3798:
616:
409:
250:, and that there are different ways of explaining his name. Some scholars thus propose that Odoacer's mother was his connection to the Sciri, while others feel that being called a Hun in one context did not make it impossible to be called something else in another, and that in any case it is likely that Odoacer had a "polyethnic" background.
29:
497:: Ultzinzures, Bittugures, Bardores and Angisciri. The last might be a Scirian remnant. The name Angisciri has been analyzed as Germanic for "grassland Sciri", but it may be an unrelated Turkic name since the other three names in the list are Turkic.
324:
coast by the "Galatians" and "Sciri" (Γαλάτας και Σκίρους). This inscription is dated to approximately 220–200 BC. The "Galatians" in this inscription are frequently identified as the
Bastarnae, who are believed to have been a Germanic people with
635:
are also reported as having been part of this group. Jordanes calls
Odoacer king of the Turcilingi, and they have been interpreted as another East Germanic tribe and/or perhaps the royal family of the Sciri. Odoacer's brother Onoulphus went to
537:. A man by the name of Edeko had previously been a trusted advisor of Attila, and this Edeko is generally believed to have been the same person as the one who established the Scirian kingdom. Edeko had served at one point as Attila's envoy to
738:
Historians
Reinhard Wenskus and Herwig Wolfram believe that Sciri prided themselves on their unmixed ancestry, and did not allow intermarriage, and that similar practices were followed by other Germanic peoples such as the Rugii and
659:. He subsequently gained control over all of Italy. It is possible that Odoacer's uprising was organized in coordination with his brother Onoulphus in Constantinople. In 486 Onoulphus fell out of favor with Eastern Roman Emperor
607:, the Ostrogoths defeated a coalition of Roman-supported peoples, including Sciri, Heruli, Suebi, Sarmatians, Gepids and Rugii. Jordanes reports that the Sciri were dealt a severe blow in their conflict with the Ostrogoths.
876:, pp. 837–838. "Like the Heruli the Rugi were not "probably" (loc. cit., p. 43) but most certainly a Germanic tribe". "The Heruli and Rugians were Germans. So were the Scirians as proved by the names of their leaders."
363:
The Sciri are believed to have been one of several
Germanic speaking peoples, including the Goths and Rugii, who had moved from the Polish region towards the Black Sea by the 3rd century AD. Around 300 AD, the
1025:, p. 27. "The Skirians lived on the middle Danube; they were an East Germanic people who were associated with the Bastarnae for a long time and the last remnants of them seem to have ended up in Bavaria."
837:
responded that this represents "the position of the unflinching
Germanizer, to whom it appears self-evident that every barbarian who distinguished himself must have been a German in his inner being".
640:
with other Sciri. Odoacer's group might have numbered 10,000 warriors, and came to play a prominent role in the Roman army and Roman politics. They were utilized by
Ricimer in his conflict with
427:
Sometime in the late 4th or early 5th century, the Sciri are believed to have moved westwards into the Middle Danube region. Here they formed part of a polity established by the Hunnic leader
242:-speaking. In 1947, for example, Maenchen-Helfen argued that while Huns also often used Germanic names, all three known personal names of the leaders of the Sciri, the family of Odoacer, were
627:
After the destruction of the
Scirian kingdom, Odoacer led most of the surviving Sciri, in addition to many Heruli and Rugii, into Italy to join the Roman army, which was controlled by
726:, 1150). These names are believed to designate these villages as Scirian, and it is proposed that the Sciri probably mediated the transfer of a few East Germanic lexical items to the
671:, king of the Ostrogoths, to invade Italy. After a bloody conflict, Theodoric emerged victorious. On March 15, 493, Theodoric murdered Odoacer with his own hands and established the
329:
influences. It is thus believed that both the
Bastarnae and Sciri had arrived in this area in the early 3rd century BC. The Bastarnae and Sciri are generally associated with the
541:, and once prevented an assassination plot against him. Edeko was probably not a Scirian himself, but was married to a Scirian noblewoman. He is believed to have been either a
1955:(2014). "Baiovarii, Romania and Others: Language, Names and Groups south of the River Danube and in the Eastern Alps during the Early Middle Ages". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
330:
188:) or "pure" and "unmixed", and he mentioned that the latter racial implication might make sense for a people living near a borderland. In more recent times scholars such as
273:
people by modern scholars. More specifically, they are frequently grouped together with the Goths, Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, Gepids and
Burgundians as East Germanic peoples.
707:
560:
In the subsequent years the Sciri competed with neighboring Goths, Gepids, Suebi and others for supremacy over the region. Three graves at
Bakodpuszta in
557:. Goffart refers to Edeko as a Hun. Heather considers a Thurungian origin more specific and thus more likely. The Thurungi were also a Germanic people.
