3809:
627:
420:
261:, and that there are different ways of explaining his name. Some scholars thus propose that Odoacer's mother was his connection to the Sciri, while others feel that being called a Hun in one context did not make it impossible to be called something else in another, and that in any case it is likely that Odoacer had a "polyethnic" background.
40:
508:: Ultzinzures, Bittugures, Bardores and Angisciri. The last might be a Scirian remnant. The name Angisciri has been analyzed as Germanic for "grassland Sciri", but it may be an unrelated Turkic name since the other three names in the list are Turkic.
335:
coast by the "Galatians" and "Sciri" (Γαλάτας και Σκίρους). This inscription is dated to approximately 220–200 BC. The "Galatians" in this inscription are frequently identified as the
Bastarnae, who are believed to have been a Germanic people with
646:
are also reported as having been part of this group. Jordanes calls
Odoacer king of the Turcilingi, and they have been interpreted as another East Germanic tribe and/or perhaps the royal family of the Sciri. Odoacer's brother Onoulphus went to
548:. A man by the name of Edeko had previously been a trusted advisor of Attila, and this Edeko is generally believed to have been the same person as the one who established the Scirian kingdom. Edeko had served at one point as Attila's envoy to
749:
Historians
Reinhard Wenskus and Herwig Wolfram believe that Sciri prided themselves on their unmixed ancestry, and did not allow intermarriage, and that similar practices were followed by other Germanic peoples such as the Rugii and
670:. He subsequently gained control over all of Italy. It is possible that Odoacer's uprising was organized in coordination with his brother Onoulphus in Constantinople. In 486 Onoulphus fell out of favor with Eastern Roman Emperor
618:, the Ostrogoths defeated a coalition of Roman-supported peoples, including Sciri, Heruli, Suebi, Sarmatians, Gepids and Rugii. Jordanes reports that the Sciri were dealt a severe blow in their conflict with the Ostrogoths.
887:, pp. 837–838. "Like the Heruli the Rugi were not "probably" (loc. cit., p. 43) but most certainly a Germanic tribe". "The Heruli and Rugians were Germans. So were the Scirians as proved by the names of their leaders."
374:
The Sciri are believed to have been one of several
Germanic speaking peoples, including the Goths and Rugii, who had moved from the Polish region towards the Black Sea by the 3rd century AD. Around 300 AD, the
1036:, p. 27. "The Skirians lived on the middle Danube; they were an East Germanic people who were associated with the Bastarnae for a long time and the last remnants of them seem to have ended up in Bavaria."
848:
responded that this represents "the position of the unflinching
Germanizer, to whom it appears self-evident that every barbarian who distinguished himself must have been a German in his inner being".
651:
with other Sciri. Odoacer's group might have numbered 10,000 warriors, and came to play a prominent role in the Roman army and Roman politics. They were utilized by
Ricimer in his conflict with
438:
Sometime in the late 4th or early 5th century, the Sciri are believed to have moved westwards into the Middle Danube region. Here they formed part of a polity established by the Hunnic leader
253:-speaking. In 1947, for example, Maenchen-Helfen argued that while Huns also often used Germanic names, all three known personal names of the leaders of the Sciri, the family of Odoacer, were
638:
After the destruction of the
Scirian kingdom, Odoacer led most of the surviving Sciri, in addition to many Heruli and Rugii, into Italy to join the Roman army, which was controlled by
737:, 1150). These names are believed to designate these villages as Scirian, and it is proposed that the Sciri probably mediated the transfer of a few East Germanic lexical items to the
682:, king of the Ostrogoths, to invade Italy. After a bloody conflict, Theodoric emerged victorious. On March 15, 493, Theodoric murdered Odoacer with his own hands and established the
340:
influences. It is thus believed that both the
Bastarnae and Sciri had arrived in this area in the early 3rd century BC. The Bastarnae and Sciri are generally associated with the
552:, and once prevented an assassination plot against him. Edeko was probably not a Scirian himself, but was married to a Scirian noblewoman. He is believed to have been either a
1966:(2014). "Baiovarii, Romania and Others: Language, Names and Groups south of the River Danube and in the Eastern Alps during the Early Middle Ages". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
341:
199:) or "pure" and "unmixed", and he mentioned that the latter racial implication might make sense for a people living near a borderland. In more recent times scholars such as
284:
people by modern scholars. More specifically, they are frequently grouped together with the Goths, Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, Gepids and
Burgundians as East Germanic peoples.
718:
571:
In the subsequent years the Sciri competed with neighboring Goths, Gepids, Suebi and others for supremacy over the region. Three graves at
Bakodpuszta in
568:. Goffart refers to Edeko as a Hun. Heather considers a Thurungian origin more specific and thus more likely. The Thurungi were also a Germanic people.
