Scarlat Vârnav - Knowledge

218: 33: 1315: 1076: 609: 402:, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he believes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning 624:" mores were "dead", but also that the "new ideas and new beliefs" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: "we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys". Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging 747:("The Brotherhood"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy. Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to "backbiters". The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200 931:, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and 1505:) erupted in the city. As noted by D. R. Rosetti, "the excitement of the population required intervention of troops sent in from bordering counties, as a safeguard for the Jews, whose lives were being threatened." The same is noted by Iorga: "His death was found suspicious, and military measures were taken to curb the anti-Jewish movements." The conspiracy theory was shunned as "infamy" by C. A. Rosetti's daily 763: 1192:, serving as inspector. Proposed innovations he "learned at Paris", now included the establishment of a printing press and the demolition of new additions to the historical site. However, he was also suspected of giving away boons, including the monastery's cloth factory and a large press, to his patron Mihail Kogălniceanu and to the government itself. 503:. One account is that Scarlat was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832 and 1836. 1184:, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the "new heretic of Moldavia". Moldavia's Education Minister, 1348:

in 1864, supported Cuza's anti-parliamentary coup. Also a Cuza loyalist, Constantin Vârnav continued to serve on the Princely Court of Justice, where he notably enforced censorship laws against Ionescu de la Brad. During the coup events, Sofronie lived in a rented townhouse at Sfântul Dumitru, shared

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as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on Moldavia's budget. Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere. In a letter to

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ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to

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government. The pogrom, they argue, was attempted by some of the petitioners themselves, and higher authorities, who "arrested all the Jews, supposedly to protect them", actually "facilitated things for the rioters"; the investigation of the riot "was opened, but carried no effect." On February 25,

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was directly involved in calming the populace, before "rebels" could succeed in destroying the synagogue. A detailed note of protest, signed by 200 notables of Bârlad, claimed that the riot had been started by mourners gathering in front of Vârnav's lodging, located opposite a Jewish establishment;

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sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets. Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the

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to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it. He shared some of Scarlat's views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From

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Timofei dismissed his defense as fantasy, depicting Vârnav as a persecutor of his monks, who had loosely interpreted Cuza's policies in order to suppress dissent at the monastery. He was allowed to return after a few weeks in jail, in time to witness the great fire which affected Neamț in December

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of Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier. However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage

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politics, but also in efforts to furnish the local hospital. According to Melchisedec Ștefănescu, he also continued to "propagate his political and religious heresies". With Ion and Constantin Codrescu, P. Chenciu, A. V. Ionescu, and Ioan Popescu, he established a "National Liberal Party", which

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Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers

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were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette

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needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display "originality and Romanianism" rather than the "illusions of the senses" and "chimeras of individual hurdles." His disregard for what he termed the "outer forms of civilization" was picked up by cultural

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of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained

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and others put up separatist resistance in Iași, he also took an emergency trip there, effectively acting as a negotiator between the two camps. Declaring himself against any attempt at separation, he hoped to ingratiate himself with the authorities and be assigned curator of

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doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.

1011:, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with Scarlat liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to 1311:. Vârnav was instead auditor of the state charity funds, in which capacity he uncovered misuse and embezzlement by the political clientele. One such case referred to young girls collecting social welfare while serving as mistresses to some in the ministry staff. 334:, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner. However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of 1199:, protected Vârnav. He scolded those monks who wanted him tried by church tribunal, calling them the "hirelings of Russia". Vârnav himself had a long-standing feud with Popovici, whom he accused of using sermons to promote anti-Cuza sentiments and 574: 999:

referred to his belief in "peaceful reform", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed. While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the

480:. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: Scarlat's father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and Scarlat's mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included 1188:, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane. Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of 1173:. These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly "playful and non-canonical". During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including 1022:, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop 861:. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the 1373:, the sign was both of questionable taste and unintentionally humorous, since it did not clarify what was yes was being said to, concluding: "that great Vărnavŭ, being as zealous as ever, fell from the sublime into the ridiculous!" 813:; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside 986:); this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași. Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using 690:

In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural "fusion" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan

1209:, having to share administrative power with a traditionalist, Timofei Ionescu. In September 1861, Vârnav finally obtained Popovici's demotion, prompting the latter to cross over into the Bessarabia Governorate and set up 1124:. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian 1497:, which found nothing of relevance. His stomach and intestines were dispatched to Bucharest, for a more in-depth toxicological inquest. Already before his death, rumor spread that his Jewish enemies had poisoned the 217: 597:. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library. In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker 1533:

altercations, they argued, had been provoked by the Jews, who "insulted the agonizing patient" and attempted to injure peaceful mourners by hurling boiling water in their direction; the petitioners asked the

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services. As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's

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1862; in their polemical writings, the renegades of Kitskany alleged that Vârnav himself was the arsonist. Finally forced out of the monastery in 1862, he drifted toward Wallachia and spent some time in

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a few months later. He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing

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clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the

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of Brussels, in 1842. In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in

888:. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in 495:. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both Scarlat and Constantin were sent to study abroad in 1322: 1103:, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by Scarlat, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square". 499:"immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat had made it back to his home village in 1826. Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of 1284: 1148:("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library. 1100: 1069: 1026:

contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by

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Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February. Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after

654:. He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former. His own experiments resulted in what historian 1486:(who took 163 out of 233 total votes), but was able to win a deputy's mandate at Tutova's Fourth College. Without ever taking his seat, he died at Bârlad, on January 6, 1868 [ 306:, Vârnav also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the 1223:

for the old one. Vârnav, who kept the monastery seal on him, did not validate this in writing, but his adversaries either forged or obtained permission from other administrators.

