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153:, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries. India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. India invested US$ 3.7 billion in science and technology in 2002–2003. For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology. Research and development spending grew to US$ 17.2 in 2020–2021.
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On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from
Chandrayaan-1 at a height of 100 km (62 mi). During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time. On 24 September 2009
156:
While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015 overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been exceeded by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative to its population it has few
392:
on 2 December 1972. On this basis, the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel
Authority of India Ltd. The company, incorporated on 24 January 1973 with an authorized capital of Rs. 2000 crore, was made
656:
Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It was a partial success: The team wanted to send an additional lander with rover Vikram with the original orbiter in it, to mark India's terrestrial presence on Moon, but the signal connection was lost about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) above the lunar
522:
Bangalore is considered to be the technological capital of India. IT, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear science, manufacturing technology, automobile engineering, chemical engineering, ship building, space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and
263:
Education—provided by the government of India—was free and compulsory up to the Age of 14. More emphasis was paid to the enhancement of vocational and technical skills. J. P. Naik, member-secretary of the Indian
Education Commission, commented on the educational policies of the time:
657:
surface. Over several months team tried to resume contact with lander, but ended up with no success. Later, by the late
February 2020, it was claimed that an Indian software engineer from Chennai living in USA studied the NASA data of the proposed crashed site and found the Lander.
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On 25 June 2002, India and the
European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. India holds Associate Member State status at
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The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalisation and international economic integration. Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002. Same year a new permanent
Antarctic base
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260:. The enormous population rise, however, would balance the gains. The economically beleaguered country was nevertheless able to build a large scientific workforce, second in numbers only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union.
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for holding back innovation and scientific research in India, making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails. In addition, corruption and inefficiencies in the research sector and have resulted in
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809:(INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of the INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.
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The main justification for the larger outlay on educational reconstruction is the hypothesis that education is the most important single factor that leads to economic growth the development of science and
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was created in 1986 under the
Ministry of Science and Technology. Both the Indian private sector and the government have invested in the medical and agricultural applications of biotechnology. Massive
304:(1962) came as a rude awakening to military preparedness. Military cooperation with the Soviet Union—partially aimed at developing advanced military technology—was pursued during subsequent years. The
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is a future planned, "in development process" space module to send the Indian astronauts into space, who are being trained in Russia. The plan is to establish a new "space station" other than the
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India's Mars
Orbiter Mission successfully entered Mars' orbit Wednesday morning, becoming the first nation to arrive on its first attempt and the first Asian country to reach the Red Planet.
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India aimed "to convert India's economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly." It was understood that India had not been at the forefront of the
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248:. The result of the efforts between 1947 and 1962 saw the area under irrigation increase by 45 million acres (180,000 km), food production rise by 34 million
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in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister
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wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed
91:(IIT)—conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education—was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at
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The
Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the
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India became the first Asian nation to reach the Red Planet when its indigenously made unmanned spacecraft entered the orbit of Mars on
Wednesday
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Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; LeĂłn, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (13 November 2023).
324:
The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories.
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India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.
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lie in the early acquisition of nuclear reactor technology from several western countries, particularly the American support for the
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The idea of science academies in India has evolved along with the Indian independence movement. The three major science academies
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were established in India while the government provided tax deduction for research and development under biotechnological firms.
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these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N. R. Sarkar.
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lie in Hindustan Steel Private Limited (1954), the events leading up to the formation of the modern avatar are described below:
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India's first reactor (Apsara) and a plutonium reprocessing facility, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966
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India was ranked ninth worldwide in 2023 and recorded faster growth than China in this year, albeit from a lower base.
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2009:
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Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930. In 1947 it was given the name
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732:. The telescope has government-level support from several R&D spending nations: China, Japan, Canada and India.
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Chandrayaan-3 is a next planned mission of sending only the lander with rover inside on the Moon, with the Japan's
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63:—a physicist considered to be 'the father of India's space program'—was instrumental in the creation of both the
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of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.," ⠀⠀
679:
463:
413:, the Alloy Steel Plant and the Salem Steel Plant. In 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating company.
230:
321:. Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.
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Indian agriculture benefited from the developments made in the field of biotechnology, for which the
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Space Programs Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country
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1174:"Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders: India follows in China's footsteps as top ten changes again"
951:
373:, and sending astronauts into space. India sustained its nuclear program during the aftermath of
357:
The Indian space program received only financial support from the Soviet Union, which helped the
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165:
99:
80:
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1953:
Sankar, U.(2007). The Economics of India's Space Programme, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
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354:(2008) describes the measures taken by the Indian government to increase agricultural output:
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The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned, eighteen story, astronomical observatory and
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The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan", was launched on 5 November 2013 by the
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Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Retrieved on 13 February 2021.
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805:(ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Meghnad Saha's blessings,
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1510:"Draft 5th National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy for public consultation"
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683:
398:
394:
1895:
Ketkar, Prafulla (2006). "European Union, Relations with (Science and technology)" in
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2005:
1984:
1969:
1954:
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1720:"India becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, joins elite global space club"
1691:"India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite"
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The Government of India has passed four policy documents on science and technology:
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1924:
Prabhu, Joseph (2006). "Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern" in
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507:
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313:
301:
60:
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were all founded in the pre-independence era (pre-1947) between 1930 and 1935.
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496:, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Centre is due at
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233:(1950) fixed investment levels, prescribed priorities, divided funds between
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journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.