181:
257:, making the case stronger. However, it is commonly accepted by scholars since then that Odoacer's father was described in one classical source as a
477:, the Sciri were subjects of Attila and provided potent infantry for him. Attila's empire included not only Huns and Sciri, but also Goths, Gepids,
1926:
2083:
2582:
187:
1188:
2719:
2055:
614:, who subsequently went on the offensive against the Sciri, who in turn received support from the Suebi, Heruli and Sarmatians. In the
431:. In 381 AD a force of Sciri, Carpi and some Huns crossed the lower Danube into the Roman Empire. They were forced back by the emperor
3766:
3784:
2060:
663:
2466:
2069:
606:
decided to help the Sciri. In 468/469 AD the Sciri made a surprise attack on the Ostrogoths. Although the Ostrogothic king
302:
Reynolds and Lopez doubted that the Sciri were Germanic-language-speaking, and rather suggested that they might have been
299:
included the Sciri in such a list, together with the Alans. The Sciri were not classified as Germanic in ancient sources.
2228:
1061:
1911:
693:. Along with the Heruli and Rugii, the Sciri may have been one of the tribes which contributed to the formation of the
2865:
2551:
2507:
2419:
2391:
2362:
2259:
2236:
2208:
2100:
2092:
2041:
2013:
1985:
1883:
1844:
2827:
2575:
1903:
464:
were distributed over a widespread area in order to prevent them from revolting. These events are described in the
142:
95:
3838:
3789:
2997:
2328:
2286:
2174:
1485:, p. 526. "Maenchen-Helfen (1973)... denies the identity of the two Edecos, but it is generally accepted..."
31:
3779:
3047:
2852:
2712:
2499:
2479:
2447:
2439:
2319:
2277:
2200:
2165:
1939:
497:
211:, who were ethnically mixed according to this interpretation, and thus, according to this account, named "the
2560:
2119:
2928:
611:
442:. In 409 AD the Sciri and Huns under Uldin crossed the Danube and invaded the Roman Balkans. They captured
594:
to break off this alliance. In the 460s AD, both the Sciri and the Ostrogoths sought an alliance with the
3843:
3794:
2807:
2568:
2128:
1832:
The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation
310:. These doubts were rejected by Maenchen-Helfen, who considered it certain that the Sciri were Germanic.
2960:
2955:
2616:
2354:
1931:
1836:
1776:
1773:
556:
or a Hun, or perhaps of mixed Thuringian-Hunnic ancestry. A Thuringian origin of Edeko is attested by
446:, but were eventually defeated and Uldin was killed. While the Hunnic prisoners were drafted into the
3812:
2992:
2899:
2892:
2870:
2705:
176:
Since the 19th century, the etymology of the Sciri name has been connected to such Germanic words as
70:
The Sciri were mentioned already in the late 3rd century BC as participants in a raid on the city of
3032:
3017:
2832:
2817:
2106:
1767:
1001:, pp. 11, 25, 243. "East Germanic ones (Sciri, Heruli)... We may not forget the East Germanic
710:
803:
3147:
3037:
3027:
3022:
2842:
2822:
2779:
2656:
2383:
2190:
2160:
2033:
2005:
1977:
763:
265:
238:
164:
and other Middle Danubian peoples, the Sciri might also have contributed to the formation of the
17:
2651:
579:
marshes a magnificent treasure has been discovered, and this treasure has been linked to Edeko.
3549:
2982:
2977:
2904:
2799:
1788:
504:
south of the Lower Danube. Jordanes mentions four tribes that remained loyal to the Huns under
64:
2247:
2847:
2737:
2314:
2272:
1963:
1812:
698:
137:, ruling Sciri, Rugii and other non-Roman peoples as a king. Odoacer eventually made himself
2938:
2909:
2812:
2676:
2525:
667:
595:
496:
As the Hunnic empire disintegrated, one group of Sciri were settled in the Roman empire in
146:
697:. Since the 19th century, the name of the Sciri has been detected in Bavarian placenames.
576:
8:
3774:
2987:
2661:
2641:
2471:
1921:
1794:
683:
679:
557:
153:
3157:
3009:
2948:
2837:
2769:
2745:
2686:
2591:
2332:
2310:
2298:
2268:
2178:
2148:
2140:
659:
610:
was killed in this conflict, the Sciri were defeated. Valamir was succeeded as king by
603:
466:
345:
327:
by the 3rd century BC. The Sciri were first mentioned in the Protogenes inscription of
250:
219:
2344:
2933:
2784:
2759:
2671:
2547:
2543:
2503:
2475:
2443:
2415:
2411:
2387:
2358:
2255:
2232:
2204:
2152:
2096:
2065:
2037:
2009:
1981:
1935:
1907:
1879:
1840:
738:
227:
2194:
1949:
3356:
2728:
2595:
2529:
2461:
2290:
2132:
452:
281:
109:
in 454 AD. They subsequently were recorded holding their own kingdom north of the
2965:
2943:
2887:
2857:
2741:
2626:
2537:
2493:
2433:
2405:
2377:
2348:
2222:
2027:
1999:
1971:
1953:
1897:
1869:
1830:
1784:
615:
521:
360:
223:
207:
to mean "the pure ones", and contrasting their name with that of the neighboring
177:
106:
60:
1857:
Les premiers peuples germaniques sur le Bas Danube. Autour du décret SEG 52, 724
212:
3833:
3639:
3423:
3087:
2774:
2681:
2646:
2489:
2457:
2429:
1893:
844:, p. 838. "It would be difficult to suggest a more farfetched etymology."
