but the success was short-lived: at the

2208: 1089:

withdrawal from the isle at the beginning of the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of

1007: 11473: 11557: 11552: 11041: 11031: 10762: 10410: 10361: 10261: 10244: 10125: 9333: 8498: 8494: 8447: 7865: 6839: 6580: 2693: 1168:

persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule

832: 474: 423: 323: 306: 2492:

also visiting Scotland, he eventually joined Hardrada (possibly in Scotland or at the mouth of the river Tyne).

11591: 10822: 10440: 10435: 10405: 10115: 9383: 9188: 9048: 8569: 8424: 8231: 8171: 8143: 6886: 2668: 1254: 892: 504: 499: 469: 2866:. p. 246. "Roman Britain's death throes began on the last day of December 406 when Alans, Vandals, and Sueves 2483:, later to be known as William the Conqueror. William was not ready to get involved so Tostig sailed from the 11697: 11601: 11596: 11356: 11314: 10852: 10569: 8577: 8573: 8317: 8148: 7695: 5486:

The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe:Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad

3836:, pp. 174–85: Religious Belief and Political loyalty. The author suggests the British were supporters of the 2023:

The walled defence round a burgh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.

922: 637: 38: 17: 2576:, the Anglo-Norman chronicler, over 100,000 people died of starvation. Figures based on the returns for the 2487:, but because of storms ended up in Norway, where he successfully enlisted the help of Harald Hardrada. The 11874: 11665: 11517: 11324: 11305: 11297: 10699: 10589: 10430: 10395: 9264: 9005: 9001: 8872: 7554: 6871: 6688: 2421:

Godwins thus became the most powerful family in England after the king. On Godwin's death in 1053, his son

2052: 1591: 1270: 1150: 767: 657: 494: 459: 3365:

Pattison, 'Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?' in

1753: 29:

This article is about historical events in Anglo-Saxon England. For the early phases of that history, see

11564: 11375: 11257: 10629: 10198: 10167: 10130: 9143: 8537: 8327: 7750: 7710: 7675: 7597: 6827: 6710: 6536: 6497: 2295: 2047:

agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to be baptised. The formal ceremony was completed a few days later at

1000: 697: 261: 231: 11247: 2291:

in the Spring of 1002, which was seen as an attempt to break the link between the raiders and Normandy.

11821: 11608: 11542: 11387: 10857: 10669: 10644: 10639: 10559: 10499: 10217: 9296: 9291: 8915: 8653: 8596: 8486: 8322: 8312: 8276: 8118: 8020: 7755: 7574: 7559: 6933: 6866: 2601: 1603: 1250: 1114: 927: 737: 712: 707: 627: 567: 279: 10254: 1474:

and demographic change in the core areas of the settlement and elite dominance in peripheral regions.

316: 10719: 10709: 10634: 10604: 10564: 10504: 10148: 9328: 9235: 9228: 9206: 9041: 8971: 8801: 8658: 8504: 8045: 7808: 7564: 6822: 6059: 5367: 3315: 2905:, which most likely derive from official documents relating to the billeting and supply of barbarian 2522: 1507:, king of Wessex, whose campaigns succeeded in taking Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath (known as the 1308: 1276: 787: 777: 702: 672: 632: 572: 2438: 2362: 1734: 1709: 11586: 10817: 10689: 10674: 10584: 10579: 10461: 9368: 9353: 9168: 9153: 8565: 8555: 8532: 8509: 8481: 8296: 7685: 7670: 7569: 6861: 6844: 6743: 5312: 4959:

Barlow, 2002, pp. 83–85. The value of the Godwins holdings can be discerned from the Domesday Book.

2643: 2463: 2449:, the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire; its tower was built in the late Anglo-Saxon period. 2442: 1926: 1780: 1393:

recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of 442.

1360: 1330: 887: 757: 742: 652: 647: 527: 11439: 3499: 3110: 3016: 2933: 2564:

William marched on London. The city leaders surrendered the kingdom to him, and he was crowned at

1962: 11728: 11512: 11508: 10694: 10609: 10484: 10302: 9483: 9373: 9363: 9358: 9178: 9158: 9115: 8937: 8903: 8000: 7970: 7745: 7733: 7662: 7589: 6649: 6484: 6011: 3529: 2075:

reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester.

1921: 1745: 1676: 1527:

Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing division into multiple

1422:

The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons into Britain can be seen in the context of a general movement of

762: 677: 552: 364: 8850: 2224: 11503: 10872: 10742: 10704: 10649: 10549: 10425: 10266: 9885: 9318: 9313: 9240: 9135: 8990: 8986: 8898: 8765: 8357: 8113: 7887: 7607: 6891: 6773: 5744: 5586: 2648: 2475:

Tostig, Harold's estranged brother, was the first to move; according to the medieval historian

1748:(686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left 1623: 1366: 1181: 942: 812: 772: 717: 617: 489: 328: 11108: 10867: 10847: 10827: 10807: 10782: 10767: 10737: 10659: 10619: 10599: 10524: 9183: 9073: 8176: 8068: 8025: 7722: 7700: 7690: 6876: 6817: 6644: 3427:

Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in

2867: 2569: 2480: 2410: 2288: 2233: 2183: 2158:, annexed Northumbria in 927 and thus became the first king of all England. At the Battle of 2117: 2008: 1784: 1682: 1496: 1398: 1313: 1288: 1158: 937: 917: 897: 877: 852: 837: 807: 727: 687: 667: 592: 6733: 6107:"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?" 5795:

The Ango-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

3443:"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English" 3442: 3087: 1726: 1295:

leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids, particularly by

11770: 11650: 11449: 11444: 10892: 10877: 10862: 10802: 10792: 10714: 10574: 10489: 9274: 9245: 9148: 8945: 8756: 8395: 8337: 8133: 8040: 8010: 7995: 7801: 7546: 6748: 6703: 6563: 2653: 2397: 2377: 1894: 1878: 1866: 1795: 1788: 1757: 1598:

in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the

1482: 1225: 962: 947: 932: 872: 862: 782: 642: 557: 103: 5321: 2558: 1912:

he complains of their "unspeakable crimes", and that they did not preach the faith to the

1594:

in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of

8: 11468: 11434: 11403: 11393: 11341: 11336: 11329: 10977: 10897: 10887: 10837: 10772: 10747: 10664: 10514: 10509: 10476: 10317: 10285: 10207: 10110: 9323: 8841: 8836: 8825: 8805: 8775: 8281: 8261: 8241: 8206: 8138: 8050: 7917: 7627: 7579: 7505: 7492: 6834: 6786: 6676: 6622: 6612: 6600: 2658: 2347: 2244: 1967: 1776: 1565: 1564:

By 600, a new order was developing, of kingdoms and sub-Kingdoms. The medieval historian

1172:. However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, came to be known as 1082: 967: 957: 907: 842: 817: 732: 582: 577: 545: 379: 347: 269: 8672: 6479: 6279: 5446:. Translated by Jane, L.C. (Temple Classics ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Company. 4299:

for the maintenance and defence of an acre's breadth of wall, sixteen hides are required

3130: 11775: 11454: 11382: 11351: 11319: 11121: 10964: 10882: 10812: 10757: 10752: 10679: 10654: 10624: 10519: 10494: 10456: 10415: 10312: 10190: 9493: 9345: 9284: 9173: 9105: 9081: 8967: 8866: 8831: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8787: 8783: 8746: 8717: 8664: 8514: 8385: 8221: 8196: 8098: 7975: 7927: 7922: 7912: 7850: 7680: 7619: 6856: 6753: 6698: 6681: 6661: 6553: 6528: 6520: 6358:

Chronicle of the kings of England:From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen

6131: 6106: 5970: 5346: 5285: 2678: 2615: 2551: 2547: 2484: 2342: 2196: 2167: 2040: 2028: 1934: 1816: 1779:

of Gwynedd, and together they invaded Edwin's lands and defeated and killed him at the

1688: 1454: 1318: 1047: 952: 882: 827: 822: 747: 722: 692: 587: 562: 522: 479: 374: 240: 83: 8779: 2298:

in November 1002, Danes living in England were slaughtered on the orders of Æthelred.

2162:

in 937, he defeated an alliance of the Scots, Danes, Vikings and Strathclyde Britons.

1893:

was sent to found a religious community in Iona, off the west coast of Scotland. Then

11522: 11461: 11398: 11346: 11004: 10832: 10797: 10684: 10614: 10539: 10534: 10297: 10227: 9269: 9120: 9095: 9017: 8982: 8978: 8956: 8933: 8929: 8862: 8858: 8797: 8761: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8713: 8381: 8123: 8093: 8083: 8073: 7990: 7980: 7965: 7832: 7632: 6738: 6637: 6590: 6427: 6408: 6389: 6370: 6342: 6323: 6302: 6296: 6261: 6242: 6223: 6202: 6198: 6179: 6136: 6073: 6038: 6019: 5997: 5978: 5956: 5937: 5918: 5886: 5867: 5839: 5820: 5798: 5779: 5760: 5723: 5701: 5682: 5660: 5634: 5613: 5594: 5572: 5553: 5532: 5509: 5490: 5469: 5418: 5399: 5373: 5352: 5292: 5263: 3043:. Myers identifies incidence of German people in Britain during the Roman occupation. 2833: 2747: 2565: 2517: 2228: 2048: 1655: 1599: 1292: 1266: 1126: 1090: 902: 867: 752: 682: 607: 602: 359: 289: 53: 3470: 11718: 11363: 11185: 10842: 10787: 10777: 10554: 10529: 10351: 10307: 9692: 9064: 8952: 8941: 8911: 8890: 8771: 8676: 8627: 8621: 8601: 8476: 8342: 8291: 8286: 8226: 8191: 8103: 8060: 8030: 7952: 7870: 7840: 7728: 7642: 6812: 6671: 6654: 6126: 6118: 5715: 3023:

II.26 – Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text.