118:
as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s along with the regional RECs (now
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467:
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Desai, Ashok V. (2006). "Information and other Technology Development" in
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India's rank based on number of Gold Medals in last 10 years(2014-2023):
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For the history of science and technology in pre-Independence India, see
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7269:
1778:"Water on the Moon: Direct evidence from Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact…"
1446:"CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future"
908:
6882:
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3500:
1938:
Raja, Rajendran (2006). "Nuclear weapons testing and development" in
709:
682:. India has kept itself from being part of the program, to show its "
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Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2020. Background Note.
853:
Performance of Indian students in International Science Olympiads
455:
429:. More missions were subsequently sent each year to India's base
421:
was started when the first Indian expedition was flagged off for
139:
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348:
may have delayed the inception of nuclear technology in India.
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107:
103:
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and the first nation to do so on its first attempt was India.
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1817:
1413:"Scientist blames caste for India's backwardness in research"
1198:
410:
252:, installed power generating capacity increase by 79 million
115:
942:
History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent
725:
178:
History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent
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594:(ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission, making
527:
523:
development are occurring on a large scale in the country.
493:
1964:
Sharma. Shalendra D.(2006). "Biotechnology Revolution" in
1868:
E-Commerce. (2006: from Computers and Information Systems)
1847:
765:
Also referred to colloquially as the "Bangalore Academy",
273:
1909:
Khan, Sultanat Aisha (2006). "Russia, relations with" in
1832:
426:
393:
responsible for managing five integrated steel plants at
2000:
Vrat, Prem (2006). "Indian Institutes of Technology" in
1796:
O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M on Chandrayaan-1"
1592:"Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission"
1078:"India lagging in science and technology, says official"
533:
130:
to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance
2105:
Pursuit and promotion of science: The Indian Experience
1749:"India's spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history"
1514:
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
977:
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
3712:
Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
1567:"India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Landing"
793:
in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.
2062:"Implementation of the Scientific Policy Resolution"
2004:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 229–231. Thomson Gale:
1983:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 146–149. Thomson Gale:
1968:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 154–157. Thomson Gale:
1942:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 253–254. Thomson Gale:
1913:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 419–422. Thomson Gale:
1884:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 269–273. Thomson Gale:
890:
83:, initiated reforms to promote higher education and
2168:
1834:
Home Page of the National Academy of Sciences India
557:
National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy
145:India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on
122:(NIT). Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the
6032:
3560:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
1928:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 23–27. Thomson Gale:
1899:, edited by Stanley Wolpert. 48–51. Thomson Gale:
241:, and divided resources between the state and the
559:, is in the draft and public consultation stage.
7286:
1979:Sharma, Shalendra D. (2006). "Globalization" in
1849:Home Page of the Indian National Science Academy
812:
483:was founded and remains in operation till date.
190:was a nuclear physicist known as "father of the
2037:"Growth and Failures of India's Science Policy"
1636:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1072:
1070:
551:Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2013
369:satellites, developing India's first satellite—
1584:
735:
6425:
6018:
5086:
2501:
2443:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
2154:
1055:
1053:
740:
526:In 2017, India became an associate member of
306:Defence Research and Development Organisation
2428:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
1610:
1405:
1264:
1205:. World Intellectual Property Organization.
1067:
686:". The program was also, delayed due to the
500:. Certain scientists and activists, such as
281:On 18 August 1951 the minister of education
1819:Home Page of the Indian Academy of Sciences
1792:"Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H
1115:
801:Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the
293:in West Bengal. Possibly modeled after the
256:, and an overall increase of 94 percent in
7300:History of science and technology in India
6432:
6418:
6025:
6011:
5093:
5079:
2508:
2494:
2161:
2147:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1202:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition
1050:
957:History of Science and Technology in India
528:European Organization for Nuclear Research
363:Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
7088:
7051:Relationship between religion and science
6439:
3722:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
3602:Fundamental rights, principles and duties
2059:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1335:
1333:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1141:
693:
136:the first nuclear test explosion by India
3664:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
1061:"India lagging behind in S&Tt: Govt"
621:
577:
450:
440:
272:
207:The office of the Hijli Detention Camp (
202:
182:
55:
4763:
2666:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
1437:
1376:
1359:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
972:Science and technology studies in India
785:The founder and first president of the
227:, and science and technology in India.
7287:
5987:
5178:Securities and Exchange Board of India
3952:Securities and Exchange Board of India
3059:National Geological Monuments of India
2122:Where India Lagged? - Glimpse of India
2035:Sharma, Dhirendra (18 December 1976).
2034:
1564:
1391:
1330:
1234:
1043:
1041:
1039:
967:Science and Engineering Research Board
519:and undermine innovation initiatives.
361:achieve aims such as establishing the
223:, and hence made an effort to promote
6413:
6006:
5074:
4762:
3876:
3752:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
3717:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
3458:
3010:
2525:
2489:
2142:
2060:Udgaonkar, B. M. (26 December 1970).
1670:"India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission"
1617:Bal, Hartosh Singh (30 August 2012).
1443:
1278:
567:
534:India's science and technology policy
377:, the country's first nuclear tests.
295:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5977:
2469:
1520:from the original on 21 January 2021
1287:
1248:
1014:
816:
562:
157:scientists. In the quality-adjusted
17:
3747:National Investigation Agency (NIA)
3669:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
3358:Autonomous administrative divisions
1616:
1558:
1036:
803:Indian Science Congress Association
787:National Academy of Sciences, India
781:National Academy of Sciences, India
755:National Academy of Sciences, India
13:
3737:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
2423:Ministry of Science and Technology
2108:. Indian National Science Academy.
