1382:. The schistosome larvae undergo the next phase of their lifecycles in these snails, spending their time reproducing and developing. Once this step has been completed, the parasite leaves the snail and enters the water column. The parasite can live in the water for only 48 hours without a mammalian host. Once a host has been found, the worm enters its blood vessels. For several weeks, the worm remains in the vessels, continuing its development into its adult phase. When maturity is reached, mating occurs and eggs are produced. Eggs enter the bladder/intestine and are excreted through urine and feces and the process repeats. If the eggs do not get excreted, they can become engrained in the body tissues and cause a variety of problems such as immune reactions and organ damage. While transmission typically occurs only in countries where the freshwater snails are native, a case in Germany was reported where a man got schistosomiasis from an infected snail in his aquarium.
1978:
1585:
their way through the tissues to the intestinal or bladder lumen with help of proteolytic enzymes, however, a large amount of eggs are unable to finish their journey and remained stuck within the tissues where they can elicit an immune response. The miracidia in these eggs can then release antigens that stimulate an inflammatory immune response. The miracidia within the eggs live for around 6–8 weeks before they die and stop releasing the antigens. The granulomatous response is a cellular immune response mediated by CD4 T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes, and this chronic inflammatory response elicited by the eggs can cause fibrosis, tissue destruction, and granuloma nodules that disrupt the functions of the organs involved.
2079:
2155:
1619:
6641:
1052:
5296:
1873:
423:
2071:
530:). Previous infections with cercariae causes a faster developing and worse presentation of dermatitis due to the stronger immune response. The round bumps are usually one to three centimeters across. Because people living in affected areas have often been repeatedly exposed, acute reactions are more common in tourists and migrants. The rash can occur between the first few hours and a week after exposure, and they normally resolve on their own in around 7–10 days. For human schistosomiasis, a similar type of
1959:
control strategy focused on synchronous chemotherapy for humans and bovines and the new strategy developed in 2004 intervenes in the transmission pathway of schistosomiasis, mainly including replacement of bovines with machines, prohibition of grazing cattle in the grasslands, improving sanitation, installation of fecal-matter containers on boats, praziquantel drug therapy, snail control, and health education. A 2018 review found that the "new integrated strategy" was highly effective to reduce the rate of
49:
1313:
1389:
783:. They mostly affect the large bowel and rectum, and involvement of the small bowel is more rare. This immune response can lead to obstruction of the colon and blood loss. The infected individual may have what appears to be a potbelly. There is a strong correlation between morbidity of intestinal schistosomiasis and the intensities of infection. In cases of light infections, symptoms may be mild and can go unrecognized. The most common species to cause intestinal schistosomiasis are
698:
initial infection may be warranted. It is recommended to treat with praziquantel 4–6 weeks after initial exposure since it targets adult worms. For Acute
Schistosomiasis(AS) Praziquantel is ineffective on schistosomulae above 7 days and does not prevent the chronic phase of the disease. Too early of treatment can worsen symptoms of AS. In some cases, this worsening of symptoms can be life-threatening by causing encephalitis related to vasculitis, myocarditis, or pulmonary events.
435:
1607:
2393:
areas, schistosomiasis infects a large proportion of children under 14 years of age. An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. In 2012, 249 million people were in need of treatment to prevent the disease. This likely makes it the most common parasitic infection with malaria second and causing about 207 million cases in 2013.
6658:
383:. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries, as they are more likely to play in contaminated water. Schistosomiasis is also common among women, who can have greater exposure through daily chores that involve water, such as washing clothes and fetching water. Other high-risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water during daily living. It belongs to the group of
935:
2000:, in general praziquantel is considered the first option for treatment. Praziquantel can be safely used in pregnant women and young children. The treatment objective is to cure the disease and to prevent the evolution of the acute to the chronic form of the disease. All cases of suspected schistosomiasis should be treated regardless of presentation because the adult parasite can live in the host for years.
1523:, and tail movements; the cercariae transformed into schistosomulae by losing its tail and subsequently travels to the heart and lungs through venous system until it eventually reach the liver where it will mature into the adult form. The diseases caused by the schistomes are characterized into acute schistosomiasis and chronic schistosomiasis, and they can vary dependent on the species of schistosome.
4758:
958:. These portosystemic anastomoses also allows a pathway for the eggs to travel to locations such as the lungs, spinal cord, or brain. Co-infection with hepatitis is common in regions endemic to schistosomiasis with hepatitis B or hepatitis C, and co-infection with hepatitis C is associated with more rapid liver deterioration and worse outcome. Fibrotic hepatic schistosomiasis caused by
1900:
but it was an expensive process that often only reduced but did not eliminate the snail population. The drug praziquantel is used for prevention in high-risk populations living in areas where the disease is common. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises avoiding drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water in areas where schistosomiasis is common.
1936:
schemes can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonize the water and to reduce the contact with the local population. Even though guidelines on how to design these schemes to minimise the spread of the disease had been published years before, the designers were unaware of them. The dams appear to have reduced the population of the large migratory prawn
950:
architecture are not affected unlike cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of this disease is caused by deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix proteins within the periportal space, which leads to liver portal fibrosis and enlarged fibrotic portal tracts (Symmer's pipe stem fibrosis). The periportal fibrosis physically compress the portal vein leading to
1768:(PCR) based testing is accurate and rapid. However, it is not frequently used in countries where the disease is common due to the cost of the equipment and the technical expertise required to run the tests. Using a microscope to detect eggs costs about US$ 0.40 per test whereas PCR is about $ US 7 per test as of 2019.
1598:
The specific clinical symptoms and severity of the disease this causes depends on the type of schistosome infection, duration of infection, number of eggs, and the organ at which the eggs are deposited. The amount of eggs entrapped in the tissues will continue to increase if the schistosoma are not eliminated.
954:(increased portal venous pressure), increased pressure of the splenic vein, and subsequent enlargement of the spleen. Portal hypertension can also increase the pressure in portosystemic anastomoses (vessel connections between the portal circulation and systemic circulation) leading to esophageal varices and
405:
Schistosomiasis affected about 236.6 million people worldwide in 2019. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South
America. Around 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live in areas where the disease is common. In
1899:
is promoting these efforts. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and the consequent destruction of snail habitat have reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The elimination of snail populations using molluscicides had been attempted to prevent schistosomiasis in the past,
1669:
species. The examination can be performed on a simple smear (1 to 2 mg of fecal material). Because eggs may be passed intermittently or in small numbers, their detection is enhanced by repeated examinations or concentration procedures, or both. In addition, for field surveys and investigational
1584:
formation and chronic inflammation. Adult worms live together in pairs (one male and female), sexually reproduce, and lay eggs in the veins around the intestines and bladder depending on the species, and these eggs can rupture the wall of the veins to escape to the surrounding tissues. The eggs make
1093:
can produce up to 3000 eggs per day, these eggs migrate from the veins to the bladder and ureter lumens, but up to 50 percent of them can become trapped in the surrounding tissues causing granulomatous inflammation, polyps formation, and ulceration of bladder, ureter, and genital tract tissues. This
949:
This is a late stage liver disease that occurs mainly in young and middle-aged adults who have been chronically infected with a heavy infection and whose immune regulation of fibrosis is not functioning properly. It affects only a small proportion of people who are infected. Liver function and liver
1597:
leading to increase in level of IgE, IL-4, and eosinophils as egg production progresses. In chronic infections, the Th2 response shifts to increasing the level of IL-10, IL-13, and IgG4, which reverses the progression of the granulomas and lead to collagen deposition at the sites of the granulomas.
1184:
lesions occur occasionally due to inflammation and granuloma development around eggs or worms that find their way to the brain or spinal cord through the circulatory system, and they can potentially develop irreversible scarring without proper treatment. Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused
558:
Scratching the rash can lead to secondary bacterial infection of the skin, thus it is important to refrain from scratching. Some common treatments for itching include corticosteroid cream, anti-itch lotion, application of cool compresses to rash, bathing in Epsom salts or baking soda, and in severe
1745:
infections. Immunoblots with adult worm microsomal antigens are species-specific, so a positive reaction indicates the infecting species. The presence of antibody is indicative only of schistosome infection at some time and cannot be correlated with clinical status, worm burden, egg production, or
697:
can be administered to kill the adult schistosomes to prevent chronic infection in addition to corticosteroid therapy. It is not effective to recent infection as it only targets the adult worms, but not the premature schistosomulae. Therefore, a repeat treatment of praziquantel several weeks after
6410:
The ancient
Egyptians also wrote of boys becoming men when blood was seen in their urine, as this was likened to the young female's first menstruation (Despommier et al. 1995). Also, archaeological evidence such as wall reliefs, hieroglyphs, and papyri all confirm that their lifestyle encompassed
1705:
Antibody detection can be useful to indicate schistosome infection in people who have traveled to areas where schistosomiasis is common and in whom eggs cannot be demonstrated in fecal or urine specimens. Test sensitivity and specificity vary widely among the many tests reported for the serologic
571:
Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) may occur weeks or months (around 2–8 weeks) after the initial infection as a systemic reaction against migrating schistosomulae as they pass through the bloodstream through the lungs to the liver and also against the antigens of eggs. Similarly to swimmer's
6363:
By the early twentieth century, the
Egyptian population was well aware of the widespread occurrence of haematuria to the point where the passing of blood by boys was considered as a normal and even necessary part of growing up, a form of male menstruation linked with male fertility (Girges 1934,
1958:
In China, the national strategy for schistosomiasis control has shifted three times since it was first initiated: transmission control strategy (from mid-1950s to early 1980s), morbidity control strategy (from mid-1980s to 2003), and the "new integrated strategy" (2004 to present). The morbidity
2392:
In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. An earlier estimate from 2006 had put the figure at 200 million people infected. As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. In many of the affected
1935:
For many years from the 1950s onwards, vast dams and irrigation schemes were constructed, causing a massive rise in water-borne infections from schistosomiasis. The detailed specifications laid out in various United
Nations documents since the 1950s could have minimized this problem. Irrigation
2563:
Using thromboelastography, researchers at Tufts
University observed that murine blood incubated by adult worms for 1 hour has a coagulation profile similar to that of patients that have hemophilia or on anti-coagulant drugs, suggesting that schistosomes could possess anti-coagulant properties.
521:
rash that results from cercariae penetrating the skin within the first 12 hours to days of cercarial skin penetration. The first time a non-sensitized person is exposed, the rashes are usually mild with an associated prickling sensation that quickly disappear on its own since this is a type of
929:
This condition occurs mainly in children and adolescents due to early immune reaction to eggs trapped within the periportal and presinusoidal spaces of the liver creating numerous granulomas. Liver function is not affected, and the severity of liver and spleen enlargement is correlated to the
1013:
Portal hypertension secondary to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis can cause vessel connections between the portal (liver and gut) circulation and systemic circulation to develop, which creates a pathway for the eggs and worms to travel to the lungs. The eggs can be deposited around the alveolar
1851:
can be utilized to evaluate for severity of schistosomiasis and damages of the infected organs. For example, X-ray and CT scans of the chest can be used to detect lesions in the lungs from pulmonary schistosomiasis, and pelvic X-ray can reveal calcification of the bladder in chronic urinary
2006:
Praziquantel only eliminates the adult schistosomes, but it is not effective in killing the eggs and immature worms. Live eggs can be excreted by the infected individuals for weeks after treatment with praziquantel. The immature worms can survive and grow up to be adult schistosomes after
930:
intensity of the infection. It is characterized by an enlarged left lobe of the liver with a sharp edge and enlarged spleen with nodules. The enlargement of liver and spleen is usually mild, but in severe cases, they can enlarge to the level of the belly button and even into the pelvis.
1209:
can reach the central nervous system in people with schistosomiasis. The destructive action on the nervous tissue and the mass effect produced by a large number of eggs surrounded by multiple, large granulomas in circumscribed areas of the brain characterize the pseudotumoral form of
1568:
interact with antibodies leading to the formation of high volume of immune complexes, which cause enlargement of the lymph tissues. This sequence of events can lead to clinical manifestation of fever, enlargement of spleen and liver due to fibrosis, portal hypertension, and
2444:, an area in which both the parasites and their intermediate hosts are in an active state of evolution. Subsequently, it is believed that schistosomiasis spread to Egypt as a result of the importation of monkeys and slaves during the reign of the fifth dynasty of the
1863:
scan that identifies tissues with higher metabolic activity have been used to help diagnose schistosomiasis in rare cases. This is due to the high level of inflammation caused by the schistosomal eggs, which increases the metabolic rate of the surrounding tissues.
1826:
If other diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis have failed to detect the infection, but there is still a high suspicion for schistosomiasis, tissue biopsy from the rectum, bladder, and liver can be obtained to look for schistosome eggs within the tissue samples.