2809: 2458: 2426: 2422: 2284: 2259: 2194:

meaning hill, knoll, or mound. In archaeology and other academic contexts the term

2175: 2143: 2127: 2111: 2032: 1987: 1882: 1820: 1771:

The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo-Saxon Mercians under

1647: 1595: 1508: 1427: 1423: 1374: 1356: 1138: 1118: 1055: 912: 857: 847: 622: 597: 413: 369: 5525: 1459: 11061: 10902: 10594: 10400: 10280: 10249: 9301: 9279: 9223: 9193: 9077: 9013: 8925: 8793: 8416: 8352: 8266: 8236: 7960: 7877: 7738: 7718: 7637: 6768: 6728: 6605: 6558: 5610:

Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity

5291:. Vol. I: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1978. London: Boydell Press. 3837: 2638: 2573: 2538: 2476: 2469: 2405: 2389: 2366: 2331: 2248: 2098: 2044: 1958: 1651: 1639: 1486: 1447: 1237: 1154: 1122: 1039: 972: 662: 464: 342: 311: 210: 11266: 10920: 10466: 9975: 9759: 9423: 9110: 9009: 8963: 8631: 8256: 8201: 8155: 8108: 8088: 7932: 7855: 7602: 7517: 6849: 6763: 6627: 6575: 5812: 3369:

2008 275, pp. 2423–29; and 'Integration vs Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain' in

3106: 2629: 2335: 2150:

go on the offensive. When Edward died in 924 he ruled all England south of the

2139: 2068: 1917: 1913: 1852: 1807: 1659: 1577: 1551: 1412: 1378: 1334: 1217: 1192: 1184: 1177: 1063: 990: 532: 6317: 2814: 2797: 2533: 1961:) to decide the matter; Saint Wilfrid was an advocate for the Roman rites and 1719: 11868: 11780: 11708: 11703: 11493: 11165: 11155: 11073: 10991: 10960: 10929: 10341: 10336: 10292: 10212: 9734: 9697: 9657: 9523: 9252: 9211: 8668: 8015: 7652: 6758: 6617: 2743: 2577: 2203: 2179: 1902: 1886: 1877:

It is not entirely clear how many Britons would have been Christian when the

1870: 1848: 1836: 1832: 1528: 1416: 1280: 1188: 1094: 1035: 403: 398: 354: 274: 166: 9836: 6468: 6217: 1658:. Other minor kingdoms and territories are mentioned in sources such as the 1523: 11655: 11368: 11133: 11095: 11083: 11051: 10324: 10275: 9428: 9418: 9401: 9218: 8731: 8181: 8078: 7882: 7775: 7647: 7512: 6898: 6693: 6632: 6595: 6140: 6122: 6070:

Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: The Art of Authority

5630:

Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Nations and Kingdoms

4561:, p. 76. The modern ascription 'Unready' derives from the Anglo-Saxon word 2733: 2663: 2609: 2525:. Harold gave quarter to the survivors allowing them to leave in 20 ships. 2425:

succeeded to the earldom of Wessex; Harold's brothers Gyrth, Leofwine, and

2135: 1954: 1860: 1856: 1233: 1086: 1043: 386: 337: 34: 2155: 2107: 2086:

Alfred is remembered as a literate king. He or his court commissioned the

1970:

invaded Ireland in the 12th century and imposed the Roman rites by force.

1693: 1051: 11143: 10329: 9910: 9868: 9791: 9704: 9572: 9562: 9473: 9257: 8332: 8035: 7942: 7824: 6807: 6791: 6666: 6568: 5951:

Lapidge, Michael Ed.; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001).

3126: 3088:

MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles

2414: 2354: 2266:

failed. Æthelred seems to have just hidden, out of range of the raiders.

2232:

the Unready", as he proved to be one of England's most disastrous kings.

2013: 1908:

Bede is very uncomplimentary about the indigenous British clergy: in his

1898: 1631: 1543: 1534: 1518: 1404: 1106: 1034:, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of 391: 133: 3855:

In 5th and 6th centuries Britons in large numbers adopted Christianity..

1973: 10087: 9875: 9858: 9806: 9796: 9781: 9749: 9739: 9617: 9567: 9443: 9438: 9406: 9125: 8846: 7907: 7793: 7765: 7524: 2393: 2370: 2315: 2159: 1983: 1840: 1666: 1284: 11855: 5857:. Translated by Ingram, Rev. James. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 3488:

The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland

3135:

Words in Dictionaries and History: Essays in Honour of R. W. McConchie

1714: 1704: 11416: 10159: 10082: 10077: 10067: 10000: 9905: 9801: 9764: 9754: 9714: 9667: 9662: 9612: 9552: 9478: 9468: 9448: 9411: 9396: 8216: 7985: 6546: 6489: 3840:, and that the numbers of Christians were higher than Gildas reports. 2550:

just outside Hastings. Harold was killed when he fought and lost the

2446: 2338:, back to Denmark, forcing him to abandon his allies in the process. 2255: 2187: 1812: 1806:

of Mercia, who is remembered for the construction of a 150-mile-long

1725:

At the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler in England was

1569: 1555: 1389: 1370: 1350: 1302: 1173: 1102: 68: 1340: 10055: 10040: 10020: 10005: 9985: 9960: 9945: 9940: 9920: 9890: 9880: 9831: 9821: 9816: 9647: 9632: 9607: 9587: 9557: 9547: 9542: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9433: 9391: 9100: 9033: 8251: 8128: 8005: 6903: 5674: 2357:) confirmed Cnut as king of all England. Cnut divided England into 2311: 2276: 2213: 2036: 1765: 1740: 1698: 1635: 1615: 1463: 1443: 1435: 1431: 6055: 5740: 5451: 5438: 5351:. Translated by Lapidge, Keyne. Penguin Classic (published 2004). 5308: 2323: 2019: 10072: 10060: 10050: 10025: 10015: 10010: 9990: 9980: 9955: 9895: 9853: 9826: 9744: 9677: 9672: 9652: 9642: 9597: 9592: 9582: 9577: 9518: 9503: 9453: 8708: 7892: 6720: 2765: 2763: 2739:

A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?

2513: 2358: 2056: 2002: 1979: 1930: 1890: 1619: 1504: 1324: 1169: 1165: 1142: 1071: 1067: 140: 6451:"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England" 1937:, who converted Sussex around 681 and the Isle of Wight in 683. 1241: 95: 10092: 10045: 10030: 9995: 9970: 9935: 9930: 9863: 9848: 9786: 9724: 9709: 9687: 9637: 9627: 9622: 9535: 9530: 9488: 9458: 2151: 2131: 1940: 1851:(306–337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the 1730: 1671: 1643: 1627: 1572:, which consisted of the seven principal Anglo-Saxon kingdoms ( 1547: 1503:

The next major campaign against the Britons was in 577, led by

1491: 1478: 1439: 1382: 1130: 1110: 1075: 6474:

C. P. Biggam's Anglo-Saxon Studies: A Select bibliography

5627:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).

5608:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).

4066:..the Anglo-Saxons should be led to Christianity step by step. 2760: 2138:

from about 886. In 886/887 Æthelred married Alfred's daughter

1992: 1901:, between 635 and 651. Hence Northumbria was converted by the 1859:(379–395), Christianity was made the official religion of the 1481:, initial vigorous British resistance was led by a man called 1462:. The laws include several clauses that provide six different 11797: 9965: 9950: 9925: 9915: 9900: 9843: 9811: 9776: 9771: 9729: 9719: 9602: 9463: 9306: 8854: 6802: 6098:

The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume ii

3455:

Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis."

2306: 1799: 1772: 1761: 1381:

in AD 43. There is a recent hypothesis that some of the

1296: 6276:"Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology" 6089:

The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i

4835:

Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman studies

1881:

arrived. There had been attempts to evangelise the Irish by

1843:, writing in the 3rd century, said that "Christianity could 10237: 10035: 9682: 6908: 5432: 4506:

Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology.

3354:

The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe

3222:

The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe

2319: 2263: 2217: 2064: 1803: 1512: 1203: 1101:

in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as

1059: 299: 2939:

II.20 . What Gildas had to say about the letter to Aëtius.

2204:

England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)

1426:

around Europe between the years 300 and 700, known as the

7770: 6149:"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain" 6068:

O'Reilly, Jennifer (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).

5776:

English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century

2116:

From 874 to 879, the western half of Mercia was ruled by

1275:

As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end,

1240:) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons ( 5950: 4064:. p. 146. Talking of Pope Gregory's policy he said that: 2528: 1897:

was sent from Iona to set up his see in Northumbria, at

1321:, the Western Roman Emperor, had written to the British 6111:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5155:

Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 7: The Collapse of the Dynasty".

4534:

Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain

2341:

In 1015, Cnut launched a new campaign against England.

2310:

Cnut's dominions. The Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of

2174:

in that earldom". There are over 3,000 words in modern

1996:

Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the Danelaw

1388:

It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with

1153:

during the 9th and 10th centuries; and ending with the

1146: 10374:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

6315: 5864:

Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew

3163:, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England 3095:

Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew

1519:

Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)

436:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

6355: 6096:

Ordericus Vitalis (1854). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.).

6087:

Ordericus Vitalis (1853). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.).

5753:

Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Diana E. Greenway (ed.).

5059:

Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 5: The Lull Before the Storm".

2541:

showing Harold (lower right) being killed at Hastings

2093: 1974:

Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century)

1756:, Rædwald provided military assistance to the Deiran 1737:

became the most powerful leader south of the Humber.