2023:
1092:"Reviving India's R&D Funding"
614:. The first Asian nation to reach
592:Indian Space Research Organisation
548:Science and Technology Policy 2003
359:Indian Space Research Organisation
317:and since 1957 it has been called
128:Indian Space Research Organisation
65:Indian Space Research Organisation
14:
7316:
7071:Sociology of scientific knowledge
7066:Sociology of scientific ignorance
7019:History and philosophy of science
5158:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
3932:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
3674:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
2959:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)
2085:
120:National Institutes of Technology
7268:
7256:
6393:
6384:
6383:
5986:
5976:
5967:
5966:
5102:
2515:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2130:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
2112:Special report: Physics in India
1993:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008).
1798:. Science Mag. 15 September 2009
921:
907:
893:
820:
545:Technology Policy Statement 1983
102:. More IITs were soon opened in
22:
7295:Science and technology in India
6034:Science and technology in Asia
2975:History of India (1947–present)
2170:Science and technology in India
2100:Indian National Science Academy
1840:
1825:
1810:
1784:
1770:
1741:
1712:
1683:
1662:
1565:Walton, Zach (15 August 2012).
1532:
1502:
1486:
1460:
1444:Reddy, Prashant (20 May 2012).
1308:
807:Indian National Science Academy
797:Indian National Science Academy
747:Indian National Science Academy
486:
85:science and technology in India
6460:Analytic–synthetic distinction
6351:British Indian Ocean Territory
3742:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
3694:Special Protection Group (SPG)
3684:Railway Protection Force (RPF)
2002:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)
1981:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)
1966:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1)
1940:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)
1926:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)
1911:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)
1897:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)
1421:. 25 July 2013. Archived from
1192:
1166:
1109:
1084:
994:
542:Science Policy Resolution 1958
287:Indian Institute of Technology
89:Indian Institute of Technology
1:
5690:Electronics and semiconductor
4837:Engineering colleges in India
4466:Electronics and semiconductor
3679:National Security Guard (NSG)
3423:World Heritage Sites in India
3011:
2093:India: Science and technology
2066:Economic and Political Weekly
2041:Economic and Political Weekly
1343:. 70south.com. Archived from
1116:Van Noorden, Richard (2015).
1080:. scidev.net. 29 August 2006.
982:
813:Biosafety facilities in India
769:(IAS) was founded in 1934 by
708:to be built on the summit of
382:Steel Authority of India Ltd.
3727:Enforcement Directorate (ED)
3548:State legislative assemblies
3459:
3388:States and union territories
3097:Biogeographic classification
670:
473:
436:
338:Tarapur Atomic Power Station
327:
198:
164:India is ranked 40th in the
69:Physical Research Laboratory
7:
6793:Hypothetico-deductive model
6768:Deductive-nomological model
6753:Constructivist epistemology
4894:Water supply and sanitation
3877:
3659:Border Security Force (BSF)
3404:National monuments of India
2526:
2095:. U.S. Library of Congress.
886:
736:Institutions and facilities
464:Department of Biotechnology
344:. The peaceful policies of
211:) served as the calling of
209:photographed September 1951
10:
7321:
5173:Central Statistical Office
3947:Central Statistical Office
3553:State legislative councils
3528:Union Council of Ministers
2234:Inventions and discoveries
2018:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
1997:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
775:Nobel laureate in physicis
767:Indian Academy of Sciences
761:Indian Academy of Sciences
751:Indian Academy of Sciences
741:Science academies in India
716:. The TMT is designed for
697:
631:
625:
582:Artist's rendering of the
571:
419:Indian Antarctic Programme
346:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
175:
171:
7247:
7079:
6981:
6911:
6854:Semantic view of theories
6773:Epistemological anarchism
6725:
6710:dependent and independent
6447:
6379:
6338:
6298:
6040:
5962:
5889:
5858:
5608:
5477:
5417:
5369:
5321:
5251:
5203:Foreign exchange reserves
5198:Foreign direct investment
5168:Economic Advisory Council
5138:
5115:
4917:
4827:Medical colleges in India
4782:
4778:
4758:
4677:
4646:
4382:
4251:
4191:
4143:
4095:
4025:
3977:Foreign exchange reserves
3972:Foreign direct investment
3942:Economic Advisory Council
3912:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3796:
3768:
3702:
3689:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
3651:
3642:
3587:
3578:
3471:
3467:
3454:
3396:
3348:
3286:
3175:
3087:
3069:Sacred mountains of India
3051:
3023:
3019:
3006:
2967:
2896:
2791:
2758:
2715:
2694:
2641:Indus Valley Civilisation
2626:
2538:
2534:
2521:
2451:
2415:
2374:
2297:
2262:
2224:
2176:
2014:Wolpert, Stanley (2008).
1468:"India's Top Tech Cities"
947:List of Indian inventions
706:extremely large telescope
602:to reach Mars, after the
458:Media Centre in Bangalore
31:This article needs to be
6596:Intertheoretic reduction
6585:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
6562:Functional contextualism
6100:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5339:Multi Commodity Exchange
4113:Multi Commodity Exchange
3732:Intelligence Bureau (IB)
1372:Biotechnology Revolution
664:. It was delayed due to
380:Though the roots of the
375:Operation Smiling Buddha
147:research and development
7081:Philosophers of science
6859:Scientific essentialism
6808:Model-dependent realism
6743:Constructive empiricism
6636:Evidence-based practice
6361:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5183:Enforcement Directorate
3957:Enforcement Directorate
3418:Indian-origin religions
3409:National parks of India
3218:Highest point by states
2980:Economic liberalisation
2416:Institutes and programs
2072:(52): 2091, 2093–2095.