671:
648:
549:
396:
392:
368:
328:
231:
200:
71:
2590:
2533:
3827:
3398:
3361:
3321:
3187:
2916:
2875:
2218:
2079:
2051:
2023:
1995:
678:
with his Scirian followers to join Odoacer. Soon afterwards, Zeno encouraged
533:
443:
352:
254:
138:
110:
3500:
1303:
1301:
1299:
323:
The Bastarnae, Sciri and Vandals are believed to have been present near the
3092:
3082:
3065:
2882:
2401:
2373:
1967:
520:
of the Gepids in a revolt against the Huns, winning a major victory at the
501:
432:
408:
400:
384:
288:
83:
1652:, p. 609. "Turcilingi, East Germanic tr. or/and Scirian royal family"
3574:
3532:
3455:
3368:
3236:
3226:
3137:
2921:
1865:
1296:
404:
376:
363:
described the peoples inhabiting the region east of the Vistula, as the
295:, were often referred to as "Gothic" peoples. On at least one occasion,
3751:
3539:
3522:
3470:
3460:
3445:
3413:
3403:
3281:
3231:
3107:
3102:
3070:
2789:
2336:
2302:
2182:
1875:
643:
583:
490:
447:
388:
380:
364:
307:
130:
122:
39:
2144:
2001:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
658:
In 476 AD, Odoacer led an uprising among the barbarian troops against
516:
After the death of Attila, the Sciri, Heruli, Rugii and others joined
3746:
3741:
3731:
3664:
3569:
3465:
3428:
3418:
3378:
3331:
3326:
3276:
3216:
3142:
3132:
3112:
3075:
3060:
2611:
2606:
1802:
989:, p. 326. "hey have generally been taken to be a German people."
730:
722:
652:
545:
505:
332:
296:
208:
118:
79:
2294:
1855:
529:
3719:
3704:
3684:
3669:
3649:
3624:
3609:
3604:
3584:
3554:
3544:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3311:
3296:
3271:
3251:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3097:
3055:
2764:
2697:
2666:
2136:
1763:
751:
702:
587:
553:
478:
457:
291:
times, many East Germanic peoples, in addition to the non-Germanic
1497:, p. 228. " seems likely, the two Edecos are the same man..."
1071:
3736:
3724:
3714:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3654:
3644:
3619:
3559:
3517:
3490:
3408:
3341:
3336:
3316:
3306:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3182:
3167:
3117:
2621:
1806:
1633:
1631:
694:
690:
689:
Remaining elements of the Sciri might have settled in modern-day
675:
639:
631:
607:
572:
565:
541:
517:
493:. The Sciri participated in Attila's invasion of Gaul in 451 AD.
356:
324:
191:
pointed out that this could be interpreted three ways: "bright" (
165:
126:
44:
2029:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
1313:
1284:
626:
403:
valley. Peter Heather suggests that the Sciri lived east of the
3756:
3709:
3694:
3659:
3634:
3599:
3594:
3527:
3512:
3450:
3388:
3373:
3351:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3199:
3194:
3152:
3122:
2631:
2460:(2004). "Origo Gentis: The Literature of Germanic Origins". In
1576:
1574:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1274:
1272:
1270:
666:. Odoacer then declared himself king of Italy, thus ending the
486:
474:
161:
102:
1628:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1168:
1166:
90:. By the early 5th century, the Sciri had been subdued by the
3629:
3589:
3579:
3564:
3507:
3475:
3440:
3435:
3393:
3383:
3266:
3127:
2970:
1899:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
1561:
1559:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1225:
1223:
825:
823:
599:
591:
537:
525:
482:
439:
337:
303:
292:
269:
157:
134:
114:
87:
75:
1571:
1539:
1267:
958:
956:
427:
In the late 4th century AD, the Sciri were conquered by the
264:
More specifically, the Sciri are believed to have spoken an
203:
have often accepted this latter idea, interpreting the name
185:("sheer", "pure"). Rudolf Much, in the first edition of the
78:. In the late 4th century they lived somewhere north of the
3699:
3346:
2636:
2196:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
1871:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
1691:
1385:
1373:
1163:
1083:
1009:
peoples (Goths, Gepids, Vandals, Sciri, Rugii and more)..."
561:
428:
91:
30:
For the Iraqi political party formerly known as SCIRI, see
1728:
1667:
1556:
1512:
1447:
1325:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1220:
872:, pp. 1340–1341. "Sciri... Germanic-speaking group...
820:
473:
During the height of the Hunnic empire under their leader
419:
344:. Historian Roger Batty has also associated them with the
2371:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1601:
1529:
1527:
1437:
1435:
1240:
1238:
1210:
1208:
998:
953:
931:
929:
914:
902:
460:. The Sciri were a numerous people at this time, and the
258:
1151:
1139:
129:, another son of Edeko, attained high status within the
2379:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
2064:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1340–1341.
1973:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
1250:
1679:
1655:
1613:
1598:
1586:
1524:
1500:
1464:
1432:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1235:
1205:
926:
1955:
Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians
1740:
1193:
1039:
880:
878:
2117:
Macbain, Bruce (October 1983). "Odovacer The Hun?".