5466:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225

3449: 2591: 1590:

By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the

1279:

withdrew the remains of the army in reaction to the

1216:) in around 731. Thus, the term for English people ( 10379:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

5752: 3431:, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48 2798:"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?" 2200:is often used for Scandinavian culture in England. 1180:, and through social and cultural integration with 1081:The Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain from mainland 441:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

196:• Unification of the Angles, Saxons and Danes 8446: 5953:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 5657:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 5524: 5284: 5283:Allen, Brown R.; Chibnall, Marjorie, eds. (1979). 5073:The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy 4521:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 2495: 1760:in his struggle to take over the two dynasties of 6195:Bede:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 6095: 6086: 5991: 5975:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England 5483:Bell, Andrew (2000). Andrew Bell-Fialkoff (ed.). 4391:Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes", pp. 10–12 3316:The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61 3041:The Romano British Background and the Saxon Shore 2479:, he travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of 1835:during the Roman occupation. The early Christian 1802:. The war reached its climax during the reign of 1341:Migration and the formation of kingdoms (400–600) 11866: 11296: 5899: 5460:, based on a translation by A. M. Sellar (1907). 5316:. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great. 3310: 3308: 2433: 1236:' came into use in the 8th century (probably by 1054:(r. 927–939). It became part of the short-lived 6424:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 6360:. Translated by Giles, J.A. London: Henry Bohn. 5994:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius 5977:. Pennsylvania: University Press Pennsylvania. 5626: 5607: 5585: 5567:Dio, Cassius Cocceianus (1924). E. Cary (ed.). 4425:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 4371: 4369: 4251:Medieval Sourcebook: Alfred and Guthrum's Peace 3821:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius 2243:Just as Æthelred was being crowned, the Danish 1337:inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo-Saxons. 10959: 6367:Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King 5915:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 5836:Roman Britain and Early England 55 BC – AD 871 5695: 5649:Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination 5067: 5065: 5002: 5000: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4387: 4385: 4276: 4274: 1450:, in northwest Spain) at about the same time. 1046:kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the 11282: 10945: 10175: 9049: 8432: 7809: 6505: 6298:The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization 6176:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 5756:Historia Anglorum: the history of the English 5464:Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M. Roberts (ed.). 5282: 5129: 5127: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4515: 4513: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 3893: 3891: 3305: 3148:The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation 1008: 6294: 6192: 6067: 5996:. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina. 5969: 5900:Kelly S. E.; et al., eds. (1973–2007). 5833: 5443:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 5365: 5328:. History Department of Fordham University. 5185: 5183: 5055: 5053: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 4942: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4487: 4485: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4404:, III pp. 121–60. Examples of King Alfred's 4366: 3864: 3862: 3808:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 3775:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 3743: 3741: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3641:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 3416:The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England 3251:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 2795: 2684:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066) 1560:Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms 1538:Anglo-Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800 1214:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 9080:origin primarily identified as speakers of 6480:Anglo Saxon Era – articles about the period 5852: 5714: 5062: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4997: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4900: 4876: 4858: 4840: 4692: 4679: 4642: 4640: 4581: 4382: 4271: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3291: 3289: 3178:Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2966: 2906: 2900: 2851:The end of Roman Britain: Military Security 1322: 1300: 1207: 164: 33:. For Anglo-Saxon culture and society, see 11289: 11275: 10952: 10938: 10182: 10168: 9056: 9042: 8439: 8425: 7816: 7802: 6512: 6498: 6063:. Translated by Gunn, Rev. W.; Giles, J.A. 5270:. History Department of Fordham University 5171: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5078: 4791: 4619: 4601: 4510: 4442: 4329: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4178: 4149: 4129: 4127: 4102: 4028: 3982: 3969: 3956: 3930: 3888: 3883:After Rome:Society, Community and Identity 3198: 3031: 3029: 2878: 2876: 1831:Christianity had been introduced into the 1783:in 633. Their success was short-lived, as 1409:predominate throughout what is now England 1015: 1001: 118: 10421:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 6130: 5934:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia 5866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5647:Clark, David, and Nicholas Perkins, eds. 5372:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5180: 5149: 5136: 5094: 5075:. Volume i. Bk. III Ch. 11. pp. 461–64 65 5050: 5030: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4820: 4753: 4731: 4482: 4460: 4410: 4135:The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings 4119:The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings 4108:Barefoot. The English Road to Rome. p. 30 4091: 4089: 4087: 4071: 3943: 3875: 3859: 3787: 3738: 3705: 3666: 3646: 3468: 2813: 2776: 2769:Higham, Nicholas J., and Martin J. Ryan. 485:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 163:• Abandonment of the Roman province 7823: 6364: 6104: 5885:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 5811: 5792: 5545: 5463: 5393: 5013: 4971: 4666: 4637: 4375:Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes", 3505: 3493: 3286: 3166: 3097:. pp. 99–111 Retrieved. 26 November 2011 3003: 2532: 2437: 2305: 2207: 2097: 2018: 1991: 1939: 1865: 1847:be found in Britain." The Roman Emperor 1739: 1533: 1522: 10121:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 6316:Webb J. F.; Farmer D. H., eds. (1983). 6255: 6236: 6051: 5778:. Manchester: Manchester United Press. 5679:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 5654: 5591:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 5522: 4565:, meaning "badly advised or counseled". 4231: 4211: 4124: 4054: 4041: 3523: 3243: 3100: 3080: 3026: 2963:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 2950:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 2873: 2773:. Yale University Press, 2013. pp. 7–19 14: 11867: 10189: 6519: 6215: 6173: 6010: 5908: 5904:. Oxford: OUP for the British Academy. 5773: 5748:. Translated by Habington; Giles, J.A. 5736: 5412: 5369:The laws of the earliest English kings 4084: 3256: 2732: 2454:Edward was buried and Harold crowned. 2383: 2269: 2258:refused; he was killed in the ensuing 2035:, with a few men, built a fortress at 1855:in 313. Then, in the reign of Emperor 1407:, came over the next few centuries to 1209:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 1137:during the 7th century; the threat of 11270: 10933: 10163: 9037: 8420: 7797: 6493: 6448: 6421: 6336: 6032: 5880: 5861: 5797:. London: Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 5503: 5344: 4036:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3990:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3977:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3964:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3938:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3899:After Rome:Conversion to Christianity 3281:Talking about Anglo-Saxon archaeology 2529:William of Normandy sails for England 1826: 1775:into an alliance with the Welsh King 1377:in the original invasion force under 1260: 11804: 9063: 6485:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 6426:. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. 6402: 6383: 6278:. The Viking Network. Archived from 5931: 5902:Anglo-Saxon Charters Volumes: I–XIII 5673: 5482: 5431: 5366:Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922). 5332:from the original on 11 January 2010 3396: 2689:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 2142:. On Alfred's death in 899, his son 1729:, whose lands extended north to the 1311:, for help (a document known as the 1253:suggested that it was not until the 11736:Post-war period (political history) 8401: 7846:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6449:Curry, Andrew (21 September 2022). 5696:Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1991). 5569:Roman History: Bk. 56–60, v. 7 5566: 3628:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 2742:(Paperback 2003 ed.). London: 2365:, who bore him two sons, Svein and 1701:, the Meon Valley area of Hampshire 24: 10431:History of the politics of England 7938:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 6442: 6369:. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. 6117:(1650). Royal Society: 2423–2429. 5552:. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. 5322:"The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD" 4049:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. 3500:Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.25 3440: 3367:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3302:Hines. The Anglo-Saxons pp. 148–49 2094:English unification (10th century) 1097:, and traces the establishment of 495:History of the politics of England 25: 11886: 10426:History of the economy of England 8368:Historiography in the Middle Ages 6462: 6154:. Ordnance Survey. Archived from 5506:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 4576:Chronicle of the kings of England 3113:Nutty Journalists' (and Others') 2726: 2674:Government in Anglo-Saxon England 2238:Chronicle of the kings of England 1602:or, more controversially, as the 1347:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 490:History of the economy of England 182:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 31:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 11847: 11830: 11813: 11741:Post-war period (social history) 11415: 11246: 11233:Political history (1979–present) 10914: 10144: 10143: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8380: 6239:The Monarchy of England Volume I 6054: 5739: 5571:(2000 ed.). Harvard: LOEB. 5489:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5450: 5437: 5307: 5239: 5226: 5209: 5196: 5158: 4962: 4953: 4804: 4779: 4718: 4705: 4653: 4568: 4551: 4538: 4526: 4498: 4473: 4430: 4394: 4354: 4342: 4316: 4304: 4287: 4255: 4244: 4079:After Rome: The Art of Authority 3661:After-Rome: Nations and Kingdoms 2622: 2608: 2594: 2012:reports that the holy island of 984: 250: 37:. For the academic journal, see 10411:History of education in England 10126:Christianization of Scandinavia 7866:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7861:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6581:England in the late Middle Ages 6258:Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition 6241:. London: Chatto & Windus. 