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also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was:

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In his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies, Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two "protective

695:("Long Live Union"). His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian, 2128:

Bodea, pp. 79, 297–298, 309; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Iorga, pp. 176–177; Isar, pp. 1436–1437; Nistor, pp. 531, 534; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 25–26; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120

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sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician

1227: 1064:, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the 963:, but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants. He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000 491:

Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of

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Vârnav's focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the

450: 1567: 378: 197: 3708: 3481: 1683: 1467: 1276: 1040:, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading 837:, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including 814: 269:

clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the

3563:, "Două comunicații la Academia Română. II: O foaie de popularisare igienică și economică la 1844–45. Rolul fraților Vîrnav în Renașterea romănească", in 1588: 1061: 3092: 481: 3453: 1196: 3640:

Mihai D. Sturdza, "Proclamația din 1848 a românilor de la Paris către reprezentanții poporului francez. În jurul unui document pierdut și regăsit", in

3390: 1426: 1023: 1308: 3713: 3667:"'Popa Vârnav zice da!' Noi informații din biografia unui unionist: Scarlat (Sofronie) Vârnav", in Petronel Zahariuc, Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu (eds.), 3833: 3768: 1157: 896:

form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince

1606:. By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten. Interest in Scarlat Sr and his work was revived in 1981 by the Orthodox scholar 884:, helping to draft its only manifesto. Scarlat fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially 2038: 1630: 1012: 630: 1287:. This position helped him to resume contacts with his old friend Rosetti, alongside whom Vârnav wished to reconfigure Romanian radicalism. The 573:, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the "new era" of European liberalism, and also set the foundation for a 1385:" of liberals and conservatives. Just hours after, supporters of the coup ambushed Vârnav in his house. He was picked up, covered in tricolor 1181: 3723: 3828: 3718: 1230:

took over at the ministry and had Vârnav arrested. Vârnav pleaded for his case and petitioned the Divan with letters also taken up in

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Simion-Alexandru Gavriș, "Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu (1800–1869): câteva date biografice", in Marius Balan, Gabriel Leanca (eds.),

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was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery later that month, but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the

790:, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in 1519:). However, the paper also played down the riot, reporting that only the city synagogue and a few Jewish houses had been damaged. 581:, who described the library as actually a salon and a "reunion center for us Romanians." According to the Moldavian liberal writer 2342:

Bejenaru, p. 188; Adrian Butnaru, "Reprezentanți de seamă ai familiei Iamandi în preajma și după Unirea Principatelor Române", in

716:, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others. Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet 703:, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust. The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in 3823: 3818: 3738: 3808: 3748: 1594:

In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in

1534: 1474:, his "preaching against the Israelites of the most barbaric kind", disturbing the otherwise tolerant mood of Tutova. In the 755:, N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca. Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from 3778: 3680: 3108: 3081: 2686: 2412: 1811: 850: 743:

while in Paris. Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society,

551: 1546:(AIU) sources tell that Vârnav himself had incensed the Romanian crowds earlier in the campaign, with endorsement from the 865:

and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single

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in subscriptions and donations. He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including

485: 957:: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's 3793: 3773: 1056:, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As " 3339:

Nicolae Liu, "Cartea și biblioteca, mijloace de cunoaștere și de apropiere în istoria relațiilor româno-franceze", in

1733:, pp. 142–153. Botoșani: Ediția Primăriei de Botoșani, 1938. See also Iorga, pp. 170–175; Nistor, p. 531; Stino, p. 88 3783: 3469: 2054: 1393:; he was however welcomed and protected there by the regency council. Vârnav was out of the country, on a mission to 1542: 662:

for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant

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Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of

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Nicolae Isar, "Ideile social-politice ale lui Scarlat Vîrnav — fondatorul bibliotecii române din Paris (1846)", in

682:), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress "somewhere central to the Romanian lands". 620:

of our nationhood." Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an "era of transition", explaining that "

413: 3838: 3753: 1414: 351: 3660:"Sur le hiéromoine Andronic des monastères de Neamț et de Secu et sur son voyage au Mont Athos (1858–1859)", in 3858: 3672: 3444:

Istoria țărănismului, volumul I-iu. Vieața și opera întâiului țărănist român, Ion Ionescu dela Brad (1818–1891)

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Cultură juridică, stat și relații internaționale în epoca modernă. Omagiu Profesorului Corneliu-Gabriel Bădărău

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As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly "democratic", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (

707:(Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed). Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and 374: 370: 367: 48: 2137:

Cretzianu, p. 123; Xenopol, pp. 236–237; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115, 117. See also Clain, pp. 8–9; Isar, p. 1436

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Dimitrescu, p. 66; Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 11–12, 19–20; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 130–131

1602:: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of 1487: 519: 406: 254: 1425:, persuading Wallachians and Moldavians alike to vote for Carol (and thus, for a cemented union). As Bishop 905:. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another Scarlat Vârnav. According to 735:. According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of 3758: 3728: 3698: 3553:

Rodica Iftimi, Sorin Iftimi, "Alegătorii divanului ad-hoc din Moldova (1857). Un manuscris necunoscut", in

3539:, pictura dispărută a lui Henri Philippoteaux, conservată prin copii din muzeele românești și străine", in 3096: 1563: 1501:, who, despite his antisemitic campaign, had taken residence at a Jewish-owned hotel; a riot (or attempted 1459: 881: 775: 363: 145: 32: 543: 3813: 3743: 3609:

Claudiu Paradais, "Aspecte ale cercetării muzeistice la Pinacoteca din Iași între anii 1860—1960, I", in

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Gh. Ungureanu, "Framîntări social-politice premergătoare mișcării revoluționare din 1848 în Moldova", in

1483: 1257: 919:; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia. 784: 277:, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the 1610:, who dedicated him a micro-monograph, part of a series on Romanian monks who were culturally prolific. 942: 292: 3848: 3506:

Neamurile Mavrodinești din Țara Românească și din Moldova și monografia familiei Ion Mavrodi Vel Hatman

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Buletin informativ al Simpozionului Național Rolul Mănăstirii Secu în Viața Religioasă a Țării Moldovei

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not to punish the populace for what it viewed as "calumnies by the adversaries of the national cause".

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Aurica Ichim, "Constituirea patrimoniului Pinacotecii din Iași în domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza", in

1607: 3103:, pp. 25–26, 447. Bucharest: Institute of South-East European Studies & Editura Predania, 2012. 1090:, Scarlat himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in 975:, which opened in 1852. In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in 916: 846: 510:

between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma; he probably also heard literature courses at the

476: 307: 2396: 2368:, Issue 3/1958, p. 19. See also Bejenaru, p. 188; Ghibănescu (1915), p. 373; Zahariuc (2020), p. 124 2288:

Bodea, pp. 91–94. See also Cretzianu, pp. 132–133; Isar, pp. 1437–1439; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 121–122

1203:. Facing opposition from the mostly conservative monks, Sofronie failed in his bid to be elected as 658:

deems a "bizarre personal orthography". While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize

3069: 1370: 1350: 1304: 1019: 937: 287: 266: 164: 3527: 3439: 1314: 1398: 928: 862: 842: 704: 675: 634: 278: 114: 3669:

160 de ani de la Unirea Principatelor: oameni, fapte și idei din domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza

3488:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Așezământul Cultural Ion C. Brătianu & Imprimeriile Independența, 1933. 1511:, which noted that "ignorance was exploited" by "the enemies of the country"—both in Tutova and 1210: 927:

As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of

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Surete și izvoade (Documente slavo-române). Volumul X (Documente cu privire la familia Râșcanu)

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Vasile Bîrzu, "New Historical Information about the Foundation of the New Neamț Monastery", in

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Laurențiu Chiriac, Mihai-Cristian Șelaru, "Manolache Costache Epureanu — omul epocii sale", in

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Documentele redeșteptării macedoromâne (Izvoare privitoare la istoria romanității balcanice, I)

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As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by "some rather particular disease." The

1524: 1438:. Switching back to his civilian commitments, he angered Miclescu by announcing his bid for an 1431: 1358: 1330: 1170: 1086:

The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the

1008: 902: 732: 598: 586: 527: 129: 3511: 1434:. He was still in the city in September, representing government at the funeral of his friend 826: 192: 3633:

Aurel George Stino, "Biblioteca românească din Paris, fundată în 1846 de Scarlat Vârnav", in

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Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that "solely Jews" had participated in the riot.

1345: 1292: 1269: 1121: 1117: 1041: 717: 531: 331: 3703: 3626:, "Conflictul dintre guvernul Moldovei și Mânăstirea Neamțului. II. După 1 Iunie 1859", in 838: 795: 570: 274: 3491: 1570:, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the 1462:. Like other Factionalists, Vârnav also involved himself in the debates over the issue of 1381:

On the morning of February 11, 1866, Cuza and his authoritarian regime were deposed by a "

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Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at

818: 8: 3220:, January 1–3, 1868, p. 3. Isar (p. 1442) and Zahariuc (2020, p. 155) propose December 26 1463: 1382: 1185: 1107: 1080: 740: 736: 625: 511: 344: 3585: 1195:

Such activism, and also his harsh temper, led to numerous complaints. The new minister,

578: 558:, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the 373:, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the 299: 1595: 1406: 1243:. It was probably this more sympathetic community that bestowed upon him the titles of 756: 699:. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400 617: 590: 431: 355: 2462:

Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67; Grigorescu, p. 257; Ichim, pp. 318–319; Paradais, pp. 19–20, 27

1993:

Bogdan-Duică, p. 103; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123. See also Isar, pp. 1440, 1441–1442

1512: 1075: 950: 822: 700: 547: 311: 3676: 3590: 3465: 3430: 3426: 3398: 3104: 3077: 2771: 2682: 2408: 2050: 1978: 1807: 1699:

Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 65; Isar, p. 1442; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114

1479: 972: 870: 854: 651: 535: 507: 496: 445: 281:

and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly

3013:

Furia suicidiuluĭ. Studiul causelor principale cari viciază organismul nostru social

1547: 1068:. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, 834: 605:

in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants.

3798: 874: 806:

chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground.

787: 327: 282: 187: 1260:, Vârnav, being "detested by the public and disgraced by prince Cuza", settled in 608: 417: 395: 90: 3501: 3029: 1974: 1390: 1300: 932: 866: 752: 659: 471: 463: 326:. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of 2637:

Nistor, pp. 534–535. See also Xenopol, pp. 332–335; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 138–139

1537: 1189: 1053: 992: 1795: 1726: 1529: 1435: 1397:—Rosetti, who took over as Education Minister, sent him over to consecrate the 1249: 1091: 897: 858: 791: 435: 399: 94: 2763: 1470:

as a "firebrand antisemite". According to a Jewish man's letter, published in

1125: 723:

Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the

3692: 3647: 3560: 3317:"Romani'a. Adunarea Societâtiei Transilvani'a procesu-vorbale (Urmare.)", in 2786: 1966: 1454: 1369:(both meaning "Father Vârnav Says Yes"). As noted at the time by polemicist 1338: 1334: 1329:("Yes!"), at the top of the electoral ladder. Other figures pictured include 1205: 1141: 799: 771: 728: 696: 655: 582: 539: 424:

writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the

359: 303: 69: 1273: 3662:

Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie

3623: 3580: 1446:. This initiative resulted in another investigation by church authorities. 1129: 1065: 1045: 810: 748: 3402: 1264:, "providing his services to whoever would need them." He sees the former 2775: 1769:

Iuliu Bud, "Cartea românească și străină de istorie. Antonie Plămădeală,

1516: 1405:

youths for training at the Bucharest Seminary. During the same interval,

1394: 1200: 1037: 945:, which opened for the public in 1860. In 1850, after only a few months' 809:

In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian

621: 440: 3594: 3486:

Din arhiva lui Dumitru Brătianu: acte și scrisori din perioada 1840—1870

3434: 3357: 1982: 1418: 1214: 1140:("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend. However, writer 500: 208:

Landowner, librarian, philanthropist, revolutionary, monk, civil servant

3599: 1402: 1060:

Varnav", Scarlat was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the

968: 906: 893: 602: 523: 421: 3236: 3216: 1507: 594: 1261: 1161: 1044:, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the 1028: 1002: 946: 911: 720:

who, as he recalled, accepted with "the greatest joy and affection".

708: 679: 492: 426: 316: 2146:

Bodea, pp. 78–80, 82, 85. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115–116, 120

1490:

December 25, 1867], after illness that lasted "just one day".

1450: 1303:. However, his name was immediately flagged and stricken out by the 1180:

Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full

849:. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the 563: 430:. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the " 110: 2914:

Zahariuc (2016), pp. 185–186. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 150–152

2770:, pp. 35–36. Bucharest: Tipografia Bucovina I. E. Torouțiu, 1930. 2043:

Pentru Europa. Integrarea României: Aspecte ideologice și culturale

1957:

Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 83, 89

1603: 1280: 1112: 798:. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the 340: 258: 124: 98: 3015:, pp. 162–163. Bucharest: Tipo-Litografia Societățiĭ Tiparul, 1900 1840:

Ghibănescu (1929), pp. 35–36. See also Iftimi & Iftimi, p. 102

1422: 1240: 3586:

La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie

2046: 1803: 1576: 1494: 1386: 976: 959: 762: 639: 514:. With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of 322: 262: 134: 2092:

Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118

1482:

and the Assembly. He was soundly defeated in the former race by

779: 3447: 2583:

Ghibănescu (1929), p. 36. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 141–142

1502: 1299:, appointed him to a commission that was tasked with assessing 1174: 2346:, Vol. XXII, Issues 5–6, September–December, 2011, pp. 527–528 1598:. The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania 1279:". Vârnav found employment at Sfântul Dumitru–Poștă Church in 16:

Moldavian and Romanian political figure and Orthodox clergyman

2101:

Iorga, p. 176; Stino, pp. 87–88; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118

1458:

functioned as the provincial affiliate of the Moldavian-wide

1219: 1036:

Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the

964: 347:, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda. 330:, took part in the nationalist movement that established the 1690:, p. 190. Bucharest: Editura Lito-Tipografiei Populara, 1897 1413:. Vârnav was again active in politics by April, which saw a 2952:Рeспȣnсꙋ̆ лa пetiцiȣnea Sf-saлe monaхȣлȣĭ Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆ 2507:

Gh. Amarandei, "Vechi instituții culturale dorohoiene", in

1478:, Vârnav put himself up as a Tutova candidate for both the 1120:

was saluted as a major fulfillment in Scarlat's letters to

3407:

Ionel Bejenaru, "Botoșănenii în Revoluția de la 1848", in

1800:

Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent

1072:, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes. 892:, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its 770:

In Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of

3036:, p. 22. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1932 2216:

Cretzianu, p. 123; Iorga, p. 179; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115

438:. Scarlat was generally believed to have been the son of 3567:, Vol. V, Issues 8–10, August–October 1919, pp. 170–187. 1268:

as an extremist and a heretic, "formed in the school of

1217:. Andronic claimed that this establishment was merely a 1079:

1859 cartoon mocking the censorship laws enforced under

1052:, he became the head organizer of the National Party in 650:

as "foreign", and familiarize students with the various

362:. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the 2838:

Costin Clit, "Pomelnicul Mănăstirii Secu din 1845", in

2306:

Sturdza, pp. 366–367, 368; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 124–125

2189:

Bodea, pp. 50–51. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 114–115

3628:

Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice

3604:

Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice

3555:

Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei

3541:

Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei

2592:

R. Rosetti, pp. 692–693; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 143, 148

2498:

Nistor, pp. 529, 531. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 141

2207:

Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Iorga, pp. 178–179

1357:

in order to increase his executive power and impose a

1018:

From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the

967:

to the Romanian chapel, and, with Constantin, ceded a

853:, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including 2444:

Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 19–20

1587:

s painting collection was only gradually restored by

880:

Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive

416:, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to 3524:

Bașoteștii și Pomârla (studiu genealogic și istoric)

3423:

Lupta românilor pentru unitatea națională, 1834–1849

2878:

R. Rosetti, p. 693. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 150

922: 3637:, Vol. II, Fasc. 1–2, January–June 1942, pp. 85–88. 3620:. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1941. 3520:. Iași: Tipografia Dacia P. & D. Iliescu, 1915. 3369:Paul Mihail, "Comptes rendus. Antoinie Plămădeală, 2768:

Scriitori români contemporani, I: Vasile Alecsandri

2401:

Marea arhondologie a boierilor Moldovei (1835–1856)

1627:

Parlamentul Romîn: 1866–1901. Biografii și portrete

1146:

Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul!