170:
246:, making the case stronger. However, it is commonly accepted by scholars since then that Odoacer's father was described in one classical source as a
466:, the Sciri were subjects of Attila and provided potent infantry for him. Attila's empire included not only Huns and Sciri, but also Goths, Gepids,
1915:
2072:
2571:
176:
1177:
2708:
2044:
603:, who subsequently went on the offensive against the Sciri, who in turn received support from the Suebi, Heruli and Sarmatians. In the
420:. In 381 AD a force of Sciri, Carpi and some Huns crossed the lower Danube into the Roman Empire. They were forced back by the emperor
3755:
3773:
2049:
652:
2455:
2058:
595:
decided to help the Sciri. In 468/469 AD the Sciri made a surprise attack on the Ostrogoths. Although the Ostrogothic king
291:
Reynolds and Lopez doubted that the Sciri were Germanic-language-speaking, and rather suggested that they might have been
288:
included the Sciri in such a list, together with the Alans. The Sciri were not classified as Germanic in ancient sources.
2217:
1050:
1900:
682:. Along with the Heruli and Rugii, the Sciri may have been one of the tribes which contributed to the formation of the
2854:
2540:
2496:
2408:
2380:
2351:
2248:
2225:
2197:
2089:
2081:
2030:
2002:
1974:
1872:
1833:
2816:
2564:
1892:
453:
were distributed over a widespread area in order to prevent them from revolting. These events are described in the
131:
84:
3827:
3778:
2986:
2317:
2275:
2163:
1474:, p. 526. "Maenchen-Helfen (1973)... denies the identity of the two Edecos, but it is generally accepted..."
20:
3768:
3036:
2841:
2701:
2488:
2468:
2436:
2428:
2308:
2266:
2189:
2154:
1928:
486:
200:, who were ethnically mixed according to this interpretation, and thus, according to this account, named "the
2549:
2108:
2917:
600:
431:. In 409 AD the Sciri and Huns under Uldin crossed the Danube and invaded the Roman Balkans. They captured
583:
to break off this alliance. In the 460s AD, both the Sciri and the Ostrogoths sought an alliance with the
3832:
3783:
2796:
2557:
2117:
1821:
The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation
299:. These doubts were rejected by Maenchen-Helfen, who considered it certain that the Sciri were Germanic.
2949:
2944:
2605:
2343:
1920:
1825:
1765:
1762:
545:
or a Hun, or perhaps of mixed Thuringian-Hunnic ancestry. A Thuringian origin of Edeko is attested by
435:, but were eventually defeated and Uldin was killed. While the Hunnic prisoners were drafted into the
3801:
2981:
2888:
2881:
2859:
2694:
165:
Since the 19th century, the etymology of the Sciri name has been connected to such Germanic words as
59:
The Sciri were mentioned already in the late 3rd century BC as participants in a raid on the city of
3021:
3006:
2821:
2806:
2095:
1756:
990:, pp. 11, 25, 243. "East Germanic ones (Sciri, Heruli)... We may not forget the East Germanic
699:
792:
3136:
3026:
3016:
3011:
2831:
2811:
2768:
2645:
2372:
2179:
2149:
2022:
1994:
1966:
752:
254:
227:
153:
and other Middle Danubian peoples, the Sciri might also have contributed to the formation of the
2640:
568:
marshes a magnificent treasure has been discovered, and this treasure has been linked to Edeko.
3538:
2971:
2966:
2893:
2788:
1777:
493:
south of the Lower Danube. Jordanes mentions four tribes that remained loyal to the Huns under
53:
2236:
2836:
2726:
2303:
2261:
1952:
1801:
687:
126:, ruling Sciri, Rugii and other non-Roman peoples as a king. Odoacer eventually made himself
2927:
2898:
2801:
2665:
2514:
656:
584:
485:
As the Hunnic empire disintegrated, one group of Sciri were settled in the Roman empire in
135:
686:. Since the 19th century, the name of the Sciri has been detected in Bavarian placenames.
565:
8:
3763:
2976:
2650:
2630:
2460:
1910:
1783:
672:
668:
546:
142:
3146:
2998:
2937:
2826:
2758:
2734:
2675:
2580:
2321:
2299:
2287:
2257:
2167:
2137:
2129:
648:
599:
was killed in this conflict, the Sciri were defeated. Valamir was succeeded as king by
592:
455:
334:
316:
by the 3rd century BC. The Sciri were first mentioned in the Protogenes inscription of
239:
208:
2333:
2922:
2773:
2748:
2660:
2536:
2532:
2492:
2464:
2432:
2404:
2400:
2376:
2347:
2244:
2221:
2193:
2141:
2085:
2054:
2026:
1998:
1970:
1924:
1896:
1868:
1829:
727:
216:
2183:
1938:
3345:
2717:
2584:
2518:
2450:
2279:
2121:
441:
270:
98:
in 454 AD. They subsequently were recorded holding their own kingdom north of the
2954:
2932:
2876:
2846:
2730:
2615:
2526:
2482:
2422:
2394:
2366:
2337:
2211:
2016:
1988:
1960:
1942:
1886:
1858:
1819:
1773:
604:
510:
349:
212:
196:
to mean "the pure ones", and contrasting their name with that of the neighboring
166:
95:
49:
1846:
Les premiers peuples germaniques sur le Bas Danube. Autour du décret SEG 52, 724
201:
3822:
3628:
3412:
3076:
2763:
2670:
2635:
2478:
2446:
2418:
1882:
833:, p. 838. "It would be difficult to suggest a more farfetched etymology."