6216:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). 5936:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 5881:Jones, Michael E. (1998). 4198: 4162: 4140: 4111: 4008: 3995: 3917: 3904: 3843: 3826: 3813: 3800: 3767: 3754: 3725: 3692: 3679: 3633: 3620: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3564: 3551: 3538: 3480: 3462: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3390: 3377: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3320: 3269: 3235:Roman Britain and early England 3227: 3214: 3182: 3153: 3140: 3120: 3063: 3046: 2987: 2974: 2955: 2942: 2927: 2914: 2889: 2870:and began the invasion of Gaul" 2694:Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 2496:Battle of Fulford and aftermath 2378:Harald II, King of Denmark 2301: 475:History of education in England 11800:History of Anglo-Saxon England 10406:Government in medieval England 10116:Christianization of the Franks 9189:Continental Germanic mythology 8448:European Middle Ages by region 8144:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6356:William of Malmesbury (1847). 5992:Malcolm Errington, R. (2006). 4748:Illustrated History of Vikings 3520:, Chapter 16: English Conquest 2886:. pp. 56–62. Picts and Saxons. 2856: 2843: 2822: 2789: 2707: 2669:Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England 2227:, but his elder half-brother, 1927:conversion of the Anglo-Saxons 1198: 1191:and Normans became the modern 1042:in 1066, consisted of various 470:Government in medieval England 13: 1: 11238:Social history (1979–present) 11023: 11010: 10996: 10983: 8318:Disability in the Middle Ages 7991:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7923:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6469:Internet Medieval Source book 6178:(3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. 5909:Keynes, Simon (2008). "Edgar 5398:. Upton-upon-Severn: Images. 5326:Internet Medieval Source Book 5268:Internet Medieval Source Book 5255: 4265:, Chapter 9: Domesday Roots. 4097:History of the English People 4003:History of the English People 3925:History of the English People 3912:History of the English People 3778: 3117:. Retrieved. 26 November 2011 2971:to see to their own defence." 2802:The English Historical Review 2434:Death of Edward the Confessor 2326:are not included in this map. 1679:, a precursor state to Mercia 1576:literal translation from the 200: 187: 75: 60: 11298:History of the British Isles 11206:Post-war Britain (political) 10396:English overseas possessions 8873:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 6341:. London: English Heritage. 6295:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005). 6256:Stenton, F. M. (1971). 5913:". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). 5834:Hunter Blair, Peter (1963). 5720:The Landscape of Place-Names 5523:Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978). 5264:"Alfred and Guthrum's Peace" 4051:Ch.1. particularly pp. 51–52 3469:Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). 2796:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). 2720: 1592:end of Roman rule in Britain 1271:End of Roman rule in Britain 460:English overseas possessions 7: 10131:Christianization of Iceland 6037:. Oxford University Press. 5932:Koch, John T. (2005). 5862:Jones, Martin, ed. (2004). 5817:Why Alfred Burned the Cakes 5774:Higham, N. J. (1994). 5698:The ending of Roman Britain 5681:. Stroud: NPI Media Group. 5417:. London: Pearson Longman. 2982:The Ending of Roman Britain 2587: 2462:imprisoned in Normandy, by 2289:Richard I, Duke of Normandy 2212:Viking longboat replica in 2134:styled himself King of the 10: 11891: 10223:Economy in the Middle Ages 8119:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 6586:Economy in the Middle Ages 6405:In Search of the Dark Ages 6193:Farmer, D.H., ed. (1990). 6105:Pattison, John E. (2008). 5531:. Chichester: Phillimore. 5217:The ecclesiastical history 4774:In Search of the Dark Ages 4479:Keynes, 'Edgar', pp. 48–51 4062:The coming of Christianity 4016:The Church in Saxon Sussex 3823:. Chapter VIII. Theodosius 3429:Migrations and Disruptions 2902:annona, epimenia, hospites 2602:Anglo-Saxon England portal 2105: 1977: 1646:. Minor kingdoms included 1634:(originally two kingdoms, 1568:conceived the idea of the 1541: 1354: 1344: 1264: 285:Economy in the Middle Ages 28: 11762: 11687: 11640: 11532: 11483: 11424: 11413: 11304: 11255: 11244: 11216:Post-war Britain (social) 11142: 11120: 11106: 11094: 11082: 11060: 10971: 10911: 10728: 10475: 10449: 10388: 10197: 10139: 10101: 9382: 9344: 9134: 9088: 9071: 8972:Principality of Chernigov 8881: 8802:Principality of Catalonia 8699: 8690: 8587: 8467: 8454: 8376: 8305: 8164: 8059: 8046:Mongol invasion of Europe 7951: 7831: 7709: 7661: 7618: 7588: 7545: 7491: 6782: 6719: 6527: 5853:Ernest Rhys, ed. (1912). 5819:. London: Profile Books. 5593:. Berkeley: UC Berkeley. 5448:; the translation of the 5234:England under the Normans 5121:Barlow, 2002, pp. 136–137 5091:Barlow, 2002, pp. 134–35. 3643:, Tr. Shirley-Price, I.25 3385:Archaeology and Migration 2523:Battle of Stamford Bridge 2481:William, Duke of Normandy 2124:as Lord of the Mercians. 1754:Æthelfrith of Northumbria 220: 207: 194: 178: 161: 157: 149: 145:Anglo-Saxon, Angle, Saxon 139: 129: 117: 112: 51: 10545:East Riding of Yorkshire 10462:Kingdom of Great Britain 9369:North Germanic languages 9354:Germanic parent language 8951:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 6476:(archived 25 March 2013) 6100:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 6091:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 5883:The End of Roman Britain 5546:Campbell, James (2000). 5396:The English Road to Rome 5394:Barefoot, Brian (1993). 5133:Barlow, 2002, pp. 137–38 4994:Starkey, Monarchy p. 119 4968:Barlow, 2002, pp. 116–23 4468:Late Anglo-Saxon England 3834:The End of Roman Britain 3328:The End of Roman Britain 3297:Ethnicity and Structures 3237:Particularly Chapter 8: 3190:The End of Roman Britain 2864:The end of Roman Britain 2700: 2644:Anglo-Saxon architecture 1885:in 431. However, it was 1781:Battle of Hatfield Chase 1471:Discussions and analysis 1361:List of Anglo-Welsh wars 1309:Magister militium Aetius 613:East Riding of Yorkshire 528:Kingdom of Great Britain 11570:Early medieval Scotland 9374:West Germanic languages 9364:East Germanic languages 9359:Proto-Germanic language 9179:Proto-Germanic folklore 9116:Romano-Germanic culture 8882:Central, Eastern Europe 8588:Central, Eastern Europe 8001:Investiture Controversy 7971:Second Bulgarian Empire 6650:Commonwealth of England 6422:Yorke, Barbara (1990). 6237:Starkey, David (2004). 6035:The English Settlements 5655:Crystal, David (2001). 5587:Charles-Edwards, Thomas 5313:s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4934:Barlow, 2002, pp. 64–65 4922:Barlow, 2002, pp. 57–58 3613:, pp. lx–lxi. "The HA ( 3277:The English Settlements 3174:The English Settlements 3037:The English Settlements 2897:The English Settlements 2815:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513 2120:, who was succeeded by 1752:Following the death of 1746:Aldfrith of Northumbria 1677:Kingdom of the Iclingas 1500:(The Ruin of Britain). 1255:late Anglo-Saxon period 1242: 1229: 96: 11614:Early medieval Ireland 11580:Late medieval Scotland 11575:High medieval Scotland 11548:Early medieval England 10267:Black Death in England 8766:Burgundian Netherlands 8607:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8358:Post-classical history 8114:Fall of Constantinople 8021:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7888:First Bulgarian Empire 6403:Wood, Michael (2005). 6384:Wood, Michael (1985). 6365:Williams, Ann (2003). 6337:Welch, Martin (1992). 6174:Sawyer, Peter (2001). 6123:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352 6060:History of the Britons 6033:Myers, J.N.L. (1989). 5838:. London: W W Norton. 5793:Hines J., ed. (2003). 5718:; Anne, Coles (2000). 5549:The Anglo-Saxon State 5413:Barlow, Frank (2002). 3687:History of the English 3150:Particularly pp. 38–39 2967: 2907: 2901: 2830:Origins of the English 2649:Old English literature 2542: 2450: 2363:Ælfgifu of Northampton 2327: 2220: 2103: 2024: 1997: 1945: 1910:Historia ecclesiastica 1874: 1857:Theodosius "the Great" 1749: 1735:Rædwald of East Anglia 1539: 1531: 1323: 1301: 1221: 1208: 1147:unification of England 1032:Early Medieval England 329:Black Death in England 165: 11661:Early modern Scotland 11624:Late medieval Ireland 11619:High medieval Ireland 11558:Late medieval England 11553:High medieval England 11509:Protohistoric Ireland 9184:Anglo-Saxon mythology 9074:Ethnolinguistic group 8643:Late Medieval Kingdom 8639:High Medieval Kingdom 6222:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5955:. London: Blackwell. 5917:. The Boydell Press. 5855:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 5700:. London: Routledge. 5177:Barlow, 2002, p. 156. 5101:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 5025:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 4983:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 4811:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 4786:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 4713:Aethelred the Unready 4661:The Anglo Saxon State 4437:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4361:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4349:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4311:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4169:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3819:R. M. Errington 3471:"Relative Chronology" 3397:Dark, Ken R. (2003). 3220:Bell-Fialkoff/ Bell: 2784:The Anglo-Saxon State 2771:The Anglo-Saxon World 2570:Harrying of the North 2536: 2502:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 2489:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 2441: 2411:William the Conqueror 2376:When Cnut's brother, 2309: 2234:William of Malmesbury 2211: 2186:are derived from the 2184:Howe, North Yorkshire 2101: 2088:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2073:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2022: 2009:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1995: 1943: 1903:Celtic (Irish) church 1869: 1743: 1537: 1526: 1497:De Excidio Britanniae 1487:Battle of Mount Badon 1399:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1331:Battle of Mount Badon 1314:Groans of the Britons 1291:in December 406. The 1289:Crossing of the Rhine 1159:William the Conqueror 1093:following the end of 1078:in the 11th century. 130:Common languages 11771:House of Plantagenet 11673:Early modern Ireland 11656:Early modern England 11651:Early modern Britain 11592:Early medieval Wales 11450:Prehistoric Shetland 11445:Prehistoric Scotland 8851:Caliphate of Córdoba 8757:Republic of Florence 8338:Medieval reenactment 8134:Renaissance Humanism 8041:Medieval Warm Period 8011:Republic of Florence 7825:European Middle Ages 7501:Anglo-Saxon military 6689:Overseas possessions 5504:Blair, John (2006). 