1703:
1127:
1095:
1012:
780:
741:, which otherwise shows no East Germanic influence.
1420:
860:, p. 475. "Sciri – Germanic-speaking group..."
808:
582:Jordanes reports that the Sciri were allies of the
890:
875:
575:has been identified with the Sciri. In the nearby
1860:, Studi ellenistici, vol. 29, pp. 27–76
686:. By this time the Sciri disappear from history.
411:suggests that they lived north of the Black Sea.
3825:
2524:
2078:
1927:Language and history in the early Germanic world
1488:
1476:
941:
564:, while a Hunnic origin of Edeko is attested by
2189:
2159:
1414:
1319:
1290:
884:
841:
121:. After the destruction of this kingdom by the
105:, the Sciri broke free from Hunnic rule at the
802:(1918–1919), "Skiren", Vol.4. which starts on
540:rivers, which he ruled together with his sons
414:
2713:
2576:
2309:
2267:
1697:
1402:
1172:
1089:
1077:
1051:
920:
908:
845:
829:
237:("milk, lion"). This theory was dismissed by
67:. Their name probably means "the pure ones".
1029:
1027:
528:established a Scirian kingdom in the Middle
351:The Sciri are not mentioned in the works of
331:, which describes attacks upon the northern
318:
2744:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2539:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
2275:(October 1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?".
2252:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1178:
450:, captured Sciri were enslaved and sent as
188:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
2720:
2706:
2583:
2569:
152:Odoacer was in turn deposed and killed by
2495:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
1962:
1854:Avram, Alexandru (2015), Virgilio (ed.),
1801:
1734:
1057:
1024:
47:, who is thought to be of Scirian descent
27:Ancient Germanic people in Eastern Europe
1948:
1762:
1721:Schütte cites Johann Andreas Schmeller,
1637:
1580:
1550:
1379:
1117:
625:
423:Territory under Hunnic control in 450 AD
418:
230:etymology for Sciri, relating it to the
38:
3785:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
2488:
2456:
2428:
2343:
2116:
2061:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2050:
2022:
1994:
1892:
1811:. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson.
1746:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1565:
1533:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1441:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1307:
1278:
1244:
1229:
1214:
1199:
1045:
1018:
999:Fries-Knoblach, Steuer & Hines 2014
986:
974:
935:
869:
857:
814:
786:
769:
14:
3826:
2217:
2082:; Munkhammar, Lars (2011). "Preface".
1828:
1121:
1033:
511:
63:. They are believed to have spoken an
2701:
2564:
2467:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
1920:
1864:
1853:
1783:
1709:
1184:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1113:
1101:
962:
218:Not all scholars have accepted this.
2727:
2400:
2245:
1426:
1261:
977:, p. 604. "Sciri, Germanic tr."
947:
896:
598:. Against the advice of his general
249:The Sciri are believed to have been
2229:Pennsylvania State University Press
24:
2518:
2438:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J.
2254:, vol. 6, Walter de Gruyter,
1769:The Origins and Deeds of the Goths
1755:
1310:, pp. 174–176, 183, 187, 216.
25:
3855:
1821:
275:
3808:
3807:
1904:University of Pennsylvania Press
621:
399:suggests that they lived in the
96:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
94:, whom they fought under at the
3790:Christianization of Scandinavia
2404:(2004). "The Gothic Kingdoms".
2329:American Historical Association
2317:(July 1947). "Communications".
2287:American Historical Association
2175:American Historical Association
2163:(July 1947). "Communications".
1793:. Translated by Bostock, John.
1715:
1643:
1107:
992:
980:
968:
387:mentions the Sciri between the
359:. The 1st century Roman writer
32:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
3780:Christianization of the Franks
2853:Continental Germanic mythology
2500:University of California Press
2440:University of California Press
2320:The American Historical Review
2278:The American Historical Review
2201:University of California Press
2166:The American Historical Review
2093:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
2058:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
863:
851:
835:
792:
280:The Sciri are classified as a
13:
1:
524:in 454 AD. In the aftermath,
2376:; Hines, John, eds. (2014).
729:, 11th century) and perhaps
226:, for example, suggested an
7:
3795:Christianization of Iceland
2542:(in German). Vol. 28.
2129:University of Chicago Press
757:
415:The Sciri under Hunnic rule
342:Poienesti-Lukasevka culture
244:
10:
3860:
2355:Cambridge University Press
1932:Cambridge University Press
1837:Cambridge University Press
1777:Princeton University Press
744:
407:in the 4th century, while
313:
156:in 493 AD. Along with the
113:, under the leadership of
29:
3803:
3765:
3046:
3008:
2798:
2752:
2735:
2602:
1698:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1403:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1173:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1090:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1078:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
921:Reynolds & Lopez 1947
909:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
846:Reynolds & Lopez 1947
830:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
586:, but were encouraged by
319:Origins and early history
3033:North Germanic languages
3018:Germanic parent language
2464:; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
2384:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
2372:Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
2191:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
1978:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
774:
662:and the latter's father
3038:West Germanic languages
3028:East Germanic languages
3023:Proto-Germanic language
2843:Proto-Germanic folklore
2780:Romano-Germanic culture
2594:established around the
2034:Oxford University Press
2006:Oxford University Press
764:List of Germanic tribes
701:gives examples such as
239:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
171:
141:in 476 AD, effectively
86:in the vicinity of the
3839:Early Germanic peoples
2224:The Germanic Invasions
1970:; Hines, John (eds.).