660:
637:
538:
385:
381:
357:
317:
220:
189:
60:
2579:
2522:
3816:
3387:
3350:
3310:
3176:
2905:
2864:
2207:
2068:
2040:
2012:
1984:
667:
with his Scirian followers to join Odoacer. Soon afterwards, Zeno encouraged
522:
432:
341:
243:
127:
99:
3489:
1292:
1290:
1288:
312:
The Bastarnae, Sciri and Vandals are believed to have been present near the
3081:
3071:
3054:
2871:
2390:
2362:
1956:
509:
of the Gepids in a revolt against the Huns, winning a major victory at the
490:
421:
397:
389:
373:
277:
72:
1641:, p. 609. "Turcilingi, East Germanic tr. or/and Scirian royal family"
3563:
3521:
3444:
3357:
3225:
3215:
3126:
2910:
1854:
1285:
393:
365:
352:
described the peoples inhabiting the region east of the Vistula, as the
284:, were often referred to as "Gothic" peoples. On at least one occasion,
3740:
3528:
3511:
3459:
3449:
3434:
3402:
3392:
3270:
3220:
3096:
3091:
3059:
2778:
2325:
2291:
2171:
1864:
632:
572:
479:
436:
377:
369:
353:
296:
119:
111:
28:
2133:
1990:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
647:
In 476 AD, Odoacer led an uprising among the barbarian troops against
505:
After the death of Attila, the Sciri, Heruli, Rugii and others joined
3735:
3730:
3720:
3653:
3558:
3454:
3417:
3407:
3367:
3320:
3315:
3265:
3205:
3131:
3121:
3101:
3064:
3049:
2600:
2595:
1791:
978:, p. 326. "hey have generally been taken to be a German people."
719:
711:
641:
534:
494:
321:
285:
197:
107:
68:
2283:
1844:
518:
3708:
3693:
3673:
3658:
3638:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3573:
3543:
3533:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3300:
3285:
3260:
3240:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3086:
3044:
2753:
2686:
2655:
2125:
1752:
740:
691:
576:
542:
467:
446:
280:
times, many East Germanic peoples, in addition to the non-Germanic
1486:, p. 228. " seems likely, the two Edecos are the same man..."
1060:
3725:
3713:
3703:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3643:
3633:
3608:
3548:
3506:
3479:
3397:
3330:
3325:
3305:
3295:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3171:
3156:
3106:
2610:
1795:
1622:
1620:
683:
679:
678:
Remaining elements of the Sciri might have settled in modern-day
664:
628:
620:
596:
561:
554:
530:
506:
482:. The Sciri participated in Attila's invasion of Gaul in 451 AD.
345:
313:
180:
pointed out that this could be interpreted three ways: "bright" (
154:
115:
33:
2018:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
1302:
1273:
615:
392:
valley. Peter Heather suggests that the Sciri lived east of the
3745:
3698:
3683:
3648:
3623:
3588:
3583:
3516:
3501:
3439:
3377:
3362:
3340:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3188:
3183:
3141:
3111:
2620:
2449:(2004). "Origo Gentis: The Literature of Germanic Origins". In
1565:
1563:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1263:
1261:
1259:
655:. Odoacer then declared himself king of Italy, thus ending the
475:
463:
150:
91:
1617:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1157:
1155:
79:. By the early 5th century, the Sciri had been subdued by the
3618:
3578:
3568:
3553:
3496:
3464:
3429:
3424:
3382:
3372:
3255:
3116:
2959:
1888:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
1550:
1548:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1214:
1212:
814:
812:
588:
580:
526:
514:
471:
428:
326:
292:
281:
258:
146:
123:
103:
76:
64:
1560:
1528:
1256:
947:
945:
416:
In the late 4th century AD, the Sciri were conquered by the
253:
More specifically, the Sciri are believed to have spoken an
192:
have often accepted this latter idea, interpreting the name
174:("sheer", "pure"). Rudolf Much, in the first edition of the
67:. In the late 4th century they lived somewhere north of the
3688:
3335:
2625:
2185:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
1860:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
1680:
1374:
1362:
1152:
1072:
998:
peoples (Goths, Gepids, Vandals, Sciri, Rugii and more)..."
550:
417:
80:
19:
For the Iraqi political party formerly known as SCIRI, see
1717:
1656:
1545:
1501:
1436:
1314:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1209:
861:, pp. 1340–1341. "Sciri... Germanic-speaking group...
809:
462:
During the height of the Hunnic empire under their leader
408:
333:. Historian Roger Batty has also associated them with the
2360:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1518:
1516:
1426:
1424:
1229:
1227:
1199:
1197:
987:
942:
920:
918:
903:
891:
449:. The Sciri were a numerous people at this time, and the
247:
1140:
1128:
118:, another son of Edeko, attained high status within the
2368:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
2053:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1340–1341.
1962:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
1239:
1668:
1644:
1602:
1587:
1575:
1513:
1489:
1453:
1421:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1224:
1194:
915:
1944:
Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians
1729:
1182:
1028:
869:
867:
2106:
Macbain, Bruce (October 1983). "Odovacer The Hun?".