5287:Anglo-Norman Studies 5112:Barlow, 2002, p. 138 4726:Æthelred the Unready 4504:The Viking Network: 4159:, Chapter 6: Vikings 3457:Medieval Archaeology 2654:Anglo-Saxon monarchs 2554:on 14 October 1066. 2398:Edward the Confessor 2296:St. Brice's day 1789:Battle of Maserfield 1483:Ambrosius Aurelianus 1411:, at the expense of 1099:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 180:• Start of the 11875:Anglo-Saxon England 11748:Late modern Ireland 11642:Early modern period 11602:Late medieval Wales 11597:High medieval Wales 11469:Prehistoric Ireland 11440:Prehistoric England 11435:Prehistoric Britain 10978:Prehistoric Britain 10318:Glorious Revolution 10286:English Renaissance 10238:English unification 10208:Prehistoric Britain 10111:Gothic Christianity 8842:Lordship of Ireland 8837:Kingdom of Scotland 8826:Kingdom of Portugal 8806:Kingdom of Valencia 8776:Kingdom of Asturias 8051:Kingdom of Portugal 7918:Old Church Slavonic 7903:Anglo-Saxon England 6915:Acts of Parliament: 6682:Union with Scotland 6677:Glorious Revolution 6623:Union of the Crowns 6613:English Renaissance 6601:English Reformation 6542:Anglo-Saxon England 6339:Anglo-Saxon England 6322:. London: Penguin. 6282:on 11 February 2010 6201:. London: Penguin. 6018:. London: Phoenix. 5971:Mayr-Harting, Henry 5745:The Ruin of Britain 4908:Anglo-Saxon England 4895:Anglo-Saxon England 4871:Anglo-Saxon England 4853:Anglo-Saxon England 4700:Anglo-Saxon England 4687:Anglo-Saxon England 4596:Anglo Saxon England 4546:Anglo-Saxon England 4099:, III.25 and III.26 4077:Jennifer O'Reilly, 3762:Anglo-Saxon England 3572:Anglo-Saxon England 3559:Anglo-Saxon England 3532:The Ruin of Britain 3383:Stefan Burmeister, 3341:Anglo-Saxon England 3264:Anglo-Saxon England 3239:The Age of Invasion 3161:Anglo-Saxon England 3019:The Ruin of Britain 2936:The Ruin of Britain 2832:Duckworth, London. 2659:Anglo-Saxon warfare 2384:Edward becomes king 2348:Battle of Ashingdon 2270:Payment of Danegeld 2051:. There followed a 1968:Henry II of England 1777:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 1566:Henry of Huntingdon 1206:completed his book 1103:seven main kingdoms 1083:northwestern Europe 1028:Anglo-Saxon England 380:Glorious Revolution 348:English Renaissance 300:English unification 270:Prehistoric Britain 40:Anglo-Saxon England 11776:House of Lancaster 11729:World Wars (Wales) 11689:Late modern period 11666:Early modern Wales 11455:Prehistoric Orkney 11426:Prehistoric period 10921:England portal 10570:Greater Manchester 10457:Kingdom of England 10416:History of English 10233:Anglo-Saxon period 10191:History of England 9494:Germani cisrhenani 9202:Funerary practices 9106:Pre-Roman Iron Age 9082:Germanic languages 9002:Grand Principality 8920:Kingdom of Croatia 8867:Emirate of Granada 8832:Kingdom of England 8816:Kingdom of Navarre 8810:Kingdom of Majorca 8788:Kingdom of Galicia 8784:Kingdom of Castile 8747:Republic of Venice 8718:Kingdom of Bohemia 8232:In popular culture 8197:Crusading movement 8069:Hundred Years' War 7928:Civitas Schinesghe 7913:Carolingian Empire 7898:Kingdom of Croatia 7851:Barbarian kingdoms 6872:Secretary of State 6554:Kingdom of England 6521:Kingdom of England 6386:The Domesday Quest 6199:Sherley-Price, Leo 6161:on 4 December 2008 5722:. Stamford: Tyas. 5247:The Doomsday Quest 4493:The Domesday Quest 4263:The Domesday Quest 3626:Norman F. Cantor, 3598:The Domesday Quest 3459:55.1 (2011): 1–28. 2679:History of England 2616:Middle Ages portal 2552:Battle of Hastings 2543: 2485:Cotentin Peninsula 2451: 2443:St Bene't's Church 2392:, and Emma's son, 2328: 2221: 2197:Anglo-Scandinavian 2104: 2041:Battle of Edington 2029:Great Heathen Army 2025: 1998: 1946: 1935:Archbishop of York 1879:pagan Anglo-Saxons 1875: 1827:Early Christianity 1817:Battle of Ellendun 1750: 1727:Æthelberht of Kent 1540: 1532: 1455:Peter Hunter-Blair 1261:Historical context 1048:Kingdom of England 991:England portal 638:Greater Manchester 523:Kingdom of England 480:History of English 295:Anglo-Saxon period 84:Kingdom of England 11795: 11794: 11678:Early modern Mann 11565:Medieval Scotland 11523:Sub-Roman Britain 11518:End of Roman rule 11462:Prehistoric Wales 11264: 11263: 11224: 11223: 11005:Sub-Roman Britain 10927: 10926: 10298:English Civil War 10228:Sub-Roman Britain 10157: 10156: 9329:Gothic and Vandal 9121:Germanic Iron Age 9096:Nordic Bronze Age 9078:Northern European 9031: 9030: 9027: 9026: 8983:Novgorod Republic 8957:Kingdom of Bosnia 8895:Bulgarian Empire 8798:Kingdom of Aragon 8762:Duchy of Burgundy 8752:Republic of Genoa 8742:Kingdom of Naples 8737:Kingdom of Sicily 8726:Swiss Confederacy 8714:Holy Roman Empire 8686: 8685: 8414: 8413: 8323:Basic topics list 8124:Swiss mercenaries 8074:Wars of the Roses 7981:Kingdom of Poland 7966:Holy Roman Empire 7833:Early Middle Ages 7791: 7790: 7633:Church of England 6591:Wars of the Roses 6433:978-0-415-16639-3 6414:978-0-563-52276-8 6267:978-0-19-280139-5 6229:978-0-631-22260-6 6079:978-0-19-924982-4 6016:The Age of Arthur 5924:978-1-84383-399-4 5892:978-0-8014-8530-5 5873:978-1-902937-25-0 5826:978-1-86197-786-1 5716:Gelling, Margaret 5640:978-0-19-924982-4 5619:978-0-19-924982-4 5515:978-0-19-921117-3 5475:978-0-19-925101-8 5358:978-0-14-044409-4 4532:Ordnance Survey: 4267:The Viking Impact 4034:Charles-Edwards, 4005:, IV.13 and IV.16 3988:Charles-Edwards, 3975:Charles-Edwards, 3962:Charles-Edwards, 3936:Charles-Edwards, 3897:Charles-Edwards. 3881:Charles-Edwards. 3615:Historia Anglorum 3611:Historia Anglorum 3585:The Age of Arthur 3518:The Age of Arthur 3441:Coates, Richard. 3206:The Age of Arthur 3115:Language Theories 3073:, Book LX p. 419. 2995:The Age of Arthur 2884:The Age of Arthur 2868:crossed the Rhine 2828:Hills, C. (2003) 2753:978-0-563-48714-2 2566:Westminster Abbey 2518:Battle of Fulford 2500:According to the 2236:, writing in his 1794:Oswald's brother 1600:Early Middle Ages 1281:Germanic invasion 1267:Sub-Roman Britain 1246:, 'old' Saxons). 1091:sub-Roman Britain 1025: 1024: 360:English Civil War 290:Sub-Roman Britain 224: 223: 54:Sub-Roman Britain 16:(Redirected from 11882: 11860: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11843: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11826: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11806: 11753:Late modern Mann 11724:Second World War 11709:Edwardian period 11704:Victorian period 11609:Medieval Ireland 11543:Medieval England 11485:Classical period 11474:Prehistoric Mann 11419: 11376:Northern Ireland 11291: 11284: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11250: 11196:Second World War 11186:Interwar Britain 11025: 11012: 10998: 10985: 10974: 10973: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10931: 10930: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10630:Northamptonshire 10357:Second World War 10262:Late Middle Ages 10245:High Middle Ages 10184: 10177: 10170: 10161: 10160: 10147: 10146: 10103:Christianization 9693:Ripuarian Franks 9065:Germanic peoples 9058: 9051: 9044: 9035: 9034: 8953:Banate of Bosnia 8891:Byzantine Empire 8772:Crown of Castile 8722:Kingdom of Italy 8697: 8696: 8465: 8464: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8418: 8417: 8404: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8384: 8343:Medieval studies 8187:Church and State 8061:Late Middle Ages 7953:High Middle Ages 7871:Christianization 7841:Migration Period 7818: 7811: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7751:Royal supporters 7598:English language 6845:Council of State 6835:King's Secretary 6828:House of Commons 6813:Magnum Concilium 6711:Maritime history 6672:Exclusion Crisis 6655:The Protectorate 6514: 6507: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6458: 6437: 6418: 6399: 6380: 6361: 6352: 6333: 6312: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6271: 6252: 6233: 6212: 6197:. Translated by 6189: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6144: 6134: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6064: 6058: 6052:Nennius (1848). 6048: 6029: 6007: 5988: 5966: 5947: 5928: 5905: 5896: 5877: 5858: 5849: 5830: 5808: 5789: 5770: 5749: 5743: 5733: 5711: 5692: 5670: 5644: 5623: 5604: 5582: 5563: 5542: 5530: 5527:The South Saxons 5519: 5500: 5479: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5428: 5409: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5362: 5348:Alfred the Great 5341: 5339: 5337: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5290: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5076: 5069: 5060: 5057: 5048: 5041: 5028: 5022: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4932: 4923: 4920: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4874: 4867: 4856: 4849: 4838: 4833:Brown. Chibnal. 4831: 4818: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4751: 4744: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4628: 4617: 4610: 4599: 4592: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4408: 4402:Alfred the Great 4398: 4392: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4269: 4259: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4239:Alfred the Great 4235: 4229: 4226:Alfred the Great 4222: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4176: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4023:The South Saxons 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3857: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3659:Charles-Edwards 3657: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3414:Toby F. Martin, 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3295:Heinrich Härke. 3293: 3284: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3186: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3104: 3098: 3084: 3078: 3067: 3061: 3056:, Book LX, p417. 3050: 3044: 3033: 3024: 3014: 3001: 2991: 2985: 2980:Esmonde Cleary. 2978: 2972: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2871: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2730: 2714: 2711: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2459:Harold Godwinson 2260:Battle of Maldon 2144:Edward the Elder 2128:Alfred the Great 2112:Edgar of England 1988:Alfred the Great 1883:Pope Celestine I 1821:Egbert of Wessex 1596:Egbert of Wessex 1509:Battle of Dyrham 1428:Migration period 1424:Germanic peoples 1373:attached to the 1357:Migration period 1328: 1306: 1245: 1211: 1139:Viking invasions 1135:Christianisation 1056:North Sea Empire 1017: 1010: 1003: 989: 988: 987: 698:Northamptonshire 419:Second World War 324:Late Middle Ages 307:High Middle Ages 254: 244: 226: 225: 202: 189: 170: 122: 107: 99: 92: 90: 80: 79: 77: 66: 64: 62: 49: 48: 21: 11890: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11819: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11805:sister projects 11802:at Knowledge's 11796: 11791: 11790: 11758: 11757: 11719:Interwar period 11714:First World War 11683: 11682: 11636: 11635: 11534:Medieval period 11528: 11527: 11479: 11478: 11420: 11411: 11410: 11394:Channel Islands 11330:Isles of Scilly 11300: 11295: 11265: 11260: 11251: 11242: 11229: 11176:First World War 10967: 10965:English history 10958: 10928: 10923: 10915: 10913: 10907: 10730:By city or town 10724: 10670:South Yorkshire 10645:Nottinghamshire 10640:North Yorkshire 10560:Gloucestershire 10500:Buckinghamshire 10495:City of Bristol 10471: 10445: 10401:English society 10384: 10383: 10362:Postwar Britain 10352:Interwar period 10347:First World War 10281:Elizabethan era 10250:Norman Conquest 10218:Medieval period 10193: 10188: 10158: 10153: 10135: 10097: 9378: 9340: 9302:Gothic alphabet 9194:Norse mythology 9130: 9084: 9067: 9062: 9032: 9023: 8968:Kingdom of Rus' 8926:Crusader states 8883: 8877: 8794:Crown of Aragon 8780:Kingdom of León 8709:Frankish Empire 8702:Northern Europe 8701: 8692: 8682: 8589: 8583: 8470:Northern Europe 8469: 8461:political units 8460: 8458: 8456: 8450: 8445: 8415: 8410: 8372: 8353:Neo-medievalism 8301: 8237:Itinerant court 8160: 8055: 7976:Georgian Empire 7961:Norman Conquest 7947: 7893:Frankish Empire 7827: 7822: 7792: 7787: 7781:St George's Day 7756:Royal standards 7739:College of Arms 7705: 7657: 7614: 7584: 7541: 7487: 6796: 6778: 6715: 6662:The Restoration 6606:Elizabethan era 6559:Norman Conquest 6523: 6518: 6465: 6445: 6443:Further reading 6440: 6434: 6415: 6407:. London: BBC. 6396: 6388:. London: BBC. 6377: 6349: 6330: 6319:The Age of Bede 6309: 6301:. Oxford: OUP. 6285: 6283: 6274: 6268: 6260:. Oxford: OUP. 6249: 6230: 6209: 6186: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6080: 6072:. Oxford: OUP. 6045: 6026: 6004: 5985: 5963: 5944: 5925: 5911:rex admirabilis 5893: 5874: 5846: 5827: 5813:Horspool, David 5805: 5786: 5767: 5759:. Oxford: OUP. 5737:Gildas (1848). 