3602:, "Desvoltarea bibliotecilor noastre publice", in 3508:. Bucharest: Imprimeriile Frăția Românească, 1942. 949:, the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at 841:, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to 3630:, Series II, Vol. XXXII, 1909–1910, pp. 865–1006. 3478:. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929. 3234:"Bucurescĭ 28 Îndrea 1867/9 Cărindariŭ 1868", in 3119: 3117: 3034:Biserica Sf. Dumitru din București (Strada Carol) 1128:, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's 712:from conservative figures in both Principalities— 265:political figure, philanthropist, collector, and 3690: 3606:, Series III, Vol. XXIX, 1946–1947, pp. 517–549. 2993:, Issue 28/1882, p. 290; Zahariuc (2020), p. 152 2745:Iorga, pp. 179–180; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 137–138 2511:, 1979, p. 414. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 132 1574:, he also pursued a career in politics with the 3476:Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor 3377:, Vol. XX, Issue 3, July–September 1982, p. 352 2119:Cretzianu, pp. 123–124; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115 1912:Isar, pp. 1433–1434. See also Dimitrescu, p. 66 802:, which was transitioning to conservatism. The 506:Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended 3114: 2164:Marian Dulă, "Francmasoneria și Biserica", in 3214:"D–luĭ Redactore alŭ d̦iaruluĭ Românulŭ", in 3076:, p. 204. Bucharest: Editura Vestala, 2009. 2065:Stino, pp. 86–88. See also Iorga, pp. 175–179 1591:, who worked under Bardasare's supervision. 1344:Vârnav, who was reportedly a delegate to the 845:, Vârnav became an active participant in the 3709:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 3397:. Huși: Atelierele Zanet Corlățeanu, 1928. 3354:Note din războiul pentru intregirea neamului 3268: 3266: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3208: 3053: 3051: 2851:Zahariuc (2016), p. 184 & (2020), p. 147 2802:Isar, p. 1441; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 140, 149 1515:(the scene of a scandal over allegations of 1409:, a foreign prince, was selected as the new 833:("Lazarian Association"). Named in honor of 366:. On this basis, he contested a seat in the 61:December 26, 1867 – January 6, 1868 3418:, Vol. XII (XXXVII), 2011–2012, pp. 94–124. 2989:, "Biseric'a Ortodoxa si Calindariulu", in 2982: 2980: 2978: 2941:Iorga, pp. 180–182; Zahariuc (2020), p. 151 2471:R. Rosetti, p. 692; Zahariuc (2016), p. 184 1866: 1864: 1453:in 1867, and his last months were spent in 1417:, during which he traveled as far south as 674:. He also proposed that linguists from the 338:. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of 3395:Un dascăl ardelean la Bârlad: Ioan Popescu 3250: 3248: 3246: 3065: 3063: 1389:, and paraded into the Princely Palace on 1376: 434:" during the civil war of 1821, alongside 3263: 3223: 3205: 3158: 3156: 3048: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2723: 2721: 2324:Bejenaru, p. 188; Zahariuc (2020), p. 125 2176: 2174: 1890: 1888: 1679: 1677: 915:and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the 412:Vârnav belonged to a large family of the 3714:Free and Independent Faction politicians 2975: 2422: 2420: 2270:Bodea, pp. 90–91. See also Isar, p. 1437 1878: 1876: 1861: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1313: 1291:returned to favor in January 1864, when 1074: 761: 607: 394:It is known that Vârnav was a native of 3834:Eastern Orthodox Christians from France 3769:Romanian book and manuscript collectors 3243: 3202:, Vol. XXX, Part II, 2009, pp. 225, 236 3060: 2793:, Vol. III, Issue 4, January 1900, p. 6 2655:Iftimi & Iftimi, pp. 97–98, 100–102 1493:The mysterious circumstances led to an 3691: 3652:Istoria partidelor politice în România 3543:, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 255–258. 3494:, "Pinacoteca națională din Iași", in 3371:Dascăli de cuget și simțire românească 3358:Atelierele Societății Anonime Adevĕrul 3153: 3018: 2954:. Iași: Tiparĭul Tribuneĭ Romăne, 1862 2718: 2171: 2110:Isar, p. 1440; Zahariuc (2020), p. 149 1903:Isar, p. 1433; Zahariuc (2020), p. 114 1885: 1349:with Cuza's uncle Grigore. During the 601:, sponsoring his attempts to set up a 37:Portrait of Vârnav in monastic clothes 3589:. Paris: Joseph Baer et Cie., 1877. 3557:, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 93–182. 2417: 2198:Bodea, p. 80; Zahariuc (2020), p. 120 1873: 1654: 1580:constitutionalists in the 1890s. The 1325:, showing Vârnav, with papers marked 1099:("Times"), and eventually ran in the 971:townhouse to the Romanian library of 310:, before returning to take orders at 3375:Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes 796:shared custody of the Principalities 783:1844, he was also son-in-law of the 3530:& Editura Casa Școalelor, 1929. 2789:, "Amintirĭ de la 24 Ianuarie", in 1771:Lazăr-Leon Asachi în cultura română 1182:secularization of monastery estates 1151: 1106:The Divan's subsequent election of 953:, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav ( 774:, and also for his work during the 560:Exposition nationale des beaux-arts 389: 13: 3724:Romanian people of the Crimean War 3618:Biserica Ortodoxă Română din Paris 1572:School of Bridges, Roads and Mines 1564:Romanian independence was achieved 1361:, he put up a "lit sign" reading: 575:Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris 14: 3880: 3829:French people of Romanian descent 3719:People of the Revolutions of 1848 2574:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132, 135–137 2547:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117, 118–119 1708:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114 1466:, and is described by biographer 1283:, which answered directly to the 923:Unionist agent and legal troubles 585:, Vârnav was good friends with a 3869:French people of the Crimean War 3550:, Vol. XXXII, 2013, pp. 317–344. 3363: 3346: 3333: 3324: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3171:Nistor, p. 535; Zahariuc, p. 155 3165: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3086: 3039: 3005: 2996: 2966: 2957: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2780: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2667: 1948:Nistor, p. 532; Stino, pp. 85–86 1415:plebiscite on Carol's acceptance 1164:, and his moves to do away with 685: 257:December 25, 1867]), was a 216: 31: 3664:, Vol. LXII, 2016, pp. 157–195. 3654:. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910. 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2358: 2349: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1789: 1780: 1763: 1754: 1745: 909:, Vârnav received the title of 486:Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia 149:(Tutova National Liberal Party) 49:Assembly of Deputies of Romania 3824:Naturalized citizens of France 3819:Romanian expatriates in France 3739:Romanian educational theorists 3673:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 3574:, Issue 8/1978, pp. 1433–1442. 3409:Acta Moldaviae Septentrionalis 2679:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 2405:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 1736: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1645: 1636: 1619: 1543:Alliance Israélite Universelle 1256:According to church historian 550:; Vârnav also owned a copy of 1: 3749:Romanian activist journalists 3616:Veniamin Pocitan Ploeșteanu, 3498:, Issues 3–4/1932, pp. 65–73. 