1692:
1116:
1084:
1001:
769:
730:, which otherwise shows no East Germanic influence.
1409:
849:, p. 475. "Sciri – Germanic-speaking group..."
797:
571:Jordanes reports that the Sciri were allies of the
879:
864:
564:has been identified with the Sciri. In the nearby
1849:, Studi ellenistici, vol. 29, pp. 27–76
675:. By this time the Sciri disappear from history.
400:suggests that they lived north of the Black Sea.
3814:
2513:
2067:
1916:Language and history in the early Germanic world
1477:
1465:
930:
553:, while a Hunnic origin of Edeko is attested by
2178:
2148:
1403:
1308:
1279:
873:
830:
110:. After the destruction of this kingdom by the
94:, the Sciri broke free from Hunnic rule at the
791:(1918–1919), "Skiren", Vol.4. which starts on
529:rivers, which he ruled together with his sons
403:
2702:
2565:
2298:
2256:
1686:
1391:
1161:
1078:
1066:
1040:
909:
897:
834:
818:
226:("milk, lion"). This theory was dismissed by
56:. Their name probably means "the pure ones".
1018:
1016:
517:established a Scirian kingdom in the Middle
340:The Sciri are not mentioned in the works of
320:, which describes attacks upon the northern
307:
2733:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2528:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
2264:(October 1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?".
2241:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1167:
439:, captured Sciri were enslaved and sent as
177:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
2709:
2695:
2572:
2558:
141:Odoacer was in turn deposed and killed by
2484:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
1951:
1843:Avram, Alexandru (2015), Virgilio (ed.),
1790:
1723:
1046:
1013:
36:, who is thought to be of Scirian descent
16:Ancient Germanic people in Eastern Europe
1937:
1751:
1710:Schütte cites Johann Andreas Schmeller,
1626:
1569:
1539:
1368:
1106:
614:
412:Territory under Hunnic control in 450 AD
407:
219:etymology for Sciri, relating it to the
27:
3774:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
2477:
2445:
2417:
2332:
2105:
2050:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2039:
2011:
1983:
1881:
1800:. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson.
1735:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1554:
1522:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1430:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1296:
1267:
1233:
1218:
1203:
1188:
1034:
1007:
988:Fries-Knoblach, Steuer & Hines 2014
975:
963:
924:
858:
846:
803:
775:
758:
3815:
2206:
2071:; Munkhammar, Lars (2011). "Preface".
1817:
1110:
1022:
500:
52:. They are believed to have spoken an
2690:
2553:
2456:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
1909:
1853:
1842:
1772:
1698:
1173:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1102:
1090:
951:
207:Not all scholars have accepted this.
2716:
2389:
2234:
1415:
1250:
966:, p. 604. "Sciri, Germanic tr."
936:
885:
587:. Against the advice of his general
238:The Sciri are believed to have been
2218:Pennsylvania State University Press
13:
2507:
2427:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J.
2243:, vol. 6, Walter de Gruyter,
1758:The Origins and Deeds of the Goths
1744:
1299:, pp. 174–176, 183, 187, 216.
14:
3844:
1810:
264:
3797:
3796:
1893:University of Pennsylvania Press
610:
388:suggests that they lived in the
85:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
83:, whom they fought under at the
3779:Christianization of Scandinavia
2393:(2004). "The Gothic Kingdoms".
2318:American Historical Association
2306:(July 1947). "Communications".
2276:American Historical Association
2164:American Historical Association
2152:(July 1947). "Communications".
1782:. Translated by Bostock, John.
1704:
1632:
1096:
981:
969:
957:
376:mentions the Sciri between the
348:. The 1st century Roman writer
21:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
3769:Christianization of the Franks
2842:Continental Germanic mythology
2489:University of California Press
2429:University of California Press
2309:The American Historical Review
2267:The American Historical Review
2190:University of California Press
2155:The American Historical Review
2082:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
2047:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
852:
840:
824:
781:
269:The Sciri are classified as a
1:
513:in 454 AD. In the aftermath,
2365:; Hines, John, eds. (2014).
718:, 11th century) and perhaps
215:, for example, suggested an
7:
3784:Christianization of Iceland
2531:(in German). Vol. 28.
2118:University of Chicago Press
746:
404:The Sciri under Hunnic rule
331:Poienesti-Lukasevka culture
233:
10:
3849:
2344:Cambridge University Press
1921:Cambridge University Press
1826:Cambridge University Press
1766:Princeton University Press
733:
396:in the 4th century, while
302:
145:in 493 AD. Along with the
102:, under the leadership of
18:
3792:
3754:
3035:
2997:
2787:
2741:
2724:
2591:
1687:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1392:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1162:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1079:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1067:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
910:Reynolds & Lopez 1947
898:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
835:Reynolds & Lopez 1947
819:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
575:, but were encouraged by
308:Origins and early history
3022:North Germanic languages
3007:Germanic parent language
2453:; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
2373:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
2361:Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
2180:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
1967:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
763:
651:and the latter's father
3027:West Germanic languages
3017:East Germanic languages
3012:Proto-Germanic language
2832:Proto-Germanic folklore
2769:Romano-Germanic culture
2583:established around the
2023:Oxford University Press
1995:Oxford University Press
753:List of Germanic tribes
690:gives examples such as
228:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
160:
130:in 476 AD, effectively
75:in the vicinity of the
3828:Early Germanic peoples
2213:The Germanic Invasions
1959:; Hines, John (eds.).