5730: 5708: 5689: 5667: 5641: 5633:. Oxford: OUP. 5620: 5612:. Oxford: OUP. 5601: 5579: 5560: 5539: 5516: 5508:. Oxford: OUP. 5497: 5476: 5468:. London: OUP. 5425: 5406: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5359: 5335: 5333: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5244: 5240: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4821: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4754: 4745: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4411: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4272: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3838:Pelagian heresy 3831: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3806:Charles Thomas 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3773:Charles Thomas 3772: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3539: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3306: 3294: 3287: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3187: 3183: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3086:Forster et al. 3085: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3027: 3015: 3004: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2874: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2827: 2823: 2808:(462): 513–33. 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2639:Anglo-Saxon art 2628: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2574:Orderic Vitalis 2539:Bayeux Tapestry 2537:Section of the 2531: 2498: 2477:Orderic Vitalis 2470:Harald Hardrada 2464:Guy of Ponthieu 2436: 2400:) became king. 2390:Harald Harefoot 2386: 2367:Harold Harefoot 2304: 2272: 2245:Harald Gormsson 2206: 2146:succeeded him. 2114: 2106:Main articles: 2102:Edgar's coinage 2096: 1990: 1978:Main articles: 1976: 1829: 1744:Silver coin of 1618:in Anglo-Saxon 1562: 1542:Main articles: 1521: 1363: 1353: 1345:Main articles: 1343: 1317:), even though 1277:Constantine III 1273: 1265:Main articles: 1263: 1238:Paul the Deacon 1201: 1155:Norman Conquest 1151:Wessex hegemony 1143:Danish settlers 1040:Norman Conquest 1021: 985: 983: 978: 977: 803: 801:By city or town 793: 792: 738:South Yorkshire 713:Nottinghamshire 708:North Yorkshire 628:Gloucestershire 568:Buckinghamshire 563:City of Bristol 548: 538: 537: 518: 510: 509: 465:English society 455: 447: 446: 445: 424:Postwar Britain 414:Interwar period 409:First World War 343:Elizabethan era 312:Norman Conquest 280:Medieval period 264: 242: 235: 213: 211:Norman Conquest 197: 184: 171: 125: 108: 101: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 73: 72: 71: 67: 65: 58: 57: 56: 45: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11888: 11878: 11877: 11862: 11861: 11844: 11842:from Wikibooks 11827: 11798: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11698:United Kingdom 11694: 11693: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11587:Medieval Wales 11584: 11583: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11506: 11501: 11499:Roman Scotland 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11442: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11391: 11385: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11357:Outer Hebrides 11354: 11352:Inner Hebrides 11349: 11344: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11315:United Kingdom 11311: 11310: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11271: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11104: 11103: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11080: 11079: 11076: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11032:Norman/Angevin 11028: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10957: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10934: 10925: 10924: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10720:Worcestershire 10717: 10712: 10710:West Yorkshire 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10635:Northumberland 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10615:City of London 10612: 10607: 10605:Leicestershire 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10565:Greater London 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10505:Cambridgeshire 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10467:United Kingdom 10464: 10459: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10367:Social history 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10230: 10225: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10107: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9760:Thracian Goths 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9388: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9267: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9111:Roman Iron Age 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9038: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 8994: 8979:Rus' Khaganate 8975: 8960: 8949: 8923: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8818: 8813: 8791: 8769: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8635: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8535: 8530: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8484: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8388: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8348:Misconceptions 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8156:Little Ice Age 8153: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8109:Western Schism 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7863: 7858: 7856:Late antiquity 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7726: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:English Gothic 7673: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7603:English people 7600: 7594: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7518:New Model Army 7510: 7509: 7508: 7497: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6850:Lord Protector 6847: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6823:House of Lords 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Gunpowder Plot 6625: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6576:Angevin Empire 6573: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6463:External links 6461: 6460: 6459: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6400: 6394: 6381: 6375: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6334: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6272: 6266: 6253: 6247: 6234: 6228: 6213: 6207: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6145: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6065: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6002: 5989: 5983: 5967: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5929: 5923: 5906: 5897: 5891: 5878: 5872: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5809: 5803: 5790: 5784: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5734: 5728: 5712: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5671: 5665: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5583: 5577: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5520: 5514: 5501: 5495: 5480: 5474: 5461: 5429: 5423: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5378: 5363: 5357: 5345:Asser (1983). 5342: 5318: 5303: 5297: 5280: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5238: 5225: 5208: 5195: 5179: 5170: 5157: 5148: 5135: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5093: 5077: 5061: 5049: 5029: 5012: 4996: 4987: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4899: 4875: 4857: 4839: 4819: 4803: 4790: 4778: 4752: 4730: 4717: 4704: 4691: 4678: 4674:Domesday Quest 4665: 4652: 4648:Domesday Quest 4636: 4618: 4600: 4580: 4567: 4550: 4537: 4525: 4509: 4497: 4481: 4472: 4459: 4441: 4429: 4409: 4393: 4381: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4328: 4315: 4303: 4286: 4270: 4254: 4243: 4230: 4210: 4197: 4177: 4161: 4148: 4139: 4123: 4110: 4101: 4083: 4070: 4060:Mayr-Harting. 4053: 4040: 4027: 4007: 3994: 3981: 3968: 3955: 3942: 3929: 3916: 3903: 3887: 3874: 3858: 3842: 3825: 3812: 3799: 3786: 3766: 3753: 3737: 3724: 3704: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3645: 3632: 3619: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3563: 3550: 3537: 3522: 3504: 3492: 3479: 3461: 3448: 3433: 3420: 3407: 3389: 3376: 3358: 3345: 3332: 3319: 3314:Attenborough. 3304: 3285: 3268: 3255: 3242: 3233:Hunter-Blair, 3226: 3213: 3197: 3181: 3165: 3152: 3146:Ward-Perkins. 3139: 3119: 3107:Sally Thomason 3099: 3079: 3062: 3045: 3025: 3002: 2986: 2973: 2954: 2941: 2926: 2913: 2888: 2872: 2855: 2842: 2821: 2788: 2775: 2759: 2752: 2746:. p. 64. 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2630:England portal 2619: 2605: 2589: 2586: 2530: 2527: 2497: 2494: 2435: 2432: 2385: 2382: 2332:Sven Forkbeard 2303: 2300: 2287:, daughter of 2271: 2268: 2205: 2202: 2095: 2092: 2069:Burghal Hidage 1975: 1972: 1957:(known as the 1918:Pope Gregory I 1853:Edict of Milan 1828: 1825: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1660:Tribal Hideage 1614:The four main 1552:Offa of Mercia 1529:petty kingdoms 1520: 1517: 1453:The historian 1438:in modern-day 1413:British Celtic 1379:Aulus Plautius 1342: 1339: 1293:Romano-British 1262: 1259: 1251:James Campbell 1249:The historian 1200: 1197: 1193:English people 1182:Romano-British 1157:of England by 1145:; the gradual 1064:personal union 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1005: 997: 994: 993: 980: 979: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 804: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 788:Worcestershire 785: 780: 778:West Yorkshire 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 703:Northumberland 700: 695: 690: 685: 683:City of London 680: 675: 673:Leicestershire 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 633:Greater London 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 573:Cambridgeshire 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 533:United Kingdom 530: 525: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 432: 431: 429:Social history 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 395: 394: 384: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 352: 351: 350: 345: 335: 334: 333: 332: 331: 321: 320: 319: 314: 304: 303: 302: 292: 287: 277: 272: 266: 265: 260: 259: 256: 255: 247: 246: 237: 236: 229: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 205: 204: 198: 195: 192: 191: 185: 179: 