1922:
For schistosomiasis control, the World Health
Organization recommends preventive anthelminthic administration, which is the treatment of an entire affected population and the periodic treatment of all groups at high risk of acquiring schistosomiasis by using
2427:
issued in 2010 estimated 12,000 direct deaths while the WHO in 2014 estimated more than 200,000 annual deaths related to schistosomiasis. Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease. It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.
701:
Oxamniquine (50 mg/kg once) can be administer at the early phase of schistosomiasis. It is more effective in against schistsomulae than praziquantel but only with S.mansoni. This prevents the occurrence of chronic S.mansoni infection and egg-laying
2440:(5800–4000 BC) demonstrated evidence of a terminal spined schistosome from the pelvic sediment of skeletal remains. Even though this evidence comes from the Middle East, it has been suggested that the 'cradle' of schistosomes lies in the region of the
2007:
praziquantel therapy. Thus, it is important to have repeated schistosomiasis testing of the stool and/or urine around 4–6 weeks after praziquantel therapy. Treatment of praziquantel may be repeated to ensure complete elimination of the parasite.
6705:
1303:
Corticosteroids are used to prevent permanent neurological damage from the inflammatory response to the eggs, and sometimes anticonvulsants are needed to stop the seizures. Corticosteroids are given prior to administration of praziquantel.
1856:
infection. CT scan can also be used to assess damages from the schistosomiasis infection in the intestinal, urogenital, and central nervous system. MRI is used to evaluate schistosomiasis of the central nervous system, liver, and genital.
3625:
Bottieau E, Clerinx J, de Vega MR, Van den Enden E, Colebunders R, Van
Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (May 2006). "Imported Katayama fever: clinical and biological features at presentation and during treatment".
2040:
found tentative evidence that when used alone, metrifonate was as effective as praziquantel. Mefloquine, which has previously been used to treat and prevent malaria, was recognised in 2008–2009 to be effective against schistosomes.
1210:
neuroschistosomiasis and are responsible for the appearance of clinical manifestations: headache, hemiparesis, altered mental status, vertigo, visual abnormalities, seizures, and ataxia. Similarly, granulomatous lesions from
1551:) with the foreign antigens on the migratory schistosomula and the eggs, and the subsequent deposition of these complexes on various tissues leading to activation of an autoimmune response. Acute schistosomiasis caused by
1852:
schistosomiasis. Ultrasound may be used to look for abnormalities in the liver and spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, and CT scan of the liver is a good tool to look for calcification in the liver associated with
572:
itch, Katayama fever is more commonly seen in people with their first infection such as migrants and tourists, and it is associated with heavy infection. It is seen, however, in native residents of China infected with
2061:
egg antigens and its levels correlate with severity of schistosomiasis fibrosis and portal hypertension in mice and humans. Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic OPN levels and liver collagen content in mice.
6192:
2533:
via unclean needles. Egypt has the world's highest hepatitis C infection rate, and the infection rates in various regions of the country closely track the timing and intensity of the anti-schistosomiasis campaign.
910:). This condition can be separated into two distinct phases: inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis (early inflammatory reaction) and chronic hepatic schistosomiasis. Most common species to cause this condition are
6759:
6744:
778:
In intestinal schistosomiasis, eggs become lodged in the intestinal wall during their migration from the mesenteric venules to the intestinal lumen, and the trapped eggs cause an immune system reaction called a
1118:
have led to decreases in the bladder cancer rate. The risk of bladder cancer appears to be especially high in male smokers, perhaps due to chronic irritation of the bladder lining allowing it to be exposed to
1942:, which eats the snails. After the construction of fourteen large dams, greater increases in schistosomiasis occurred in the historical habitats of native prawns than in other areas. Further, at the 1986
1563:
can occur in reinfection to population who reside in endemic regions, and they occur in higher incidences and can have worse prognosis. It was proposed that the large amount of egg antigens released by
1546:
Acute
Schistosomiasis (Katayama's Fever) - the exact pathophysiology of this disease remains unknown. It has been hypothesized to be caused by a systemic immune response due to immune complex formation
2879:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
398:
may be given once a year to the entire group. This is done to decrease the number of people infected, and consequently, the spread of the disease. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the
2556:
infection called "Bilhvax" underwent a phase 3 clinical trial among children in Senegal. The results, reported in 2018, showed that it was not effective despite provoking some immune response. Using
1538:- swimmer's itch is caused by a localized allergic reaction at the sites of skin penetration by the cercariae causing an inflammatory reaction that is characterized by itchy red pimples and blisters.
4762:
2783:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
4453:
737:. The long-term manifestations are dependent on the species of schistosome, as the adult worms of different species migrate to different areas. Many infections are mildly symptomatic, with
1445:
The adult male and female are paired together, exit the liver via portal venous system, and travel to the venous systems of the intestines or bladder (species dependent) and produce eggs
1757:
for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by a team led by Russell Stothard from the Natural History Museum of London, working with the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London.
3038:
2399:, the infectious agent responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis, infects over 112 million people annually in Sub-Saharan Africa alone. It is responsible for 32 million cases of
627:
Acute schistosomiasis usually self-resolves in 2–8 weeks in most cases., but a small proportion of people have persistent weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse abdominal pain, and rash.
6449:
Riveau G, Schacht AM, Dompnier JP, Deplanque D, Seck M, Waucquier N, Senghor S, Delcroix-Genete D, Hermann E, Idris-Khodja N, Levy-Marchal C, Capron M, Capron A (December 2018).
6184:
5145:
Sokolow SH, Jones IJ, Jocque M, La D, Cords O, Knight A, Lund A, Wood CL, Lafferty KD, Hoover CM, Collender PA, Remais JV, Lopez-Carr D, Fisk J, Kuris AM, De Leo GA (June 2017).
1130:
transmission. If lesions involve the fallopian tubes or ovaries, it may lead to infertility. If the reproductive organs in male are affected, there could be blood in the sperm.
906:, the buildup of fluid in the abdomen, and potentially life-threatening dilations or swollen areas in the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract that can tear and bleed profusely (
4795:
Ochodo EA, Gopalakrishna G, Spek B, Reitsma JB, van Lieshout L, Polman K, Lamberton P, Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2015).
1014:
capillary beds and causes granulomatous inflammation of the pulmonary arterioles followed by fibrosis. This leads to high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation system (
469:, and later adult worms and their eggs, migrate through the body. If eggs migrate to the brain or spinal cord, seizures, paralysis, or spinal-cord inflammation are possible.
446:
Many individuals do not experience symptoms. If symptoms do appear, they usually take 4–6 weeks from the time of infection. The first symptom of the disease may be a general
477:
Manifestation of acute infection from schistosoma include cercarial dermatitis (hours to days) and acute systemic schistosomiasis (2–8 weeks) which can include symptoms of
6721:
2074:
Geographic representation of Schistosomiasis endemic countries and their preventive chemotherapy requirement status in the year of 2020 from the World Health Organization.
883:
infection epidemiologically overlaps with high HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, where gastrointestinal schistosomiasis has been linked to increased HIV transmission.
1385:
Humans encounter larvae of the schistosome parasite when they enter contaminated water while bathing, playing, swimming, washing, fishing, or walking through the water.
2544:
Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas.
6411:
activities such as bathing, fishing and playing in the Nile, and this combined with bad sanitation habits, would make almost everyone susceptible to this infection.
1706:
diagnosis of schistosomiasis and are dependent on both the type of antigen preparations used (crude, purified, adult worm, egg, cercarial) and the test procedure.
1559:
generally affect people who have been infected for the first time such as tourists visiting endemic regions. In contrast, cases of acute schistosomiasis caused by
1238:) to the brain, results in a sparse distribution of eggs associated with scant periovular inflammatory reaction, usually with little or no clinical significance.
394:
Methods of preventing the disease include improving access to clean water and reducing the number of snails. In areas where the disease is common, the medication
213:
5738:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
4573:
Murphy WL, Knutson LV, Chapman EG, Mc Donnell RJ, Williams CD, Foote BA, Vala JC (2012-01-07). "Key Aspects of the Biology of Snail-Killing Sciomyzidae Flies".
1733:
infection. Specificity of this assay for detecting schistosome infection is 99%. Because test sensitivity with the FAST-ELISA is reduced for species other than
5908:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1927:. In 2019, 44.5% of people with schistosomiasis were treated globally, and 67.2% of school-aged children needing preventive chemotherapy received treatment.
1508:
1686:
membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for
4936:"Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology"
1996:
and safety. Because of praziquantel's lower cost per treatment, and oxaminiquine's lack of efficacy against the urogenital form of the disease caused by
1671:
2537:
By the early 20th century, schistosomiasis' symptom of blood in the urine was seen as a male version of menstruation in Egypt and was thus viewed as a
1807:
can be ordered if hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is suspected, and a subsequent hepatitis test panel can be ordered if liver function test is abnormal.
1697:
in urine using urine reagent strips is more accurate than circulating antigen tests in the identification of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
2436:
The most ancient evidence of schistosomiasis dates back to more than 6,000 years ago. Studies conducted on human skeletal remains found in northern
7174:
5413:
Brinkmann UK, Werler C, Traoré M, Doumbia S, Diarra A (June 1988). "Experiences with mass chemotherapy in the control of schistosomiasis in Mali".
5391:
5255:"Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2660:
2605:
6355:
5973:
Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999). "Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan".
5194:
Sokolow SH, Huttinger E, Jouanard N, Hsieh MH, Lafferty KD, Kuris AM, Riveau G, Senghor S, Thiam C, N'Diaye A, Faye DS, De Leo GA (August 2015).
4006:
1914:
Other important preventive measures include hygiene education leading to behavioral change and sanitary engineering to ensure safe water supply.
1420:
Miracidia find and penetrate the snails, which are the intermediate hosts (specific species of snails is dependent on the species of schistosoma)
705:
Artemeter is an artemisin derivative efficient against schistosomulae aged 7–21 days. only reduced S.mansoni infection by 50% in exposed children
5450:
3034:
6500:
5714:
1713:, a combination of tests with purified adult worm antigens is used for antibody detection. All serum specimens are tested by FAST-ELISA using
1324:
individuals release eggs into water via their fecal material or urine. A collection of stool samples under a microscope will show the eggs of
7983:
6423:
1963:
infection in both humans and the intermediate host snails and reduced the infection risk by 3–4 times relative to the conventional strategy.
1519:
The infectious stage starts when the free-swimming larval form of the schistosome, cercariae, penetrates the human skin using their suckers,
891:
Eggs also migrate to the liver leading to fibrosis in 4 to 8% of people with chronic infection, mainly those with long-term heavy infection.
2010:
The WHO has developed guidelines for community treatment based on the impact the disease has on children in villages in which it is common:
2877:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
2781:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
2057:(OPN) is a promising tool for monitoring praziquantel efficacy and post-treatment fibrosis regression as (OPN) expression is modulated by
1430:
Sporocysts give rise to the infective free-swimming larvae with forked tails called cercariae, and they leave the snails to enter the water
1230:. In cases with advanced hepatosplenic and urinary schistosomiasis, the continuous embolization of eggs from the portal mesenteric system (
6684:
6208:
4257:
Feldmeier H, Krantz I, Poggensee G (March 1995). "Female genital schistosomiasis: a neglected risk factor for the transmission of HIV?".
522:
hypersensitivity reaction. In sensitized people who have previously been infected, the rash can develop into itchy, red, raised lesions (
6526:"The impact of schistosomes and schistosomiasis on murine blood coagulation and fibrinolysis as determined by thromboelastography (TEG)"
5048:
1580:
The clinical manifestations of chronic infection is mainly caused by immune reaction to the eggs entrapment within tissues resulting in
6127:
4774:
4398:
3239:
3127:
1710:
5802:
3153:
6451:"Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: A phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children"
4846:"Field evaluation of the Meade Readiview handheld microscope for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan school children"
582:
can cause acute schistosomiasis in chronically infected population, and it can lead to a more severe form of acute schistosomiasis.
5196:"Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host"
4683:
Siqueira Ld, Fontes DA, Aguilera CS, Timóteo TR, Ângelos MA, Silva LC, de Melo CG, Rolim LA, da Silva RM, Neto PJ (December 2017).
5882:
6881:
6255:
Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (2003). "History of Katayama disease: Schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan".
6233:
5816:
5528:
Xiao SH (November 2013). "Mefloquine, a new type of compound against schistosomes and other helminthes in experimental studies".
4519:
2755:
5619:"Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic osteopontin levels and liver collagen content in murine schistosomiasis mansoni"
5147:"Nearly 400 million people are at higher risk of schistosomiasis because dams block the migration of snail-eating river prawns"
2014:
When a village reports more than 50 per cent of children have blood in their urine, everyone in the village receives treatment.