1818:Austin, M. M. (2006).
1712:Bayerisches Wörterbuch
624:
413:
54:East Germanic language
37:
2837:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2727:Ethnolinguistic group
2235:Pohl, Walter (1986),
2150:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto
1629:, p. XLVI (242).
1270:, pp. 1340–1341.
1069:, pp. 40–41, 51.
618:
411:
360:, "Sciri" and Hirri.
114:in the late 460s AD,
31:
2641:Kingdom of the Aurès
2601:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
2535:. pp. 639–645.
2461:Boydell & Brewer
2424:History of the Goths
2403:. pp. 139–171.
1784:Taylor & Francis
1404:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
1309:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
1280:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
874:Maenchen-Helfen 1947
831:Maenchen-Helfen 1947
759:Notes and references
657:Western Roman Empire
585:Eastern Roman Empire
380:to the west and the
136:Western Roman Empire
3764:Gothic Christianity
2651:Ostrogothic kingdom
2300:Reynolds, Robert L.
2258:Reynolds, Robert L.
2109:Classical Philology
1953:Haubrichs, Wolfgang
1797:History of the Wars
1779:The Natural History
1665:, pp. 445–446.
1572:, p. LIII-LIV.
1557:, pp. 264–265.
1542:, p. LLII-LIV.
1510:, pp. 325–326.
1450:, pp. 357–359.
1323:, pp. 661–662.
1253:, pp. 223–225.
1221:, pp. 203–205.
1149:, pp. 247–248.
1137:, pp. 241–243.
954:, p. 164, 321.
694:(first attested as
673:Ostrogothic Kingdom
669:Theodoric the Great
501:Independent kingdom
143:Theodoric the Great
90:After the death of
3833:Barbarian kingdoms
3147:Germani cisrhenani
2855:Funerary practices
2759:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2735:Germanic languages
2676:Visigothic kingdom
2636:Kingdom of Odoacer
2606:Burgundian kingdom
2596:Alamannian kingdom
2581:Barbarian kingdoms
2515:Castritius, Helmut
2463:. pp. 39–54.
1969:. pp. 23–82.
1763:Mierow, Charles C.
1371:, p. L (265).
688:Wolfgang Haubrichs
649:Romulus Augustulus
625:
456:Codex Theodosianus
414:
372:" living near the
335:Zarubintsy culture
257:language like the
209:Robert L. Reynolds
38:
3810:
3809:
2982:Gothic and Vandal
2774:Germanic Iron Age
2749:Nordic Bronze Age
2731:Northern European
2684:
2683:
2661:Sub-Roman Britain
2631:Kingdom of Altava
2533:Walter de Gruyter
2396:The Early Germans
2074:Wulfila, 311–2011
2060:978-0-19-866277-8
1726:, pp. 25–26.
1311:, pp. 65–66.
1282:, pp. 36–37.
1178:Book IV, Chap. 27
728:Bavarian language
3840:
3800:
3799:
3756:Christianization
3346:Ripuarian Franks
2718:Germanic peoples
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2611:Frankish kingdom
2585:Migration Period
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2502:
2474:
2442:
2414:
2386:
2357:
2334:Schütte, Gudmund
2329:
2304:Lopez, Robert S.
2295:
2262:Lopez, Robert S.
2253:
2231:
2203:
2175:
2145:
2102:
2101:on 5 March 2020.
2100:
2094:. Archived from
2079:
2064:
2036:
2008:
1980:
1948:
1934:
1906:
1878:
1850:
1839:
1805:
1787:
1769:
1761:. Translated by
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
999:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
940:
934:
928:
922:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
828:
822:
816:
807:
801:
795:
785:
779:
773:
186:candidi, sinceri
182:clari, splendidi
63:near modern-day
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3788:
3750:
3031:
2993:
2955:Gothic alphabet
2847:Norse mythology
2783:
2737:
2720:
2715:
2685:
2680:
2666:Suebian kingdom
2646:Lombard kingdom
2616:Frisian kingdom
2587:
2578:
2543:
2510:
2508:Further reading
2505:
2499:
2479:Wolfram, Herwig
2471:
2447:Wolfram, Herwig
2439:
2419:Wolfram, Herwig
2411:
2383:
2354:
2342:. Vol. 2.
2339:Our Forefathers
2284:10.2307/1845067
2251:
2228:
2200:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1977:
1939:Harmatta, János
1931:
1903:
1883:Goffart, Walter
1875:
1836:
1813:
1808:
1747:
1745:Ancient sources
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1418:, pp. 225.