3383: 1449:Vârnav ultimately settled in 1297:unified ministry of education 995:, Vârnav had also noted that 851:French Provisional Government 829:, had founded the semi-legal 520:Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare 358:, Vârnav ended his career in 253:; died January 6, 1868 [ 3779:19th-century philanthropists 3644:, Vol. V, 2013, pp. 365–385. 3613:, Vol. VIII, 1977, pp. 9–25. 3411:, Vol. I, 1999, pp. 185–190. 3343:, Issue 3/1985, pp. 293, 299 3240:, December 25–29, 1868, p. 1 3141:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 153–154 2972:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 151–152 2829:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 147–148 2811:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 144–145 2646:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 139–140 2619:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 142–143 2565:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132–137 2556:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123 2355:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 125–130 2279:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120 2234:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 120–121 1858:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–114 1731:Monografia Orașului Botoșani 1460:Free and Independent Faction 1401:there. He returned with two 1367:Părintele S. Varnav d̦ice Da 1305:Romanian Metropolitan Bishop 1088:repeat election of September 1070:Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu 882:Moldavian liberal revolution 778:: he was the only doctor of 384: 364:Free and Independent Faction 146:Free and Independent Faction 7: 3809:People from Botoșani County 3254:"Romani'a. In Barladu", in 3200:Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis 1760:Iorga, p. 172; Stino, p. 88 1688:Dicționarul contimporanilor 1484:Manolache Costache Epureanu 766:Vârnav's brother Constantin 522:. It included paintings by 484:, who would later serve as 185:Constantin Vârnav (brother) 10: 3885: 3864:University of Paris alumni 3290:Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–300 3281:Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–299 2366:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 2155:Bodea, p. 83; Stino, p. 85 941:. It was the basis of the 612:Vârnav family coat of arms 3794:Romanian Orthodox priests 3774:Romanian conservationists 2489:Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 83 2395:Nistor, p. 535. See also 1651:Ghibănescu (1915), p. 350 1476:election of December 1867 544:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 518:on the recommendation of 477:On Crimes and Punishments 308:French Revolution of 1848 271:Romanian liberal movement 224: 212: 204: 179: 171: 153: 141: 120: 104: 84: 79: 75: 65: 54: 46: 42: 30: 21: 3784:Romanian philanthropists 3356:, pp. 14–16. Bucharest: 3070:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 2887:R. Rosetti, pp. 693, 885 2842:, Vol. III, 2017, p. 217 1613: 1371:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1228:Alexandru A. Cantacuzino 468:Istoria tis palai Dakias 414:Moldavian boyar nobility 291:, forms the core of the 3804:Romanian civil servants 3789:Romanian Orthodox monks 3764:Romanian art collectors 3321:, Issue 28/1868, p. 108 3272:Zahariuc (2020), p. 155 3150:Zahariuc (2020), p. 154 3099:, Ștefan Vâlcu (eds.), 3097:Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca 3057:Zahariuc (2020), p. 153 3045:Bogdan-Duică, pp. 69–70 3002:Zahariuc (2020), p. 152 2963:Zahariuc (2020), p. 151 2860:R. Rosetti, pp. 690–693 2820:Zahariuc (2020), p. 146 2610:Zahariuc (2020), p. 136 2601:Zahariuc (2020), p. 141 2529:Zahariuc (2020), p. 123 2520:Iorga, pp. 175–176, 180 2435:Zahariuc (2020), p. 130 2386:Zahariuc (2020), p. 124 2002:Zahariuc (2020), p. 117 1930:Grigorescu, pp. 256–257 1870:Zahariuc (2020), p. 114 1831:Zahariuc (2020), p. 144 1822:Zahariuc (2020), p. 112 1717:Zahariuc (2020), p. 113 1377:1867 campaign and death 1351:plebiscite of June 1864 1323:elections of April 1866 929:Grigore Alexandru Ghica 890:La Démocratie Pacifique 886:La Démocratie Pacifique 714:Nicolae Ghica-Comănești 705:Quartier de la Sorbonne 676:Danubian Principalities 635:conservative liberalism 569:Taking up the cause of 279:Danubian Principalities 115:Principality of Romania 3839:French Christian monks 3754:Romanian propagandists 3458:Alfabetul de tranziție 3180:Antonovici, pp. XIV–XV 3072:(editor: I. Oprișan), 2987:Melchisedec Ștefănescu 2397:Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu 1777:, Issue 4/1988, p. 456 1528:claimed that Bârlad's 1444:November 1866 election 1432:Trei Ierarhi Monastery 1341: 1331:Ion Ionescu de la Brad 1258:Melchisedec Ștefănescu 1171:Bessarabia Governorate 1083: 903:French Second Republic 871:Wallachian blue-yellow 794:, which, at the time, 767: 733:Grand Orient de France 652:adaptations from Latin 613: 599:Ion Ionescu de la Brad 528:Philippe de Champaigne 516:Aguado de las Marismas 352:campaigning nationally 183:Vasile Vârnav (father) 3859:Romanian esotericists 3671:, pp. 111–155. Iași: 3440:Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică 3260:, Issue 3/1868, p. 12 3257:Gazet'a Transilvaniei 2453:Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67 2168:, Issue 3/2011, p. 63 2045:, pp. 240–241. Iași: 1971:Suvenire contimporane 1849:Dimitrescu, pp. 65–66 1625:George D. Nicolescu, 1525:Gazet'a Transilvaniei 1407:Carol of Hohenzollern 1317: 1293:Dimitrie Bolintineanu 1226:Eventually, by 1862, 1122:Constantin Hurmuzachi 1118:United Principalities 1078: 1050:election of July 1857 955:transitional alphabet 776:1848 cholera epidemic 765: 725:Athénée des Etrangers 718:Alphonse de Lamartine 611: 556:La Retraite de Russie 532:Egbert van Heemskerck 336:a dissident monastery 332:United Principalities 239:Charles Basile Varnav 231:Scarlat Vasile Vârnav 23:Scarlat Vasile Vârnav 3854:French spiritualists 3734:Romanian monarchists 3537:Retragerea din Rusia 3535:Marica Grigorescu, " 2315:Sturdza, pp. 366–367 1973:, p. 38. Bucharest: 1742:Xenopol, pp. 100–102 1642:Nistor, pp. 534, 535 1629:, p. 30. Bucharest: 1440:Assembly of Deputies 1421:and as far north as 1285:Archdiocese of Buzău 1211:Noul Neamț Monastery 1177:and a large ribbon. 