1769:
161:
4722:
2472:
In 2016, more than 200 million people needed treatment, but only 88 million people were actually treated for schistosomiasis.
1977:
6110:
5894:
5846:
4437:
3856:
3514:
2638:
8158:
6693:
2975:
Trienekens SC, Faust CL, Meginnis K, Pickering L, Ericsson O, Nankasi A, Moses A, Tukahebwa EM, Lamberton PH (2020-05-13).
2564:
Inhibiting schistosome activity in blood coagulation could potentially serve as a therapeutic option for schistosomiasis.
1173:
Kidney function is unaffected in many cases, and the lesions are reversible with proper treatment to eliminate the worms.
4634:
5313:
3965:
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas RG (2010). "Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes)".
1670:
purposes, the egg output can be quantified by using the Kato-Katz technique (20 to 50 mg of fecal material) or the
5796:
3982:
1876:"Schistosomes are here. People and livestock are strictly prohibited from entering the water!", a warning painted on a
4338:"Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in a low-prevalence area: 27 cases (14 autochthonous) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil"
2462:
in 1908. The earliest case known of infection was discovered in 2014, belonging to a child who lived 6,200 years ago.
7976:
6167:
6137:
4312:
1992:, are available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. They are considered equivalent in relation to efficacy against
3100:
1205:
egg deposition following the anomalous migration of the adult worm, which appears to be the only mechanism by which
6018:"History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies"
5788:
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
1442:
They migrate to the portal venous system of the liver where they mature into the adult form with two separate sexes
1950:, restoring prawns upstream of the dam reduced both snail density and the human schistosomiasis reinfection rate.
1803:
can be used to identify a high level of eosinophil in the blood, which could be indicative of an acute infection.
538:
that often infect birds. Cercarial dermatitis is not contagious and can not be transmitted from person-to-person.
6292:"Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors"
4625:
3837:
Cohen J, Powderly W, Opal S (2017-01-01), Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM (eds.), "Preface to the Fourth Edition",
387:. Diagnosis is by finding eggs of the parasite in a person's urine or stool. It can also be confirmed by finding
6144:
Theodor Bilhharz (who discovered schistosomiasis in Egypt), and Pirajá da Silva (who established its life cycle)
1491:
Schistosomes can live an average of 3–5 years, and the eggs can survive for more than 30 years after infection.
2424:
2078:
1737:, immunoblots of the species appropriate to the person's travel history are also tested to ensure detection of
1653:
or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination should be performed when infection with
1638:
are about 140 by 60 μm in size and have a lateral spine. The diagnosis is improved through the use of the
2300:
in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas.
4797:"Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas"
2158:
1019:
8133:
7969:
7340:
2525:. From the late 1950s through the early 1980s, infected villagers were treated with repeated injections of
1189:
eggs in the brain during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease. Communities in China affected by
6673:
5618:
4844:
Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A (November 2005).
8048:
7677:
7326:
7233:
6874:
6847:
6185:"Ancient parasite egg found in 6,200-year-old child skeleton gives earliest evidence of a modern disease"
5031:
4575:
2048:
remained the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis until the development of praziquantel in the 1980s.
2045:
1424:
5387:
2668:
2521:
Schistosomiasis is endemic in Egypt, exacerbated by the country's dam and irrigation projects along the
2505:
in 1851 who first discovered these worms. The name Katayama disease comes from the Katayama district of
1114:
diagnosis and mortality are generally elevated in affected areas; efforts to control schistosomiasis in
8148:
6717:
6205:
5064:"The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4643:
4584:
4157:
Santos LL, Santos J, Gouveia MJ, Bernardo C, Lopes C, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Costa JM (January 2021).
2597:
1848:
1717:
adult microsomal antigen. A positive reaction (greater than 9 units/μL serum) indicates infection with
853:
411:
6340:
5336:
3998:
7931:
7854:
7825:
6647:
6640:
1896:
1765:
1548:
1126:
In women, genitourinary disease can also include genital lesions that may lead to increased rates of
763:
migrate to the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Eggs in the gut wall can lead to pain,
399:
5706:
5454:
5295:
4980:
Cimini A, Ricci M, Gigliotti PE, Pugliese L, Chiaravalloti A, Danieli R, Schillaci O (August 2021).
2529:. Epidemiological evidence suggests that this campaign unintentionally contributed to the spread of
7937:
7018:
6962:
6774:
3071:
1462:
1452:
1348:
hatch from these eggs, the larvae infect a very specific type of freshwater snail. For example, in
1018:), increased pressure in the right heart, enlargement of the pulmonary artery and right atria, and
799:
465:
The manifestations of schistosomal infection vary over time as the larval form of the parasite, or
6427:
6074:
4845:
3881:"Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st century"
3776:
8066:
7874:
7655:
7644:
7228:
7168:
7154:
6977:
6956:
4684:
2839:
Thétiot-Laurent SA, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B (July 2013). "Schistosomiasis chemotherapy".
2003:
Schistosomiasis is treatable by taking by mouth a single dose of the drug praziquantel annually.
1772:
are being studied as they are lower cost. LAMP testing is not commercially available as of 2019.
1077:
192:
6378:"The Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis in Modern and Ancient Tissues by Means of Immunocytochemistry"
4429:
3974:
3123:
2451:
Schistosomiasis is known as bilharzia or bilharziosis in many countries, after German physician
8138:
8086:
7772:
7553:
7406:
7096:
7091:
7082:
7058:
6867:
3673:
2664:
1181:
1026:
1015:
838:
6814:
7639:
7182:
7063:
6944:
6157:
5672:
Oliveira G, Rodrigues NB, Romanha AJ, Bahia D (2004). "Genome and Genomics of Schistosomes".
5044:
4726:
4548:
4390:
3231:
2977:"Impacts of host gender on Schistosoma mansoni risk in rural Uganda—A mixed-methods approach"
2690:
2154:
1394:
1137:
Blood in the urine - blood is usually seen at the end of a urine stream (most common symptom)
574:
527:
6859:
4421:
3966:
3496:
2458:
The first physician who described the entire disease cycle was the Brazilian parasitologist
641:) may occur if worms or eggs travel to the spinal cord during this acute phase of infection.
450:. Within 12 hours of infection, an individual may complain of a tingling sensation or light
7905:
7732:
7558:
7532:
7514:
7284:
5207:
3879:
Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, Feng Z, McManus DP (April 2001).
3149:
2506:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1618:
725:
that help them migrate to the bladder and intestines to be shed. The enzymes also cause an
506:
410:
among parasitic diseases with the greatest economic impact. Schistosomiasis is listed as a
5906:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
5786:
5736:
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).
5617:
Pereira TA, Vaz De Melo Trindade G, Trindade Santos E, Pereira FE, Souza MM (2021-01-23).
5119:
Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention
3538:
2017:
When 20 to 50 percent of children have bloody urine, only school-age children are treated.
1051:
8:
8153:
8000:
7992:
7944:
7919:
7846:
7499:
7448:
7023:
7004:
6950:
6939:
6825:
6763:
4652:
4629:
2557:
2441:
1520:
1414:
The hatching of the eggs leading to release of the free-swimming, ciliated larvae called
1242:
1223:
1197:
eight times higher than baseline. Cerebral granulomatous infection may also be caused by
951:
899:
793:
755:
729:
inflammatory reaction when eggs get trapped in tissues or embolize to the liver, spleen,
638:
369:
61:
6698:— documentary about the rise of schistosomiasis along the Senegal river (video, 47 mins)
6663:
5942:
5211:
5151:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2020:
When fewer than 20 percent of children have symptoms, mass treatment is not implemented.
1872:
1436:
Upon entrance into the human hosts, cercariae lose their tails and become schistosomulae
7805:
7791:
7711:
7683:
7663:
7633:
7493:
7468:
7368:
7318:
7209:
7140:
7043:
6618:
6558:
6525:
6477:
6450:
6382:
6321:
6225:
6050:
6017:
5998:
5955:
5879:
5762:
5737:
5654:
5599:
5572:
5553:
5505:
5480:
5364:
5279:
5254:
5230:
5195:
5171:
5146:
5090:
5063:
5062:
Grimes JE, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MR (December 2014).
5008:
4981:
4821:
4796:
4592:
4496:
4471:
4304:
4185:
4158:
4129:
4102:
4075:
4042:
3862:
3847:
3728:
3602:
3577:
3520:
3298:
3265:
3213:
3011:
2976:
2952:
2927:
2903:
2878:
2807:
2782:
2661:"schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary"
2573:
989:
972:
907:
518:
502:
427:
217:
168:
6268:
5923:
5854:
5824:
5753:
5113:
Charnock, Anne (7 August 1980). "Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation".
4766:
4700:
4523:
4487:
3201:
3188:
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (September 2006). "Human schistosomiasis".
2943:
2894:
2798:
2759:
2459:
8143:
7038:
6983:
6890:
6785:
6610:
6602:
6563:
6545:
6482:
6401:
6313:
6272:
6163:
6133:
6106:
6055:
6037:
5990:
5947:
5932:
5890:
5792:
5767:
5658:
5646:
5638:
5545:
5510:
5422:
5369:
5284:
5235:
5176:
5095:
5013:
4952:
4935:
4913:
4867:
4826:
4704:
4665:
4657:
4604:
4596:
4501:
4433:
4422:
4369:
4318:
4308:
4274:
4270:
4239:
4234:
4209:
4190:
4134:
4080:
4062:
3978:
3967:
3937:
3910:
3905:
3880:
3866:
3852:
3696:
3672:
Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, McManus DP (April 2002).
3643:
3607:
3524:
3510:
3303:
3285:
3205:
3016:
2998:
2957:
2908:
2856:
2812:
2630:
1788:
1683:
1642:, a semiquantitative stool examination technique. Other methods that can be used are
1634:
Diagnosis of infection is confirmed by the identification of eggs in stools. Eggs of
1535:
1194:
859:
767:, and diarrhea (especially in children). Severe disease can lead to narrowing of the
598:
455:
365:
345:
239:
156:
6768:
6622:
6396:
6377:
6325:
6002:
5557:
4934:
Mutro Nigo M, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P (2019-12-19).
4354:
4337:
8038:
7838:
7831:
7697:
7311:
7279:
6594:
6553:
6537:
6472:
6462:
6391:
6303:
6264:
6045:
6029:
5982:
5959:
5937:
5927:
5919:
5757:
5749:
5681:
5630:
5594:
5584:
5537:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5274:
5266:
5225:
5215:
5166:
5158:
5085:
5075:
5003:
4993:
4947:
4903:
4857:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4768:
4730:
4696:
4647:
4588:
4491:
4483:
4359:
4349:
4300:
4266:
4229:
4221:
4180:
4170:
4124:
4114:
4070:
4054:
3900:
3892:
3842:
3688:
3635:
3597:
3589:
3502:
3293:
3277:
3197:
3006:
2988:
2947:
2939:
2898:
2890:
2848:
2802:
2794:
2265:
is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East;
1784:
1500:
1002:
Pulmonary Schistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension
830:
590:
458:", due to irritation at the point of entrance. The rash that may develop can mimic
380:
77:
6836:
6033:
5388:"WHO TDR news item, 4th Dec 2014, Praziquantel dose confirmed for schistosomiasis"
3896:
3217:
422:
8112:
7705:
7651:
7565:
7303:
7253:
7248:
7146:
7131:
7070:
6779:
6467:
6212:
5886:
5634:
5616:
5080:
2993:
2695:
2538:
2491:
2481:
2452:
2070:
2037:
1972:
1471:- vesicular and pelvic venous plexus of the bladder (occasionally rectal venules)
1290:
1082:
1056:
768:
2560:, researchers decreased the symptoms due to schistosomiasis in an animal model.
8081:
8076:
8061:
7797:
7760:
7691:
7506:
7485:
7454:
7412:
7291:
7240:
7219:
7188:
7160:
7103:
7030:
6790:
5335:
Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J (February 2013).