1872:Encyclopædia Britannica
952:Communications in India
283:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
166:Global Innovation Index
100:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
81:prime minister of India
7164:Alfred North Whitehead
7154:Charles Sanders Peirce
5779:Science and technology
5715:Information technology
5404:Government initiatives
4927:Arts and entertainment
4562:Science and technology
4498:Information technology
4178:Government initiatives
3074:Sacred rivers of India
3064:Sacred groves of India
2618:Science and technology
1317:Background and History
1118:"India by the numbers"
937:Biotechnology in India
700:Thirty Meter Telescope
694:Thirty Meter Telescope
587:
555:The fifth policy, the
459:
448:
415:
334:nuclear power in India
278:
271:
216:
195:
192:Indian nuclear program
132:nuclear power in India
95:in West Bengal by the
72:
7263:Philosophy portal
7014:Hard and soft science
7009:Faith and rationality
6878:Scientific skepticism
6658:Scientific Revolution
6441:Philosophy of science
5296:Reserve Bank of India
4884:Socio-economic issues
4832:Law colleges in India
4822:Universities in India
4070:Reserve Bank of India
2873:Independence movement
2671:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1880:Encyclopedia of India
1000:Burleson, D. (2008).
628:Chandrayaan programme
622:Chandrayaan programme
612:European Space Agency
581:
454:
444:
386:
276:
266:
258:industrial production
221:Industrial Revolution
206:
186:
97:minister of education
75:After independence,
59:
6989:Criticism of science
6864:Scientific formalism
6748:Constructive realism
6653:Scientific pluralism
6626:Problem of induction
6275:United Arab Emirates
5384:Economic development
5228:Voluntary guidelines
5223:Industrial licensing
4158:Economic development
4002:Voluntary guidelines
3997:Industrial licensing
3127:Environmental issues
2909:Non-Aligned Movement
2686:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1499:on 13 February 2021.
1324:7 April 2008 at the
962:Open access in India
688:pandemic of COVID-19
604:Soviet space program
584:Mars Orbiter Mission
574:Mars Orbiter Mission
308:was formed in 1958.
188:Homi Jehangir Bhabha
7056:Rhetoric of science
6994:Descriptive science
6738:Confirmation holism
6631:Scientific evidence
6591:Inductive reasoning
6520:Demarcation problem
6302:limited recognition
5146:Ministry of Finance
3920:Ministry of Finance
2924:Indo-Pakistani wars
2868:Partition of Bengal
2277:Research institutes
2249:Measurement systems
2135:Indian contribution
1755:. 24 September 2014
1726:. 24 September 2014
1724:The Washington Post
1697:. 24 September 2014
1650:. 25 September 2014
1644:"India's Mars Shot"
1516:. 22 January 2021.
1211:10.34667/tind.46596
1134:2015Natur.521..142V
1063:. 17 February 2009.
517:corruption scandals
446:Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
231:Planning Commission
7275:Science portal
7204:Carl Gustav Hempel
7159:Wilhelm Windelband
7046:Questionable cause
6869:Scientific realism
6690:Underdetermination
6525:Empirical evidence
6515:Creative synthesis
5796:Telecommunications
5322:Financial services
5243:Atmanirbhar Bharat
5163:Finance Commission
4889:Standard of living
4579:Telecommunications
4096:Financial services
4017:Atmanirbhar Bharat
3937:Finance Commission
3102:Biosphere reserves
2858:Bengal Renaissance
2846:Commander-in-Chief
2811:East India Company
2407:Technology writers
2359:Telecommunications
2080:– via JSTOR.
2055:– via JSTOR.
1866:Alexander, Steve.
1648:The New York Times
1623:The New York Times
1418:The Times of India
1004:. McFarland. 136.
832:. You can help by
588:
568:Mars Orbit Mission
508:VA Shiva Ayyadurai
460:
449:
285:, inaugurated the
279:
217:
196:
138:on 18 May 1974 at
73:
7305:Indian inventions
7282:
7281:
7124:
7123:
7036:Normative science
6893:Uniformitarianism
6648:Scientific method
6542:Explanatory power
6407:
6406:
6344:other territories
6000:
5999:
5525:Jammu and Kashmir
5151:Finance ministers
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4299:Jammu and Kashmir
3925:Finance ministers
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3856:Women in politics
3831:Political parties
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3570:Chief Secretaries
3543:State governments
3538:Cabinet Secretary
3491:Foreign relations
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2990:COVID-19 pandemic
2863:Political reforms
2483:
2482:
2211:National calendar
2114:, Matin Durrani,
2047:(51): 1969–1971.
1959:978-0-19-568345-5
1347:on 6 October 2008
1275:Schwartzberg 2008
1128:(7551): 142–143.
929:Technology portal
850:
849:
666:COVID-19 pandemic
563:Space exploration
505:systems scientist
52:
51:
7312:
7273:
7272:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7234:Bas van Fraassen
7189:Hans Reichenbach
7169:Bertrand Russell
7086:
7085:
6912:Philosophy of...