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:, p. 11);
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
943:
935:
931:
923:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
829:
825:
817:
810:
802:
798:
786:
782:
774:
770:
766:
761:
749:
736:
663:, and moved to
619:The kingdom of
613:
605:Battle of Bolia
511:Battle of Nedao
503:
406:
350:Pliny the Elder
310:
305:
267:
236:
213:Robert S. Lopez
163:
96:Battle of Nedao
50:Germanic people
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3413:Thracian Goths
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Roman Iron Age
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:Vandal kingdom
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Rugian kingdom
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2519:Zimmer, Stefan
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2475:
2469:
2451:Murdoch, Brian
2443:
2437:
2415:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2330:
2296:
2254:
2249:
2232:
2226:
2208:Musset, Lucien
2204:
2198:
2176:
2146:
2126:10.1086/366807
2103:
2090:
2069:Kaliff, Anders
2065:
2059:
2041:Heather, Peter
2037:
2031:
2013:Heather, Peter
2009:
2003:
1985:Heather, Peter
1981:
1975:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1907:
1902:978-0812200287
1901:
1879:
1873:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1814:
1812:
1811:Modern sources
1809:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1770:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1724:Haubrichs 2014
1716:
1714:, Vol.3 (1836)
1703:
1701:, p. 321.
1691:
1679:
1677:, p. 472.
1667:
1655:
1653:, p. 183.
1643:
1631:
1616:
1614:, p. 427.
1601:
1599:, p. 367.
1586:
1584:, p. 224.
1574:
1559:
1544:
1527:
1525:, p. 326.
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 466.
1488:
1476:
1464:
1462:, p. 324.
1452:
1435:
1433:, p. 184.
1420:
1408:
1406:, p. 439.
1396:
1373:
1361:
1359:, p. 239.
1349:
1347:, p. 235.
1337:
1335:, p. 208.
1325:
1313:
1301:
1284:
1272:
1255:
1238:
1236:, p. 222.
1223:
1208:
1206:, p. 475.
1193:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 212.
1115:
1113:, p. 220)
1107:Harmatta (1970
1095:
1093:, p. 164.
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:Procopius 1914
1039:
1027:
1012:
1000:
980:
968:
956:
941:
929:
927:, p. 205.
914:
902:
890:
888:, p. 447.
878:
863:
851:
839:
823:
808:
796:
780:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
748:
745:
735:
732:
638:Constantinople
612:
609:
539:Constantinople
502:
499:
405:
402:
386:Walter Goffart
309:
306:
304:
301:
266:
265:Classification
263:
235:
232:
221:Middle Persian
190:Herwig Wolfram
162:
159:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Crimean Goths
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:Salian Franks
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:Early culture
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Hunnic empire
2624:
2622:
2621:Gepid kingdom
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2544:
2542:9783110182071
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2498:9780520244900
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:9781405117142
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:Todd, Malcolm
2388:
2384:
2382:9781843839156
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:Steuer, Heiko
2359:
2355:
2353:9781107677234
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:9783110104684
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2227:9780271011981
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2199:9780520015968
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2091:9789155486648
2087:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:9780199892266
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:9780195325416
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1976:9781843839156
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:Steuer, Heiko
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:9780198149361
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1835:9781139455794
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1738:, p. 42.
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1689:, p. 44.
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1627:Jordanes 1908
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1570:Jordanes 1908
1566:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:Jordanes 1908
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1394:, p. 41.
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:Jordanes 1908
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1191:, p. 31.
1190:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1164:, p. 40.
1163:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 51.
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1037:, p. 77.
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1004:
997:
996:East Germanic
993:
989:
984:
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
946:
938:
933:
926:
921:
919:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
868:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
832:
827:
821:, p. 42.
820:
815:
813:
805:
800:
794:
790:
784:
778:, p. 29.
777:
772:
768:
754:
751:
750:
744:
742:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
622:
617:
611:Later history
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Middle Danube
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:Scythia Minor
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:Castra Martis
430:
425:
423:
419:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:to the east.
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Julius Caesar
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
300:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
262:
260:
256:
255:East Germanic
251:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:), "honest" (
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
128:King of Italy
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:Middle Danube
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3603:
3082:Anglo-Saxons
3072:Adrabaecampi
3055:Bucinobantes
2797:Architecture
2527:
2483:
2454:
2423:
2395:
2367:
2338:
2313:
2307:
2271:
2265:
2240:
2212:
2184:
2159:
2153:
2113:
2107:
2096:the original
2073:
2048:
2017:
1989:
1961:
1943:
1914:
1911:Green, D. H.
1887:
1859:
1855:Batty, Roger
1845:
1820:
1796:
1778:
1757:
1736:Wolfram 2004
1731:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1675:Heather 2007
1670:
1663:Heather 2007
1658:
1651:Wolfram 2005
1646:
1639:Wolfram 1990
1634:
1612:Heather 2007
1597:Heather 2007
1582:Heather 2010
1577:
1555:Wolfram 1990
1523:Macbain 1983
1508:Macbain 1983
1503:
1496:Heather 2007
1491:
1484:Heather 2010
1479:
1472:Heather 2007
1467:
1460:Macbain 1983
1455:
1448:Heather 2007
1431:Wolfram 2005
1411:
1399:
1364:
1357:Heather 2010
1352:
1345:Heather 2010
1340:
1333:Heather 2010
1328:
1321:Heather 2010
1316:
1304:
1297:Heather 2010
1275:
1268:Heather 2018
1234:Heather 2010
1219:Goffart 2010
1204:Heather 2007
1189:Schütte 1933
1184:
1169:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1111:Austin (2006
1103:Avram (2015)
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1054:
1042:
1035:Wolfram 2005
1030:
1010:, p. 9.