176: 175: 172: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 123: 115: 114: 110: 109: 94: 52: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11887: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11859:from Wikidata 11858: 11857: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11828: 11824: 11823: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11801: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11781:House of York 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11700:(since 1707) 11699: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11632: 11631:Medieval Mann 11629: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11513:Roman Ireland 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494:Roman Britain 11492: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11418: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11325:Isle of Wight 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11292: 11287: 11285: 11280: 11278: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11167: 11166:Edwardian era 11164: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11156:Victorian era 11154: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11113: 11110: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 10995: 10993: 10992:Roman Britain 10990: 10989: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10941: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10922: 10910: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818:Milton Keynes 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10700:West Midlands 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10690:Tyne and Wear 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675:Staffordshire 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10590:Isle of Wight 10588: 10586: 10585:Hertfordshire 10583: 10581: 10580:Herefordshire 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342:Edwardian era 10340: 10338: 10337:Victorian era 10335: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10293:Stuart period 10291: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10255:Norman period 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10213:Roman Britain 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10150: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Crimean Goths 9733: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9698:Salian Franks 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9136:Early culture 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9052: 9047: 9045: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884:and Near East 8880: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8689: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590:and Near East 8586: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8407: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Scholasticism 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Rise of Islam 7876: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7719:National flag 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7653:Country dance 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6935:Temp. incert. 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Privy Council 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6774:Orange-Nassau 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618:Stuart period 6616: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6564:Anglo-Normans 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6395:0-15-352274-7 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6376:1-85285-382-4 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6348:0-7134-6566-2 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6329:0-14-044437-8 6325: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6308:0-19-280564-9 6304: 6300: 6299: 6293: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6248:0-7011-7678-4 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6208:0-14-044565-X 6204: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6185:0-19-285434-8 6181: 6177: 6172: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6044:0-19-282235-7 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6025:1-84212-477-3 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6003:0-8078-3038-0 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5984:0-271-00769-9 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5962:0-631-22492-0 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5943:1-85109-440-7 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5845:0-393-00361-2 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5804:1-84383-034-5 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5785:0-7190-4080-9 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5766:0-19-822224-6 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5729:1-900289-26-1 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707:0-415-23898-6 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5688:0-7524-1451-8 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5666:0-521-59655-6 5662: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5600:0-520-04392-8 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5578:0-674-99193-1 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5559:1-85285-176-7 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5538:0-85033-240-0 5534: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5496:0-312-21207-0 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5424:0-582-78440-9 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5405:1-897817-08-8 5401: 5397: 5392: 5381: 5379:9780404565459 5375: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5343: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5298:0-85115-107-8 5294: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5118: 5109: 5103:. MS D. 1066. 5102: 5097: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5027:. MS C. 1066. 5026: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4548:, pp. 372–373 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4386: 4379:, pp. 104–10. 4378: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3486:Bethany Fox, 3483: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3371:Human Biology 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3176:, Chapter 5: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3071:Roman History 3069:Cassius Dio, 3066: 3060: 3055: 3054:Roman History 3052:Cassius Dio, 3049: 3042: 3039:, Chapter 4: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2997:. Chapter 6. 2996: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2922:Age of Arthur 2917: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2838:0-7156-3191-8 2835: 2831: 2825: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2744:BBC Worldwide 2741: 2740: 2735: 2734:Schama, Simon 2729: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2578:Domesday Book 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504:(Manuscripts 2503: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2330:In mid-1013, 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:Howe, Norfolk 2177: 2171: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2078:Although the 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1963:Bishop Colmán 1960: 1956: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933:, the exiled 1932: 1931:Saint Wilfrid 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887:Saint Patrick 1884: 1880: 1872: 1871:Escomb Church 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:British Isles 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683:Isle of Wight 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:According to 1475: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1417:British Latin 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1383:native tribes 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:gens Anglorum 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 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142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 121: 116: 111: 105: 98: 85: 70: 55: 50: 47: 43: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 18:Saxon England 11854: 11837: 11825:from Commons 11820: 11799: 11547: 11226: 11148: 11134:Georgian era 11126: 11114: 11100: 11088: 11066: 11018: 10763:Christchurch 10695:Warwickshire 10610:Lincolnshire 10485:Bedfordshire 10325:Georgian era 10308:Protectorate 10303:Commonwealth 10276:Tudor period 10232: 9429:Anglo-Saxons 9419:Adrabaecampi 9402:Bucinobantes 9144:Architecture 8998:Principality 8732:Papal States 8490: 8457:histories of 8177:Architecture 8149:Great Famine 8139:Universities 8079:Hussite Wars 7996:Great Schism 7902: 7883:Papal States 7761:Crown Jewels 7746:Royal badges 7734:Coat of arms 7663:Architecture 7648:Morris dance 7590:Demographics 7513:English Army 7310: 6934: 6899:Star Chamber 6721:Royal Houses 6704:Protectorate 6633:Jacobean era 6596:Tudor period 6541: 6454: 6423: 6404: 6385: 6366: 6357: 6338: 6318: 6297: 6284:. Retrieved 6280:the original 6257: 6238: 6218: 6194: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6156:the original 6114: 6110: 6097: 6088: 6069: 6053: 6034: 6015: 6012:Morris, John 5993: 5974: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5882: 5863: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5794: 5775: 5757: 5754: 5738: 5719: 5697: 5678: 5656: 5648: 5631: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5568: 5550: 5547: 5526: 5505: 5487: 5484: 5465: 5456:Continuation 5449: 5436: 5414: 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5368: 5347: 5334:. Retrieved 5325: 5306: 5286: 5272:. Retrieved 5267: 5246: 5241: 5236:. pp. 290–92 5233: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206:. pp. 138–39 5203: 5198: 5193:, pp. 248–49 5190: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5151: 5146:, pp. 238–40 5143: 5138: 5117: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5072: 5047:, pp. 233–38 5044: 5024: 5007: 4990: 4982: 4964: 4955: 4950:, pp. 229–30 4947: 4907: 4902: 4897:, pp. 161–62 4894: 4873:. pp. 229–30 4870: 4855:, pp. 108–09 4852: 4837:. pp. 160–61 4834: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4776:, pp. 216–22 4773: 4747: 4728:, pp. 52–53. 4725: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4681: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4631: 4613: 4595: 4575: 4574:Malmesbury, 4570: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4520: 4505: 4500: 4495:, pp. 107–08 4492: 4475: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4377:The Last War 4376: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4326:, pp. 68–69. 4323: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4228:, pp. 84–85. 