6695:Unity of science
6488:Commensurability
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6397:
6387:
6386:
6356:Christmas Island
6042:Sovereign states
6027:
6020:
6013:
6004:
6003:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5954:Mumbai Consensus
5520:Himachal Pradesh
5409:Numbering system
5399:Green revolution
5274:Historical Forex
5109:Economy of India
5107:
5106:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5023:Physical culture
4844:Ethnic relations
4780:
4779:
4760:
4759:
4742:Mumbai Consensus
4294:Himachal Pradesh
4183:Numbering system
4173:Green revolution
4048:Historical Forex
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3846:Scheduled groups
3649:
3648:
3585:
3584:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3438:Tourism in India
3433:History of India
3428:Culture of India
3038:Geology of India
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2939:Naxal Insurgency
2934:White Revolution
2929:Green Revolution
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2354:Renewable energy
2272:Higher education
2239:Maritime history
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2081:
2056:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1619:"BRICS in Space"
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:. 15 August 2012
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1328:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1031:
1012:
998:
931:
926:
925:
917:
912:
911:
903:
898:
897:
896:
845:
842:
824:
817:
718:near-ultraviolet
712:in the state of
431:Dakshin Gangotri
225:higher education
77:Jawaharlal Nehru
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7267:
7257:
7255:
7243:
7224:Paul Feyerabend
7184:Michael Polanyi
7120:
7106:Galileo Galilei
7075:
7061:Science studies
6977:
6907:
6898:Verificationism
6803:Instrumentalism
6788:Foundationalism
6763:Conventionalism
6721:
6557:Feminist method
6443:
6438:
6408:
6403:
6375:
6343:
6334:
6315:Northern Cyprus
6301:
6294:
6036:
6031:
6001:
5996:
5958:
5885:
5854:
5764:Pharmaceuticals
5604:
5473:
5413:
5379:COVID-19 impact
5365:
5317:
5247:
5134:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5069:
5056:
5028:Public holidays
4913:
4859:Life expectancy
4774:
4773:
4746:
4673:
4642:
4547:Pharmaceuticals
4378:
4247:
4187:
4153:COVID-19 impact
4139:
4091:
4021:
3908:
3881:
3860:
3792:
3756:
3698:
3638:
3634:District Courts
3574:
3565:Chief Ministers
3463:
3442:
3392:
3344:
3282:
3256:Western coastal
3251:Eastern coastal
3238:Mountain passes
3171:
3157:Protected areas
3083:
3079:Stones of India
3047:
3015:
2994:
2963:
2949:Space programme
2919:Sino-Indian War
2914:Five-Year Plans
2892:
2787:
2754:
2745:Delhi Sultanate
2711:
2702:Middle kingdoms
2695:Middle Kingdoms
2690:
2622:
2530:
2517:
2514:
2484:
2479:
2447:
2411:
2397:Science writers
2392:Nobel laureates
2370:
2349:Pharmaceuticals
2320:High-speed rail
2293:
2289:Science museums
2258:
2220:
2172:
2167:
2088:
2026:
2024:Further reading
2021:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1729:
1727:
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1425:on 28 July 2013
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1326:Wayback Machine
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837:
830:needs expansion
815:
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489:
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352:Stanley Wolpert
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61:Vikram Sarabhai
48:
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7216:
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7209:W. V. O. Quine
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7144:Rudolf Steiner
7141:
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7134:Henri Poincaré
7131:
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7004:Exact sciences
7001:
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6982:Related topics
6979:
6978:
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6973:
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6958:
6953:
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6941:Social science
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6934:Space and time
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6643:Scientific law
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6552:Falsifiability
6549:
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6522:
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6481:Mill's Methods
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5929:Income Tax Act
5926:
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5916:
5911:
5906:
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5893:
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5769:Pulp and paper
5766:
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5757:Iron and Steel
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5550:Madhya Pradesh
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5485:Andhra Pradesh
5481:
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5459:
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5427:
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5396:
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5389:Liberalisation
5386:
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5364:
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4752:
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4717:Income Tax Act
4714:
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4570:
4569:
4559:
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4552:Pulp and paper
4549:
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4540:Iron and Steel
4537:
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4366:
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4324:Madhya Pradesh
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Andhra Pradesh
4255:
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4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
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4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
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4185:
4180:
4175:
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4165:
4163:Liberalisation
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
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4120:
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4009:
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3999:
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3989:
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3979:
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3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
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3535:
3533:Civil Services
3530:
3525:
3523:Prime Minister
3520:
3518:Vice President
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3503:
3493:
3488:
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3414:Nature worship
3411:
3406:
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3394:
3393:
3391:
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3383:Municipalities
3380:
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3259:
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3208:Extreme points
3205:
3200:
3195:
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3173:
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3152:National parks
3149:
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3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Climate change
3109:
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2987:
2982:
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2944:Smiling Buddha
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2806:Princely state
2803:
2797:
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2778:European trade
2775:
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2725:Medieval India
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2661:Yavana Kingdom
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2608:Paper currency
2605:
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2282:Supercomputing
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2086:External links
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2019:
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1180:. 18 June 2024
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342:CANDU reactors
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7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7129:Auguste Comte
7127:
7126:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7101:Francis Bacon
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7029:Pseudoscience
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6888:Structuralism
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6850:Received view
6848:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Contextualism
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6325:South Ossetia
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6005:
5993:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5973:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Insurance Act
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:Companies Act
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:Biotechnology
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Entertainment
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Uttar Pradesh
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:Digital rupee
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Make in India
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Foreign trade
5191:
5189:
5188:External debt
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Insurance Act
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:Companies Act
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4567:Biotechnology
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Entertainment
4469:
4467:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Uttar Pradesh
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Digital rupee
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Make in India
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Foreign trade
3965:
3963:
3962:External debt
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Chief Justice
3622:
3620:
3619:Supreme Court
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Energy policy
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Indo-Gangetic
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:The Emergency
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
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2676:Kushan Empire
2674:
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2659:
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2654:
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2651:Mahajanapadas
2649:
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2338:
2337:Nuclear power
2335:
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2328:
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2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Biotechnology
2308:
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2120:
2117:
2116:Physics World
2113:
2110:
2107:
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2042:
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2028:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:0-684-31351-0
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:0-684-31351-0
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:0-684-31350-2
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:0-684-31352-9
1945:
1941:
1937:
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1934:0-684-31351-0
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:0-684-31352-9
1916:
1912:
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1905:0-684-31351-0
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1890:0-684-31351-0
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1515:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1474:. 7 June 2005
1473:
1469:
1463:
1448:. SpicyIP.com
1447:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1387:Globalization
1382:
1380:
1373:
1370:Sharma 2006,
1367:
1365:
1363:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:SAIL (2008).