839:Alexandru G. Golescu 831:Însocierea Lazariană 666:, later replaced by 648:Cyrillic orthography 577:. Regulars included 571:Romanian nationalism 451:Descriptio Moldaviae 396:Hilișeu (or Silișeu) 371:during December 1867 368:Assembly of Deputies 285:, donated by him to 275:Romanian nationalist 3759:Romanian librarians 3729:Romanian Freemasons 3699:19th-century births 3657:Petronel Zahariuc, 3512:Gheorghe Ghibănescu 3482:Alexandru Cretzianu 3330:Paradais, pp. 11–12 3011:Basile C. Livianu, 2991:Biseric'a si Scól'a 2706:Isar, pp. 1440–1441 2538:Isar, pp. 1441–1442 2509:Hierasus. Anuar '78 2029:Isar, pp. 1438–1439 1684:Dimitrie R. Rosetti 1600:entered World War I 1522:An early report by 1468:Dimitrie R. Rosetti 1464:Jewish emancipation 1383:monstrous coalition 1363:Popa Vârnav zice da 1353:, organized by the 1186:Alexandru Teriachiu 1108:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 1081:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 938:Academia Mihăileană 847:February Revolution 827:Mihail Kogălniceanu 660:the name "Romanian" 633:as prefiguring the 626:Romanian literature 512:College of Sorbonne 345:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 288:Academia Mihăileană 193:Mihail Kogălniceanu 3814:Moldavian nobility 3744:Language reformers 3611:Cercetări Istorice 3572:Revista de Istorie 3548:Cercetări Istorice 3341:Revista de Istorie 3162:Antonovici, p. XIV 3132:Iorga, pp. 181–182 3111:; Zahariuc, p. 154 3095:, Mihai Regleanu, 2932:R. Rosetti, p. 897 2923:Bîrzu, pp. 104–105 2905:R. Rosetti, p. 885 2480:Iorga, pp. 179–181 2252:Iorga, pp. 182–186 2243:Iorga, pp. 185–187 1921:Ichim, pp. 318–319 1775:Revista de Istorie 1751:Iorga, pp. 173–175 1608:Antonie Plămădeală 1596:Fontenay-aux-Roses 1399:Romanian Monastery 1342: 1295:, who chaired the 1084: 1009:French citizenship 943:Iași Museum of Art 875:Moldavian blue-red 815:Grigore Arghiropol 768: 637:later embraced by 614: 407:Scarlat Callimachi 293:Iași Museum of Art 243:Charles de Wirnave 3849:French Freemasons 3681:978-606-714-576-2 3492:Ștefan Dimitrescu 3427:Editura Academiei 3189:Loeb, pp. 298–299 3109:978-606-8195-28-5 3093:Victor Papacostea 3082:978-973-120-054-5 3074:Aghiuță 1863–1864 2950:Timofei Ionescu, 2697:Gane, pp. 114–115 2687:978-606-714-332-4 2413:978-606-714-007-1 1882:Dimitrescu, p. 66 1812:978-973-46-2201-6 1568:Scarlat C. Vârnav 1535:Interior Minister 1391:Mogoșoaiei Bridge 1346:Elective Assembly 1101:elections of 1858 917:Moldavian Militia 867:Romanian tricolor 855:Vasile Alecsandri 819:Dimitrie Brătianu 804:Guizot government 785:Wallachian Prince 591:born into slavery 536:Eustache Le Sueur 508:Paris Law Faculty 497:Bukovina District 482:Sofronie Miclescu 446:Dimitrie Cantemir 379:Scarlat C. Vârnav 283:Baroque paintings 228: 227: 198:Scarlat C. Vârnav 132:(1850s and later) 25:(Sofronie Vârnav) 3876: 3642:Archiva Moldaviæ 3635:Analele Moldovei 3579: 3565:Revista Istorică 3528:Viața Românească 3421:Cornelia Bodea, 3416:Anuarul Academic 3391:Iacov Antonovici 3378: 3367: 3361: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3241: 3232: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3112: 3090: 3084: 3067: 3058: 3055: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3016: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2778: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2716: 2715:Bejenaru, p. 189 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2677:, p. 130. Iași: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2415: 2403:, p. 210. Iași: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2344:Revista Istorică 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297:Bodea, pp. 91–94 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1894:Bejenaru, p. 188 1892: 1883: 1880: 1871: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1681: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1623: 1586: 1427:Calinic Miclescu 1321:cartoon for the 1152:Church conflicts 1138:Mai Stăi Voinice 1024:Iacov Antonovici 869:, combining the 843:radical politics 788:Gheorghe Bibescu 579:Nicolae Bălcescu 390:Early activities 328:Gheorghe Bibescu 300:Nicolae Bălcescu 273:, and an ardent 220: 188:Gheorghe Bibescu 80:Personal details 59: 35: 19: 18: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3577: 3502:Constantin Gane 3386: 3381: 3368: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3253: 3244: 3233: 3224: 3213: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3091: 3087: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3030:Ioan C. Filitti 3028: 3019: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2985: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180:Sturdza, p. 367 2179: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074:Cazimir, p. 118 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1975:Editura Minerva 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1802:, p. 25. Iași: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1682: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1589:Gheorghe Șiller 1584: 1566:. His own son, 1513:Ialomița County 1472:L'Echo Danubien 1379: 1301:calendar reform 1154: 1062:Diocese of Huși 951:Neamț Monastery 933:Gheorghe Asachi 925: 823:Ion C. Brătianu 800:French monarchy 757:debtors' prison 753:Nicolae Ionescu 741:esoteric lodges 688: 548:François Stella 472:Cesare Beccaria 464:Dionisie Fotino 392: 387: 312:Neamț Monastery 237:(also known as 235:Sofronie Vârnav 196: 191: 186: 184: 167:(ca. 1849–1859) 163: 155: 154:Other political 148: 142:Political party 133: 128: 109: 108:January 6, 1868 89: 60: 55: 38: 26: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3882: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3665: 3655: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3597: 3575: 3568: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3509: 3499: 3489: 3479: 3474:Daniel Clain, 3472: 3454:Ștefan Cazimir 3451: 3437: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3362: 3352:George Miron, 3345: 3332: 3323: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3262: 3242: 3222: 3204: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3113: 3085: 3059: 3047: 3038: 3017: 3004: 2995: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2791:Foaia Populară 2779: 2756: 2754:Nistor, p. 535 2747: 2738: 2729: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2416: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2357: 2348: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2225:Bodea, pp. 114 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2170: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1796:Cristian Preda 1788: 1786:Nistor, p. 531 1779: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1727:Arthur Gorovei 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1548:Ștefan Golescu 1530:intelligentsia 1436:Anastasie Panu 1378: 1375: 1250:Protosyncellus 1232:Tribuna Română 1197:Dimitrie Rosăt 1158:Secu Monastery 1153: 1150: 1020:National Party 973:Bukovina Duchy 924: 921: 898:Mihail Sturdza 863:National Guard 859:Costache Negri 835:Gheorghe Lazăr 687: 684: 678:(Moldavia and 436:Gavril Istrati 400:Dorohoi County 391: 388: 386: 383: 354:in support of 226: 225: 222: 221: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165:National Party 157: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 122: 118: 117: 106: 102: 101: 95:Dorohoi County 86: 82: 81: 77: 76: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 52: 51: 47:Member of the 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3881: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844:French abbots 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648:A. D. Xenopol 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3561:Nicolae Iorga 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496:Boabe de Grâu 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3470:973-50-1401-7 3467: 3463: 3460:. Bucharest: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425:. Bucharest: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3123:Iorga, p. 182 3120: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2960: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2896:Bîrzu, p. 104 2893: 2884: 2875: 2869:Iorga, p. 181 2866: 2857: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2787:V. A. Urechia 2783: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2727:Iorga, p. 187 2724: 2722: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2628:Iorga, p. 179 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2426:Iorga, p. 