1008:Wolfram 2005
1003:
995:
991:
983:
976:Macbain 1983
971:
964:Wolfram 1990
959:
932:
925:Goffart 2010
905:
893:
881:
859:Heather 2018
854:
847:Heather 2007
842:
826:
806:, p. 4.
804:Wolfram 2005
799:
788:
787:Hoops (ed.)
783:
776:Schütte 1933
771:
737:
723:
715:
703:
695:
677:
646:
626:
570:
559:
549:through the
521:between the
504:
491:Lower Moesia
484:
478:, Alans and
461:
454:
450:
440:
426:
415:
398:Malcolm Todd
390:Lower Danube
374:Roman Empire
362:
339:
311:
290:
275:
268:
252:
237:
223:
206:
193:
185:
181:
175:
169:
164:
140:
106:and his son
89:
73:Lower Danube
58:
45:
41:
39:
25:
3522:Nahanarvali
3445:Hilleviones
3358:Frisiavones
3226:Cananefates
3216:Burgundians
3127:Banochaemae
2977:Anglo-Saxon
2928:Anglo-Saxon
2894:Anglo-Saxon
2877:Anglo-Saxon
2860:Anglo-Saxon
2320:: 831–846.
2166:: 836–841.
2120:: 323–327.
1023:Musset 1975
706:, c. 975),
394:Carpathians
366:Verona List
87:in 451 AD.
3817:Categories
3741:Vinoviloth
3529:Marcomanni
3512:Helveconae
3490:Heaðobards
3460:Istvaeones
3450:Ingaevones
3435:Hermunduri
3403:Ostrogoths
3393:Greuthungi
3271:Chattuarii
3097:Angrivarii
3092:Ampsivarii
3060:Lentienses
2889:Literature
2779:Viking Age
2470:157113199X
2438:0520069838
1930:0521794234
1865:OUP Oxford
1699:Green 2000
1174:Pliny 1855
1147:Batty 2007
1135:Batty 2007
1123:Batty 2007
1091:Green 2000
1055:Gothic War
952:Green 2000
698:in 1080),
633:Turcilingi
591:, Emperor
573:Ostrogoths
543:Thuringian
480:Sarmatians
437:Roman army
422:Theodosius
378:Sarmatians
370:barbarians
354:Sarmatians
297:Sarmatians
120:Roman army
112:Ostrogoths
32:Effigy of
3736:Vidivarii
3731:Victohali
3721:Vangiones
3654:Thuringii
3559:Nuithones
3455:Irminones
3418:Visigoths
3408:Thervingi
3368:Gambrivii
3321:Dulgubnii
3316:Dauciones
3266:Chasuarii
3206:Brondings
3132:Bastarnae
3122:Baiuvarii
3102:Armalausi
3065:Raetovari
2999:Languages
2967:Symbology
2827:Folklore
2822:Festivals
2278:: 36–53.
2142:162185151
1802:Heinemann
1792:Procopius
1416:Todd 2004
1251:Todd 2004
1051:Book V, I
937:Pohl 1986
886:Pohl 1986
724:Sciringen
720:Scheuring
712:Neubeuern
642:Anthemius
623:in 480 AD
601:Theodemir
535:Onoulphus
495:Dengizich
470:, Rugii,
322:Black Sea
286:Procopius
198:Bastarnae
108:Onoulphus
69:Black Sea
48:, were a
3802:Category
3709:Hasdingi
3694:Usipetes
3674:Tubantes
3659:Toxandri
3639:Tencteri
3614:Suarines
3599:Sicambri
3594:Semnones
3574:Reudigni
3544:Mattiaci
3534:Marsacii
3485:Lombards
3475:Lacringi
3470:Juthungi
3301:Corconti
3286:Cherusci
3261:Charudes
3241:Chaedini
3211:Bructeri
3196:Bateinoi
3167:Eburones
3162:Condrusi
3157:Caeroesi
3152:Atuatuci
3087:Ambrones
3050:Brisgavi
3045:Alemanni
2923:Paganism
2812:Clothing
2807:Calendar
2754:Germania
2523:"Skiren"
2521:(2005).
2481:(2005).
2421:(1990).
2336:(1933).
2210:(1975).
2182:(1973).
2043:(2018).
2015:(2010).
1987:(2007).
1941:(1970).
1913:(2000).
1885:(2010).
1857:(2007).
1794:(1914).
1776:(1855).
1755:(1908).
1753:Jordanes
1057:, I, 1).