1311:
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1220:9789280534320
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1010:0-7864-1852-4
1007:
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859:
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844:
835:
831:
828:This section
826:
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808:
804:
799:
798:
794:
792:
788:
783:
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778:
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756:
752:
748:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
691:
689:
685:
684:self reliance
681:
677:
668:
667:
663:
658:
654:
652:
651:
643:
642:Chandrayaan-3
639:
638:Chandrayaan-2
635:
634:Chandrayaan-1
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
580:
575:
560:
558:
550:
547:
544:
541:
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539:
531:
529:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
495:
484:
482:
471:
469:
468:biotech parks
465:
457:
453:
447:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:In 1981, the
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
385:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
347:
343:
340:and Canada's
339:
335:
332:The roots of
325:
322:
320:
316:
315:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
270:
265:
261:
259:
255:
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247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
214:
213:IIT Kharagpur
210:
205:
193:
189:
185:
179:
169:
167:
162:
160:
154:
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143:
141:
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109:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
7239:Larry Laudan
7219:Imre Lakatos
7174:Otto Neurath
7149:Karl Pearson
7139:Pierre Duhem
7111:Isaac Newton
7041:Protoscience
6999:Epistemology
6873:Anti-realism
6871: /
6852: /
6843: /
6829: /
6827:Reductionism
6825: /
6798:Inductionism
6778:Evolutionism
6583:
6470:a posteriori
6469:
6465:
6340:Dependencies
6270:Turkmenistan
6235:Saudi Arabia
6114:
5778:
5643:Construction
5425:Billionaires
5259:Indian rupee
5008:Martial arts
4932:Architecture
4805:Demographics
4790:Caste system
4767:Society and
4561:
4417:Construction
4199:By net worth
4033:Indian rupee
3836:Reservations
3704:Intelligence
3607:Human rights
3592:Constitution
3350:Subdivisions
3043:Indian Plate
3033:Fossil Parks
2968:Contemporary
2883:World War II
2760:Early Modern
2750:Vijayanagara
2646:Vedic period
2516:India topics
2467:
2455:
2181:Architecture
2169:
2131:
2126:
2103:
2092:
2069:
2065:
2044:
2040:
2015:
2001:
1994:
1980:
1965:
1939:
1925:
1910:
1896:
1878:
1867:
1860:Bibliography
1848:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1802:26 September
1800:. Retrieved
1786:
1772:
1764:
1759:24 September
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1735:
1730:24 September
1728:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1706:
1701:24 September
1699:. Retrieved
1695:The Guardian
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:27 September
1652:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1571:Web Pro News
1570:
1560:
1550:27 September
1548:. Retrieved
1546:. NASA. 2013
1543:
1540:"Mangalyaan"
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1416:
1407:
1386:
1385:Sharma 2006
1371:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1316:
1310:
1305:Wolpert 2008
1301:
1280:
1224:. Retrieved
1201:
1194:
1184:23 September
1182:. Retrieved
1178:Nature Index
1177:
1168:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1101:23 September
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1001:
996:
901:India portal
856:
838:
834:adding to it
829:
800:
796:
795:
791:Meghnad Saha
784:
780:
779:
764:
760:
759:
744:
724:(0.31 to 28
722:mid-infrared
703:
674:
659:
655:
648:
645:
600:space agency
589:
556:
554:
537:
525:
521:
490:
487:2001–present
477:
461:
416:
387:
379:
365:, launching
356:
350:
331:
323:
318:
312:
310:
299:
280:
267:
262:
229:
218:
208:
163:
159:Nature Index
155:
144:
126:enabled the
124:Soviet Union
84:
79:, the first
74:
53:
40:
32:
15:
7229:Ian Hacking
7214:Thomas Kuhn
7199:Karl Popper
7179:C. D. Broad
7096:Roger Bacon
7024:Non-science
6966:Linguistics
6946:Archaeology
6841:Rationalism
6831:Determinism
6818:Physicalism
6783:Fallibilism
6733:Coherentism
6663:Testability
6616:Observation
6611:Objectivity
6572:alternative
6503:Correlation
6493:Consilience
6399:Asia portal
6300:States with
6220:Philippines
6160:South Korea
6155:North Korea
6050:Afghanistan
5939:Banking Act
5924:SARFESI Act
5845:Electricity
5673:Oil and gas
5663:Electricity
5616:Agriculture
5600:West Bengal
5590:Uttarakhand
5555:Maharashtra
5394:Licence Raj
5349:Black money
5208:Remittances
5050:Traditional
4727:Banking Act
4712:SARFESI Act
4626:Electricity
4447:Oil and gas
4437:Electricity
4390:Agriculture
4374:West Bengal
4364:Uttarakhand
4329:Maharashtra
4168:Licence Raj
4123:Black money
3982:Remittances
3826:Nationalism
3811:Citizenship
3644:Enforcement
3629:High Courts
3506:Rajya Sabha
3167:sanctuaries
3117:Earthquakes
3089:Environment
2904:Integration
2878:1943 famine
2826:British Raj
2793:Late modern
2717:Middle Ages
2681:Alchon Huns
2593:Mathematics
2583:Linguistics
2216:Engineering
2206:Mathematics
2191:Cartography
1576:8 September
1524:13 February
1402:Ketkar 2006
1245:Prabhu 2006
1096:Drishti IAS
867:Chemistry -
789:(NASI) was
771:C. V. Raman
598:the fourth
269:technology.