1829:Austin, M. M. (2006).
1723:Bayerisches Wörterbuch
635:
424:
65:East Germanic language
48:
2848:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2738:Ethnolinguistic group
2246:Pohl, Walter (1986),
2161:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto
1640:, p. XLVI (242).
1281:, pp. 1340–1341.
1080:, pp. 40–41, 51.
629:
422:
371:, "Sciri" and Hirri.
125:in the late 460s AD,
42:
2652:Kingdom of the Aurès
2612:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
2546:. pp. 639–645.
2472:Boydell & Brewer
2435:History of the Goths
2414:. pp. 139–171.
1795:Taylor & Francis
1415:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
1320:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
1291:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
885:Maenchen-Helfen 1947
842:Maenchen-Helfen 1947
770:Notes and references
668:Western Roman Empire
596:Eastern Roman Empire
391:to the west and the
147:Western Roman Empire
3775:Gothic Christianity
2662:Ostrogothic kingdom
2311:Reynolds, Robert L.
2269:Reynolds, Robert L.
2120:Classical Philology
1964:Haubrichs, Wolfgang
1808:History of the Wars
1790:The Natural History
1676:, pp. 445–446.
1583:, p. LIII-LIV.
1568:, pp. 264–265.
1553:, p. LLII-LIV.
1521:, pp. 325–326.
1461:, pp. 357–359.
1334:, pp. 661–662.
1264:, pp. 223–225.
1232:, pp. 203–205.
1160:, pp. 247–248.
1148:, pp. 241–243.
965:, p. 164, 321.
705:(first attested as
684:Ostrogothic Kingdom
680:Theodoric the Great
512:Independent kingdom
154:Theodoric the Great
101:After the death of
3844:Barbarian kingdoms
3158:Germani cisrhenani
2866:Funerary practices
2770:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2746:Germanic languages
2687:Visigothic kingdom
2647:Kingdom of Odoacer
2617:Burgundian kingdom
2607:Alamannian kingdom
2592:Barbarian kingdoms
2526:Castritius, Helmut
2474:. pp. 39–54.
1980:. pp. 23–82.
1774:Mierow, Charles C.
1382:, p. L (265).
699:Wolfgang Haubrichs
660:Romulus Augustulus
636:
467:Codex Theodosianus
425:
383:" living near the
346:Zarubintsy culture
268:language like the
220:Robert L. Reynolds
49:
3821:
3820:
2993:Gothic and Vandal
2785:Germanic Iron Age
2760:Nordic Bronze Age
2742:Northern European
2695:
2694:
2672:Sub-Roman Britain
2642:Kingdom of Altava
2544:Walter de Gruyter
2407:The Early Germans
2085:Wulfila, 311–2011
2071:978-0-19-866277-8
1737:, pp. 25–26.
1322:, pp. 65–66.
1293:, pp. 36–37.
1189:Book IV, Chap. 27
739:Bavarian language
16:(Redirected from
3851:
3811:
3810:
3767:Christianization
3357:Ripuarian Franks
2729:Germanic peoples
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2622:Frankish kingdom
2596:Migration Period
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2513:
2485:
2453:
2425:
2397:
2368:
2345:Schütte, Gudmund
2340:
2315:Lopez, Robert S.
2306:
2273:Lopez, Robert S.
2264:
2242:
2214:
2186:
2156:
2113:
2112:on 5 March 2020.
2111:
2105:. Archived from
2090:
2075:
2047:
2019:
1991:
1959:
1945:
1917:
1889:
1861:
1850:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1772:. Translated by
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
951:
945:
939:
933:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
839:
833:
827:
818:
812:
806:
796:
790:
784:
197:candidi, sinceri
193:clari, splendidi
74:near modern-day
21:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3799:
3761:
3042:
3004:
2966:Gothic alphabet
2858:Norse mythology
2794:
2748:
2731:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2677:Suebian kingdom
2657:Lombard kingdom
2627:Frisian kingdom
2598:
2589:
2554:
2521:
2519:Further reading
2516:
2510:
2490:Wolfram, Herwig
2482:
2458:Wolfram, Herwig
2450:
2430:Wolfram, Herwig
2422:
2394:
2365:
2353:. Vol. 2.
2350:Our Forefathers
2295:10.2307/1845067
2262:
2239:
2211:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2072:
2044:
2016:
1988:
1950:Harmatta, János
1942:
1914:
1894:Goffart, Walter
1886:
1847:
1824:
1819:
1758:
1756:Ancient sources
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1429:, pp. 225.