4225: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4142: 4134: 4118: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4081:, pp. 144–48 4078: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3979:, pp. 124–39 3976: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3953:, pp. 135–36 3950: 3945: 3940:, pp. 128–29 3937: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3898: 3882: 3877: 3872:, pp. 116–25 3869: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3833: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3797:. pp. 106–07 3794: 3789: 3774: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3748: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3640: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3571: 3566: 3558: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3436: 3428: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3299: 3296: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3134: 3122: 3114: 3111:Language log 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3018: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2981: 2976: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2896: 2891: 2883: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2845: 2829: 2824: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2738: 2728: 2709: 2664:Anglo-Saxons 2582: 2563: 2556: 2544: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2474: 2468: 2456: 2452: 2419: 2402: 2387: 2375: 2352: 2340: 2329: 2302:Rise of Cnut 2293: 2281: 2273: 2253: 2242: 2237: 2222: 2195: 2191: 2172: 2164: 2148: 2136:Anglo-Saxons 2126: 2115: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2061: 2053:peace treaty 2026: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1959:Whitby Synod 1955:Whitby Abbey 1951: 1947: 1944:Whitby Abbey 1909: 1907: 1876: 1861:Roman Empire 1844: 1830: 1793: 1770: 1751: 1731:River Humber 1724: 1685:, (Wihtwara) 1613: 1607: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1563: 1502: 1495: 1476: 1469: 1452: 1446:(modern-day 1421: 1397: 1395: 1387: 1364: 1312: 1274: 1248: 1202: 1163: 1087:Roman Empire 1080: 1031: 1027: 1026: 833:Christchurch 763:Warwickshire 678:Lincolnshire 553:Bedfordshire 387:Georgian era 370:Protectorate 365:Commonwealth 338:Tudor period 294: 46: 39: 35:Anglo-Saxons 26: 11504:Roman Wales 11388:Isle of Man 11144:Regency era 11122:Restoration 11109:Interregnum 11062:Elizabethan 11042:Plantagenet 11019:Anglo-Saxon 11013:7th century 10873:Southampton 10743:Bournemouth 10705:West Sussex 10650:Oxfordshire 10550:East Sussex 10330:Regency era 10313:Restoration 9869:Nahanarvali 9792:Hilleviones 9705:Frisiavones 9573:Cananefates 9563:Burgundians 9474:Banochaemae 9324:Anglo-Saxon 9275:Anglo-Saxon 9241:Anglo-Saxon 9224:Anglo-Saxon 9207:Anglo-Saxon 8964:Kievan Rus' 8700:Western and 8693:territories 8617:Czech lands 8468:Western and 8406:WikiProject 8333:Medievalism 8172:Agriculture 8036:Manorialism 8031:Communalism 8026:Monasticism 7943:Reconquista 7933:Kievan Rus' 7686:Elizabethan 7671:Anglo-Saxon 6892:Elizabethan 6882:Anglo-Saxon 6808:Curia regis 6749:Plantagenet 6699:Proprietary 6667:Popish Plot 6645:Interregnum 6569:The Anarchy 6219:The Britons 5415:The Godwins 3951:The Britons 3870:The Britons 3851:The Britons 3795:The Britons 3751:.pp. 178–79 3749:The Britons 3733:The Britons 3720:The Britons 3700:The Britons 3674:The Britons 3663:, pp. 38–39 3600:. pp. 47–48 3546:The Britons 3192:. p. 71. – 3127:Alaric Hall 2546:now called 2415:Witenagemot 2406:the Godwins 2154:. His son, 2014:Lindisfarne 1916:or Saxons. 1899:Lindisfarne 1849:Constantine 1720:Wreocensæte 1632:Northumbria 1624:East Anglia 1606:. Although 1544:Northumbria 1460:Laws of Ine 1405:Old English 1375:14th Legion 1234:Anglo-Saxon 1226:Old English 1199:Terminology 1178:Norman rule 1115:East Anglia 1107:Northumbria 1044:Anglo-Saxon 943:Southampton 813:Bournemouth 773:West Sussex 718:Oxfordshire 618:East Sussex 392:Regency era 375:Restoration 241:History of 134:Old English 104:Old English 11138:1714–1837 11078:1603–1714 11056:1485–1603 10868:Shrewsbury 10848:Portsmouth 10828:Nottingham 10808:Manchester 10783:Folkestone 10768:Colchester 10738:Birmingham 10660:Shropshire 10620:Merseyside 10600:Lancashire 10525:Derbyshire 10088:Vinoviloth 9876:Marcomanni 9859:Helveconae 9837:Heaðobards 9807:Istvaeones 9797:Ingaevones 9782:Hermunduri 9750:Ostrogoths 9740:Greuthungi 9618:Chattuarii 9444:Angrivarii 9439:Ampsivarii 9407:Lentienses 9236:Literature 9126:Viking Age 8859:Almoravids 8847:al-Andalus 8820:Portugal ( 8663:Anatolia ( 8328:Land terms 8282:Technology 8262:Philosophy 8242:Literature 8207:Demography 7908:Viking Age 7766:Tudor rose 7696:Queen Anne 7525:Royal Navy 6877:Governance 6867:Ministries 6818:Parliament 6286:15 January 6165:15 January 5385:22 October 5336:25 January 5274:9 February 5256:References 5232:Bartlett. 5168:, p. 240. 4724:Williams, 4711:Williams, 4659:Campbell, 4523:pp. 25–26. 4470:pp. 128–29 4293:Horspool, 4137:, pp. 2–3. 3782: 303 3630:1993:163f. 3609:Greenway, 2782:Campbell. 2394:Harthacnut 2371:Harthacnut 2316:Herjedalen 2160:Brunanburh 2118:Ceowulf II 1984:Viking Age 1841:Tertullian 1667:Haestingas 1403:migrants, 1355:See also: 1243:Ealdseaxan 1149:under the 1085:after the 1038:until the 938:Shrewsbury 918:Portsmouth 898:Nottingham 878:Manchester 853:Folkestone 838:Colchester 808:Birmingham 728:Shropshire 688:Merseyside 668:Lancashire 593:Derbyshire 141:Demonym(s) 97:Engla land 89:(927–1066) 11839:Textbooks 11220:1945–1979 11210:1945–1979 11200:1939–1945 11190:1919–1939 11180:1914–1918 11170:1901–1914 11160:1837–1901 11149:1811–1820 11127:1660–1714 11115:1649–1660 11101:1625–1649 11089:1603–1625 11067:1558–1603 11046:1216–1485 11036:1066–1216 10893:Worcester 10878:St Albans 10863:Sheffield 10858:Rochester 10823:Newcastle 10803:Maidstone 10793:Liverpool 10715:Wiltshire 10575:Hampshire 10490:Berkshire 10477:By county 10083:Vidivarii 10078:Victohali 10068:Vangiones 10001:Thuringii 9906:Nuithones 9802:Irminones 9765:Visigoths 9755:Thervingi 9715:Gambrivii 9668:Dulgubnii 9663:Dauciones 9613:Chasuarii 9553:Brondings 9479:Bastarnae 9469:Baiuvarii 9449:Armalausi 9412:Raetovari 9346:Languages 9314:Symbology 9174:Folklore 9169:Festivals 9018:Despotate 8962:Ukraine ( 8946:Jerusalem 8910:Croatia ( 8665:Byzantine 8637:Hungary ( 8628:Byzantine 8527:1169–1536 8313:Dark Ages 8222:Household 8217:Hastilude 7986:Feudalism 7776:St George 7547:Geography 7312:1642–1660 6961:1422–1460 6956:1413–1421 6951:1399–1411 6946:1377–1397 6941:1327–1376 6929:1308–1325 6924:1275–1307 6919:1225–1267 6754:Lancaster 6734:Knýtlinga 6638:Civil War 6547:Heptarchy 5675:Dark, Ken 5215:Vitalis. 5202:Starkey. 5191:Dark Ages 5166:Dark Ages 5144:Dark Ages 5071:Vitalis. 5045:Dark Ages 5006:Starkey, 4985:, 1065 AD 4948:Dark Ages 4906:Lapidge, 4893:Lapidge, 4869:Lapidge. 4851:Lapidge, 4797:Starkey, 4698:Stenton. 4685:Stenton. 4630:Starkey, 4612:Starkey, 4594:Stenton. 4557:Starkey, 4544:Stenton, 4519:Crystal, 4453:Starkey, 4363:, 891–896 4335:Starkey, 4322:Starkey, 4280:Starkey, 4204:Starkey, 4191:Starkey, 4021:Brandon. 3853:, p. 105. 3760:Stenton. 3676:, p. 176. 3570:Stenton. 3557:Stenton. 3279:, p. 24; 3210:Brittanny 2908:foederati 2721:Citations 2457:Although 2447:Cambridge 2355:the witan 2294:Then, on 2256:Byrhtnoth 2188:Old Norse 2156:Æthelstan 2140:Æthelflæd 2108:Æthelstan 1922:Augustine 1813:Beornwulf 1694:Magonsæte 1608:heptarchy 1604:Dark Ages 1587:– rule). 1583:– seven; 1574:Heptarchy 1570:Heptarchy 1556:Heptarchy 1390:foederati 1371:Batavians 1351:Heptarchy 1303:foederati 1287:with the 1230:Angelcynn 1174:Englishry 1161:in 1066. 1133:); their 1052:Æthelstan 963:Worcester 948:St Albans 933:Sheffield 928:Rochester 893:Newcastle 873:Maidstone 863:Liverpool 783:Wiltshire 643:Hampshire 558:Berkshire 546:By county 167:Britannia 69:Heptarchy 42:(journal) 11869:Category 11786:Monarchs 11404:Guernsey 11369:Anglesey 11342:Shetland 11337:Scotland 11306:Overview 11258:Timeline 11227:See also 11096:Caroline 11084:Jacobean 11026:449–1066 10898:Worthing 10888:Wetherby 10838:Plymouth 10773:Coventry 10748:Brighton 10665:Somerset 10515:Cornwall 10510:Cheshire 10450:Polities 10199:Timeline 10149:Category 10056:Hasdingi 10041:Usipetes 10021:Tubantes 10006:Toxandri 9986:Tencteri 9961:Suarines 9946:Sicambri 9941:Semnones 9921:Reudigni 9891:Mattiaci 9881:Marsacii 9832:Lombards 9822:Lacringi 9817:Juthungi 9648:Corconti 9633:Cherusci 9608:Charudes 9588:Chaedini 9558:Bructeri 9543:Bateinoi 9514:Eburones 9509:Condrusi 9504:Caeroesi 9499:Atuatuci 9434:Ambrones 9397:Brisgavi 9392:Alemanni 9270:Paganism 9159:Clothing 9154:Calendar 9101:Germania 9014:Lordship 8996:Serbia ( 8977:Russia ( 8916:Pannonia 8912:Dalmatia 8863:Almohads 8691:Medieval 8626:Greece ( 8538:Scotland 8523:800–1169 8455:Medieval 8396:Category 8363:Timeline 8252:Minstrel 8247:Medicine 8129:Chivalry 8084:Burgundy 8006:Crusades 7771:Oak tree 7729:Heraldry 7701:Georgian 7691:Jacobean 7643:Folklore 7628:Religion 7555:Counties 7493:Military 6887:Medieval 6840:Monarchy 6787:Politics 6739:Normandy 6537:Timeline 6141:18430641 6014:(1973). 5973:(1992). 5815:(2006). 5677:(2000). 5589:(1981). 5435:(1903). 5330:Archived 5249:. p. 141 5219:. p. 28 5204:Monarchy 5010:, p. 120 5008:Monarchy 4910:, p. 230 4813:, 1017: 4801:, p. 94. 4799:Monarchy 4746:Sawyer. 4689:. p. 376 4676:, p. 125 4650:, p. 124 4632:Monarchy 4614:Monarchy 4598:. p. 375 4559:Monarchy 4455:Monarchy 4427:, p. 123 4406:writings 4337:Monarchy 4324:Monarchy 4282:Monarchy 4241:, p. 22. 4206:Monarchy 4193:Monarchy 4157:Monarchy 4155:Starkey, 4133:Sawyer, 4117:Sawyer, 4038:, p. 126 3992:, p. 104 3966:, p. 127 3949:Snyder, 3901:. p. 132 3868:Snyder, 3764:. p. 231 3735:. p. 212 3722:. p. 178 3702:, p. 177 3698:Snyder, 3587:. p. 299 3583:Morris. 3574:. p. 30. 3561:. p. 29. 3516:Morris, 3208:, Ch.14: 3204:Morris, 3059:thither. 3017:Gildas. 2993:Morris. 2920:Morris. 2882:Morris. 2736:(2003). 2588:See also 2359:earldoms 2312:Jemtland 2277:Danegeld 2225:Æthelred 2214:Ramsgate 2122:Æthelred 2037:Athelney 1839:author, 1791:in 642. 1766:Bernicia 1699:Meonwara 1636:Bernicia 1616:kingdoms 1444:Britonia 1436:Normandy 1432:Brittany 1319:Honorius 1066:between 1050:by King 968:Worthing 958:Wetherby 908:Plymouth 843:Coventry 818:Brighton 733:Somerset 583:Cornwall 578:Cheshire 517:Polities 262:Timeline 232:a series 230:Part of 113:410–1066 78:449–927) 11763:Related 11383:Ireland 11320:England 10961:Periods 10883:Torquay 10853:Reading 10813:Margate 10758:Chester 10753:Bristol 10680:Suffolk 10655:Rutland 10625:Norfolk 10520:Cumbria 10073:Varisci 10061:Silingi 10051:Vandals 10026:Tulingi 10016:Triboci 10011:Treveri 9991:Teutons 9981:Taifals 9956:Sitones 9896:Nemetes 9854:Helisii 9827:Lemovii 9745:Gutones 9678:Firaesi 9673:Favonae 9653:Cugerni 9643:Cobandi 9598:Chamavi 9593:Chaemae 9583:Casuari 9578:Caritni 9548:Betasii 9519:Paemani 9454:Auiones 9319:Warfare 9297:Scripts 9265:Numbers 9089:History 9006:Kingdom 8938:Antioch 8934:Tripoli 8677:Ottoman 8654:Romania 8632:Ottoman 8622:Georgia 8612:Croatia 8602:Armenia 8597:Albania 8519:400–800 8515:Ireland 8510:Germany 8487:England 8482:Denmark 8477:Corsica 8459:current 8306:Related 8292:Warfare 8287:Theatre 8277:Slavery 8272:Science 8227:Hunting 8192:Cuisine 8165:Culture 8104:Castile 8099:England 7711:Symbols 7638:Cuisine 7620:Culture 7580:Palaces 7575:Castles 7560:Islands 7535:History 7506:Warfare 6857:Peerage 6744:Angevin 6529:History 6455:Science 6132:2603190 5659:. CUP. 5189:Woods, 5164:Woods, 5142:Woods, 5043:Woods, 4946:Woods, 4750:. p. 76 4715:, p. 54 4634:, p. 80 4616:, p. 79 4491:Woods, 4466:Welch, 4457:, p. 71 4423:Yorke, 4400:Asser, 4339:, p. 64 4284:, p. 63 4237:Asser, 4224:Asser, 4195:, p. 51 4121:, p. 1. 4047:Blair. 4014:Kirby, 3885:. p. 97 3849:Snyder, 3832:Jones, 3810:. p. 47 3793:Snyder. 3747:Snyder. 3731:Snyder. 3718:Snyder. 3689:, II.20 3672:Snyder, 3548:. p. 85 3544:Snyder. 3530:Gildas. 3339:Welch, 3326:Jones, 3275:Myers, 3262:Welch, 3188:Jones. 3172:Myers. 3159:Welch, 3093:Jones. 3035:Myers, 2999:The War 2968:civitas 2934:Gildas. 2895:Myres. 2862:Jones. 2849:Jones. 2840:, p. 67 2786:. p. 10 2514:Riccall 2176:English 2057:Danelaw 2049:Wedmore 2045:Guthrum 2003:Vikings 1980:Danelaw 1891:Columba 1815:at the 1715:Tomsæte 1705:Pecsæte 1689:Lindsey 1642:), and 1620:England 1505:Ceawlin 1464:wergild 1448:Galicia 1396:If the 1367:cohorts 1335:Britons 1325:civitas 1170:England 1166:Normans 1072:Denmark 1068:England 953:Torquay 923:Reading 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