250:metric tons
246:governments
235:agriculture
151:Kapil Sibal
134:even after
7289:Categories
7116:David Hume
7089:Precursors
6971:Psychology
6951:Economics‎
6845:Empiricism
6836:Pragmatism
6823:Positivism
6813:Naturalism
6683:scientific
6567:Hypothesis
6530:Experiment
6280:Uzbekistan
6255:Tajikistan
6170:Kyrgyzstan
6150:Kazakhstan
6070:Bangladesh
6060:Azerbaijan
5992:Wikiquotes
5735:Television
5710:Healthcare
5633:Automotive
5580:Tamil Nadu
5447:Labour law
5430:Demography
5233:NITI Aayog
5139:Governance
5125:BSE SENSEX
5001:television
4991:Literature
4795:Corruption
4518:Television
4486:Healthcare
4407:Automotive
4354:Tamil Nadu
4221:Labour law
4204:Demography
4007:NITI Aayog
3913:Governance
3899:BSE SENSEX
3851:Secularism
3806:Censorship
3597:Penal Code
3496:Parliament
3473:Government
3278:Waterfalls
3122:Ecoregions
2985:Pokhran-II
2783:Bengal War
2598:Metallurgy
2402:Scientists
2342:Technology
2254:Metallurgy
1675:6 November
1351:21 October
1284:Desai 2006
1226:28 October
1033:Nanda 2006
983:References
873:Biology -
861:Physics -
632:See also:
616:Mars orbit
610:, and the
586:spacecraft
423:Antarctica
390:Parliament
371:Aryabhatta
43:April 2020
6956:Geography
6924:Chemistry
6883:Scientism
6678:ladenness
6498:Construct
6476:Causality
6366:Hong Kong
6320:Palestine
6245:Sri Lanka
6240:Singapore
6120:Indonesia
5859:Regulator
5811:Transport
5653:Education
5621:Livestock
5585:Telangana
5575:Rajasthan
5535:Karnataka
5530:Jharkhand
5334:Insurance
5313:Inflation
5218:Subsidies
5117:Companies
5033:Sculpture
4986:Festivals
4952:Webcomics
4904:Sexuality
4854:Languages
4817:Education
4647:Regulator
4594:Transport
4491:Hospitals
4427:Education
4395:Livestock
4359:Telangana
4349:Rajasthan
4309:Karnataka
4304:Jharkhand
4108:Insurance
4087:Inflation
3992:Subsidies
3891:Companies
3821:Democracy
3816:Elections
3788:Air Force
3513:President
3501:Lok Sabha
3378:Districts
3333:Southeast
3328:Southwest
3318:Northeast
3311:Northwest
3273:Volcanoes
3233:Mountains
3176:Landforms
3013:Geography
2888:Partition
2853:Zamindari
2636:Stone Age
2573:Economics
2558:Astronomy
2539:Overviews
2387:Inventors
2382:Engineers
2264:Education
2186:Astronomy
1628:31 August
1602:31 August
1596:The Hindu
1472:DATAQUEST
1296:Raja 2006
1261:Khan 2006
1047:Vrat 2006
988:Citations
841:June 2021
710:Mauna Kea
676:Gaganyaan
671:Gaganyaan
498:Bangalore
474:1991–2000
437:1986–1990
328:1967–1985
319:Akashvani
291:Kharagpur
254:kilowatts
199:1947–1967
168:in 2023.
93:Kharagpur
7251:Category
6903:Vitalism
6726:Theories
6700:Variable
6621:Paradigm
6508:function
6466:A priori
6455:Analysis
6448:Concepts
6389:Category
6310:Abkhazia
6260:Thailand
6215:Pakistan
6195:Mongolia
6190:Maldives
6185:Malaysia
6085:Cambodia
5972:Category
5816:Aviation
5801:Textiles
5740:Printing
5730:FM Radio
5705:Gambling
5700:Forestry
5638:Chemical
5478:By state
5452:Pensions
5359:National
5301:Governor
5252:Currency
5213:Taxation
5130:NIFTY 50
5018:Painting
4981:Folklore
4937:Blogging
4879:Religion
4864:Literacy
4599:Aviation
4584:Textiles
4523:Printing
4513:FM Radio
4481:Gambling
4476:Forestry
4412:Chemical
4226:Pensions
4133:National
4075:Governor
4026:Currency
3987:Taxation
3904:NIFTY 50
3841:Scandals
3798:Politics
3770:Military
3481:Agencies
3461:Politics
3397:See also
3213:Glaciers
3162:Wildlife
3052:Heritage
2897:Republic
2831:Railways
2801:Colonial
2773:Marathas
2740:Kakatiya
2628:Ancient
2603:Military
2588:Maritime
2563:Clothing
2546:Timeline
2462:Category
2330:Software
2315:Chemical
2244:Military
2102:(2001).