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:, p. 11);
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
954:
946:
942:
934:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
840:
836:
828:
821:
813:
809:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:
772:
760:
747:
674:, and moved to
630:The kingdom of
624:
616:Battle of Bolia
522:Battle of Nedao
514:
417:
361:Pliny the Elder
321:
316:
278:
247:
224:Robert S. Lopez
174:
107:Battle of Nedao
61:Germanic people
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3424:Thracian Goths
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Roman Iron Age
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:Vandal kingdom
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Rugian kingdom
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2530:Zimmer, Stefan
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2486:
2480:
2462:Murdoch, Brian
2454:
2448:
2426:
2420:
2398:
2392:
2369:
2363:
2341:
2307:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2237:
2219:Musset, Lucien
2215:
2209:
2187:
2157:
2137:10.1086/366807
2114:
2101:
2080:Kaliff, Anders
2076:
2070:
2052:Heather, Peter
2048:
2042:
2024:Heather, Peter
2020:
2014:
1996:Heather, Peter
1992:
1986:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1918:
1913:978-0812200287
1912:
1890:
1884:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1825:
1823:
1822:Modern sources
1820:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1781:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1735:Haubrichs 2014
1727:
1725:, Vol.3 (1836)
1714:
1712:, p. 321.
1702:
1690:
1688:, p. 472.
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 183.
1654:
1642:
1627:
1625:, p. 427.
1612:
1610:, p. 367.
1597:
1595:, p. 224.
1585:
1570:
1555:
1538:
1536:, p. 326.
1523:
1511:
1509:, p. 466.
1499:
1487:
1475:
1473:, p. 324.
1463:
1446:
1444:, p. 184.
1431:
1419:
1417:, p. 439.
1407:
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 239.
1360:
1358:, p. 235.
1348:
1346:, p. 208.
1336:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1283:
1266:
1249:
1247:, p. 222.
1234:
1219:
1217:, p. 475.
1204:
1192:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1136:, p. 212.
1126:
1124:, p. 220)
1118:Harmatta (1970
1106:
1104:, p. 164.
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:Procopius 1914
1050:
1038:
1023:
1011:
991:
979:
967:
952:
940:
938:, p. 205.
925:
913:
901:
899:, p. 447.
889:
874:
862:
850:
834:
819:
807:
791:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
759:
756:
746:
743:
649:Constantinople
623:
620:
550:Constantinople
513:
510:
416:
413:
397:Walter Goffart
320:
317:
315:
312:
277:
276:Classification
274:
246:
243:
232:Middle Persian
201:Herwig Wolfram
173:
170:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Crimean Goths
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:Salian Franks
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:Early culture
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Hunnic empire
2635:
2633:
2632:Gepid kingdom
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2555:
2553:9783110182071
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2509:9780520244900
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2421:9781405117142
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:Todd, Malcolm
2399:
2395:
2393:9781843839156
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:Steuer, Heiko
2370:
2366:
2364:9781107677234
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:9783110104684
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:9780271011981
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:9780520015968
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2102:9789155486648
2098:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:9780199892266
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:9780195325416
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:9781843839156
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:Steuer, Heiko
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:9780198149361
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1846:9781139455794
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1749:, p. 42.
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1700:, p. 44.
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1638:Jordanes 1908
1634:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1581:Jordanes 1908
1577:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:Jordanes 1908
1547:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1405:, p. 41.
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:Jordanes 1908
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1202:, p. 31.
1201:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1175:, p. 40.
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1092:, p. 51.
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 77.
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1007:East Germanic
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
957:
949:
944:
937:
932:
930:
922:
917:
910:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
879:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
843:
838:
832:, p. 42.
831:
826:
824:
816:
811:
805:
801:
795:
789:, p. 29.
788:
783:
779:
765:
762:
761:
755:
753:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
641:
633:
628:
622:Later history
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Middle Danube
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:Scythia Minor
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
444:Castra Martis
441:
436:
434:
430:
421:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:to the east.
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Julius Caesar
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
273:
271:
267:
266:East Germanic
262:
260:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:), "honest" (
194:
190:
189:
184:
183:
179:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:King of Italy
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:Middle Danube
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3614:
3093:Anglo-Saxons
3083:Adrabaecampi
3066:Bucinobantes
2808:Architecture
2538:
2494:
2465:
2434:
2406:
2378:
2349:
2324:
2318:
2282:
2276:
2251:
2223:
2195:
2170:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2107:the original
2084:
2059:
2028:
2000:
1972:
1954:
1925:
1922:Green, D. H.
1898:
1870:
1866:Batty, Roger
1856:
1831:
1807:
1789:
1768:
1747:Wolfram 2004
1742:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1686:Heather 2007
1681:
1674:Heather 2007
1669:
1662:Wolfram 2005
1657:
1650:Wolfram 1990
1645:
1623:Heather 2007
1608:Heather 2007
1593:Heather 2010
1588:
1566:Wolfram 1990
1534:Macbain 1983
1519:Macbain 1983
1514:
1507:Heather 2007
1502:
1495:Heather 2010
1490:
1483:Heather 2007
1478:
1471:Macbain 1983
1466:
1459:Heather 2007
1442:Wolfram 2005
1422:
1410:
1375:
1368:Heather 2010
1363:
1356:Heather 2010
1351:
1344:Heather 2010
1339:
1332:Heather 2010
1327:
1315:
1308:Heather 2010
1286:
1279:Heather 2018
1245:Heather 2010
1230:Goffart 2010
1215:Heather 2007
1200:Schütte 1933
1195:
1180:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1122:Austin (2006
1114:Avram (2015)
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1065:
1053:
1046:Wolfram 2005
1041:
1021:, p. 9.