5270:
5200:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4058:
3929:
3639:
3281:
2408:
2404:
2286:
2254:
1810:
Like most parasitic infections, schistosomiasis will usually cause significant
1694:
1639:
1111:
1103:
684:
361:
353:
337:
329:
221:
205:
181:
173:
48:
6711:
6701:
6541:
5986:
5541:
4998:
4908:
4891:
4862:
4119:
3969:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
999:
Neuroschistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension
941:
can occur as a result of the portal hypertension caused by periportal fibrosis
8127:
7784:
7765:
7525:
7520:
7271:
7259:
7010:
6894:
6606:
6549:
6405:
6041:
5642:
5309:
4661:
4600:
4066:
3289:
3002:
2526:
2466:
1947:
1938:
1753:
In 2005, a field evaluation of a novel handheld microscope was undertaken in
1594:
1586:
1388:
1312:
1107:
984:
955:
938:
560:
384:
321:
306:
6753:
6582:
5220:
3506:
379:
contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected
8107:
8018:
7924:
7880:
7776:
7669:
7544:
7115:
6614:
6598:
6567:
6486:
6317:
6276:
6059:
5994:
5951:
5771:
5650:
5589:
5549:
5514:
5373:
5288:
5239:
5180:
5162:
5099:
5017:
4917:
4871:
4830:
4708:
4669:
4608:
4505:
4373:
4322:
4194:
4138:
4084:
3941:
3914:
3700:
3647:
3611:
3307:
3209:
3020:
2961:
2912:
2860:
2852:
2816:
1924:
1904:
1811:
1439:
The schistosomulae travel to the lungs and heart via the venous circulation
1368:
903:
864:
764:
742:
726:
715:
694:
395:
349:
266:
197:
5426:
4933:
4278:
4243:
4103:"Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa"
691:
is used to alleviate the hypersensitivity reaction and reduce inflammation
7911:
7896:
7752:
7619:
7600:
7591:
7579:
7433:
7397:
7379:
7346:
7332:
7124:
7050:
6995:
6930:
6809:
3692:
3096:
2530:
2290:
2258:
2054:
2025:
1989:
1378:
1219:
719:
376:
357:
317:
231:
209:
20:
6215:, a medical historical paper from the University of Calgary. March 2004.
4890:
Utzinger J, Becker SL, van Lieshout L, van Dam GJ, Knopp S (June 2015).
4225:
4175:
1411:
The excretion of schistosome eggs in urine or feces depending on species
1336:. Looking at a urine sample under a microscope would reveal the eggs of
434:
7816:
7738:
7723:
7479:
7438:
6831:
4630:"Lessons from the History of Ivermectin and Other Antiparasitic Agents"
3264:
McManus DP, Bergquist R, Cai P, Ranasinghe S, Tebeje BM, You H (2020).
2033:
2029:
1908:
1840:
1646:, circumoval precipitation test, and alkaline phosphatase immunoassay.
1606:
1227:
1120:
962:
usually develops in around 5–15 years, while it can take less time for
688:
535:
531:
494:
388:
325:
310:
261:
245:
7961:
6736:
6308:
6291:
4364:
4159:"Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer"
3593:
1690:) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative.
1665:
is suspected. Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all
1481:- inferior mesenteric plexus (lower portion of the bowels compared to
8028:
7424:
7267:
6920:
6915:
6820:
2498:
2250:
2024:
Other possible treatments include a combination of praziquantel with
1943:
1581:
1415:
1295:
1095:
780:
466:
430:
rash (flat and raised lesions) at the sites of cercarial penetration.
341:
201:
185:
5907:
5685:
2838:
2455:, who first described the cause of urinary schistosomiasis in 1851.
534:
called "swimmer's itch" can also be caused by cercariae from animal
8091:
8033:
8008:
7865:
7746:
7624:
7573:
7388:
6902:
6842:
6077:[A contribution to the literature on helminths humans …].
5132:
The IRG Solution — hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it
4843:
4543:
4541:
3624:
2445:
2274:
1099:
848:
490:
333:
313:
177:
5334:
4385:
4383:
4259:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4101:
Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R (2019).
1678:(recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with
1071:, in a 44-year-old sub-Saharan man, due to urinary schistosomiasis
8056:
8023:
8013:
7462:
7204:
6501:"CRISPR/Cas9 shown to limit impact of certain parasitic diseases"
5253:
Qian C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan C, Gao Z, Yuan H, Zhong J (2018).
4889:
4299:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 65–88.
2495:
2490:, a term which means 'split body'. The name Bilharzia comes from
2400:
2297:
2246:
1903:
A 2014 review found tentative evidence that increasing access to
1877:
1844:
1358:
978:
843:
714:
In long-established disease, adult worms lay eggs that can cause
603:
498:
482:
459:
447:
407:
57:
6645:
Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
6583:"Critical factors contributing to the thromboelastography trace"
4538:
3729:"CDC - Cercarial Dermatitis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
2974:
1895:
Many countries are working towards eradicating the disease. The
1746:
prognosis. Where a person has traveled can help determine which
1511:
is weakly effective in mouse schistosomiasis but is not in use.
934:
6748:
6688:
6015:
5047:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 November 2012.
4982:"Medical Imaging in the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis: A Review"
4380:
3775:
Rosenthal PJ (2021), Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (eds.),
1884:
1860:
1836:
1754:
1163:
Inflammation and ulceration of uterine cervix, vagina, or vulva
1086:
1068:
819:
Blood in feces that is not visibly present (fecal occult blood)
772:
738:
722:
523:
6706:
International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers
6448:
4794:
4572:
4469:
2423:
Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. Worldwide, the
6889:
6523:
6016:
Di Bella S, Riccardi N, Giacobbe DR, Luzzati R (2018-07-04).
5671:
5193:
4682:
4470:
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (October 2000).
4295:
Pittella JE (2013). "Pathology of CNS parasitic infections".
3263:
2510:
2502:
2486:
Schistosomiasis is named for the genus of parasitic flatworm
2437:
1888:
1880:
1650:
1643:
1504:
1345:
1115:
1064:
895:
734:
559:
itching cases, prescription strength cream and lotions. Oral
554:
Prickling or tingling sensation, burning, itching of the skin
486:
478:
5412:
4979:
4767:
Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria.
3187:
2758:. World Health Organization. 3 February 2014. Archived from
2326:
Africa, Middle East, Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname
1593:
during the early phases of infection, and it transitions to
871:
Approximately 10-50% of people living in endemic regions of
6341:"The Paleoepidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Ancient Egypt"
5061:
4207:
4156:
3498:
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases
2522:
1682:. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a
1661:
is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if
730:
451:
140:
131:
113:
110:
101:
95:
16:
Human disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes
5479:
Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL (August 2014).
5478:
3964:
1917:
83:
4210:"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer"
1799:
infection. For travelers or migrants in endemic regions,
1791:
can be used to test for blood in the stool for potential
1127:
566:
438:
Skin blisters on the forearm, created by the entrance of
119:
86:
19:
This article is about the disease. For the organism, see
6206:"Proceedings of the 13h Annual History of Medicine Days"
4256:
4100:
2926:
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH (June 2014).
2925:
2082:
Deaths from schistosomiasis per million persons in 2012
5905:
5735:
1433:
Cercariae find the human hosts and penetrate their skin
1262:
Cerebral granulomatous infection symptoms may include:
4685:"Schistosomiasis: Drugs used and treatment strategies"
4472:"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control"
975:(can cause life-threatening esophageal variceal bleed)
406:
tropical countries, schistosomiasis is second only to
6702:
Schistosomiasis information for travellers from IAMAT
5975:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
5791:(third ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
4850:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4208:
Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O'Connor PJ (January 1999).
3671:
137:
122:
116:
98:
89:
80:
6726:
6105:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
5144:
4335:
1674:. Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with
128:
92:
64:
due to schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines)
6580:
6524:Da'dara AA, de Laforcade AM, Skelly PJ (May 2016).
5032:
Progress report 2001–2011, strategic plan 2012–2020
2876:
2780:
1629:
426:Cercarial dermatitis can present as an itchy, red,
107:
104:
5972:
5874:
5872:
5337:"Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection"
5252:
5055:
3770:
3768:
3266:"Schistosomiasis—from immunopathology to vaccines"
5823:. WHO Media Centre. February 2014. Archived from
4566:
4465:
4463:
3878:
3836:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3575:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3035:"Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel"
2161:for schistosomiasis per 100,000 inhabitants.
1423:Within the snails, two successive generations of
8125:
4620:
4618:
4043:"Hepatic and Intestinal Schistosomiasis: Review"
3576:Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP (May 2011).
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
1783:screening in the community can be done by using
1465:(but can also inhabit superior mesenteric veins)
1455:(but can also inhabit inferior mesenteric veins)
1059:wall caused by deposition of calcium around the
886:
244:Finding eggs of the parasite in urine or stool,
5878:Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh (2014)
5869:
5605:citing public domain text, published by the CDC
5474:
5472:
4770:Schistosomiasis Infection: Laboratory Diagnosis
4336:Freitas AR, Oliveira AC, Silva LJ (July 2010).
4290:
4288:
4107:Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
4096:
4094:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3936:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3259:
3257:
3097:"Schistosomiasis A major public health problem"
1953:
1255:Loss of sensation below the level of the lesion
1226:(inflammation of the spinal cord) with flaccid
849:Bowel strictures (narrowing of colon or rectum)
526:) with some turning into fluid-filled lesions (
497:enlargement. Some patients may also experience
6254:
6072:
5853:. WHO Media Centre. March 2014. Archived from
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4460:
4152:
4150:
4148:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3781:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021
3745:
1307:
1102:can lead to obstruction of the urinary tract,
402:(WHO) for those who are known to be infected.
7977:
6875:
5729:
5448:
5246:
4615:
4413:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3927:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3578:"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis"
3314:
3168:
3121:
2625:
2623:
1589:is prominent releasing cytokines such as IFN-
1543:Few weeks to months after initial infection:
1046:
748:
6581:MacDonald SG, Luddington RJ (October 2010).
6283:
5481:"Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis"
5469:
5138:
5112:
5045:"Schistosomiasis - Prevention & Control"
4285:
4091:
3953:
3707:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3254:
2465:The disease was a common cause of death for
1008:
620:Enlargement of both the liver and the spleen
6426:. World Health Organization. Archived from
6159:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology and Control
6075:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana …"
5485:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5344:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5134:. London: Souvenir Press. 1984. p. 88.
4960:
4801:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4745:
4522:. World Health Organization. Archived from
4428:(22 ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp.
4145:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
2872:
2870:
1930:
1098:10 to 12 weeks after infection. Over time,
945:Chronic (fibrotic) hepatic schistosomiasis
816:Mucous diarrhea with or without gross blood
7984:
7970:
7378:
6882:
6868:
6375:
6338:
6289:
6079:Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
4929:
4927:
4775:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4040:
4021:
3793:
3726:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2620:
2513:, where schistosomiasis was once endemic.
1711:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
517:The first potential reaction is an itchy,
6557:
6476:
6466:
6395:
6383:Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena
6307:
6049:
5941:
5931:
5761:
5598:
5588:
5504:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5363:
5278:
5229:
5219:
5170:
5089:
5079:
5007:
4997:
4951:
4907:
4892:"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis"
4885:
4883:
4881:
4861:
4820:
4651:
4495:
4419:
4363:
4353:
4233:
4184:
4174:
4128:
4118:
4074:
3904:
3846:
3774:
3654:
3601:
3556:
3297:
3010:
2992:
2951:
2902:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2806:
2774:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2592:
2590:
1532:Minutes to days after initial infection:
1392:Lifecycle stages of a typical trematode,
1284:Inability to stand or sit without support
6155:
5521:
4837:
4624:
4297:Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology
4294:
3053:
2867:
2304:Schistosoma species and endemic regions
2153:
2077:
2069:
1976:
1871:
1760:
1617:
1605:
1387:
1311:
1050:
1020:thickening of the right ventricular wall
933:
433:
421:
7991:
6094:
5899:
5880:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections
5692:
5394:from the original on September 13, 2016
4924:
2576:, another disease transmitted by snails
1918:Preventive anthelminthic administration
1176:
633:Neurological side effects may include
512:
8126:
6530:Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
6100:
5889:, Bentham e books, Vol 2, pp. 93-124,
5623:International Journal for Parasitology
5570:
5433:
4878:
3232:"Parasites - Schistosomiasis, Disease"
2823:
2703:
2587:
2516:
2387:
1801:complete blood count with differential
1770:Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
1649:Microscopic identification of eggs in
1234:) or portal mesenteric-pelvic system (
567:Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever)
375:The disease is spread by contact with
42:Bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever
7965:
6863:
6587:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
6182:
3783:, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
1775:
1700:
1614:parasite eggs in human bladder tissue
1536:Cercerial dermatitis (Swimmer's itch)
1499:Schistosomiasis is also a concern of
925:Inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis
417:
344:. Those who have been infected for a
6236:from the original on 24 January 2017
6125:
5717:from the original on 8 December 2014
5527:
5034:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4653:10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111209
4401:from the original on 3 November 2016
3839:Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition)
3242:from the original on 2 December 2016
3156:from the original on 4 December 2014
1610:High-powered detailed micrograph of
879:develop intestinal schistosomiasis.