793:page 191
747:See also
741:Juthungi
708:Scheuern
692:Scheyern
577:Hunimund
525:and the
468:Thuringi
447:Anatolia
276:In late
271:Germanic
244:Germanic
240:Germanic
234:Language
202:bastards
46:Scirians
3726:Varisci
3714:Silingi
3704:Vandals
3679:Tulingi
3669:Triboci
3664:Treveri
3644:Teutons
3634:Taifals
3609:Sitones
3549:Nemetes
3507:Helisii
3480:Lemovii
3398:Gutones
3331:Firaesi
3326:Favonae
3306:Cugerni
3296:Cobandi
3251:Chamavi
3246:Chaemae
3236:Casuari
3231:Caritni
3201:Betasii
3172:Paemani
3107:Auiones
2972:Warfare
2950:Scripts
2918:Numbers
2742:History
2326:1842348
2292:1845067
2237:"Edika"
2172:1842348
2045:"Sciri"
1947:. S. I.
734:Culture
700:Scheuer
684:Bavarii
680:Bavaria
665:Ravenna
653:Orestes
629:Ricimer
621:Odoacer
597:Valamir
579:of the
562:Hungary
555:Priscus
547:Malchus
531:Odoacer
507:Ardaric
346:Tacitus
314:Vistula
303:History
217:Iranian
155:Bavarii
116:Odoacer
34:Odoacer
3746:Warini
3699:Vagoth
3684:Tungri
3649:Thelir
3629:Swedes
3624:Sunici
3589:Saxons
3584:Rugini
3517:Manimi
3502:Diduni
3440:Heruli
3378:Gepids
3363:Frisii
3341:Franks
3291:Cimbri
3281:Chauci
3276:Chatti
3189:Nervii
3184:Morini
3142:Belgae
3137:Batavi
3112:Avarpi
3077:Angles
3037:Groups
2987:Viking
2933:Gothic
2911:Gothic
2817:Family
2539:
2495:
2467:
2435:
2407:
2379:
2350:
2324:
2290:
2247:
2224:
2196:
2170:
2140:
2134:269961
2132:
2088:
2057:
2029:
2001:
1973:
1927:
1899:
1871:
1832:
566:Sarviz
519:Alföld
476:Heruli
464:Attila
451:coloni
442:coloni
358:Venedi
327:Celtic
171:skeirs
167:Gothic
151:Heruli
132:ending
92:Attila
3823:Sciri
3619:Suebi
3604:Sciri
3579:Rugii
3569:Quadi
3554:Njars
3539:Marsi
3497:Lugii
3465:Jutes
3430:Harii
3425:Gutes
3383:Goths
3373:Geats
3311:Danes
3256:Chali
3177:Segni
3117:Baemi
2960:Runes
2945:Rings
2938:Norse
2906:Names
2899:Norse
2882:Norse
2865:Norse
2401:Wiley
2322:JSTOR
2316:(4).
2288:JSTOR
2274:(1).
2168:JSTOR
2162:(4).
2138:S2CID
2130:JSTOR
2116:(4).
2099:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
1774:Pliny
992:Sciri
764:Notes
716:Skira
704:Sciri
696:Scira
593:Leo I
589:Aspar
581:Suebi
527:Tisza
515:Edeko
472:Suebi
429:Uldin
382:Carpi
318:Olbia
293:Balts
282:Alans
278:Roman
259:Goths
194:Sciri
147:Rugii
124:Italy
104:Edeko
77:Goths
65:Odesa
61:Olbia
44:, or
42:Sciri
3689:Ubii
3336:Fosi
3221:Buri
2537:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1830:ISBN
994:...
661:Zeno
551:Suda
533:and
489:and
418:Huns
368:of "
224:shīr
211:and
161:Name
134:the
81:Huns
71:and
40:The
3564:Osi
2872:Law
2802:Art
2729:of
2280:doi
2122:doi
789:RGA
710:in
445:to
344:or
295:or
248:Hun
204:".
122:in
3819::
2525:.
2517:;
2491:.
2487:.
2459:.
2431:.
2399:.
2375:.
2371:.
2346:.
2314:52
2312:.
2302:;
2286:.
2272:52
2270:.
2260:;
2239:,
2220:.
2216:.
2192:.
2188:.
2160:52
2158:.
2136:.
2128:.
2114:78
2112:.
2084:.
2080:.
2025:.
2021:.
1997:.
1993:.
1965:.
1923:.
1919:.
1895:.
1891:.
1867:.
1863:.
1828:.
1824:.
1619:^
1604:^
1589:^
1562:^
1547:^
1530:^
1515:^
1438:^
1423:^
1376:^
1287:^
1258:^
1241:^
1226:^
1211:^
1196:^
1176:,
1154:^
1105:;
1053:(=
1049:,
1015:^
944:^
917:^
866:^
811:^
743:.
644:.
631:.
474:,
459:.
424:.
356:,
337:.
261:.
230:.
157:.
149:,
138:.
2849:)
2710:e
2703:t
2696:v
2573:e
2566:t
2559:v
2545:.
2501:.
2473:.
2441:.
2413:.
2385:.
2356:.
2328:.
2294:.
2282::
2230:.
2202:.
2174:.
2144:.
2124::
2063:.
2035:.
2007:.
1979:.
1933:.
1905:.
1877:.
1838:.
1804:.
1786:.
1768:.
939:.
912:.
900:.
722:(
714:(
702:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