1019:Wolfram 2005
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:Macbain 1983
982:
975:Wolfram 1990
970:
943:
936:Goffart 2010
916:
904:
892:
870:Heather 2018
865:
858:Heather 2007
853:
837:
817:, p. 4.
815:Wolfram 2005
810:
799:
798:Hoops (ed.)
794:
787:Schütte 1933
782:
748:
734:
726:
714:
706:
688:
657:
637:
581:
570:
560:through the
532:between the
515:
502:Lower Moesia
495:
489:, Alans and
472:
465:
461:
451:
437:
426:
409:Malcolm Todd
401:Lower Danube
385:Roman Empire
373:
350:
322:
301:
286:
279:
263:
248:
234:
217:
204:
196:
192:
186:
180:
175:
151:
117:and his son
100:
84:Lower Danube
69:
56:
52:
50:
36:
3533:Nahanarvali
3456:Hilleviones
3369:Frisiavones
3237:Cananefates
3227:Burgundians
3138:Banochaemae
2988:Anglo-Saxon
2939:Anglo-Saxon
2905:Anglo-Saxon
2888:Anglo-Saxon
2871:Anglo-Saxon
2331:: 831–846.
2177:: 836–841.
2131:: 323–327.
1034:Musset 1975
717:, c. 975),
405:Carpathians
377:Verona List
98:in 451 AD.
3828:Categories
3752:Vinoviloth
3540:Marcomanni
3523:Helveconae
3501:Heaðobards
3471:Istvaeones
3461:Ingaevones
3446:Hermunduri
3414:Ostrogoths
3404:Greuthungi
3282:Chattuarii
3108:Angrivarii
3103:Ampsivarii
3071:Lentienses
2900:Literature
2790:Viking Age
2481:157113199X
2449:0520069838
1941:0521794234
1876:OUP Oxford
1710:Green 2000
1185:Pliny 1855
1158:Batty 2007
1146:Batty 2007
1134:Batty 2007
1102:Green 2000
1066:Gothic War
963:Green 2000
709:in 1080),
644:Turcilingi
602:, Emperor
584:Ostrogoths
554:Thuringian
491:Sarmatians
448:Roman army
433:Theodosius
389:Sarmatians
381:barbarians
365:Sarmatians
308:Sarmatians
131:Roman army
123:Ostrogoths
43:Effigy of
3747:Vidivarii
3742:Victohali
3732:Vangiones
3665:Thuringii
3570:Nuithones
3466:Irminones
3429:Visigoths
3419:Thervingi
3379:Gambrivii
3332:Dulgubnii
3327:Dauciones
3277:Chasuarii
3217:Brondings
3143:Bastarnae
3133:Baiuvarii
3113:Armalausi
3076:Raetovari
3010:Languages
2978:Symbology
2838:Folklore
2833:Festivals
2289:: 36–53.
2153:162185151
1813:Heinemann
1803:Procopius
1427:Todd 2004
1262:Todd 2004
1062:Book V, I
948:Pohl 1986
897:Pohl 1986
735:Sciringen
731:Scheuring
723:Neubeuern
653:Anthemius
634:in 480 AD
612:Theodemir
546:Onoulphus
506:Dengizich
481:, Rugii,
333:Black Sea
297:Procopius
209:Bastarnae
119:Onoulphus
80:Black Sea
59:, were a
3813:Category
3720:Hasdingi
3705:Usipetes
3685:Tubantes
3670:Toxandri
3650:Tencteri
3625:Suarines
3610:Sicambri
3605:Semnones
3585:Reudigni
3555:Mattiaci
3545:Marsacii
3496:Lombards
3486:Lacringi
3481:Juthungi
3312:Corconti
3297:Cherusci
3272:Charudes
3252:Chaedini
3222:Bructeri
3207:Bateinoi
3178:Eburones
3173:Condrusi
3168:Caeroesi
3163:Atuatuci
3098:Ambrones
3061:Brisgavi
3056:Alemanni
2934:Paganism
2823:Clothing
2818:Calendar
2765:Germania
2534:"Skiren"
2532:(2005).
2492:(2005).
2432:(1990).
2347:(1933).
2221:(1975).
2193:(1973).
2054:(2018).
2026:(2010).
1998:(2007).
1952:(1970).
1924:(2000).
1896:(2010).
1868:(2007).
1805:(1914).
1787:(1855).
1766:(1908).
1764:Jordanes
1068:, I, 1).