709:
5784:
5051:from the original on 3 August 2017.
4896:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
4635:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
3681:The New England Journal of Medicine
3539:"CDC - DPDx - Cercarial Dermatitis"
3115:
2467:Egyptians in the Greco-Roman Period
2415:the world's deadliest schistosome.
2269:in Africa and the Middle East; and
1750:species to test for by immunoblot.
563:can also help relieve the itching.
505:associated with the development of
13:
6195:from the original on 21 June 2014.
5415:Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
4729:School of Medicine. Archived from
4593:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100702
4342:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
4305:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00005-4
3848:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00276-8
2756:"Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115"
2608:from the original on 15 March 2014
1258:Pain below the level of the lesion
1249:Paralysis of the lower extremities
472:
391:against the disease in the blood.
328:may be infected. Symptoms include
14:
8170:
6633:
6361:from the original on 2013-11-26.
5451:"How is Schistosomiasis Treated?"
5316:from the original on July 7, 2007
4701:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.002
4549:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Biology"
4454:"Abenteuer Diagnose: Bilharziose"
4391:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Disease"
3130:from the original on 20 July 2008
3124:"Schistosomiasis Control Program"
3103:from the original on 5 April 2014
3041:from the original on 2 April 2015
2641:from the original on 26 June 2015
1729:infection, and less than 50% for
1644:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
1155:Calcification of the bladder wall
1149:Secondary urinary tract infection
1042:Fainting during physical exertion
666:Cardiac side effects may include
6713:Why Snails Are Deadly? Explained
6656:
6639:
6455:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
5805:from the original on 2014-10-17.
5294:
5068:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4761: This article incorporates
4756:
4420:Cook GC, Zumla AL, eds. (2009).
3777:"Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)"
2981:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1849:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1821:
1787:to check for hematuria, and the
1630:Identification of eggs in stools
1252:Loss of bowel or urinary control
1081:migrate to the veins around the
676:Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia
76:
47:
6574:
6517:
6493:
6442:
6416:
6397:10.4067/s0717-73562000000100021
6369:
6332:
6248:
6218:
6199:
6176:
6149:
6119:
6066:
6009:
5966:
5839:
5809:
5778:
5665:
5610:
5564:
5406:
5380:
5328:
5302:
5187:
5124:
5106:
5037:
5024:
4788:
4715:
4676:
4512:
4446:
4355:10.1590/s0074-02762010000400009
4329:
4250:
4201:
4041:Elbaz T, Esmat G (2013-09-01).
4009:from the original on 2016-02-13
3991:
3921:
3872:
3618:
3531:
3224:
3142:
3089:
3027:
2968:
2065:
1981:Ethiopian children treated for
1911:reduces schistosome infection.
1514:
1143:Increase frequency of urination
745:being common in endemic areas.
6087:See: "2. Distomum Haematobium
5497:10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub3
5356:10.1002/14651858.cd000528.pub2
4813:10.1002/14651858.CD009579.pub2
2919:
2696:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2683:
2653:
2558:CRISPR gene editing technology
2425:Global Burden of Disease Study
2337:China, Indonesia, Philippines
1494:
1316:Life cycle of Schistosoma spp.
1159:Genital symptoms may include:
1133:Urinary symptoms may include:
894:Eggs can become lodged in the
1:
6269:10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00046-1
6034:10.1080/20477724.2018.1495357
5924:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
5754:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
5707:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
5310:"eMedicine - Schistosomiasis"
4488:10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00122-4
4214:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3928:Lackey EK, Horrall S (2021),
3897:10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001
3885:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3202:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69440-3
3150:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
3099:. World Health Organization.
2944:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61949-2
2895:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2799:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2598:"Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)"
2580:
2381:Africa, Middle East, Corsica
2159:Disability-adjusted life year
1867:
1402:
887:Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis
810:Abdominal pain and discomfort
803:can also cause this disease.
7341:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
6468:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006968
6073:Bilharz, Siebold CT (1852).
5635:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.002
5081:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296
5030:WHO (2013) Schistosomiasis:
4953:10.33218/prnano3(1).191205.1
4271:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90512-x
4163:Journal of Clinical Medicine
4047:Journal of Advanced Research
3727:Prevention CC (2020-09-18).
2994:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008266
2475:
1988:Two drugs, praziquantel and
1966:
1954:Integrated strategy in China
1814:that can be identified on a
1625:eggs in hepatic portal tract
1601:
718:reactions. The eggs secrete
364:. In children, it may cause
7:
8159:Infectious causes of cancer
7678:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
7327:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
6022:Pathogens and Global Health
5674:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4576:Annual Review of Entomology
3270:Seminars in Immunopathology
2567:
2552:A proposed vaccine against
2547:
2370:Central Africa rain forest
2359:Central Africa rain forest
2046:antimony potassium tartrate
1835:Imaging modalities such as
1308:Transmission and life cycle
996:Complications may include:
826:Complications may include:
630:Complications may include:
462:and other types of rashes.
454:, commonly referred to as "
10:
8175:
6290:Strickland GT (May 2006).
6257:Parasitology International
4424:Manson's Tropical Diseases
4059:10.1016/j.jare.2012.12.001
3841:, Elsevier, pp. xiv,
3640:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.022
3282:10.1007/s00281-020-00789-x
3037:. cdc.gov. 1 August 2013.
2479:
2431:
2407:, and 150,000 deaths from
1970:
1830:
1725:infection is 99%, 95% for
1356:it is snails of the genus
1241:Spinal cord inflammation (
1152:Secondary kidney infection
1047:Urogenital schistosomiasis
854:Protein-losing enteropathy
749:Intestinal schistosomiasis
637:Spinal cord inflammation (
589:Dry cough with changes on
412:neglected tropical disease
18:
8100:
8067:African sleeping sickness
8047:
7999:
7932:Capillaria philippinensis
7895:
7864:
7855:Halicephalobus gingivalis
7826:Strongyloides stercoralis
7815:
7722:
7618:
7590:
7543:
7432:
7423:
7396:
7387:
7365:
7302:
7218:
7203:
7114:
7081:
6994:
6929:
6914:
6901:
6800:
6730:
6542:10.1007/s11239-015-1298-z
6339:Kloos H, David R (2002).
6230:World Health Organization
6132:. Springer. p. vii.
5987:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307
5571:Walker MD (August 2018).
5542:10.1007/s00436-013-3559-0
4999:10.3390/pathogens10081058
4909:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.014
4863:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.949
4120:10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5
2418:
2367:Schistosoma intercalatum
2253:, eastern South America,
2249:countries in Africa, the
2052:Post-treatment monitoring
1897:World Health Organization
1766:Polymerase chain reaction
1721:species. Sensitivity for
1463:inferior mesenteric veins
1453:superior mesenteric veins
1009:Pulmonary schistosomiasis
990:Enlarged spleen and liver
659:Ataxia/ speech impairment
647:Disturbances of sensorium
548:Small red, raised pimples
400:World Health Organization
280:
272:
260:
252:
238:
227:
191:
167:
155:
68:
55:
46:
38:
33:
7938:Intestinal capillariasis
7019:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
6424:"Water-related Diseases"
6183:Cheng M (20 June 2014).
6129:Tropical Hemato-Oncology
6126:Droz JP (15 July 2015).
5271:10.1051/parasite/2018058
3628:The Journal of Infection
3152:. cdc.gov. 6 June 2011.
2378:Schistosoma haematobium
2245:The disease is found in
1931:Snails, dams, and prawns
1845:computed tomography (CT)
1587:Th1 helper cell response
1340:and rarely, the eggs of
1245:) symptoms may include:
216:, urethral obstruction,
212:(both male and female),
8113:Priority review voucher
7925:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
7875:Enterobius vermicularis
7656:Cutaneous larva migrans
7229:Echinococcus granulosus
7169:Heterophyes heterophyes
7155:Gastrodiscoides hominis
6978:Trichobilharzia regenti
5221:10.1073/pnas.1502651112
3507:10.1016/c2016-0-01879-x
2928:"Human schistosomiasis"
2482:History of schistosomes
2356:Schistosoma guineensis
1549:Type III hypersensivity
1407:The life cycle stages:
1296:Irregular eye movements
1287:Uncoordinated movements
680:Treatment may include:
7773:Visceral larva migrans
7554:Gnathostoma spinigerum
7407:Dracunculus medinensis
7313:Diphyllobothrium latum
7092:Paragonimus westermani
7059:Opisthorchis viverrini
6599:10.1055/s-0030-1265288
5590:10.3201/eid2408.et2408
5573:"Etymologia: Antimony"
5163:10.1098/rstb.2016.0127
4940:Precision Nanomedicine
4763:public domain material
2853:10.1002/anie.201208390
2665:OxfordDictionaries.com
2403:, 10 million cases of
2334:Schistosoma japonicum
2242:
2151:
2075:
1985:
1892:
1626:
1615:
1399:
1317:
1182:Central nervous system
1089:where they reproduce.
1072:
1027:pulmonary hypertension
1016:pulmonary hypertension
969:Symptoms may include:
942:
806:Symptoms may include:
781:granulomatous reaction
585:Symptoms may include:
541:Symptoms may include:
443:
431:
234:from freshwater snails
7640:Ancylostoma duodenale
7183:Metagonimus yokogawai
6648:Medical Knowledge app
6376:Rutherford P (2000).
5933:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
5530:Parasitology Research
4727:University of Tsukuba
2285:are found locally in
2157:
2081:
2073:
1980:
1875:
1761:Molecular diagnostics
1621:
1609:
1395:Schistosoma japonicum
1391:
1315:
1169:Infertility in female
1055:Calcification of the
1054:
937:
839:Iron deficient anemia
507:pulmonary infiltrates
437:
425:
370:learning difficulties
256:Access to clean water
214:bladder calcification
56:11-year-old boy with
7906:Trichinella spiralis
7733:Ascaris lumbricoides
7533:Lymphatic filariasis
7515:Wuchereria bancrofti
6348:Human Ecology Review
6191:. Associated Press.
4526:on November 19, 2016
3693:10.1056/NEJMra012396
2889:(10053): 1459–1544.
2793:(10053): 1545–1602.
2604:. 17 December 2011.
2507:Hiroshima Prefecture
2448:(ca. 2494–2345 BC).
2345:Schistosoma mekongi
2323:Schistosoma mansoni
1816:complete blood count
1278:Cerebellar symptoms
1177:Neuroschistosomiasis
1146:Protein in the urine
858:Partial or complete
822:Abdominal distention
513:Cercarial dermatitis
8134:Waterborne diseases
8001:Diseases of poverty
7993:Diseases of poverty
7920:Trichuris trichiura
7847:Trichostrongyliasis
7449:Onchocerca volvulus
7005:Clonorchis sinensis
6940:Schistosoma mansoni
6921:Trematode infection
6156:Jamieson B (2017).
5457:on 25 February 2008
5449:The Carter Center.
5212:2015PNAS..112.9650S
4456:. 1 September 2020.
4226:10.1128/CMR.12.1.97
4176:10.3390/jcm10020205
3122:The Carter Center.
2637:. 2 December 2013.
2517:Society and culture
2442:African Great Lakes
2388:Infection estimates
2305:
2239: more than 500
1983:Schistosoma mansoni
1818:with differential.
1805:Liver function test
1640:Kato-Katz technique
1521:proteolytic enzymes
1243:transverse myelitis
1224:transverse myelitis
1033:Shortness of breath
952:portal hypertension
900:portal hypertension
639:transverse myelitis
385:helminth infections
62:portal hypertension
8049:Neglected diseases
8034:Diarrheal diseases
7806:Parascaris equorum
7792:Dioctophyme renale
7712:Oesophagostomiasis
7684:Angiostrongyliasis
7664:Necator americanus
7634:Hookworm infection
7494:Dirofilaria repens
7319:Diphyllobothriasis
7210:Tapeworm infection
7141:Fasciolopsis buski
6801:External resources
6430:on 1 December 2015
6211:2012-10-28 at the
5918:(9859): 2095–128.
5885:2014-12-07 at the
5857:on 7 December 2014
5827:on 6 December 2014
5577:Emerg. Infect. Dis
5157:(1722): 20160127.
5115:New Civil Engineer
4723:"Clinical Aspects"
3501:. Elsevier. 2020.
2699:. Merriam-Webster.