186 2423: 2421: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2383: 2377:Isar, p. 1442 2374: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2261:Bodea, p. 268 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2083:Iorga, p. 175 2080: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2055:973-681-819-5 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Adrian Marino 2035: 2026: 2020:Cazimir, p. 9 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:Gheorghe Sion 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455:Tutova County 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1339:Pantazi Ghica 1336: 1335:Petre P. Carp 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1309:Nifon Rusailă 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1236:Archimandrite 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206:Archimandrite 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:V. A. Urechia 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1013:Eugeniu Alcaz 1010: 1005: 1004: 998: 994: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939: 934: 930: 920: 918: 914: 913: 908: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 781: 777: 773: 772:balneotherapy 764: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:Masonic lodge 726: 721: 719: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:C. A. Rosetti 694: 686:Revolutionary 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:Nicolae Iorga 653: 649: 644: 642: 641: 636: 632: 631:Adrian Marino 627: 623: 619: 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:Gheorghe Sion 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:Philippoteaux 549: 545: 541: 540:Pietro Liberi 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 429: 428: 423: 419: 418:Teodor Vârnav 415: 410: 408: 405: 401: 397: 382: 380: 376: 375:Romanian Jews 372: 369: 365: 361: 360:Tutova County 357: 353: 348: 346: 343: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 304:C. A. Rosetti 301: 296: 294: 290: 289: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 189: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 158: 152: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 87: 83: 78: 74: 71: 70:Tutova County 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 34: 29: 20: 3668: 3661: 3651: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3624:Radu Rosetti 3617: 3610: 3603: 3584: 3581:Isidore Loeb 3571: 3564: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3517: 3505: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3457: 3443: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3394: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3319:Federatiunea 3318: 3313: 3308:Loeb, p. 167 3304: 3299:Loeb, p. 300 3295: 3286: 3277: 3255: 3235: 3215: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3100: 3088: 3073: 3041: 3033: 3012: 3007: 2998: 2990: 2968: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2790: 2782: 2767: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2736:Clain, p. 30 2732: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2674: 2669: 2664:Gane, p. 121 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2166:Revista Nouă 2165: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2042: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2011:Stino, p. 86 2007: 1998: 1989: 1970: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1799: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1687: 1647: 1638: 1631:I. V. Socecŭ 1626: 1621: 1593: 1581: 1575: 1560:Transilvania 1559: 1555: 1553: 1541: 1538:Ion Brătianu 1523: 1521: 1506: 1498: 1492: 1471: 1448: 1442:seat in the 1410: 1380: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1343: 1326: 1318: 1288: 1265: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1218: 1204: 1194: 1190:Neamț County 1179: 1155: 1145: 1137: 1136:, stood for 1133: 1130:royal cypher 1111: 1105: 1096: 1085: 1066:ad-hoc Divan 1057: 1054:Bacău County 1046:Roman County 1042:Russian Army 1035: 1027: 1017: 1001: 996: 993:George Bariț 987: 983: 981: 958: 936: 926: 910: 889: 885: 879: 830: 811:Edgar Quinet 808: 769: 744: 724: 722: 693:Vivat Unirea 692: 689: 671: 667: 663: 645: 638: 615: 568: 559: 555: 505: 490: 475: 467: 459: 449: 439: 425: 411: 393: 349: 339: 321: 315: 297: 286: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229: 159: 156:affiliations 88:c. 1801–1813 66:Constituency 56: 3704:1868 deaths 3578:(in French) 3446:. Craiova: 2764:N. Petrașcu 2333:Clain, p. 9 1517:blood libel 1395:Mount Athos 1359:land reform 1201:Russophilia 1126:N. Petrașcu 1038:Crimean War 432:Sacred Band 422:Bessarabian 162:(1847–1848) 137:(1859–1868) 121:Nationality 3693:Categories 3600:Ion Nistor 3384:References 969:Czernowitz 907:Ion Nistor 894:Fourierist 629:historian 622:Phanariote 603:model farm 524:Caravaggio 205:Profession 175:Eliza Jora 3675:, 2020. 3464:, 2006. 3462:Humanitas 3429:, 1967. 3403:895494408 2681:, 2016. 2407:, 2014. 2049:, 2005. 1977:, 1915. 1806:, 2011. 1582:Hieromonk 1403:Aromanian 1289:Hieromonk 1277:Rochefort 1262:Bucharest 1245:Hieromonk 1234:gazette. 1162:polyphony 1092:Broscăuți 1058:Hieromonk 1029:Hieromonk 1003:Ispravnic 947:novitiate 912:Postelnic 737:Spiritist 709:Ion Ghica 701:Napoléons 680:Wallachia 664:Roumén(é) 643:society. 589:, Dincă, 456:Condillac 427:Carbonari 385:Biography 317:Hieromonk 259:Moldavian 213:Signature 180:Relations 127:(to 1859) 125:Moldavian 57:In office 3526:. Iași: 3237:Romanulu 3217:Romanulu 2776:65579046 1604:Zimnicea 1419:Ploiești 1411:Domnitor 1387:cockades 1355:Domnitor 1281:Lipscani 1215:Kitskany 1213:outside 1166:Slavonic 1113:Domnitor 873:and the 501:Botoșani 341:Domnitor 267:Orthodox 263:Romanian 200:(nephew) 195:(in-law) 190:(in-law) 135:Romanian 99:Moldavia 3799:Starets 3595:1196244 3450:, 1922. 3435:1252020 2399:(ed.), 2047:Polirom 1983:7270251 1804:Polirom 1577:Junimea 1556:Starets 1508:Românul 1499:Starets 1495:autopsy 1319:Satyrul 1270:Blanqui 1266:Starets 1175:tassels 1116:of the 977:Dorohoi 960:Starets 731:of the 640:Junimea 595:Pașcani 460:Logique 356:Carol I 323:Starets 247:Varnavu 91:Hilișeu 3679: 3593: 3468: 3448:Ramuri 3433: 3401: 3373:", in 3360:, 1923 3107: 3080: 2774: 2685: 2411: 2053: 1981: 1810: 1773:", in 1633:, 1903 1503:pogrom 1480:Senate 1451:Bârlad 1337:, and 1134:M.S.V. 1097:Timpul 997:birnic 988:birnic 984:birnic 965:ducats 792:Russia 749:francs 745:Frăția 672:română 564:Galați 546:, and 493:Liveni 470:, and 420:, the 404:Prince 350:After 251:Vîrnav 172:Spouse 160:Frăția 130:French 111:Bârlad 1614:Notes 1585:' 1423:Bacău 1241:Buzău 1220:lavra 668:român 618:genii 298:With 233:, or 3677:ISBN 3591:OCLC 3466:ISBN 3431:OCLC 3399:OCLC 3105:ISBN 3078:ISBN 2772:OCLC 2683:ISBN 2409:ISBN 2051:ISBN 1979:OCLC 1808:ISBN 1488:O.S. 1274:Pyat 1247:and 857:and 825:and 780:Iași 739:and 727:, a 670:and 320:and 314:, a 302:and 261:and 255:O.S. 105:Died 85:Born 1365:or 1327:Da! 1110:as 1015:. 979:. 935:at 877:. 593:at 587:Rom 554:'s 474:'s 466:'s 458:'s 448:'s 441:Ban 249:or 3695:: 3650:, 3583:, 3514:, 3504:, 3484:, 3456:, 3442:, 3393:, 3265:^ 3245:^ 3225:^ 3207:^ 3155:^ 3116:^ 3062:^ 3050:^ 3032:, 3020:^ 2977:^ 2766:, 2720:^ 2419:^ 2173:^ 2041:, 1969:, 1887:^ 1875:^ 1863:^ 1798:, 1729:, 1686:, 1656:^ 1333:, 1307:, 1272:, 1253:. 1132:, 821:, 817:, 759:. 566:. 542:, 538:, 534:, 530:, 526:, 488:. 462:, 454:, 409:. 398:, 381:. 295:. 245:, 241:, 113:, 97:, 93:,

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Index