804:page 191
758:See also
752:Juthungi
719:Scheuern
703:Scheyern
588:Hunimund
536:and the
479:Thuringi
458:Anatolia
287:In late
282:Germanic
255:Germanic
251:Germanic
245:Language
213:bastards
57:Scirians
3737:Varisci
3725:Silingi
3715:Vandals
3690:Tulingi
3680:Triboci
3675:Treveri
3655:Teutons
3645:Taifals
3620:Sitones
3560:Nemetes
3518:Helisii
3491:Lemovii
3409:Gutones
3342:Firaesi
3337:Favonae
3317:Cugerni
3307:Cobandi
3262:Chamavi
3257:Chaemae
3247:Casuari
3242:Caritni
3212:Betasii
3183:Paemani
3118:Auiones
2983:Warfare
2961:Scripts
2929:Numbers
2753:History
2337:1842348
2303:1845067
2248:"Edika"
2183:1842348
2056:"Sciri"
1958:. S. I.
745:Culture
711:Scheuer
695:Bavarii
691:Bavaria
676:Ravenna
664:Orestes
640:Ricimer
632:Odoacer
608:Valamir
590:of the
573:Hungary
566:Priscus
558:Malchus
542:Odoacer
518:Ardaric
357:Tacitus
325:Vistula
314:History
228:Iranian
166:Bavarii
127:Odoacer
45:Odoacer
18:Scirian
3757:Warini
3710:Vagoth
3695:Tungri
3660:Thelir
3640:Swedes
3635:Sunici
3600:Saxons
3595:Rugini
3528:Manimi
3513:Diduni
3451:Heruli
3389:Gepids
3374:Frisii
3352:Franks
3302:Cimbri
3292:Chauci
3287:Chatti
3200:Nervii
3195:Morini
3153:Belgae
3148:Batavi
3123:Avarpi
3088:Angles
3048:Groups
2998:Viking
2944:Gothic
2922:Gothic
2828:Family
2550:
2506:
2478:
2446:
2418:
2390:
2361:
2335:
2301:
2258:
2235:
2207:
2181:
2151:
2145:269961
2143:
2099:
2068:
2040:
2012:
1984:
1938:
1910:
1882:
1843:
577:Sarviz
530:Alföld
487:Heruli
475:Attila
462:coloni
453:coloni
369:Venedi
338:Celtic
182:skeirs
178:Gothic
162:Heruli
143:ending
103:Attila
3834:Sciri
3630:Suebi
3615:Sciri
3590:Rugii
3580:Quadi
3565:Njars
3550:Marsi
3508:Lugii
3476:Jutes
3441:Harii
3436:Gutes
3394:Goths
3384:Geats
3322:Danes
3267:Chali
3188:Segni
3128:Baemi
2971:Runes
2956:Rings
2949:Norse
2917:Names
2910:Norse
2893:Norse
2876:Norse
2412:Wiley
2333:JSTOR
2327:(4).
2299:JSTOR
2285:(1).
2179:JSTOR
2173:(4).
2149:S2CID
2141:JSTOR
2127:(4).
2110:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
1785:Pliny
1003:Sciri
775:Notes
727:Skira
715:Sciri
707:Scira
604:Leo I
600:Aspar
592:Suebi
538:Tisza
526:Edeko
483:Suebi
440:Uldin
393:Carpi
329:Olbia
304:Balts
293:Alans
289:Roman
270:Goths
205:Sciri
158:Rugii
135:Italy
115:Edeko
88:Goths
76:Odesa
72:Olbia
55:, or
53:Sciri
3700:Ubii
3347:Fosi
3232:Buri
2548:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1005:...
672:Zeno
562:Suda
544:and
500:and
429:Huns
379:of "
235:shīr
222:and
172:Name
145:the
92:Huns
82:and
51:The
3575:Osi
2883:Law
2813:Art
2740:of
2291:doi
2133:doi
800:RGA
721:in
456:to
355:or
306:or
259:Hun
215:".
133:in
3830::
2536:.
2528:;
2502:.
2498:.
2470:.
2442:.
2410:.
2386:.
2382:.
2357:.
2325:52
2323:.
2313:;
2297:.
2283:52
2281:.
2271:;
2250:,
2231:.
2227:.
2203:.
2199:.
2171:52
2169:.
2147:.
2139:.
2125:78
2123:.
2095:.
2091:.
2036:.
2032:.
2008:.
2004:.
1976:.
1934:.
1930:.
1906:.
1902:.
1878:.
1874:.
1839:.
1835:.
1630:^
1615:^
1600:^
1573:^
1558:^
1541:^
1526:^
1449:^
1434:^
1387:^
1298:^
1269:^
1252:^
1237:^
1222:^
1207:^
1187:,
1165:^
1116:;
1064:(=
1060:,
1026:^
955:^
928:^
877:^
822:^
754:.
655:.
642:.
485:,
470:.
435:.
367:,
348:.
272:.
241:.
168:.
160:,
149:.
2860:)
2721:e
2714:t
2707:v
2584:e
2577:t
2570:v
2556:.
2512:.
2484:.
2452:.
2424:.
2396:.
2367:.
2339:.
2305:.
2293::
2241:.
2213:.
2185:.
2155:.
2135::
2074:.
2046:.
2018:.
1990:.
1944:.
1916:.
1888:.
1849:.
1815:.
1797:.
1779:.
950:.
923:.
911:.
733:(
725:(
713:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