2574:Angiostrongyliasis
2309:Type of infection
2303:
2243:
2173: less than 50
2152:
2076:
1986:
1893:
1776:Laboratory testing
1701:Antibody detection
1693:Identification of
1627:
1616:
1509:O-methyl-threonine
1400:
1318:
1275:Sensory impairment
1166:Blood in the sperm
1096:blood in the urine
1073:
973:Esophageal varices
943:
908:esophageal varices
765:blood in the stool
551:Small red blisters
448:feeling of illness
444:
432:
418:Signs and symptoms
342:blood in the urine
276:252 million (2015)
218:nephrotic syndrome
186:blood in the urine
162:Infectious disease
8149:Tropical diseases
8121:
8120:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7891:
7890:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7235:E. multilocularis
7199:
7198:
7039:Fasciola hepatica
6891:Parasitic disease
6857:
6856:
6309:10.1002/hep.21173
6226:"Schistosomiasis"
6112:978-0-521-30312-5
6101:Jordan P (1985).
5895:978-1-60805-148-9
5817:"Schistosomiasis"
5748:(9859): 2163–96.
4520:"Schistosomiasis"
4439:978-1-4160-4470-3
4003:www.niaid.nih.gov
3999:"Schistosomiasis"
3930:"Schistosomiasis"
3858:978-0-7020-6285-8
3674:"Schistosomiasis"
3594:10.1136/bmj.d2651
3516:978-0-323-55512-8
3196:(9541): 1106–18.
3072:"Schistosomiasis"
2938:(9936): 2253–64.
2841:Angewandte Chemie
2691:"schistosomiasis"
2631:"Schistosomiasis"
2411:annually, making
2385:
2384:
1789:stool guaiac test
1684:nucleopore filter
1672:Ritchie technique
1576:Chronic infection
1140:Painful urination
860:bowel obstruction
835:Intestinal ulcers
831:Intestinal polyps
710:Chronic infection
656:Visual impairment
381:freshwater snails
288:
287:
240:Diagnostic method
28:Medical condition
8166:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7963:
7962:
7840:Trichostrongylus
7832:Strongyloidiasis
7698:Metastrongylosis
7430:
7429:
7394:
7393:
7385:
7384:
7376:
7375:
7280:Hymenolepis nana
7216:
7215:
7116:Intestinal fluke
6927:
6926:
6912:
6911:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6728:
6727:
6714:
6660:
6659:
6643:
6627:
6626:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6561:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6480:
6470:
6461:(12): e0006968.
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6399:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6360:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6311:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6222:
6216:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5945:
5935:
5903:
5897:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5821:Fact sheet N°115
5813:
5807:
5806:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5703:
5690:
5689:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5592:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5453:. Archived from
5446:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5341:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5282:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5223:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5041:
5035:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4977:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4887:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4655:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4357:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4038:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3972:
3962:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3850:
3834:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3772:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3724:
3705:
3704:
3678:
3669:
3652:
3651:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3573:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3493:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3185:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
2996:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2836:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:on 12 March 2014
2752:
2701:
2700:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:on July 16, 2014
2667:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2594:
2306:
2302:
2293:, respectively.
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
1501:cattle husbandry
1272:Motor impairment
1063:eggs on a plain
813:Loss of appetite
293:, also known as
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
51:
31:
30:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8096:
8082:River blindness
8072:Schistosomiasis
8043:
7995:
7990:
7960:
7951:
7887:
7860:
7811:
7718:
7706:Oesophagostomum
7652:Ancylostomiasis
7622:
7606:
7586:
7566:Gnathostomiasis
7539:
7436:
7419:
7370:
7367:
7353:
7304:Pseudophyllidea
7298:
7249:Taenia saginata
7207:
7195:
7147:Fasciolopsiasis
7132:Echinostomiasis
7110:
7077:
7071:Opisthorchiasis
6990:
6970:Schistosomiasis
6964:S. intercalatum
6918:
6916:Fluke/trematode
6907:
6904:
6897:
6888:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6837:Schistosomiasis
6796:
6795:
6739:
6722:Facts in Motion
6712:
6685:Schistosomiasis
6681:
6680:
6679:
6674:Schistosomiasis
6661:
6657:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6579:
6575:
6522:
6518:
6509:
6507:
6505:www.bionity.com
6499:
6498:
6494:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6374:
6370:
6358:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6288:
6284:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6213:Wayback Machine
6204:
6200:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6103:Schistosomiasis
6099:
6095:
6071:
6067:
6014:
6010:
5971:
5967:
5904:
5900:
5887:Wayback Machine
5877:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5851:Fact sheet N°94
5845:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5799:
5783:
5779:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5713:. 6 June 2011.
5705:
5704:
5693:
5686:10.1139/Z03-220
5670:
5666:
5615:
5611:
5569:
5565:
5536:(11): 3723–40.
5526:
5522:
5491:(8): CD000053.
5477:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5447:
5434:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5350:(2): CD000528.
5339:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5251:
5247:
5192:
5188:
5143:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5111:
5107:
5060:
5056:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5029:
5025:
4978:
4961:
4932:
4925:
4888:
4879:
4842:
4838:
4807:(3): CD009579.
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4681:
4677:
4623:
4616:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4334:
4330:
4315:
4293:
4286:
4255:
4251:
4206:
4202:
4155:
4146:
4099:
4092:
4039:
4022:
4012:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3963:
3954:
3946:
3944:
3926:
3922:
3877:
3873:
3859:
3835:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3708:
3687:(16): 1212–20.
3676:
3670:
3655:
3623:
3619:
3574:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3517:
3495:
3494:
3315:
3262:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3186:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2987:(5): e0008266.
2973:
2969:
2924:
2920:
2875:
2868:
2847:(31): 7936–56.
2837:
2824:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2704:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2570:
2550:
2539:rite of passage
2519:
2492:Theodor Bilharz
2484:
2478:
2460:Pirajá da Silva
2453:Theodor Bilharz
2434:
2421:
2390:
2348:Cambodia, Laos
2296:The disease is
2283:S. intercalatum
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2068:
2038:Cochrane review
1975:
1973:Schistosomicide
1969:
1956:
1933:
1920:
1870:
1833:
1824:
1785:urine dip-stick
1778:
1763:
1703:
1632:
1604:
1527:Acute infection
1517:
1497:
1475:S. intercalatum
1405:
1354:S. intercalatum
1326:S. intercalatum
1310:
1291:Scanning speech
1179:
1049:
1011:
889:
800:S. intercalatum
751:
712:
662:Motor paralysis
569:
515:
475:
473:Acute Infection
420:
348:may experience
291:Schistosomiasis
151:
136:
127:
79:
75:
58:abdominal fluid
34:Schistosomiasis
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8172:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8077:Dracunculiasis
8074:
8069:
8064:
8062:Chagas disease
8059:
8053:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8005:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7966:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7870:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7821:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7798:Dioctophymosis
7788:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7761:Toxocara canis
7757:
7756:
7755:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7692:Metastrongylus
7688:
7687:
7686:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7646:A. braziliense
7636:
7630:
7628:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7596:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7549:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7507:Dirofilariasis
7497:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7486:Mansonelliasis
7476:
7475:
7474:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7455:Onchocerciasis
7444:
7442:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7413:Dracunculiasis
7402:
7400:
7391:
7382:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7308:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7292:Hymenolepiasis
7276:
7275:
7274:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7241:Echinococcosis
7224:
7222:
7220:Cyclophyllidea
7213:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7189:Metagonimiasis
7179:
7178:
7177:
7175:Heterophyiasis
7165:
7164:
7163:
7161:Amphistomiasis
7151:
7150:
7149:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7104:Paragonimiasis
7087:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7031:Dicrocoeliasis
7015:
7014:
7013:
7000:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6984:Swimmer's itch
6974:
6973:
6972:
6958:S. haematobium
6935:
6933:
6924:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6839:
6828:
6826:article/228392
6817:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6782:
6771:
6756:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:Classification
6725:
6724:
6709:
6699:
6691:
6662:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:External links
6632:
6629:
6628:
6593:(7): 712–722.
6573:
6536:(4): 671–677.
6516:
6492:
6441:
6415:
6368:
6331:
6282:
6263:(4): 313–319.
6247:
6217:
6198:
6175:
6168:
6148:
6138:
6118:
6111:
6093:
6065:
6028:(5): 268–273.
6008:
5965:
5898:
5868:
5838:
5808:
5798:978-9241546850
5797:
5777:
5728:
5691:
5664:
5629:(6): 437–440.
5609:
5563:
5520:
5468:
5432:
5405:
5379:
5327:
5301:
5245:
5206:(31): 9650–5.
5186:
5137:
5123:
5105:
5054:
5036:
5023:
4959:
4923:
4877:
4836:
4787:
4744:
4733:on 23 May 2001
4714:
4675:
4644:Annual Reviews
4628:(2016-02-15).
4614:
4585:Annual Reviews
4565:
4537:
4511:
4459:
4445:
4438:
4412:
4379:
4348:(4): 398–408.
4328:
4313:
4284:
4249:
4200:
4144:
4090:
4053:(5): 445–452.
4020:
3990:
3984:978-0443068393
3983:
3952:
3920:
3871:
3857:
3792:
3744:
3706:
3653:
3617:
3555:
3530:
3515:
3313:
3276:(3): 355–371.
3253:
3223:
3167:
3141:
3114:
3088:
3052:
3026:
2967:
2918:
2866:
2822:
2773:
2702:
2682:
2652:
2619:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2554:S. haematobium
2549:
2546:
2518:
2515:
2480:Main article:
2477:
2474:
2433:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2413:S. haematobium
2409:kidney failure
2405:hydronephrosis
2397:S. haematobium
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2287:Southeast Asia
2267:S. haematobium
2255:Southeast Asia
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2067:
2064:
2044:Historically,
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
1998:S. haematobium
1968:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1932:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1869:
1866:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1781:S. haematobium
1777:
1774:
1762:
1759:
1739:S. haematobium
1727:S. haematobium
1702:
1699:
1695:microhematuria
1688:S. haematobium
1676:S. haematobium
1663:S. haematobium
1631:
1628:
1603:
1600:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1557:S. haematobium
1541:
1540:
1539:
1516:
1513:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1472:
1469:S. haematobium
1466:
1456:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1350:S. haematobium
1338:S. haematobium
1309:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1236:S. haematobium
1216:S. haematobium
1193:have rates of
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1123:from smoking.
1112:Bladder cancer
1108:kidney failure
1104:hydronephrosis
1091:S. haematobium
1078:S. haematobium
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
976:
967:
932:
931:
888:
885:
869:
868:
862:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
833:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
750:
747:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
699:
692:
685:Corticosteroid
678:
677:
674:
671:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:Abdominal pain
612:
609:
606:
601:
596:
593:
568:
565:
561:antihistamines
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:Flat, red rash
514:
511:
474:
471:
456:swimmer's itch
419:
416:
362:bladder cancer
354:kidney failure
330:abdominal pain
303:Katayama fever
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
229:
225:
224:
222:bladder cancer
206:kidney failure
195:
189:
188:
174:Abdominal pain
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
150:
149:
72:
70:
66:
65:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8171:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8139:Helminthiases
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:Miscellaneous
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8087:Leishmaniasis
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7973:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7785:Baylisascaris
7782:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7522:
7521:Brugia malayi
7517:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7364:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7272:Cysticercosis
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7098:P. kellicotti
7094:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7011:Clonorchiasis
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6905:platyhelminth
6900:
6896:
6895:helminthiases
6892:
6885:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:River of Hope
6692:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6650:
6649:
6642:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6302:(5): 915–22.
6301:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6189:National Post
6186:
6179:
6171:
6169:9781498744263
6165:
6162:. CRC Press.
6161:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6141:
6139:9783319182575
6135:
6131:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6091:", pp. 59–62.
6090:
6084:
6081:(in German).
6080:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5981:(2): 307–10.
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5683:
5680:(2): 375–90.
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5428:
5424:
5421:(2): 167–74.
5420:
5416:
5409:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5315:
5312:. eMedicine.
5311:
5305:
5297:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5074:(12): e3296.
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4902:(6): 529–42.
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:(5): 949–55.
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4314:9780444534903
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4220:(1): 97–111.
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:(2): 270–95.
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:(5): 339–45.