1882:(vol. 2)
1518:Archived
1497:Archived
1478:14 March
1452:11 March
1429:8 August
1341:"Maitri"
1322:Archived
1152:25971491
887:See also
753:and the
510:, blame
407:Rourkela
403:Durgapur
239:industry
67:and the
6961:History
6929:Physics
6919:Biology
6717:more...
6705:control
6601:Inquiry
6285:Vietnam
6200:Myanmar
6180:Lebanon
6110:Georgia
6065:Bahrain
6055:Armenia
5982:Commons
5806:Tourism
5668:Nuclear
5648:Defence
5626:Fishing
5609:Sectors
5560:Mizoram
5515:Haryana
5510:Gujarat
5440:Poverty
5371:History
5344:Bullion
5329:Banking
5284:Coinage
5269:History
5038:tallest
4959:Cuisine
4919:Culture
4874:Prisons
4869:Poverty
4810:Indians
4783:Society
4769:culture
4589:Tourism
4442:Nuclear
4422:Defence
4400:Fishing
4383:Sectors
4334:Mizoram
4289:Haryana
4284:Gujarat
4214:Poverty
4145:History
4118:Bullion
4103:Banking
4058:Coinage
4043:History
3879:Economy
3652:Federal
3363:Borders
3296:Central
3288:Regions
3268:Valleys
3242:Plains
3223:Islands
3183:Beaches
3147:Geology
3137:Forests
3107:Climate
3025:Geology
2836:Economy
2816:Plassey
2768:Mughals
2730:Hoysala
2656:Mauryas
2568:Coinage
2528:History
2474:Commons
2298:Sectors
2226:History
2196:Coinage
2118:, 2012.
2078:4360884
2053:4365190
1160:4444175
1130:Bibcode
650:Science
456:Infosys
411:Burnpur
243:federal
172:History
140:Pokhran
33:updated
6673:choice
6668:Theory
6606:Nature
6535:design
6330:Taiwan
6265:Turkey
6230:Russia
6165:Kuwait
6145:Jordan
6135:Israel
6095:Cyprus
6080:Brunei
6075:Bhutan
5774:Retail
5747:Mining
5725:Cinema
5658:Energy
5570:Punjab
5565:Odisha
5545:Ladakh
5540:Kerala
5435:Income
5418:People
5354:Bombay
4947:Comics
4942:Cinema
4849:Health
4557:Retail
4530:Mining
4508:Cinema
4432:Energy
4344:Punjab
4339:Odisha
4319:Ladakh
4314:Kerala
4252:States
4209:Income
4192:People
4128:Bombay
3373:Cities
3263:Rivers
3198:Desert
3193:Coasts
3188:Canals
2613:Postal
2375:People
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6371:Macau
6290:Yemen
6250:Syria
6225:Qatar
6205:Nepal
6140:Japan
6115:India
6105:Egypt
6090:China
5902:NCLAT
5890:Other
5866:IRDAI
5850:Water
5838:Roads
5828:Ports
5821:Civil
5791:Space
5720:Media
5678:Solar
5500:Delhi
5495:Bihar
5490:Assam
5289:Paisa
5045:Sport
5013:Music
4996:Media
4976:Dress
4971:Dance
4909:Youth
4899:Women
4800:Crime
4690:NCLAT
4678:Other
4654:IRDAI
4636:Power
4631:Water
4621:Roads
4611:Ports
4604:Civil
4574:Space
4503:Media
4452:Solar
4274:Delhi
4269:Bihar
4264:Assam
4063:Paisa
3368:Towns
3323:South
3306:North
3228:Lakes
3142:Flora
3132:Fauna
2707:Chola
2551:Years
2201:Logic
2074:JSTOR
2049:JSTOR
2016:India
1995:India
1874:2008.
1156:S2CID
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875:14-th
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5897:NCLT
5881:IBBI
5876:SEBI
5833:Rail
5752:Coal
5683:Wind
5457:EPFO
5306:Mint
5264:Sign
4964:wine
4737:FEMA
4702:IBBI
4697:BIFR
4685:NCLT
4669:IBBI
4664:SEBI
4616:Rail
4535:Coal
4457:Wind
4231:EPFO
4080:Mint
4038:Sign
3783:Navy
3778:Army
3612:LGBT
3340:West
3301:East
2841:Army
2735:Pala
2578:LGBT
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2433:ISRO
2305:Auto
2006:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1804:2009
1761:2014
1732:2014
1703:2014
1677:2013
1656:2014
1630:2012
1604:2012
1578:2013
1552:2014
1544:ISRO
1526:2021
1480:2021
1454:2013
1431:2013
1353:2008
1228:2023
1215:ISBN
1186:2024
1148:PMID
1103:2024
1006:ISBN
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730:ELTs
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