3633:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:tartar emetic
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2233: 450–500
2227: 400–450
2221: 350–400
2215: 300–350
2209: 250–300
2203: 200–250
2197: 150–200
2191: 100–150
2167: no data
2160:
2156:
2088: no data
2080:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1948:Senegal River
1945:
1941:
1940:
1939:Macrobrachium
1928:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1822:Tissue biopsy
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1479:S. guineensis
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:Unsteady gait
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:The worms of
1070:
1067:image of the
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1041:
1039:Feeling tired
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:may include:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
991:
988:
986:
985:Caput medusae
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
968:
965:
961:
957:
956:caput medusae
953:
948:
947:
946:
940:
939:Caput medusae
936:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:, leading to
897:
892:
884:
882:
878:
874:
866:
863:
861:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
753:The worms of
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
717:
704:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
682:
681:
675:
672:
669:
668:
667:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
634:
631:
628:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
592:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
577:
576:
564:
562:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
519:maculopapular
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:, chills, or
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
436:
429:
428:maculopapular
424:
415:
413:
409:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:urinary tract
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:4,400–200,000
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
194:
193:Complications
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
145:
74:
73:
71:
69:Pronunciation
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
8108:Malnutrition
8071:
8019:Tuberculosis
7945:
7930:
7918:
7904:
7881:Enterobiasis
7873:
7853:
7839:
7824:
7804:
7790:
7783:
7777:Toxocariasis
7766:
7759:
7745:
7731:
7704:
7690:
7676:
7670:Necatoriasis
7662:
7645:
7638:
7599:
7572:
7559:
7552:
7545:Thelazioidea
7526:
7519:
7513:
7500:
7492:
7478:
7469:
7461:
7447:
7405:
7339:
7325:
7312:
7285:
7278:
7260:
7254:
7247:
7234:
7227:
7181:
7167:
7153:
7139:
7130:
7123:
7097:
7090:
7064:
7057:
7045:F. gigantica
7044:
7037:
7024:
7017:
7003:
6976:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6946:S. japonicum
6945:
6938:
6841:
6830:
6819:
6808:
6784:
6773:
6758:
6743:
6694:
6672:
6671:
6670:profile for
6667:
6646:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6508:. Retrieved
6504:
6495:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6428:the original
6418:
6409:
6387:
6381:
6371:
6362:
6354:(1): 14–25.
6351:
6347:
6334:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6229:
6220:
6201:
6188:
6178:
6158:
6151:
6143:
6128:
6121:
6102:
6096:
6088:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6025:
6021:
6011:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5859:. Retrieved
5855:the original
5850:
5841:
5829:. Retrieved
5825:the original
5820:
5811:
5787:
5785:WHO (2006).
5780:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5710:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5604:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5488:
5484:
5459:. Retrieved
5455:the original
5418:
5414:
5408:
5398:September 5,
5396:. Retrieved
5382:
5347:
5343:
5330:
5318:. Retrieved
5304:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5039:
5026:
4989:
4985:
4943:
4939:
4899:
4895:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4769:
4735:. Retrieved
4731:the original
4717:
4692:
4689:Acta Tropica
4688:
4678:
4639:
4633:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4557:. Retrieved
4555:. 2019-08-14
4552:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:the original
4514:
4482:(1): 41–51.
4479:
4476:Acta Tropica
4475:
4448:
4423:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4394:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4296:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4166:
4162:
4110:
4106:
4050:
4046:
4011:. Retrieved
4002:
3993:
3968:
3945:, retrieved
3933:
3923:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3838:
3785:, retrieved
3780:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3684:
3680:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3585:
3581:
3547:. Retrieved
3545:. 2019-05-13
3542:
3533:
3497:
3273:
3269:
3244:. Retrieved
3235:
3226:
3193:
3189:
3158:. Retrieved
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3091:
3080:. Retrieved
3078:. 2021-05-18
3075:
3043:. Retrieved
3029:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2886:
2882:
2844:
2840:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:the original
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2635:Patient.info
2634:
2610:. Retrieved
2601:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2520:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2422:
2412:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2295:
2289:and central
2282:
2278:
2271:S. japonicum
2270:
2266:
2262:
2244:
2185: 75–100
2066:Epidemiology
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2023:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1961:S. japonicum
1960:
1957:
1937:
1934:
1925:Praziquantel
1921:
1913:
1902:
1894:
1859:
1854:S. japonicum
1853:
1834:
1825:
1812:eosinophilia
1809:
1797:S. japonicum
1796:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1752:
1747:
1743:S. japonicum
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:S. japonicum
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:At the U.S.
1708:
1704:
1692:
1687:
1680:S. japonicum
1679:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1659:S. japonicum
1658:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1633:
1623:S. japonicum
1622:
1611:
1595:Th2 response
1590:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:S. japonicum
1565:
1561:S. japonicum
1560:
1556:
1552:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1515:Pathogenesis
1498:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1449:S. japonicum
1448:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1374:S. japonicum
1373:
1369:Biomphalaria
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1334:S. japonicum
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1302:
1261:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1222:can lead to
1218:eggs in the
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:S. japonicum
1190:
1187:S. japonicum
1186:
1180:
1172:
1158:
1132:
1125:
1094:can lead to
1090:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1025:Symptoms of
1024:
1012:
964:S. japonicum
963:
959:
944:
924:
919:
916:S. japonicum
915:
911:
904:splenomegaly
893:
890:
880:
877:S. japonicum
876:
872:
870:
865:Appendicitis
825:
805:
798:
792:
789:S. japonicum
788:
784:
777:
761:S. japonicum
760:
754:
752:
743:malnutrition
727:eosinophilic
716:inflammatory
713:
695:Praziquantel
679:
673:Pericarditis
665:
632:
629:
626:
604:Muscle aches
584:
580:S. japonicum
579:
575:S. japonicum
573:
570:
557:
540:
516:
476:
464:
445:
439:
404:
396:praziquantel
393:
374:
350:liver damage
338:bloody stool
318:schistosomes
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
267:Praziquantel
232:Schistosomes
198:Liver damage
182:bloody stool
25:
7946:C. hepatica
7912:Trichinosis
7897:Adenophorea
7753:Anisakiasis
7620:Strongylida
7601:Gongylonema
7592:Spiruroidea
7580:Thelaziasis
7560:G. hispidum
7434:Filarioidea
7398:Camallanida
7380:Secernentea
7347:Sparganosis
7333:Sparganosis
7286:H. diminuta
7255:T. asiatica
7125:Echinostoma
7065:O. felineus
7051:Fasciolosis
6996:Liver fluke
6931:Blood fluke
6810:MedlinePlus
6434:29 November
5721:28 November
5583:(8): 1601.
4992:(8): 1058.
4946:: 439–458.
4695:: 179–187.
4626:Campbell WC
4587:: 425–447.
4553:www.cdc.gov
4530:11 November
4405:11 November
4395:www.cdc.gov
3973:. pp.
3733:www.cdc.gov
3543:www.cdc.gov
3236:www.cdc.gov
3160:28 November
3076:www.who.int
3045:30 November
2602:NHS Choices
2531:hepatitis C
2501:working in
2499:pathologist
2488:Schistosoma
2375:Urogenital
2364:Intestinal
2353:Intestinal
2342:Intestinal
2331:Intestinal
2320:Intestinal
2291:West Africa
2259:Middle East
2179: 50–75
2148: 29-40
2142: 25-28
2136: 22-24
2130: 19-21
2124: 16-18
2118: 14-15
2055:Osteopontin
2026:metrifonate
1990:oxamniquine
1905:clean water
1748:Schistosoma
1719:Schistosoma
1667:Schistosoma
1612:Schistosoma
1495:Other hosts
1379:Oncomelania
1342:S. mansori.
1322:Schistosoma
1220:spinal cord
1207:Schistosoma
1121:carcinogens
1061:Schistosoma
981:(end-stage)
791:, however,
720:proteolytic
670:Myocarditis
653:Tetraplegia
591:chest X-ray
440:Schistosoma
377:fresh water
366:poor growth
358:infertility
295:snail fever
210:infertility
39:Other names
21:Schistosoma
8154:Hepatology
8128:Categories
7817:Rhabditida
7739:Ascariasis
7724:Ascaridida
7501:D. immitis
7480:Mansonella
7472:filariasis
7439:Filariasis
7366:Roundworm/
7083:Lung fluke
6952:S. mekongi
6893:caused by
6832:Patient UK
6786:DiseasesDB
6510:2019-01-18
6296:Hepatology
6240:12 January
5861:6 December
5831:6 December
4559:2021-10-28
4365:1807/58195
4265:(2): 237.
4169:(2): 205.
4013:7 February
3977:–3226.e3.
3947:2021-11-02
3934:StatPearls
3787:2021-11-01
3738:2021-10-28
3549:2021-11-01
3246:4 December
3082:2021-06-05
2675:20 January
2581:References
2541:for boys.
2279:S. mekongi
2263:S. mansoni
2257:, and the
2112: 5-13
2059:S. mansoni
2034:mefloquine
2030:artesunate
1994:S. mansoni
1971:See also:
1909:sanitation
1868:Prevention
1841:ultrasound
1793:S. mansoni
1735:S. mansoni
1723:S. mansoni
1715:S. mansoni
1655:S. mansoni
1636:S. mansoni
1553:S. mansoni
1483:S. mansoni
1459:S. mansoni
1425:sporocysts
1403:Life cycle
1364:S. mansoni
1330:S. mansori
1232:S. mansoni
1228:paraplegia
1212:S. mansoni
1199:S. mansoni
1036:Chest pain
960:S. mansoni
920:S. mekongi
912:S. mansoni
881:S. mansoni
873:S. mansoni
794:S. mekongi
785:S. mansoni
756:S. mansoni
689:prednisone
650:Hemiplegia
536:trematodes
532:dermatitis
495:lymph node
389:antibodies
326:intestines
309:caused by
262:Medication
253:Prevention
246:antibodies
8029:Pneumonia
7527:B. timori
7425:Spirurida
7371:infection
7268:Taeniasis
7261:T. solium
7025:D. hospes
6908:infection
6903:Flatworm/
6821:eMedicine
6607:1098-9064
6550:1573-742X
6406:0717-7356
6042:2047-7724
5847:"Malaria"
5659:231711719
5643:0020-7519
4986:Pathogens
4780:5 January
4662:2165-8102
4601:0066-4170
4067:2090-1232
3867:185460553
3588:: d2651.
3525:241260330
3290:1863-2297
3003:1935-2735
2476:Etymology
2315:Location
2251:Caribbean
2106: 3-4
2100: 1-2
2094: 0-1
1967:Treatment
1944:Diama Dam
1602:Diagnosis
1582:granuloma
1416:miracidia
1372:, and in
1320:Infected
1269:Headaches
644:Headaches
489:, bloody
467:cercariae
442:parasites
346:long time
334:diarrhoea
314:flatworms
311:parasitic
299:bilharzia
273:Frequency
202:cirrhosis
157:Specialty
8144:Zoonoses
8092:Trachoma
7866:Oxyurida
7747:Anisakis
7625:hookworm
7574:Thelazia
7389:Spiruria
7369:Nematode
6843:Orphanet
6623:10336191
6615:20978992
6568:26573180
6487:30532268
6356:Archived
6326:21288399
6318:16628669
6277:14665388
6234:Archived
6209:Archived
6193:Archived
6085:: 53–76.
6060:30016215
6003:34157815
5995:10072156
5952:23245604
5943:10790329
5883:Archived
5803:Archived
5772:23245607
5715:Archived
5651:33493521
5558:16689743
5550:23979493
5515:25099517
5392:Archived
5374:23450530
5320:June 14,
5314:Archived
5289:30444486
5259:Parasite
5240:26195752
5181:28438916
5100:25474705
5049:Archived
5018:34451522
4918:25843503
4872:16282310
4831:25758180
4709:28803725
4670:26515271
4646:: 1–14.
4609:22149268
4506:10996119
4399:Archived
4374:20721482
4323:23829901
4195:33429985
4139:31798936
4085:25685451
4007:Archived
3942:32119321
3915:11292639
3701:11961151
3648:16169593
3612:21586478
3308:32076812
3240:Archived
3210:16997665
3154:Archived
3128:Archived
3107:15 March
3101:Archived
3039:Archived
3021:32401770
2962:24698483
2913:27733281
2861:23813602
2817:27733282
2766:15 March
2639:Archived
2612:15 March
2606:Archived
2568:See also
2548:Research
2446:Pharaohs
2312:Species
2275:Far East
2247:tropical
1266:Seizures
1195:seizures
1100:fibrosis
687:such as
617:Diarrhea
608:Headache
528:vesicles
491:diarrhea
248:in blood
178:diarrhea
169:Symptoms
8057:Cholera
8024:Measles
8014:Malaria
7767:T. cati
7470:Loa loa
7463:Loa loa
7205:Cestoda
6780:D012552
6718:YouTube
6664:Scholia
6559:5467217
6478:6300301
6051:6225400
5960:1541253
5763:6350784
5711:cdc.gov
5600:6056124
5506:4447116
5461:17 July
5427:3140359
5365:6532716
5280:6238655
5231:4534245
5208:Bibcode
5172:5413875
5091:4256273
5009:8401107
4822:4455231
4737:14 June
4497:5633072
4432:–1459.
4279:7778161
4244:9880476
4186:7826813
4130:6884859
4076:4293886
3603:3230106
3299:7223304
3134:17 July
3012:7219705
2953:4672382
2904:5388903
2808:5055577
2645:11 June
2432:History
2401:dysuria
2298:endemic
2273:in the
1946:on the
1891:, China
1878:Yangtze
1831:Imaging
1359:Bulinus
1203:In situ
1087:ureters
1083:bladder
1057:bladder
979:Ascites
844:Fistula
723:enzymes
611:Malaise
599:Fatigue
524:papules
503:hypoxia
499:dyspnea
483:myalgia
460:scabies
408:malaria
324:or the
316:called
307:disease
305:, is a
8039:Plague
7263:(pork)
6815:001321
6689:Curlie
6666:has a
6621:
6613:
6605:
6566:
6556:
6548:
6485:
6475:
6404:
6324:
6316:
6275:
6166:
6136:
6109:
6058:
6048:
6040:
6001:
5993:
5958:
5950:
5940:
5912:Lancet
5893:
5795:
5770:
5760:
5742:Lancet
5657:
5649:
5641:
5597:
5556:
5548:
5513:
5503:
5425:
5372:
5362:
5287:
5277:
5265:: 54.
5238:
5228:
5179:
5169:
5098:
5088:
5016:
5006:
4916:
4870:
4829:
4819:
4707:
4668:
4660:
4607:
4599:
4504:
4494:
4436:
4372:
4321:
4311:
4277:
4242:
4232:
4193:
4183:
4137:
4127:
4113:: 22.
4083:
4073:
4065:
3981:
3940:
3913:
3903:
3865:
3855:
3699:
3646:
3610:
3600:
3523:
3513:
3306:
3296:
3288:
3218:999943
3216:
3208:
3190:Lancet
3019:
3009:
3001:
2960:
2950:
2932:Lancet
2911:
2901:
2883:Lancet
2859:
2815:
2805:
2787:Lancet
2496:German
2419:Deaths
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
1885:Honghu
1861:PET/CT
1847:, and
1837:X-rays
1755:Uganda
1569:death.
1376:it is
1366:it is
1346:larvae
1344:After
1332:, and
1106:, and
1069:pelvis
918:, and
867:(rare)
773:rectum
739:anemia
702:stage.
320:. The
301:, and
281:Deaths
228:Causes
148:
6791:11875
6668:topic
6619:S2CID
6390:(1).
6364:103).
6359:(PDF)
6344:(PDF)
6322:S2CID
6089:Bilh.
5999:S2CID
5956:S2CID
5655:S2CID
5554:S2CID
5340:(PDF)
4765:from
4642:(1).
4583:(1).
4235:88908
3906:88974
3863:S2CID
3677:(PDF)
3521:S2CID
3214:S2CID
2511:Japan
2503:Egypt
2438:Syria
2032:, or
1889:Hubei
1881:levee
1651:stool
1427:occur
1362:, in
1116:Egypt
1065:X-ray
896:liver
769:colon
735:brain
733:, or
731:lungs
623:Hives
595:Fever
487:cough
479:fever
360:, or
340:, or
8009:AIDS
7842:spp.
6848:1247
6775:MeSH
6764:9-CM
6611:PMID
6603:ISSN
6564:PMID
6546:ISSN
6483:PMID
6436:2015
6402:ISSN
6314:PMID
6273:PMID
6242:2017
6164:ISBN
6134:ISBN
6107:ISBN
6056:PMID
6038:ISSN
5991:PMID
5948:PMID
5891:ISBN
5863:2014
5833:2014
5793:ISBN
5768:PMID
5723:2014
5647:PMID
5639:ISSN
5546:PMID
5511:PMID
5489:2014
5463:2008
5423:PMID
5400:2016
5370:PMID
5322:2007
5285:PMID
5236:PMID
5177:PMID
5096:PMID
5014:PMID
4914:PMID
4868:PMID
4827:PMID
4805:2015
4782:2016
4739:2007
4705:PMID
4666:PMID
4658:ISSN
4605:PMID
4597:ISSN
4532:2016
4502:PMID
4434:ISBN
4430:1431
4407:2016
4370:PMID
4319:PMID
4309:ISBN
4275:PMID
4240:PMID
4191:PMID
4135:PMID
4081:PMID
4063:ISSN
4015:2016
3979:ISBN
3975:3216
3938:PMID
3911:PMID
3853:ISBN
3697:PMID
3644:PMID
3608:PMID
3511:ISBN
3304:PMID
3286:ISSN
3248:2016
3206:PMID
3162:2014
3136:2008
3109:2014
3047:2014
3017:PMID
2999:ISSN
2958:PMID
2909:PMID
2857:PMID
2813:PMID
2768:2014
2677:2016
2647:2014
2614:2014
2523:Nile
2494:, a
2281:and
2036:. A
1907:and
1795:and
1741:and
1555:and
1505:mice
1503:and
1477:and
1352:and
1214:and
1085:and
875:and
797:and
787:and
759:and
741:and
501:and
485:, a
452:rash
368:and
60:and
6769:120
6760:ICD
6754:B65
6745:ICD
6720:by
6716:on
6687:at
6595:doi
6554:PMC
6538:doi
6473:PMC
6463:doi
6392:doi
6304:doi
6265:doi
6046:PMC
6030:doi
6026:112
5983:doi
5938:PMC
5928:hdl
5920:doi
5916:380
5758:PMC
5750:doi
5746:380
5682:doi
5631:doi
5595:PMC
5585:doi
5538:doi
5534:112
5501:PMC
5493:doi
5360:PMC
5352:doi
5275:PMC
5267:doi
5226:PMC
5216:doi
5204:112
5167:PMC
5159:doi
5155:372
5086:PMC
5076:doi
5004:PMC
4994:doi
4948:doi
4904:doi
4858:doi
4817:PMC
4809:doi
4697:doi
4693:176
4648:doi
4589:doi
4492:PMC
4484:doi
4360:hdl
4350:doi
4346:105
4301:doi
4267:doi
4230:PMC
4222:doi
4181:PMC
4171:doi
4125:PMC
4115:doi
4071:PMC
4055:doi
3901:PMC
3893:doi
3843:doi
3689:doi
3685:346
3636:doi
3598:PMC
3590:doi
3586:342
3582:BMJ
3503:doi
3294:PMC
3278:doi
3198:doi
3194:368
3007:PMC
2989:doi
2948:PMC
2940:doi
2936:383
2899:PMC
2891:doi
2887:388
2849:doi
2803:PMC
2795:doi
2791:388
2509:in
1883:in
1657:or
1185:by
1128:HIV
771:or
135:-,-
8130::
7775:/
7764:/
7654:/
7643:/
7557:/
7524:/
7518:/
7283:/
7270:/
7258:/
7252:/
7232:/
7095:/
7062:/
7042:/
7022:/
6961:/
6955:/
6949:/
6943:/
6846::
6835::
6824::
6813::
6789::
6778::
6767::
6752::
6749:10
6617:.
6609:.
6601:.
6591:36
6589:.
6585:.
6562:.
6552:.
6544:.
6534:41
6532:.
6528:.
6503:.
6481:.
6471:.
6459:12
6457:.
6453:.
6408:.
6400:.
6388:32
6386:.
6380:.
6350:.
6346:.
6320:.
6312:.
6300:43
6298:.
6294:.
6271:.
6261:52
6259:.
6232:.
6228:.
6187:.
6142:.
6054:.
6044:.
6036:.
6024:.
6020:.
5997:.
5989:.
5979:60
5977:.
5954:.
5946:.
5936:.
5926:.
5914:.
5910:.
5871:^
5849:.
5819:.
5801:.
5766:.
5756:.
5744:.
5740:.
5709:.
5694:^
5678:82
5676:.
5653:.
5645:.
5637:.
5627:51
5625:.
5621:.
5603:.
5593:.
5581:24
5579:.
5575:.
5552:.
5544:.
5532:.
5509:.
5499:.
5487:.
5483:.
5471:^
5435:^
5419:39
5417:.
5390:.
5368:.
5358:.
5346:.
5342:.
5283:.
5273:.
5263:25
5261:.
5257:.
5234:.
5224:.
5214:.
5202:.
5198:.
5175:.
5165:.
5153:.
5149:.
5117:.
5094:.
5084:.
5070:.
5066:.
5012:.
5002:.
4990:10
4988:.
4984:.
4962:^
4942:.
4938:.
4926:^
4912:.
4900:21
4898:.
4894:.
4880:^
4866:.
4854:73
4852:.
4848:.
4825:.
4815:.
4803:.
4799:.
4773:.
4747:^
4725:.
4703:.
4691:.
4687:.
4664:.
4656:.
4638:.
4632:.
4617:^
4603:.
4595:.
4581:57
4579:.
4551:.
4540:^
4500:.
4490:.
4480:77
4478:.
4474:.
4462:^
4397:.
4393:.
4382:^
4368:.
4358:.
4344:.
4340:.
4317:.
4307:.
4287:^
4273:.
4263:89
4261:.
4238:.
4228:.
4218:12
4216:.
4212:.
4189:.
4179:.
4167:10
4165:.
4161:.
4147:^
4133:.
4123:.
4109:.
4105:.
4093:^
4079:.
4069:.
4061:.
4049:.
4045:.
4023:^
4005:.
4001:.
3955:^
3932:,
3909:.
3899:.
3889:14
3887:.
3883:.
3861:,
3851:,
3795:^
3779:,
3747:^
3731:.
3709:^
3695:.
3683:.
3679:.
3656:^
3642:.
3632:52
3630:.
3606:.
3596:.
3584:.
3580:.
3558:^
3541:.
3519:.
3509:.
3316:^
3302:.
3292:.
3284:.
3274:42
3272:.
3268:.
3256:^
3238:.
3234:.
3212:.
3204:.
3192:.
3170:^
3126:.
3074:.
3055:^
3015:.
3005:.
2997:.
2985:14
2983:.
2979:.
2956:.
2946:.
2934:.
2930:.
2907:.
2897:.
2885:.
2881:.
2869:^
2855:.
2845:52
2843:.
2825:^
2811:.
2801:.
2789:.
2785:.
2705:^
2693:.
2663:.
2633:.
2622:^
2600:.
2589:^
2469:.
2277:.
2261:.
2028:,
1887:,
1843:,
1839:,
1507:.
1461:-
1451:-
1328:,
1201:.
1110:.
1022:.
922:.
914:,
902:,
775:.
578:.
509:.
481:,
414:.
372:.
356:,
352:,
336:,
332:,
297:,
220:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
144:-/
141:oʊ
132:oʊ
126:,-
111:aɪ
7985:e
7978:t
7971:v
7927:)
7923:(
7627:)
7623:(
7441:)
7437:(
7212:)
7208:(
6923:)
6919:(
6883:e
6876:t
6869:v
6762:-
6747:-
6737:D
6708:)
6704:(
6678:.
6651:.
6625:.
6597::
6570:.
6540::
6513:.
6489:.
6465::
6438:.
6394::
6352:9
6328:.
6306::
6279:.
6267::
6244:.
6172:.
6115:.
6083:4
6062:.
6032::
6005:.
5985::
5962:.
5930::
5922::
5865:.
5835:.
5774:.
5752::
5725:.
5688:.
5684::
5661:.
5633::
5587::
5560:.
5540::
5517:.
5495::
5465:.
5429:.
5402:.
5376:.
5354::
5348:2
5324:.
5291:.
5269::
5242:.
5218::
5210::
5183:.
5161::
5102:.
5078::
5072:8
5020:.
4996::
4956:.
4950::
4944:3
4920:.
4906::
4874:.
4860::
4833:.
4811::
4784:.
4741:.
4711:.
4699::
4672:.
4650::
4640:4
4611:.
4591::
4562:.
4534:.
4508:.
4486::
4442:.
4409:.
4376:.
4362::
4352::
4325:.
4303::
4281:.
4269::
4246:.
4224::
4197:.
4173::
4141:.
4117::
4111:5
4087:.
4057::
4051:4
4017:.
3987:.
3917:.
3895::
3845::
3741:.
3703:.
3691::
3650:.
3638::
3614:.
3592::
3552:.
3527:.
3505::
3310:.
3280::
3250:.
3220:.
3200::
3164:.
3138:.
3111:.
3085:.
3049:.
3023:.
2991::
2964:.
2942::
2915:.
2893::
2863:.
2851::
2819:.
2797::
2770:.
2679:.
2649:.
2616:.
1591:γ
1547:(
1485:)
1398:.
966:.
138:s
129:t
123:s
120:ɪ
117:s
114:ə
108:m
105:ˈ
102:ə
99:s
96:ə
93:t
90:s
87:ɪ
84:ʃ
81:ˌ
78:/
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.